Sample Assignment On Management Accounting - Instant Assignment Help
Sample Assignment On Management Accounting - Instant Assignment Help
Sample Assignment On Management Accounting - Instant Assignment Help
ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION
Currently, firms are competing with each other on the basis of price irrespective of the
sectors in which they operate. This makes it inevitable for the firms to reduce their cost of
production and other costs. By doing management accounting firms are keeping stiff control on
its direct and indirect expenses. In the report, costs are classified in to various parts on the basis
of functions and elements of costs etc. After that some of the performance indicators like sales
and profit are explained in detail in the report. Apart from this, some of the measures that a
companies can adopt in order to reduce their costs are also explained in detail in the report. After
this, budget process and purpose for preparing it are also explained in the report. In the middle
part of the report, various budgets like production and material budget are prepared and
comments regarding same are made. Finally, at the end of the report responsibility center is
explained and relevant managers are made responsible for the variance in the budget.
Elements of the cost- There are three elements of cost namely material, labor and
overheads. Material cost refers to the expenses that are related to purchase of the raw
material. Raw material that is used for production may be like zinc and copper etc. labor
cost refers to the employee cost that is related to the employees that are working in the
production place (Schaltegger, Gibassier and Zvezdov, 2013). On the other hand, there
are overhead expenses that are indirectly related to the production process. These
expenses may include carriage expenses etc.
Function- On the basis of functions all expenses are classified on the basis of functional
departments like finance and production departments. Finance department may cover
expenses related to processing of documents and finance cost that is paid on the raised
amount (Jinga and et.al., 2010) . On other hand all marketing expenses are grouped by
the marketing manager. Similarly, all expenses are grouped under the relevant
departments in an organization.
Nature- On the basis of nature, costs is classified into two categories, namely direct cost,
indirect cost. Direct cost refers to the expenses that are related directly to the production
process. Purchase of raw material is a best example of direct cost. On the other hand,
there are indirect expenses which are those expenses that are not related to the production
process. The best example of the indirect cost is storage cost of the raw materials.
Behavior- On the basis of behavior cost is classified into three categories namely fixed,
variable and semi variable cost. Fixed cost refers to the cost that does not get changed
during the lifetime of the firm. Purchase of machine is the best example of fixed cost. On
other hand, variable cost refers to the cost that keeps on changing continuously and never
remains stable (Christ and Burritt, 2013). Purchase of raw material is a best example of
Table 1: Calculation of total cost and per unit cost for a job
Job cost sheet for Job no. 444
Particulars Total cost
Direct material ( 50kg*200 units* 4 per kg) 40000
Direct Labor ( 30 hours* 9 per hour * 200 units) 54000
Fixed production overhead (80000/20000*(200 Units *30
hours) 24000
variable production overhead ( 6 *6000 hours) 36000
Total cost 154000
Unit cost (154000/200 Units)
770
Interpretation
Here, per unit cost are 770 for 200 units that Jefferey & sons produced at their production
place. For this material, labor and fixed costs as well as variable costs are considered in the
calculation. First of all aggregate quantity of raw material and labor is computed and then value
is multiplied by the per unit cost of the material and labor. In this way cost of material and labor
is computed for final calculation. By doing calculation for fixed and variable expenses unit cost
is calculated for Jefferey & sons products.
1.3 Calculation of the cost by using absorption costing technique
a) Allocation and apportion of overhead into three production departments
Primary distribution
Service
Producti departm
on ent
b). Reapportion of the cost of service department into the three production departments
Secondary distribution
Service
Producti departm
on ent
Basis of Total in Machine X Machin Assembly Stores Mainten
TASK 2
2.1 Preparation of cost sheet and variance analysis
Variance Analysis
Table 4: Variance analysis
Budgeted cost
Particular (2000) Actual cost (1900) Variance
Material 24000 22800 1200
Labor 18000 19000 -1000
Fixed Overhead 15000 15000 0
Electricity 8000 7625 375
Maintenance 5000 4800 200
Total
70000 69225 775
Interpretation
On analysis of the facts it can be seen that Jeffrey & sons variance is positive and on all
fronts it gives good performance. But variance on labor cost is negative because the actual
expenses are greater than projected expenses. If we look at these figures from different side then
it can be seen that this is not the firm achievement. This is because, the firm actual sales are 1900
units and budgeted sales was 2000 units. Firm produces less and due to this reason it requires
fewer amounts of resources at the production place. Due to this reason variance is positive in the
2.2 Various performance indicators used to identify the areas of potential improvements
Some of the performance indicators that can be used to measure areas of potential
improvements are as follows.
Profit- It is a part of that remain after deducting all expenses from the earned revenue. If
firm takes some of the steps that will lead to increase in company profit. Then firm can
use profit as a tool to measure effectiveness of the areas of the potential improvements
that were made to increase company profit. This is a parameter that is commonly used by
the firm to identify and measure effectiveness of the area of potential improvements
(Shah, Malik and Malik, 2011). Many times firm sales fall continuously and in such a
situation by identifying various factors that contributes to profit earning firm identify
areas of potential improvements. In such a situation companies by formulating a strategy
improve their performance in the areas where potential improvements were required.
Turnover- It refers to the sales that a firm made at the end of the specific period. It is also
used to identify areas of potential improvements. Many times firm makes an efforts but
even though its sales does not grow at a fast pace. In such a situation all things that
contribute to sale are identified and firm prepare a tactics in order to give good
performance on the factors where it is weak (Morales and Lambert, 2013). In this way
areas of potential improvements are identified and firm performance is improved.
Customer satisfaction- This is another area of potential improvement which do not need
to be identified (Contrafatto and Burns, 2013). This is because it is an area where every
company needs to do lots of work in order to develop loyal customer base in order to
compete with competitors.
3.2 Appropriate budgeting method for the organization and its need
The budgeting methods that Jeffrey and sons can used are as follows.
Incremental budgeting- Under this type of budgeting an increment is made to the past
budget. In this past budget is considered by the managers. Firm determined a growth rate
and that rate are added to the past data in order to compute new budget. This type of
budgeting is widely used by the mangers because with passage of time business grows
and expenses also grow (Victoravich, 2010). Due to this reason incremental budget is
very popular among the business firms. In order determine growth rate many economic
data are considered. These economic data are GDP data and inflation rate data. A business
cannot run at a rate greater then nation GDP. Hence, by using GDP growth rate
projections can be made. On the other hand, by using inflation rate future expenses can
be estimated by the managers. Hence, by making use of these data budgets can be
prepared in the proper manner.
Zero based budgeting- In this budgeting technique inputs are taken from the
departments. Until departments will not send projected expense statement to the top
management no amount will be allocated to the specific department. These departments
also need to justify their assumptions in order to get budget from the top management.
Hence, it can be said that in this budget cautious approach is followed and accurate
Table 5: Production budget for July, August and September (In Units)
Interpretation
From analysis of figures it can be seen that in the month of August production decline
and as a result sales of the firm also decline. But in the next month again production increases. In
last month same trend is observed in the budget. This reflects that firm is thinking that some of
the short term fluctuations can be observed in demand. Otherwise, in ling term there will be
demand for the product.
Interpretation
On analysis of figures it can be seen that production and purchase budget are going in
same direction. This is happening because purchase budget is closely linked to the production
budget. This budget is prepared by considering future demand for the company product. Hence,
it can be said that this budget is prepared in proper manner.
Cash outflow
Purchase 365969 334668 372531
Labor 322500 276750 317250
Variable overhead 108500 98350 100350
Interpretation
In the month of July balance is negative and this happens because expenditures exceed
receipts. Then negative amount is charged on the next month cash inflows. In the next month
again expenses exceed income and due to this reason in the month of August negative balance
are charged to the next month cash receipt. In the month of September again same trend is
repeated. Due to negative business conditions budget is in deficit for the mentioned months.
TASK 4
4.1 Variance analysis and recommendation corrective actions
Calculation of Budgeted cost for 4000 Units are as follows:
Particular Per unit cost Budgeted
Sales (A) 4 16000
Material 0.96 3840
Labor 0.8 3200
Fixed Overhead 4800
Total Cost (B) 2.96 11840
Profit (A - B) 1.04 4160
Working Note:
Sales = 4000 * 4 = 16000
Material cost = 0.4kg*2.40*4000 = 3840
Labor cost = 8*6/60*4000 = 3200
Fixed overhead = 4800
Calculation of variance
Sales variance
Particulars Variance
Sales volume variance ( -50*1.04) -520 (Adverse)
Sales price variance ( 14000 - 13820) 180 (A)
Interpretation
On analysis of figures it can be seen that firm sale less products then it intends to sales in
the market. On other hand, in case of material and labor variance is positive and this reflects that
firm produces less quantity be envisaging that in future there will be less demand for the product.
This is proved from the reduced amount of sales. Fixed overhead of the firm get increase and it
means that firm make an over expense on fixed assets. Thus, it can be said that firm is not able to
make accurate prediction regarding budget.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of entire discussion it is concluded that there are many types of costs and
some of them are fixed and variable in nature. Firms must try to identify the variable costs and
should make an effort in order to reduce their cost of production. In respect to this, firms need to
adopt cost control techniques at the facility. In order to reduce cost firms can prepare a budget
and for this lots of data need to be collected from the internal sources of information.
Management needs to prepare some of the steps that can be taken in order to keep costs under