Data Visualization,

Volume II
Data Visualization,
Volume II
Uncovering the Hidden Pattern in
Data Using Basic and New Quality
Tools

Amar Sahay
Data Visualization, Volume II: Uncovering the Hidden Pattern in Data Using
Basic and New Quality Tools
Copyright Business Expert Press, LLC, 2017.

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 Abstract
The focus of this book is on data visualization and information visualiza-
tion toolstwo major categories of data visualization. The first part dis-
cusses the concepts and applications related to data analysis, visualization,
and the current trend in data visualization. A discussion of systems and
processes is provided as all data are collected from systems and processes.
A section emphasizes the importance of variation in data analysis since
almost all data show variation and the visual tools are an excellent way
to study, analyze, and reduce the variation in the processes. Applications
illustrate how the visual tools are an excellent means of viewing the cur-
rent state of the process and provide the opportunities for improvement.
The second part of the book is devoted to quality tools, a set of graphi-
cal and information visualization tools in data analysis, decision making,
and Lean Six Sigma quality programs. The key application areas of visual
tools including the business process improvement, business data analysis,
health care, finance, manufacturing engineering, process improvement,
and product and process design are discussed. The two categories of
visualization toolsseven basic tools and seven new tools of quality
are discussed with their applications. The basic quality tools are Process
Maps, Check Sheets, Histograms, Scatter Diagrams, Run Charts, Con-
trol Charts, Cause-and-Effect (Ishikawa) Diagrams, and Pareto Charts/
Analysis. The seven new tools of qualitya set of visuals used to solve
quality problems using graphical and analytical techniquesinclude the
Affinity Diagram, Interrelationship Digraph, Tree Diagram, Prioritizing
Matrices, Matrix Diagram, Process Decision Program Chart, and Activity
Network Diagram. Other information processing tools, such as QFD
the quality function deployment/house of qualityand multivari charts,
are discussed using commonly used software.

Keywords
big data, business intelligence, charts and graphs, data, data visualization,
information visualization, quality tools, seven basic tools of quality, seven
new tools of quality, visual representation
 Contents
Preface...................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments..................................................................................xiii
Graphical and Visual Tools for Improving Product
and Service Quality........................................................xv
Chapter 1 Overview and Data Visualization.......................................1
Chapter 2 Data and Data Analysis Concepts....................................11
Chapter 3 Systems Processes and Variation.......................................19
Chapter 4 Current Trends in Data Visualization...............................25
Chapter 5 Data Visualization Concepts and Applications.................33
Chapter 6 Seven Basic Quality Tools: Graphical Tools to Solve
Quality Problems.............................................................41
Chapter 7 The Seven New Tools for Quality Improvement...............87
Chapter 8 Other Visual Information Tools in Quality
Improvement.................................................................123
Bibliography .......................................................................................147
Index..................................................................................................151
 Preface
The purpose of this book is to introduce the graphical tools and informa-
tion visualization tools widely used in data analysis, visualization, and
quality improvement to analyze, enhance, and improve the quality of
products and services. Visual tools are an easy way to gain a first look at
your data and they have been used to gain an insight into the data before
applying more complex analysis. The book provides a collection of visuals
and graphical tools. The visual tools are commonly referred to as graphi-
cal tools. A number of charts and graphs are commonly used to create
visuals that provide a quick summary, trends, and patterns in the data
which are not usually apparent from the data in raw form.
The first part of the book presents background information and the
fundamental concepts relating to data visualization. The following con-
cepts are covered in the first part:

Overview and Data Visualization

Data and Data Analysis Concepts
Systems Processes and Variation
Current Trends in Data Visualization
Data Visualization Concepts and Applications

The second part of the book is devoted to quality tools. These are a set of
graphical and information visualization tools that have been developed and
used over the years in quality improvement and Lean Six Sigma programs.
The use of these data visualization and quality tools is not limited to qual-
ity programs. The key areas where these tools are applied include business
process improvement, business data analysis, health care, finance, manu-
facturing, engineering process improvement, and product and process
design, to name a few. These visual tools are powerful decision-making
tools.
x PREFACE

The quality tools in this text represent data visually that enable the
analyst to immediately see the important features and characteristics of
data. The graphs and charts provide the current state of the process and
can also show the opportunities for improvement.
Some of the visual displays, for example, flow diagrams and value
stream mapping, have been successfully used in studying, developing, and
improving business and engineering processes. They also help to rede-
sign more efficient processes. Besides improving the process design, many
specially designed graphs and charts are used in product and process de-
sign and improvement. In many cases, these visual tools provide an idea
about the variation in the process that allows the opportunity for reduc-
ing variation. Variation reduction is one of the major goals of process
improvement and quality improvement. In many cases, the visual tools
also help reveal the waste in the process. These graphical tools are critical
in identifying waste and variation in any process. All processesservice
or manufacturinghave two things in commonwaste and variation.
Minimizing and eliminating wastes and defects leads to a lean and defect-
free process with enhanced quality. Waste and variation reduction also
can significantly reduce the cost of poor quality. The quality tools in this
book are problem-solving and decision-making tools that can be applied
to improve the product and service quality. The data and information vi-
sualization tools discussed in this book have been successfully applied to:

improve product and service quality,

reduce operating cost,
increase sales and revenue,
reduce cycle time,
increase reliability,
incorporate innovation in products and services,
increase productivity and profitability,
reduce the variation in the processes, and
meet or exceed customer expectations.

Many of these problems can be solved using graphical and information

visualization tools leading to product and service excellence. The follow-
ing are the highlights and the areas this book discusses:
 PREFACE
xi

Data and data analysis concepts

Data and information visualization
Data visualization with big data
Seven basic tools of qualitygraphical techniques used to
detect and solve problems
The seven new tools of qualitya set of visuals used to solve
quality problems using graphical and analytical techniques
A set of useful tools in quality improvement and Lean Six
Sigma that we refer tobeyond the basic and new tools of
quality
Information processing toolsFlow diagrams, Process Flow
diagrams, SIPOC (supplier, input, process, output, and
customer) diagrams, VSM (value stream mapping), and QFD
(quality function deployment/house of quality matrix).

The objective is to enable one to master the visual techniques and be

able to use them in detecting, solving problems, and making effective
decisions.
The readers will find these tools to be extremely useful in analyzing
and solving problems in areas ranging from business, finance, health care,
manufacturing, quality, and Lean Six Sigma to product and process de-
signs. These tools are easy to learn and very useful in learning about the
process from which the data are collected. The understanding of these
tools will enable one to draw meaningful conclusions from data. In this
book, we will discuss the concepts and computer applications for these
visual quality tools. We also introduce data visualization using big data.
The book presents the following concepts related to data, data visual-
ization, and information visualization tools along with the current trends
in data visualization:

Basic concepts of data, data visualization, and graphical/visual

tools
Current trends in data visualizationintroduction to business
intelligence, visual analytics, and big data
Types of data, data for research and analysis, software tools
used for graphical/visual techniques
xii PREFACE

Applications and interpretation of the graphical techniques

using computer software
Implementing the graphical and visual tools using commonly
used software
Quality tools in data analysis, quality improvement, and Lean
Six Sigma projects
Powerful tools beyond the basic and new tools of quality that
include multi-vari charts, symmetry plots, and variations of
scatter plots
Data visualization applications using big data

The book will appeal to a large audience including majors in business,

statistics, graduate students in business, MBAs, professional MBAs, data
analysts, business process analysts, data scientists, and working people
in business and industry. Managers, practitioners, professionals, quality
professionals, quality engineers, and anyone involved in quality improve-
ment, big data, data visualization, and visual analytics will find the book
to be a valuable resource that can be used in learning and applying the
visualization and improvement tools. The book explains the applications
using a number of real-world examples and cases.
 Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the reviewers who took the time to provide
excellent insights which helped shape this book.
I would especially like to thank Mr. Karun Mehta, a friend and en
gineer. I greatly appreciate the numerous hours he spent in correcting,
formatting, and supplying distinctive comments. The book would not be
possible without his tireless effort.
I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Susumu Kasai, professor
of CSIS, for reviewing and administering invaluable suggestions.
I am very thankful to Prof. Edward Engh for his thoughtful advice
and counsel. Ed has been a wonderful friend and colleague.
Special thanks go to Mr. Anand Kumar, a transformation leader at
Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), for reviewing and providing invaluable
suggestions.
Thanks to all of my students for their input in making this book pos
sible. They have helped me pursue a dream filled with lifelong learning.
This book wont be a reality without them.
I am indebted to the senior acquisitions editor Scott Isenberg, direc
tor of production Charlene Kronstedt, all the reviewers, and the publish
ing team at Business Expert Press for their counsel and support during the
preparation of this book. I also wish to thank Donald N. Stengel, editor,
for reviewing the manuscript and providing helpful suggestions for im
provement. I acknowledge the help and support of S4Carlisle Publishing
Services, Chennai, India team for their help with editing and publishing.
I would like to thank my parents who always emphasized the im
portance of what education brings to the world. Lastly, I would like to
express a special appreciation to my wife Nilima, to my daughter Neha
and her husband David, my daughter Smita, and my son Rajeev for their
love, support, and encouragement.
Graphical and Visual Tools
for Improving Product and
Service Quality
 CHAPTER 1

Overview and Data

Visualization

Introduction
This book is about visual representation of data commonly known as data
visualization. The visualization tools or the graphical displays can be di-
vided into the following two categories:

1. Data Visualization
2. Information Visualization

Data Visualization

Data visualization usually represents graphs and charts that are visual rep-
resentations of data. These graphical displays provide a powerful way of
summarizing and presenting data in a way that most people find easier
to comprehend. Charts and graphs enable us to see the main features or
characteristics of the data. The graphs not only enable us to present the
numerical findings of a study, but also provide the shape and pattern of
the data which are critical in data analysis and decision making.
Some examples where visual displays (in the form of graphs) are used
to summarize data are presented below. These graphs summarize the sales
and revenue of the top computer companiesAmazon and Apple Inc.
It is said that a picture is worth a thousand words; this is particu-
larly true when a large set of data is effectively presented using charts and
graphs that quickly reveal important features. Visual displays of data are
easily recognizable and are found ubiquitously in business periodicals,
financial magazines, on the Internet, and televisions.
 2
Top Five Revenue - Internet Apple Inc. Revenue by Category-
Companies ($Billion) Fiscal Q1 2012
iPad CPU
Dell 51.9 Sales Sales
20% iPod 14%
Amazon 24.5 Other Sales
3% 5%
Google 23.7

8.7 ITunes
eBay
Store
Yahoo 4% iPhone
6.5
Sales
0 20 40 60 54%
DATA VISUALIZATION, VOLUME II

Sales of Amazon ($Billion) Amazon North America Sales Growth (%)

30 50
26.7 45.8
42.8
25
40 37.9

20 18.7
30
26.3 25.4
24.6
15 22.5
12.8
10.2 20 18.0 18.1
10

Sales ($Billion)
8.1

Sales Growth (%)

12.2
5.9
4.7 10
5 3.3 3.8
2.8

0 0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year Year

Figure 1.1 Examples of Visual Display using Different Charts and

Graphs
 Overview and Data Visualization 3

The above examples show how a number of charts and graphs are used
to describe the key features of data. A solid understanding of these graphs
will enable you to describe the key concept of the data visually, and will
aid in both your personal and professional life. With the advancement in
technology, high-quality and complex charts and graphs can be produced
easily. A number of charts and graphs can be found in reports of finan-
cial periodicals like The Economist, Business Week, Fortune, and many other
business and engineering periodicals. Almost every issue of USA Today and
The Wall Street Journal contains a number of visual displays in their articles.

Information Visualization

The other major category of data visualization tools is information visu-

alization. Some of the visual displays, for example, flow diagrams, flow
process charts, SIPOC (supplier, input, process, output, and customer)
diagrams, and value stream mapping (VSM), are examples of this category.
These are commonly known as the quality tools and have been success-
fully used in studying, developing, and improving business and engineer-
ing processes. They also help redesign more efficient processes. Besides
improving the process design, many specially designed graphs and charts
are used in product and process design and improvement. In many cases
these visual tools provide an idea about the variation in the process that al-
lows the opportunity for reducing variation, thereby improving the quality.
Quality tools are a set of graphical and information visualization tools
that have been developed and used over the years in quality improve-
ment and Lean Six Sigma programs. The use of these data visualization
and quality tools is not limited to quality programs. The key areas where
these tools are applied include business process improvement, business
data analysis, health care, finance, manufacturing, engineering process
improvement, and product and process design, to name a few. These are
powerful decision-making tools.
The majority of the book is devoted to quality tools. The quality tools
in this text represent data visually that enables the analyst to immediately
see the important features and characteristics of data. The graphs and
charts provide the current state of the process and also can show the op-
portunities for improvement.
4 DATA VISUALIZATION, VOLUME II

It is important to note that the data visualization tools enable us to

present the numerical findings of a study using both quantitative and qual-
itative or categorical data. In a similar way, information visualization tools
also display both the quantitative and categorical data, but use a number
of flow diagrams and specially designed charts that reveal the essential
characteristic of the process. They provide the current state of the process
that is very helpful in studying and improving the processes.
The information visualization tools or the quality tools discussed in
this book are critical in data analysis and decision making. Some examples
of information visualization tools in the form of flow diagrams are pro-
vided below. Figure 1.2 shows the steps in the recruitment process of a
company outlining the steps in the process. This type of flowchart is often
used to study the current process and also to improve them.
A flow diagram depicting the online order process is shown in
Figure 1.3. The diagram shows the steps in the process. In the subsequent
chapters, we will discuss a number of information visualization tools with
their applications.

Software Applications

Most of the graphs in this text can be produced using statistical and data
visualization software. We will illustrate several examples where the com-
puter software including EXCEL and MINITAB are used to construct
the charts and graphs. Some other graphical displays, for example, flow
diagrams, process maps, and value stream maps, widely used in studying
and improving process are created using specialized software. MINITABs
Quality Companion, Microsoft Visio, and Smart Draw are some of
the widely used programs for this purpose. Another widely used software
for Data Visualization and Visual Analytics is Tableau Software. This
software is capable of handling big data and creates high-level graphs and
charts to visually display data. An added feature of Tableau is the analyt-
ics feature built into it that can answer many queries not apparent from
the graphs and charts alone.

Overview and Data Visualization

Figure 1.2 Flow diagram of a recruitment process

5
 6
DATA VISUALIZATION, VOLUME II

Figure 1.3 Process map of online ordering process

 Overview and Data Visualization 7

Chapters at a Glance

The first part of the text provides the basic concepts and fundamentals of
data and data analysis including the types of data and types of data visu-
alization. It also presents the concepts of systems and processes followed
by the current trend in data visualization and big data.
As outlined, visualizing data graphically helps to detect potential prob-
lems and identify the areas of improvement opportunities. The chapters in
the text are divided into sections with different data visualization concepts
and tools. A brief outline of the chapters in this book is provided below.

Chapter 1

This chapter provides an introduction to data and information visualiza-

tion tools. It outlines how graphs and charts are used to summarize and
present data. It provides an overview of the widely used software to cre-
ate graphs and charts. Specially designed Data Visualization and Visual
Analytics software capable of handling big data are briefly discussed. We
also introduce information visualization tools that fall in the category of
quality tools. These visual tools have been successfully used in analyz-
ing processes and solving quality problems. Detailed discussions of these
graphical tools are provided in separate chapters.

Chapter 2

Chapter 2 discusses the basic concepts related to data and data analy-
sis. Types of dataqualitative or categorical data, quantitative data, and
other classifications of dataare presented. This chapter also presents the
concept of variablesboth qualitative and quantitative. Almost all data
show variation, and visual tools are an excellent way to study variation in
the data. We discuss the sources of data and how data are collected for
research and analysis. The types of data based on measurement scales and
recent trends in data visualization are introduced.
8 DATA VISUALIZATION, VOLUME II

Chapter 3

Chapter 3 introduces the concepts of Systems, Processes, and Variation.

A process can be viewed as part of a system. A system usually consists of a
group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent processes forming a
complex whole. Thus, a system is a collection of processes with a specific
mission or purpose. The concepts of systems and processes are impor-
tant because all work occurs in a system of interconnected processes.
Data are collected from the systems and processes to study, learn, and
improve these processes. The variations in the processes are studied using
the graphical and visual tools. The chapter also discusses several sources of
variation and the need for reducing these variations.

Chapter 4

This chapter introduces big data, current trends, and applications that in-
volve massive amounts of data. The chapter outlines the concepts of Data
Visualization and Visual Analytics using big data. Recent applications in data
visualization involving massive amounts of data are discussed. This chapter
introduces data visualization as visual communication that presents the data
in graphical form. The visual tools in the form of charts, graphs, and other
visuals including flowcharts to communicate the information in the data ef-
fectively are discussed. The software applications to create the visuals from
the big data and applications of big data in various fields are introduced.

Chapter 5

Chapter 5 is devoted to Data Visualization concepts and applications.

The current trend in data visualization with big data is emphasized. The
chapter discusses how the data visualization makes complex and large data
understandable. The chapter provides an introduction to big data, applica-
tions of big data in different fields including business, health care, govern-
ment, manufacturing, and others. The emerging trends in big data, visual
analytics, and software products in this area are introduced. Examples of
processing business data using the Tableau software and dashboards are
presented. Big data software provides a number of views and graphs of
 Overview and Data Visualization 9

the same data. A discussion follows on how visualization with big data
is becoming a requirement because of the increase in the volume of data
being collected and stored along with the challenges in storing, analyzing,
processing, and communicating the huge amount of data.

Chapter 6

This chapter discusses the graphical techniques that are widely used in
quality improvement, lean six sigma, and also in analyzing business-related
data and processes. These are commonly referred to as the Seven basic
tools or the basic tools of quality. The graphical and visual tools in this
category include:

(1) Process Maps (2) Check Sheets

(3) Histograms (4) Scatter Diagrams
(5) Run Charts/Control Charts (6) Cause-and-Effect
(Ishikawa)/Fishbone Diagrams
(7) Pareto Charts/Pareto Analysis

The chapter presents construction and applications of the above

graphical tools. Numerous examples are provided that show how these
graphs are useful in data analysis and quality improvement area.

Chapter 7

This chapter deals with another set of graphical tools commonly known
as the Seven new tools of quality. More appropriately, these tools are re-
ferred to as graphical and information visualization tools. They have wide
applications in decision-making and quality improvement programs. The
following visualization tools are discussed in this chapter:

(1) Affinity Diagram (2) Interrelationship Digraph

(3) Tree Diagram (4) Prioritizing Matrices
(5) Matrix Diagram (6) Process Decision Program Chart
(7) Activity Network Diagram
The chapter provides a detailed discussion along with applications of
these tools.
10 DATA VISUALIZATION, VOLUME II

Chapter 8

This chapter describes a special category of graphical tool known as

Multi-vari Charts. These charts are usually used in conjunction with the
factorial designs and design of experiments where the effects of factors
or the independent variables on the response variable are studied. These
graphs are very effective in studying the main effects and their interac-
tions. Multi-vari graphs are an excellent way of assessing the effects of
several variables without formally running and quantitatively analyzing
experiments involving several factors.
The other important visual and information visualization tool this
chapter discusses is the Quality Function Deployment using House of
Quality matrix. This has wide applications in both manufacturing and
service. This is one of the important tools in Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
projects, but has also been successfully applied in varied areas including
education, health care, and others.

Summary
This chapter provided an overview and importance of data visualization. It
lays a foundation for the rest of the book by outlining the chapter contents.
The subsequent chapters present concepts and explain the data and infor-
mation visualization tools that can be applied in areas ranging from simple
to advanced analysis. The charts and graphs find wide applications in data
analysis and also in quality improvement projects to detect and solve a
number of problems. These graphs and charts are critical in understanding
the process from which the data are collected. They range from commonly
used graphical tools to data and information visualization tools known as
basic and new tools of quality.
 Index

A software and applications, 3132

Activity, 112, 113 visual analytics, 2829
Activity network diagrams, 111121 Bivariate relationship, 63
activity-on-arc (AOA) network, Box plots, 37, 141142
112, 113114 Bureau of Economic Analysis
activity on node (AON) network, (BEA), 16
112113 Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 16
for designing, developing, and Business analytics, 27, 28
testing mini robot, 115121 Business intelligence (BI), 27
steps for developing, 114115
Activity-on-arc (AOA) network, 112, C
113114 Cartogram, 38
Activity on Node (AON) network, Categorical data. See Qualitative data
112113 Cause-and-effect/fishbone diagrams,
Affinity diagram, 8993 39, 8082
display the ideas, 90, 91, 92 constructing, 80
finished affinity diagram, drawing, of cost of poor quality, 82
91, 93 creating other types of, 8182
generate ideas, 90, 91 of rework and scrap, 81
header cards, creating, 9091, 93 Charts, 39
ideas into related groups, data visualization using, 4
sorting, 90, 92 Check sheets, 5859
for issues related to poor quality for causes of failure in product, 58
and defective products, 9193 for computer inspection, 5859
problem statement, 90, 91 for final inspection process, 58
Amazon.com, 32 Continuous data, 15
Axes, 39 Control charts, 7580
assignable causes of variations, 76
B constructing and analyzing, 78
Background noise. See Random fundamentals and concept, 75
variation random variations, 7576
Bar chart, 37 statistical basis of, 79
Big data, 2832 types of, 77
business applications, 32 variable control chart, 78
characteristics of, 30 for shaft diameter, 80
data visualization, 2829 using MINITAB, 7980
Internet of Things (IoT), 32 CPM (Critical Path Method)
introduction and applications of, network, 111
2930 Cross-sectional data, 14
152 INDEX

D F
D3, 38 Facebook, 32
Data Federal Reserve Economic Data,
characteristics of, 1314 (FRED), 16
classification of, 1415, 20 Flow diagrams, 5, 39
collection of, 1617 for online order process, 8
continuous, 15 for recruitment process, 7
cross-sectional, 14 Flow process charts, 5, 39, 4852
discrete, 15 business process mapping, 52
levels of measurement, 1820 of hiring process, 49
qualitative, 14 of medical services, 50
quantitative, 14 of recruitment process, 51
time series, 14
Data analytics, 29 G
Data collection Google, 16, 31, 32
experimental design, 16 Graphical tools, of quality, 4344
Google, 16 cause-and-effect/fishbone diagrams,
government agencies, 16 8082
internet sites and available data, 17 check sheets, 5859
processes, 17 control charts, 7580
telephone/mail surveys, 1617 histograms, 5963
Data mining, 27 pareto charts, 8285
Data visualization process maps, 4557
big data, 2832 run charts, 6775
different forms of, 36 scatter diagrams/plots, 6366
effective graphical displays, 36 Graphs, 39
fundamental concepts in, 3536 data visualization using, 4
information displays, types of, 3839
information visualization, 56, 7, 8
introduction to, 35
H
Histograms, 37, 5963
quantitative messages by, 3738
process capability, evaluating, 6063
recent trends, 27
shift and variation in process,
software applications, 6, 3942
detecting, 60
software tools for, 38
uses of, 5960
terminology for, 38
House of Quality (HOQ), 125
using charts and graphs, 4
competitive assessments, 134135
Dell, 31
construction and implementation
Discrete data, 15
of, 129138
Dundas BI, 31
customer requirements (WHATs),
129130
E interrelationship matrix between
eBay.com, 32 HOWs, developing, 132134
Effective graphical displays, 36 prioritized customer requirements,
EMC, 31 developing, 135, 137138
Event, 112, 113 relationship matrix between
EXCEL, 6, 38 WHATs and HOWs,
Exploratory data analysis, 38 131132, 133
 INDEX
153

steps and structure of, 126127 quality function deployment

summarizing the process, 136 (QFD), 108
technical descriptors requirements steps for, 108
(HOWs), 130131 Measurement, levels of, 1820
HP, 31 interval scale, 19
nominal scale, 1819
I ordinal scale, 1819
IBM, 31 ratio scale, 1920
Infographics. See Information Microsoft, 31
visualization Microsoft Visio, 6
Information displays, 3839 MINITAB, 6, 38
Information graphics. See Multi-vari charts, 146147
Information visualization for three-factor design, 145
Information visualization, 56, 36 for two-factor design, 139140
cause-and-effect diagrams, 39
flow diagrams, 5, 39 N
flow process charts, 5, 39 National Association of Manufacturer
quality tools, 5 (NAM), 16
SIPOC diagrams, 5 Natural variation. See Random
value stream mapping variation
(VSM), 5, 39
Inputoutput transformation O
process, 4546 Oracle Corporation, 31
flow units, 45, 46
information flow, 46 P
inputs and outputs, 45 Pareto charts, 8285
resources, 46 of defects in machined parts, 8385
sequence of activities, 45, 46 simple, 83
Interaction plots, 143144, 148 using MINITAB, 83
Internet of Things (IoT), 32 variable, 8385
Interrelationship digraph, 9497 PERT (Program Evaluation and Review
count of number of arrows in, 97 Technique) network, 111
for high volume of dropped calls Pie chart, 37
in customer service call Precedence relationship, 112
center, 9596 Prioritization grid or matrix, 101107
best option across all criteria,
J choosing, 106, 107
JavaScript, 38 comparing options, 106, 107
Line chart, 37 criteria, selecting, 101102
goal statement, 101
M weigh criteria for options, 102104
Main effects plots, 142143 weigh options against criteria,
Marginal plots, 65 104106
Matrix diagram, 107110 Process decision program chart
for customer requirements vs. (PDPC), 110111
technical requirements, for new product development, 111
108110 steps to create, 110
154 INDEX

Processes, 2324 process decision program chart

outputs of, 2425 (PDPC), 110111
Process maps, 4557 Quality Function Deployment
inputoutput transformation (QFD), 125
process, 4546 tree diagrams, 97100
SIPOC process map, 4652 visual information tools in,
value stream mapping (VSM), 125148
5357 Quality tools, 5, 4344
Project network box plots, 141142
activity, 112 cause-and-effect/fishbone
AOA representation of, 112 diagrams, 8082
AON representation of, 112113 check sheets, 5859
event, 112 control charts, 7580
precedence relationship, 112 histograms, 5963
Python, 38 interaction plots, 143144, 148
main effects plots, 142143
Q multi-vari charts, 146147
Qualitative data, 14 for three-factor design, 145
Quality Companion, 6 for two-factor design, 139140
Quality function deployment (QFD), pareto charts, 8285
108, 125 process maps, 4557
companies using, 127128 run charts, 6775
competitive assessments, 134135 scatter diagrams/plots, 6366
construction and implementation symmetry plots, 138
of, 129138 Quantitative data, 14
customer requirements (WHATs), Quantitative messages
129130, 131 analysts reviewing, 38
interrelationship matrix between correlation, 37
HOWs, developing, 132134 by data visualization, 3738
major goals and application areas, deviation, 37
128129 frequency distribution, 37
prioritized customer requirements, geographic or geospatial, 38
developing, 135, 137138 nominal comparison, 37
relationship matrix between part-to-whole, 37
WHATs and HOWs, ranking, 37
131132, 133 time-series, 37
steps and structure of, 126127
summarizing the process, 136 R
technical descriptors requirements Random variation, 67
(HOWs), 130131, 132 Run charts, 6775
Quality improvement, 89121 assignable cause of variation, 67
activity network diagrams, 111121 to control charts, 67
affinity diagram, 8993 contructing, 68
House of Quality (HOQ), 125 interpreting, 7071
interrelationship digraph, 9497 in MINITAB, 68
matrix diagram, 107110 random variation, 67
prioritization grid or matrix, shift in process, showing, 74
101107 stable process, showing, 72
 INDEX
155

trend, showing, 73 Symmetry plots, 138

of weight of cans, 69 Systems, 2223

S T
SAP, 31 Table, 39
SAS, 38 Tableau Software, 6, 31
Scales, 39 Time series data, 14
Scatter diagrams/plots, 6366. Tree diagrams, 97100
See also Scatter plot decision tree
with box plots of x and for loan application process, 100
y variables, 66 in manufacturing process, 100
with dot plots of x and for project development, 9899
y variables, 66 steps to construct, 98
with histograms of x and using, 9798
y variables, 65
nonlinear relationship between U
x and y, 63 U.S. Census Bureau, 16
of temperature vs.month, 64 US Library of Congress, 32
Scatter plot, 37
SIPOC (supplier, input, process,
output, and customer) V
diagrams, 5 Value stream mapping (VSM), 5, 39,
SIPOC process map, 4652 5357
flow process charts, 4852 creating, 56
of online order processing, 47 major steps of, 5455
symbols and their meaning in, 48 production and distribution
Smart Draw, 6 system, 57
SOFA, 38 symbols used in, 56
Software AG, 31 value-adding and nonvalue-adding
Software applications, 6 activities, 5354
EXCEL, 6 Variable, 1516
Microsoft Visio, 6 Variable control chart, 78
MINITAB, 6 for shaft diameter, 80
Quality Companion, 6 using MINITAB, 7980
Smart Draw, 6 Variation
Tableau Software, 6 in products and processes, 2526
Statistical graphics, 36 in quality characteristic, 25
Statistical thinking, 21 Visual analytics, 2829
fundamental principles, 21 Visual objects, 39
processes, 2325
systems, 2223 W
variation, 2426 Walmart, 32
 OTHER TITLES IN QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES
TO DECISION MAKING COLLECTION
Donald N. Stengel, California State University, Fresno, Editor
Regression Analysis: Understanding and Building Business and Economic Models Using
Excel, Second Edition by J. Holton Wilson, Barry P. Keating, and Mary Beal-Hodges
Operations Methods: Managing Waiting Line Applications, Second Edition
by Kenneth A. Shaw
Using Statistics for Better Business Decisions by Justin Bateh and Bert G. Wachsmuth
Applied Regression and Modeling: A Computer Integrated Approach by Amar Sahay
The Art of Computer Modeling for Business Analytics: Paradigms and Case Studies
by Gerald Feigin
Data Visualization, Volume I: Recent Trends and Applications Using Conventional and
Big Data by Amar Sahay

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