Travelling wave tubes

TRAVELING WAVE TUBE(TWT)

The traveling wave tube is a form of thermionic valve or tube that

is used for high power microwave amplifier designs.
The travelling wave tube can be used for wideband RF amplifier
designs where even now it performs well against devices using
newer technologies.
TWTs are used in applications including broadcasting, radar and
in satellite transponders.
The TWT is still widely used despite the fact that semiconductor
technology is advancing all the time.
Two types of TWTs are available
Low power TWT
High power TWT
 Low-power TWT for receivers
occurs as a highly sensitive, low-noise and wideband amplifier
in radar equipments

High-power TWT for transmitters

These are in use as a pre-amplifier for high-power transmitters .
Differences Between TWT and Klystrons:
- The microwave circuit is non-resonant in TWT , while resonant
circuits are used in klystrons.
- The interaction of electron beam and RF field in the TWT is
continuous over the entire length of the circuit , but the interaction
in the klystron occurs only at the gaps of a few resonant cavities.
- The wave in the TWT is a propagating wave , The wave in the
klystron is not.
- In the couple cavity TWT there is coupling effect between the
cavities, whereas each cavity in the klystron operates
independently.
 HELIX TWT CONSTRUCTION

The Helix Travelling wave tube(TWT) , can be split into a

number of separate major elements:
Vacuum tube
Electron gun
Magnet and

focusing structure
RF input
Helix
RF output
Collector
 The detailed diagram of Helix TWT can be viewed as,
 The simplified circuit is,

Working Operation:
- A Helix twt consists of an electron Gun and a Slow wave structure.
- First element-Electron gun comprising primarily of a heated
cathode and grids. This produces and then accelerates a beam of
electrons that travels along the length of the tube.
- The electron beam is focused by a constant magnetic field along the
electron beam and the slow wave structure. This is termed as O-type
traveling tube.
- The slow wave structure is either the helical type or folded-Back
line. A helix is an essential part of the traveling wave tube. It acts
as a delay line, in which the RF signal travels at near the same
speed along the tube as the electron beam.
- The applied signal propagates around the turns of the helix and
produces an electric field at the center of the helix , directed along
the helix axis.
- The axial electric field progresses with a velocity that is very
close to the light multiplied by the ratio of helix pitch to helix
circumference.
- When the electrons enter the helix tube , an interaction takes place
between the moving axial electric field and the moving electrons.
- On the average , the electrons transfer energy to the wave on the
helix. This interaction cause the signal wave on the helix to
become larger.
- Amplification process : The electrons entering the helix at zero
field are not affected by the signal wave , those electrons entering
the helix at the accelerating field are accelerated and those
entering the helix at the retarding field are decelerated.
- As the electrons travel further along the helix , they begin
forming bunch centered about those electrons that enter the helix
during the zero field and collected at the collector end . The
bunching shifts the phase by /2,
- Since the dc velocity of electrons is slightly greater than the axial
wave velocity, more electrons are in the retarding field than in the
accelerating field. And a great amount of energy is transferred
from the beam to the electromagnetic field . The amplification of
the signal wave is accomplished.
- The bunch becomes more compact and a larger amplification of
the signal voltage occurs at the end of the helix.
- The magnet produces an axial magnetic field to prevent spreading
of the electron beam as it travels down the tube.
- An attenuator placed near the center of the helix reduces all the
waves traveling along the helix to nearly zero so that the reflected
waves from the mismatched loads can be prevented from reaching
the input and causing oscillation.
- The bunched electrons emerging from the attenuator induce a new
electric field with the same frequency. This field in turn induces a
new amplified microwave signal on the helix.
- Amplified helix signal can be viewed as,
Characteristics of TWT:
The Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) is a high-gain, low-noise , wide-
bandwidth microwave amplifier.
It is capable of gains greater than 40dB with bandwidths exceeding an
octave. (A bandwidth of one octave is one in which the upper cutoff
frequency is twice the lower cutoff frequency.)
Traveling-wave tubes have been designed for frequencies a slow as
300Megahertz and as high as 50 Gigahertz.
The TWT is primarily a voltage amplifier. The wide-bandwidth and low-
noise characteristics make the TWT ideal for use as an RF amplifier in
microwave equipment.
TWT amplifiers and they are typically capable of developing powers of
up to 2.5 kW. For narrowband RF amplifier applications it is possible to
use coupled cavity TWTs and these can deliver power levels of up to 15
Kw.
Efficiency of 20 to 40 % is possible .
Physical Construction Of TWT
 Electron beam bunching and a detail photo of helix
 The electron-beam bunching already starts at the beginning of the
helix and reaches its highest expression on the end of the helix. If
the electrons of the beam were accelerated to travel faster than the
waves traveling on the wire, bunching would occur through the
effect of velocity modulation. Velocity modulation would be
caused by the interaction between the traveling-wave fields and
the electron beam. Bunching would cause the electrons to give up
energy to the traveling wave if the fields were of the correct
polarity to slow down the bunches. The energy from the bunches
would increase the amplitude of the traveling wave in a
progressive action that would take place all along the length of the
twt.
The helix may be replaced by some other slow wave structure
such as a ring-bar, ring loop, or coupled cavity structure. The
structure is chosen to give the characteristic appropriate to the
desired gain/bandwidth and power characteristics.
Slow-Wave Structures
- As the operating frequency is increased , both the inductance and
capacitance in the resonating circuit must be decreased in order
to maintain the resonance at the operating frequency.
- Because the gain-bandwidth product is limited by the resonating
circuit, the ordinary resonator cannot generate the large output.
- Non resonating or slow-wave structures are designed for
producing larger gain over a wide bandwidth.
- Slow-wave structures are special circuits that are used in
microwave tubes to reduce the wave velocity in a certain
direction so that the electron beam and the signal wave can
interact.
- The phase velocity of a wave in ordinary waveguides is greater
than the velocity of light in vacuum.
- In the operation of traveling wave and magnetron type devices ,
the electron beam must keep in step with the microwave signal.
- Since the electron beam can be accelerated only to the velocities
that are about the fraction of the velocity of light , a slow-wave
structure must be incorporated in the microwave devices so that
the phase velocity of the microwave signal can keep pace with
that of electron beam for effective interactions.
- Several types of slow-wave structures are available. In order for a
circuit be a slow-wave structure , it must have the property of
periodicity in the axial direction.
- The phase velocity of some of the spatial harmonics in the axial
direction obtained by the Fourier analysis of the waveguide field
may be smaller than the velocity of light.
- In the helical slow-wave structure a translation back or forth
through a distance of one pitch length results in identically the
same structure again . Thus the period is its pitch.
-Different slow wave structures are,
Axial Electric Field in TWT
-
-
Wave modes:
-

-
-Substituting (Eq.10) in (Eq.9) yields to ,

(Eq.11) is a fourth order in and thus has four roots . Its exact
solutions can be found using numerical methods and a digital
computer.
- How ever the approximate solutions may be found by equating
the dc electron beam velocity to the axial phase velocity of the
travelling wave and the four propagation constants are given by,
-