Marshall Method

The original Marshall method is applicable only to hot-mix asphalt paving mixtures
containing aggregates with maximum sizes of 25mm or less. The aggregate size
more than 25mm use the Modified Marshall method.
This method covers the measurement of the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical
specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded on the lateral surface by means of
the Marshall apparatus.
Object:
To determine the stability, flow, voids, voids in mineral aggregates, voids filled with
asphalt and density of the asphalt mixture by Marshall stability test.
Procedure:
In the Marshall method each compacted test specimen is subjected to the following
tests and analysis in the order listed below:
i) Bulk density determination
ii) Stability and flow test
iii) Density and voids analysis
At least three samples are prepared for each binder content.
The following tests are determined first, to find out the density, voids, VMA and VFB.
Tests:
The specific gravity and apparent specific gravity values of the different aggregates,
filler and bitumen used are determined first.
i) Bulk specific gravity of aggregate Gsb is given by:
P1 + P2 +. + Pn
Gsb =
P1/G1 + P2/G2 +. + Pn/Gn
Where, Gsb = Bulk specific gravity for the total aggregate.

P1, P2, Pn = Individual percentages by weight of aggregate.
G1, G2, Gn = Individual bulk specific gravities of aggregate.
ii) Effective specific gravity of aggregate Gse is given by:
100 - Pb
Gse =
Pmm/Gmm Pb/Gb
Where, Gse = Effective sp.gravity of aggregate, constant for all at 5% bitumen

content.
Gmm = Maximum sp.gravity of paving mixture determine by Vacuum pump test
(ASTM D 2041).
Pb = Bitumen content, percent by total weight of mixture.
Gb = Specific gravity of Bitumen.
iii) Maximum specific gravity of mixture Gmm is given by:
100
Gmm =
Ps/Gse + Pb/Gb
Where, Gmm = Maximum specific gravity of paving mixture (no air voids)
Ps = Aggregate content, percent by total weight of mixture
Pb = Bitumen content, percent by total weight of mixture
Gse = Effective specific gravity of aggregate
Gb = Specific gravity of bitumen
iv) Bitumen absorption Pba is given by:
Gse - Gsb
Pba = 100 Gb
Gse Gsb
Where, Pba = Absorbed bitumen, percent by weight of aggregate

Gse = Effective specific gravity of aggregate
Gsb = Bulk specific gravity of aggregate
Gb = Specific gravity of bitumen
v) Effective bitumen content of a paving mixture Pbe is given by:
Pba
Pbe = Pb - Ps
100
vi) Voids in mineral aggregate in compacted paving mixture VMA is given by:
Gmb Ps
VMA = 100 -
Gsb
Where, VMA = Voids in mineral aggregate, percent of bulk volume
Gsb = Bulk specific gravity of total aggregate
Gmb = Bulk specific gravity of compacted mixture
Ps = Aggregate content, percent by total weight of mixture
vii) Air voids in compacted mixture Va is given by:

Gmm - Gmb
Va = 100 X
Gmm
Where, Va = Air voids in compacted mixture, percent of total volume

Gmm = Maximum specific gravity of paving mixture
Gmb = Bulk specific gravity of compacted mixture
viii) Voids filled with bitumen in compacted mixture VFB is given by:
100(VMA Va)
VFB =
VMA
Where, VFB = Voids filled with bitumen, percent of VMA
VMA = Voids in mineral aggregate, percent of bulk volume
Va = Air voids in compacted mixture, percent of total volume
Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content:

Six graphs are plotted with values of bitumen content against the values of:
a) Density Gmb g/cc, b) Marshall Stability, S kg, c) Voids in total mix, Va %, d) Flow
value, F (0.25mm units), e) Voids filled with bitumen, VFB % & f) Voids in mineral
aggregate, VMA %.
Let the bitumen contents corresponding to maximum density be B1, corresponding
to maximum stability be B2 and that corresponding to the specified voids content Va
(4.0% in the case of dense AC mix) be B3. Then the Optimum Bitumen Content is
given by:
Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) = (B1 + B2 + B3)/3
The values of flow and VFB are found from the graphs, corresponding to bitumen
content OBC. All the design values of Marshall stability, flow, voids and VFB are
checked at the Optimum Bitumen Content, with the specified design requirements of
the mix.
The highest possible Marshall stability values in the mix should be aimed at
consistent with the other four requirements mentioned above. In case the mix
designed does not fulfill any one or more of the design requirements, the gradation
of the aggregates or filler content or bitumen content or combination of these are
altered and the design tests are repeated till all the requirements are simultaneously
fulfilled.
Job Mix Formula:

The proportions in which the different aggregates, filler and bitumen are to be mixed
are specified by weight or by volume for implementation during construction.
Caution: Mixes with high Marshall stability values and very low Flow values are not
desirable as the pavements of such mixes may be brittle and are likely to crack
under heavy traffic.
Correction Factors for Std. Marshall
Correction Factors for Modified Marshall
Note:
i) Water Sensitivity: The loss of stability on immersion in water at 60 0C. The
allowable limit is minimum 75% retained strength.
ii) Marshall Quotient (Stiffness): is the ratio of stability and flow. Allowable limits
for base course = 350
for wearing surfaces = 400.

Marshall Method

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Marshall Method

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The original Marshall method is applicable only to hot-mix asphalt paving mixtures

i) Bulk specific gravity of aggregate Gsb is given by:

Where, Gsb = Bulk specific gravity for the total aggregate.

ii) Effective specific gravity of aggregate Gse is given by:

Where, Gse = Effective sp.gravity of aggregate, constant for all at 5% bitumen

iv) Bitumen absorption Pba is given by:

Where, Pba = Absorbed bitumen, percent by weight of aggregate

v) Effective bitumen content of a paving mixture Pbe is given by:

vii) Air voids in compacted mixture Va is given by:

Where, Va = Air voids in compacted mixture, percent of total volume

Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content:

Job Mix Formula:

Correction Factors for Std. Marshall

Correction Factors for Modified Marshall

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