DSP Palakkad

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PREFACE
Planning is a prerequisite for effective development. Development becomes comprehensive when growth
centres are identified considering physical, social and economic variables of an area in an integrated manner.
This indicates that planning of villages and towns are to be complementary. Second Administrative Reforms
Commission (ARC) while interpreting the article 243 ZD of the Constitution of India states as follows. This, in
other words, means that the development needs of the rural and urban areas should be dealt with in an integrated
manner and, therefore, the district plan, which is a plan for a large area consisting of villages and towns, should
take into account such factors as spatial planning, sharing of physical and natural resources, integrated
development of infrastructure and environmental conservation. All these are important, because the
relationship between villages and towns is complementary. One needs the other. Many functions that the towns
perform as seats of industry, trade and business and as providers of various services, including higher education,
specialized health care services, communication etc have an impact on the development and welfare of rural
people. Similarly, the orderly growth of the urban centre is dependent on the kind of organic linkage it establishes
with its rural hinterland. Therefore a move of harmonizing urban and rural centres of an area can be said as a
move of planned urbanisation of the area.
In this context, it is relevant to mention the 74 th Amendment Act of the Constitution of India, which
mandated the District Planning Committee to prepare a draft development plan for the district. As per Article 243
ZD of the Constitution, the District Planning Committee (DPC) shall consolidate Panchayat/Municipality Plans in
the district and prepare draft development plan for the district as a whole. The Constitution also specifies that
while preparing draft development plan due regard shall be given to matters of common interest between
panchayats and municipalities including spatial planning, sharing of water and other physical and natural resources,
the integrated development of infrastructure and environmental conservation. In this respect, the district of
Kollam has conducted an important experiment of preparation of an Integrated District Development Plan (IDDP)
for the district. Through preparation of IDDP, the District Planning Committee of Kollam has become the first ever
DPC in the country to own a District Development Plan as envisaged by the Constitution. This path-breaking
venture has become a model in participatory district planning in a spatial platform. The Plan was released during
the international conference on district planning held at Kollam in August 2009. The Plan is now sanctioned by
Government of Kerala. As per G.O (Rt) 354/04/LSGD dated 01.02.07, the State Government have extended the
project to the remaining districts in the state and the districts of Alappuzha, Thrissur, Idukki, Palakkad and
Wayanad were selected for extending the project in the first phase. However, even in these districts, preparation
of IDDP is yet to be completed.
Preparation of such a plan will surely need decisions and commitment at various levels due to the multiplicity
of agencies involved and the vast spectrum of aspects to be addressed. However, delay in planning shall not
affect development. Hence a step by step approach may be adopted in planning. Therefore, the Department of
Town and Country Planning evolved a sequence of plan preparation at district level, involving District Urbanisation
Report (DUR), District Spatial Plan (DSP) and Integrated District Development Plan (IDDP).
The District Urbanisation Report defines the future spatial structure of a district, which is formulated by
integrating hierarchy and activity pattern of urban and rural settlements and the connectivity between them.
The spatial structure of a district will act as a frame for the orderly development of urban centres and their rural
hinterland subsequently leading to a planned urbanisation.
The District Spatial Plan is a synergistic form of the District Urbanisation Report, since as a plan it is
congruent to a single unified physical design for the district through setting development goals and objectives
and formulating the development concept of the district. DSP will frame the general policies and strategies and
streamline directions of development of the district. The Development Directives of DSP is carved in the spatial
platform through the synthesis of findings of the analysis over the spatial structure based on secondary sources
of data. But it lacks the resource studies as co-ordination of various agencies remain as an uphill task.
The Integrated District Development Plan can be termed as the highest echelon of this series and manifest
all features of the draft district development plan as envisaged in Article 243ZD of the Constitution of India.
Democratisation of planning and translation of sectoral policies into spatial plans are the paramount qualities of
IDDP as against DSP. IDDP comprises of two components; a Perspective Plan for 15-20 years and an Execution Plan
for 5 years.
As said earlier, IDDP for Kollam District is already prepared under the leadership of the District Planning
Committee, Kollam with the involvement of all the Local Governments in the district and Special Technical
Advisory Committee for IDDP. The Department of Town and Country Planning gave technical support for Plan
preparation besides coordinating the entire process in the role of nodal agency.
Now, the Department has prepared District Spatial Plans for the districts of Thrissur and Palakkad and
District Urbanisation Reports for the districts of Thiruvananthapuram, Pathanamthitta, Alappuzha, Kottayam,
Ernakulam, Idukki, Malappuram, Kozhikkode, Wayanad, Kannur and Kasaragod. The District Spatial Plan for Palakkad
is one among the series.
I take this opportunity to appreciate the officials of the Palakkad District Office of the Department, headed
by Sri V.A Gopi, in the preparation of this document. The State Project Cell for LDP-IDDP-SPP played anchor role
in this regard, right from conceptualisation to shaping the end product. The toolkits and customised computer
applications developed by the State Project Cell has enabled the district offices to accomplish the task in a time
bound manner. I also appreciate the consistent efforts of Sri. Jacob Easow, Senior Town Planner,
Smt.Ushakumari.P.R, Town Planner, Sri. Baiju.K, Deputy Town Planner and other officials of the State Project Cell.
I also appreciate the officials of the circle, headed by Smt Darley S Mony, Senior Town Planner, for their efforts in
vetting and finalising the District Spatial Plan for Palakkad.
This is a step forward on the ladder leading to the draft development plan for the district as laid down in
the Constitution. It is hoped that the district of Palakkad will further extend the District Spatial Plan into Integrated
District Development Plan for the district.
Certainly, the District Spatial Plan for Palakkad will streamline the directions of development of the
district by way of providing a framework for development as well as future planning of the district.
Thiruvananthapuram Eapen Varughese

11- 02-2011 Chief Town Planner

DISTRICT SPATIAL PLAN
PALAKKAD
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DEPARTMENT OF TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING - GOVERNMENT OF KERALA

January 2011
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The District Spatial Plan, Palakkad is prepared as part of the Integrated District Development
Plan for Palakkad as well as State Perspective Plan for Kerala. The level of Urbanisation in the district, the
functional character, hierarchy of settlements, activity of the LSGs etc are studied in detail and a tentative
development concept is framed . The methodology for the study has evolved through number of workshops and
discussions with higher level officers in the district and State.
We have heavily relied on secondary data from various sectoral departments. Their readiness
to share the data is gratefully acknowledged. Sri Eapen Varghese, the Chief Town Planner and Smt Darley D.S.
mony, Senior Town Planner gave necessary directions. The guidance and inspiration given by Sri Jacob Easow,
Senior Town Planner, Smt Ushakumari P.R, Town Planner and Sri Baiju K, Deputy Town Planner of the State
Project Cell of IDDP/ LDP, without which this work would not have been possible, is gratefully acknowledged .
The other staff of State Project Cell for IDDP LDP also have been highly helpful in giving various inputs for the
study.
Sri K.V Abdul Malik, Deputy Town Planner and Smt V.P Deepa, Assistant Town Planner have
contributed their valuable effort to the work. Sri Kaja Sherafudeen, Deputy Town Planner also has contributed
his effort to this work. The assistance of Smt Shiji T.N, Planning Assistant is remarkable. The efforts put in by
Statistical staff and all staff of IDDP/ LDP Project Cell, Palakkad and staff for the preparation of Master Plan for
Palakkad needs special mention. All the staff of the District Town and Country Planning Office, Palakkad need to
be specially acknowledged for their participation in various stages without which this work would not have
been completed in the present form and time frame.
Palakkad Sri V.A.Gopi

11.02.2011 Town Planner, Palakkad

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District Spatial Plan - Palakkad CONTENTS vii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER - 1 PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2.Location...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3.Administrative divisions.............................................................................................................. 2
1.3.1.Local governments in Palakkad district................................................................................... 2
1.4.Topography and physical features.............................................................................................. 3
1.5 Socio-Economic aspects.............................................................................................................. 5
1.6 Backwardness of Palakkad District............................................................................................. 6
1.7. Inference.................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER - 2 HISTORY AND REGIONAL LINKAGES
2.1 History ......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Regional Linkages....................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Connectivity................................................................................................................................. 8
2.4 Inference..................................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER - 3 POPULATION
3.1 Population size............................................................................................................................ 10
3.1.1 Religion wise population.......................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Growth rate of population........................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Population density ................................................................................................................. 14
3.3.1 Gross population density.................................................................................................... 14
3.3.2 Net Population density...................................................................................................... 17
3.4 Sex ratio....................................................................................................................................... 18
3.5 Population concentration pattern................................................................................................ 18
3.6 Migration details......................................................................................................................... 19
3.7 Population Projection (Trend based) ......................................................................................... 20
3.8 Inference...................................................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER - 4 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
4.1 Work force of the district............................................................................................................. 22
4.2 Occupational Structure................................................................................................................. 23
Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

viii CONTENTS District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
4.3 Spatial distribution of the major class of workers....................................................................... 24

4.4 Occupational structure Variation in urban and Rural areas..................................................... 25
4.5 Occupational structure Temporal variation.............................................................................. 26
4.6 Projection of occupational structure (trend based)..................................................................... 28
4.7 Inference...................................................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER-5 LAND USE
5.1 Land use pattern of Kerala state................................................................................................. 30
5.2.Land use Break up of Palakkad district ...................................................................................... 31
5.3 Regional land use........................................................................................................................ 31
5.4 Concentration pattern of land uses:............................................................................................ 36
5.4.1 Other Built up Land use...................................................................................................... 36
5.4.2 Residential Land use.......................................................................................................... 36
5.4.3 Agricultural Land use......................................................................................................... 37
5.4.4 Forest Land use.................................................................................................................. 37
5.5 Analysis of Agricultural Land uses ............................................................................................. 38
5.5.1 Concentration pattern of Coconut ...................................................................................... 38
5.5.2 Concentration pattern of Paddy ......................................................................................... 38
5.5.3 Concentration pattern of mixed crop................................................................................. 39
5.5.4 Concentration pattern of Rubber........................................................................................ 39
5.6.Major agriculture activities......................................................................................................... 41
5.7.Activity zones based on land use concentration pattern............................................................ 41
5.8 Inference...................................................................................................................................... 45
CHAPTER-6 FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER OF SETTLEMENT
6.1 Character of settlements............................................................................................................. 46
6.2 Inference...................................................................................................................................... 47
CHAPTER-7 HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
7.1 Existing Hierarchy of settlements............................................................................................... 48
7.2 Suggested Hierarchy of settlements-Methodology adopted...................................................... 49
7.3 Suggested Hierarchy of settlements-Procedure adopted........................................................... 49
7.4 Character of higher order settlements........................................................................................ 53
7.5.Inference...................................................................................................................................... 53

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER -8 URBAN PROFILE
8.1 Trend of Urbanization Kerala....................................................................................................... 54
8.2 Census urban areas in Palakkad District..................................................................................... 55
8.3 Urban population content ........................................................................................................... 55
8.4 Decadal variation in urban population content Vs urban area.................................................... 55
8.5 Growth rate of urban population................................................................................................. 57
8.6 Urban settlements in from 1971-2001...................................................................................... 58
8.7 Future urbanization in profile of the District............................................................................... 58
8.8 Urban profile................................................................................................................................ 62
8.9.Inference...................................................................................................................................... 62
CHAPTER -9 HIERARCHY OF NODES
9.1 Existing Hierarchy of nodes......................................................................................................... 63
9.2 Suggested Hierarchy of nodes..................................................................................................... 64
9.3 Suggested Ist order nodes............................................................................................................. 64
9.4 Suggested IInd order nodes........................................................................................................... 64
9.5 Suggested IIIrd order nodes.......................................................................................................... 65
9.6 Inference...................................................................................................................................... 66
CHAPTER -10 CONNECTIVITY
10.1 Hierarchy of settlements........................................................................................................... 67
10.2 Hierarchy nodes......................................................................................................................... 67
10.3 Existing network......................................................................................................................... 67
10.4 Suggested network..................................................................................................................... 71
10.5 Future connectivity..................................................................................................................... 71
CHAPTER-11 ACTIVITY PATTERN
11.1Description of land use concentration pattern........................................................................... 72
11.2Description of future urban profile............................................................................................. 72
11.3Description of functional classification...................................................................................... 73
11.4Determination of activity pattern................................................................................................ 73
11.4.1 Urban Activity.................................................................................................................... 73
11.4.2 Secondary Activity............................................................................................................ 74
11.4.3 Agriculture And allied Activity.......................................................................................... 74

x CONTENTS District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
11.4.4 Primary Activity................................................................................................................. 75

11.4.5 Agricultural Activity non detrimental to forest............................................................... 75
11.5 Inference................................................................................................................................... 76
CHAPTER-12 SPATIAL STRUCTURE
12.1 Spatial structure of the district................................................................................................... 77
12.1.1 Hierarchy of settlement................................................................................................... 77
12.1.2 Hierarchy of Nodes.......................................................................................................... 77
12.1.3 Activity pattern................................................................................................................ 78
12.1.4 Connectivity..................................................................................................................... 78
12.1.5 Spatial Structure............................................................................................................... 79
12.2 nference........................................................................................................................................ 79
CHAPTER-13 FINDINGS
13.1. Population................................................................................................................................... 80
13.2. Occupational Structure............................................................................................................... 80
13.3. Landuse...................................................................................................................................... 81
13.4.Functional Character..................................................................................................................... 81
13.5. Hierarchy of Settlements............................................................................................................. 81
13.6. Level of Urbanization.................................................................................................................. 81
13.7. Activity Pattern............................................................................................................................ 81
CHAPTER-14 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
14.1. Development Goals..................................................................................................................... 82
14.2. Development Objectives............................................................................................................. 82
CHAPTER-15 TENTATIVE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT
15.1. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 85
15.2 Development concept formation.................................................................................................. 85
15.3 Tentative Development concept.................................................................................................. 85
15.4 Development zones...................................................................................................................... 87
15.4.1. Environmental Concern Zone ......................................................................................... 87
15.4.2. Agriculture promotion Zone ........................................................................................... 87
15.4.3. Agro Allied Economic Zone............................................................................................. 88
15.4.4. Multi Functional Zone ................................................................................................. 88

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad CONTENTS xi
15.4.5. Economic Development Corridor Zone............................................................................ 88
15.5. Hierarchy of settlements............................................................................................................. 89
15.5.1. Regional Centre............................................................................................................... 89
15.5.2. Sub regional Centres....................................................................................................... 89
15.5.3. Service Centres................................................................................................................ 89
15.6 . Transportation network............................................................................................................... 89
15.7. Distribution of projected population in development zones...................................................... 90
15.8. Distribution of projected occupational structure........................................................................ 92
15.9. Inference...................................................................................................................................... 94
CHAPTER-16 DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIVES
16.1. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 96
16.2. General policy.............................................................................................................................. 96
16.3. Development Strategies.............................................................................................................. 96
16.4. Development Directives.............................................................................................................. 97
16.4.1. Future Urban Profile....................................................................................................... 98
16.4.2. Development Zones....................................................................................................... 98
16.4.3. Hierarchy of Settlements................................................................................................ 100
16.4.4. Future Connectivity......................................................................................................... 100
16.4.5. Future Population Content.............................................................................................. 101

xii CONTENTS District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Profile of Palakkad District .......................................................................................... 1

Figure 1.2. Location of Palakkad District ......................................................................................... 2
Figure 1.3. Taluks of Palakkad District ......................................................................................... 2
Figure 1.4. Block Panchayats of Palakkad District .............................................................................. 3
Figure 1.5. Grama Panchayats and Municipalities-Palakkad District.................................................... 3
Figure 1.6. Physiographical division of the District............................................................................. 3
Figure 1.7. Waterbodies of Palakkad District...................................................................................... 5
Figure2.1. Regional Setting of Palakkad District............................................................................. 8
Figure2.2. District map showing the road &rail network, important junctions etc.......................... 9
Figure 3.1. Population size Comparison with surrounding districts................................................ 10
Figure 3.2. Population size temporal variation................................................................................ 10
Figure 3.3. Population_ religion wise Kerala state and palakkad district......................................... 11
Figure 3.4. District wise distribution of population growth rate 1991.............................................. 12
Figure 3.5. District wise distribution of population growth rate 2001.............................................. 12
Figure 3.6. Population growth rate comparison with surrounding districts (1991&2001)................ 12
Figure 3.7. Population growth rate-Temporal variation palakkad district and the state................... 13
Figure 3.8. PopulationGrowth rate _ LSG wise distribution 1971-1981............................................. 13
Figure 3.9. Population Growth rate _ LSG wise distribution 1981-1991............................................ 13
Figure 3.10 Population Growth rate _ LSG wise distribution 1991-2001............................................ 13
Figure 3.11. LSGs with highest growth rate of population .................................................................. 14
Figure 3.12. Kerala State - District wise distribution of population density 1991 and 2001............... 15
Figure 3.13. Gross population density of Palakkad district Comparison with surrounding districts... 16
Figure 3.14. Distribution of Gross population density _ Local body wise........................................... 16
Figure 3.15. Distribution of net population density (2001 census) _ Local Body wise....................... 17
Figure 3.16. District wise Sex ratio, 1991 & 2001............................................................................... 18
Figure 3.17. Sex ratio- 2001................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 3.18. variation in sex ratio, 1991 and 2001.............................................................................. 18
Figure 3.19 Urban Rural Sex ratio....................................................................................................... 18
Figure 3.20 (a): Population Concentration Pattern 1971 .................................................................. 19
(b): Population Concentration Pattern 1981 .................................................................. 19
(c): Population Concentration Pattern1991 ................................................................... 19
(d): Population Concentration Pattern 2001 .................................................................. 20
(e): Population Concentration Pattern 2021 .................................................................. 20

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad CONTENTS xiii
Figure 4.1. Work participation rate ................................................................................................... 22

Figure 4.2. Palakkad district-main and marginal workers in total population ............................... 22
Figure 4.3. Temporal variation of total workers and main workers .................................................. 23
Figure 4.4. Occupational structure of Palakkad District................................................................... 23
Figure 4.5. Occupational structure of surrounding districts............................................................. 23
Figure 4.6. Spatial distribution of the Concentration Index of HH Industrial workers..................... 24
Figure 4.7. Spatial distribution of the Concentration Index of Agricultural laborers....................... 24
Figure 4.8. Spatial distribution of the Concentration Index of Cultivators....................................... 25
Figure 4.9. Spatial distribution of the Concentration Index of other workers................................... 25
Figure 4.10. Classification of the Main workers in - urban area and rural areas .............................. 26
Figure 4.11. Variation in the number of different category of workers in urban area........................ 26
Figure 4.12. Variation in the number of different category of workers in rural areas........................ 27
Figure 4.13. Comparison of changes in the occupational structure of the district in urban and rural
area................................................................................................................................. 27
Figure 4.14. Temporal Variation of WPR............................................................................................. 28
Figure 4.15. Projection of WPR........................................................................................................... 28
Figure 5.1. Land use break up of Kerala........................................................................................... 31
Figure 5.2. Land use breakup of Palakkad district............................................................................ 32
Figure 5.3. Land use breakup of Palakkad........................................................................................ 32
Figure 5.4. Forest land use (% of corresponding area in the State)................................................ 32
Figure 5.5. Forest land use comparison with neighboring districts.............................................. 33
Figure 5.6. water bodies (% of corresponding area in the State)..................................................... 33
Figure 5.7. Marshy land (% of corresponding area in the State)..................................................... 33
Figure 5.8. Marshy land comparison with neighboring districts................................................... 33
Figure 5.9. Residential land use (% of corresponding area in the State)......................................... 34
Figure 5.10. Residential land use- comparison with neighboring districts........................................ 34
Figure 5.11. Agricultural land use (% of corresponding area in the State)........................................ 34
Figure 5.12. Agricultural land use-comparison with neighboring districts........................................ 34
Figure 5.13. Plantation land use (% of corresponding area in the State).......................................... 34
Figure 5.14. Plantation land use......................................................................................................... 35
Figure 5.15. Other built up land use (% of corresponding area in the State)..................................... 35
Figure 5.16. Other built up land use- comparison with neighboring districts.................................... 35
Figure 5.17. Res/agr mix land use (% of corresponding area in the State)....................................... 35
Figure 5.18. Res/agr mix land use- comparison with neighboring districts...................................... 36
Figure 5.19. Concentration index of other built up land use.............................................................. 36
Figure 5.20. Concentration pattern of residential land use................................................................ 37
xiv CONTENTS District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Figure 5.21. Concentration pattern of agricultural land use............................................................... 37

Figure 5.22. Concentration pattern of forest land use....................................................................... 37
Figure 5.23. Concentration pattern of Plantation land use................................................................ 38
Figure 5.24. Breakup of agricultural land use.................................................................................... 39
Figures 5.25. Spatial distribution of agricultural land use................................................................... 39
Figure 5.26. Distribution of concentration index of Coconut land use............................................... 40
Figure 5.27. Distribution of concentration index of Paddy land use.................................................. 40
Figure 5.28. Distribution of concentration index of mixed crop land use.......................................... 40
Figure 5.29. Distribution of concentration index of Rubber land use................................................. 40
Figure 5.30 Distribution of concentration of major land uses........................................................... 41
Figure 5.31. Distribution of concentration pattern of non agricultural land use................................ 42
Figure 5.32. Distribution of concentration pattern of Agricultural land use...................................... 42
Figure 5.33. Distribution of concentration pattern of Forest land use............................................... 42
Figure 5.34. Distribution of concentration pattern of Plantation land use........................................ 43
Figure 5.35. Distribution of concentration pattern of Agriculture, Forest, Non agricultural and
Plantation land use......................................................................................................... 43
Figure 5.36. Three Activity zones........................................................................................................ 43
Figure 6.1. Function of settlements.................................................................................................. 46
Figure 7.1. CFI Vs Frequency graph.................................................................................................... 48
Figures 7.2. Spatial Distribution of settlements of different hierarchies.......................................... 49
Figure 7.3. Existing 1st and 2nd order settlements............................................................................ 50
Figure 7.4. Spatial distribution of the Projected second order settlements ................................... 50
Figure 7.5. Service area of 2nd order settlements............................................................................. 51
Figure 7.6. Service area (service settlements) of 2nd order settlements (adjusted)....................... 51
Figure 7.7. Proposed 3rd order settlement ...................................................................................... 51
Figure 7.8. Proposed 3rd order settlements (Adjusted)..................................................................... 52
Figure 7.9. Service area of the 3rd order settlements........................................................................ 52
Figure 7.10. Service area of the 3rd order settlements (adjusted)...................................................... 52
Figure 7.11. Proposed 3rd order settlements ..................................................................................... 53
Figure 8.1 Census urban area of the District................................................................................... 55
Figure 8.2. Extent of urban area of the District................................................................................ 56
Figure 8.3. Total urban population (selected areas) during various decades................................... 57
Figure 8.4. Population GrowthRate of urban area in Comparison with that of the District.......... . 57
Figure 8.5. Growth rate of population- Local body wise variation.................................................... 58
Figure 8.6. Urban centres based on Census Criteria........................................................................ 59

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad CONTENTS xv
Figure 8.7. Urban centres based on grade of local bodies............................................................. 60

Figure 8.8. Urban centres based on 1,2 and 3 criteria..................................................................... 61
Figure 8.9. Urban centres based on all the four criteria including hierarchy of settlements........... 61
Figure 8.10. Future urbanization profile Palakkad District............................................................... 61
Figure 9.1. Nodes with hierarchy ..................................................................................................... 63
Figure 9.2. Spatial Distribution of nodes........................................................................................... 64
Figure 9.3. Size of service area polygon in different area ............................................................... 65
Figure 9.4. Service area of existing second order nodes .................................................................. 65
Figure 9.5. Suggested second order nodes........................................................................................ 65
Figure 9.6. Service area of existing third order nodes...................................................................... 65
Figure 9.7. Service area of existing and suggested 3rd order nodes.................................................. 66
Figure 9.8. Hierarchy of nodes (proposed)........................................................................................ 66
Figure 10.1. Hierarchy of settlements................................................................................................. 67
Figure 10.2. Hierarchy of nodes.......................................................................................................... 68
Figure 10.3. Existing Transportation Network...................................................................................... 70
Figure 10.4. Concept of Future Transportation Network...................................................................... 71
Figure 10.5. Proposed Transportation Network................................................................................... 71
Figure 11.1. Derivation of Activity Pattern........................................................................................... 72
Figure 11.2. Land use concentration pattern....................................................................................... 72
Figure 11.3. Future Urban Profile........................................................................................................ 73
Figure 11.4. Functional character of Settlements............................................................................... 73
Figure 11.5. Urban Activity Areas........................................................................................................ 74
Figure 11.6. Secondary activity areas.................................................................................................. 74
Figure 11.7. Agriculture and allied activity area................................................................................. 74
Figure 11.8. Intensive Agricultural Activity areas or Primary Activity areas ...................................... 75
Figure 11.9. Primary activity areas (Agricultual and allied activity)non detrimental to forest.......... 75
Figure 11.10. Activity Pattern................................................................................................................ 76
Figure 12.1. Heirarchy Of Settlements............................................................................................... 77
Figure 12.2. Suggested hierarchy of nodes......................................................................................... 78
Figure 12.3. Activity pattern of the District......................................................................................... 78
Figure 12.4. Proposed Transportation Network................................................................................... 78
Figure 12.5. Spatial structure of Palakkad District.............................................................................. 79
Figure 15.1 Spatial structure of Palakkad district.............................................................................. 86
Figure 15.2. Formation of development concept................................................................................. 86
Figure 15.3. Development Concept of Palakkad District..................................................................... 87

xvi CONTENTS District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Figure 15.4. Hierarchy of settlements ................................................................................................ 89

Figure 15.5. Future transportation network with hierarchy of nodes.................................................. 89
Figure 15.6. Occupational Structure (Existing).................................................................................... 92
Figure 15.7. Work Force Participation Rate......................................................................................... 92
Figure 15.8. Work Force Participation Rate- projected....................................................................... 92
Figure 16.1. Suggested hierarchy of settlements................................................................................ 100
Figure 16.2. Future connectivity of Palakkad District......................................................................... 100

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad CONTENTS xvii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Revenue divisions and Taluks......................................................................................... 3
Table 3.1 Decadal variation of population...................................................................................... 10
Table 3.2 Religion wise population, 2010....................................................................................... 11
Table 3.3 Population and Growth rate of Population of districts of Kerala.................................... 11
Table 3.4 Grouping of LSGs based on the range of gross population density................................ 16
Table 3.5 Projected District Population Decreasing rate ........................................................... 20
Table 3.6 Projected District Population - Apportionment method.................................................. 21
Table 3.7 Final projected population figures of the district........................................................... 21
Table 4.1 Decadal variation of workers Palakkad District............................................................ 23
Table 4.2 Workers Classification- Palakkad District ...................................................................... 23
Table 4.3 Concentration Pattern of Workers................................................................................... 25
Table 4.4 Workers Classification Urban and Rural areas (2001)................................................. 26
Table 4.5 Four fold Workers classification...................................................................................... 26
Table 4.6 Number of various categories of workers in urban areas............................................... 27
Table 4.7 Numbers of various category of workers in rural areas.................................................. 27
Table: 4.8 Value of WPR.................................................................................................................. 28
Table: 4.9 Projected Value of WPR.................................................................................................. 28
Table 4.10 Number of workers projected.......................................................................................... 28
Table 4.11 Projection of workers in urban. and rural areas.............................................................. 29
Table 5.1 Land use pattern of Kerala ............................................................................................. 30
Table 5.2 Land use break up of Palakkad....................................................................................... 31
Table 5.3 Land use break up of neighbouring district.................................................................... 32
Table 5.4 Break up of Agricultural Land use................................................................................... 38
Table 5.5 Grouping of Land use classification................................................................................ 41
Table 5.6 Criteria for determination of activity based on land use................................................ 42
Table 5.7 Activity zones ................................................................................................................. 44
Table 6.1 Functional Character of LSGs........................................................................................... 46
Table 7.1 Functional character of higher order settlements........................................................... 53
Table 8.1 Population figures (2001) of Kerala at a glance............................................................. 54
Table 8.2 Trends of population growth of Kerala - 1981-2001....................................................... 54
Table 8.3 Trends in urbanisation of Kerala - 1981-2001................................................................. 54
Table 8.4 District wise percentage of urban population................................................................. 55
Table 8.5 Existing urban population of Palakkad ........................................................................... 55
Table 8.6 Decadal variations in the Urban Population of Palakkad District from 1971 to 2001.... 56

xviii CONTENTS District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Table 8.7 Decadal variation in the Urban Population of Palakkad District from 1971 to
2001 excludingthe population of Mannarkkad Urban area/Panchayat ....................... 56
Table 8.8 Growth rate of urban population Comparison with state ........................................ 58
Table 8.9 Urban settlements in different period of time................................................................ 58
Table 8.10 Changing urban profile of the District............................................................................ 62
Table 9.1 List of Nodes ................................................................................................................ 64
Table 9.2 Hierarchy of nodes (proposed)....................................................................................... 66
Table 10.1 List of State Highways passing through Palakkad district............................................. 68
Table 10.2 List of Major District Roads -Palakkad district............................................................... 68
Table 11.1 Classification of Settlements ......................................................................................... 73
Table 11.2 Urban Activity ................................................................................................................. 73
Table 11.3 Agricultural and allied activity area ............................................................................ 74
Table 11.4 Primary Activity .................................................................................................... 75
Table 15.1. Influence of developments on population growth and occupational structure.............. 90
Table 15.2 Zone wise population .................................................................................................... 90
Table 15.3 Projected population growth rate of zones showing accelerated growth .................... 91
Table 15.4. Trend based projected population growth rate zone wise ........................................ 91
Table 15.5 Induced projected population growth rate zone wise ............................................... 91
Table 15.6 Projected population zone wise ............................................................................ 91
Table 15.7 % of projected population zone wise ......................................................................... 92
Table 15.8 Population density zone wise .................................................................................... 92
Table 15.9 Projected value of WPR ................................................................................................ 93
Table 15.10 WPR zone wise _ existing scenario ............................................................................... 93
Table 15.11 Development zone wise area and population ................................................................ 93
Table 15.12 Combined average WPR zone wise _ existing and projected ...................................... 94
Table 15.13 WPR zone wise _ projected for 2021 ............................................................................ 94
Table 15.14 Zone wise workers _ projected for 2021........................................................................ 94
Table 15.15 Main to marginal workers ratio ................................................................................... 94
Table 15.16 Zone wise main workers (projected) ............................................................................ 94
Table 16.1 Future urban profile of the district ............................................................................ 98
Table 16.2 Nature of developments suggested in various development zones ............................ 98
Table 16.3 Function of settlements ................................................................................................ 99
Table 16.4 Projected population zone wise .................................................................................... 101

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad CONTENTS xix
ANNEXES
Annexe 1 Taluk s & Villages......................................................................................................... 102

Annexe 2 Local Self Governments in Palakkad District............................................................. 104
Annexe 3 Population Projection-Kerala..................................................................................... 105
Annexe 4 Concentration Index of Workers................................................................................ 107
Annexe 5 Concentration of Landuses........................................................................................ 109
Annexe 6 Character of Settlements Methodology.................................................................. 112
Annexe 7 Weightage of Facilities............................................................................................. 114
Annexe 8 Composite Functional Index (CFI) of Settlements..................................................... 115
Annexe 9 Hierarchy of Settlements........................................................................................... 116
Annexe 10 Centrality................................................................................................................... 117
Annexe 11 Determination of Second Order Settlements from N_E and S_W regions................ 123
Annexe 12 Second Order Settlements, their Service Area and Service Population..................... 127
Annexe 13 Service Area of Third Order Settlements................................................................... 129
Annexe 14 Hierarchy of Nodes Methodology.......................................................................... 131
Annexe 15 Development Zones.................................................................................................. 132
Annexe 16 Predominance of Various Landuses.......................................................................... 134
Annexe 17 Concentration Pattern of Non Agricultural Landuse................................................ 137
Annexe 18 Regional Centres and Population of the Service Area.............................................. 138
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District Spatial Plan - Palakkad PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT 1
Chapter 1
PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Palakkad is one of the fourteen revenue

districts of Kerala. Its geographical position, historical
background, rural nature, educational status, tourist
attractions and above all, the developmental activities
that are carried out, are wide and varied.
This district, situated almost in the centre of the
State, has no coastal line. The district opens the State
to the rest of the country through the Palakkad gap.
This 32 to 40 kms wide natural gap in the Western Ghats
is perhaps the most influential factor for the unique
characteristics of the district such as climate,
commercial as well as cultural exchanges between the
State and the rest of the country. Palakkad witnessed
invasions of historical importance that have left
indelible impressions on the history of Kerala.
Bharathapuzha, the longest river in Kerala, originates
from the highlands and flows through the entire district.
Palakkad is bordered on the northwest by the
Malappuram District and on the southwest by the Thrissur fig.1.1.Profile of Palakkad District
District (fig 1.1). To the east is the Coimbatore District of Forests, numerous streams, several dams and the
Tamil Nadu. It is a predominantly rural district. The gardens in them have made this district a tourist
geographical area of the district is 4480km which is 11.5% destination.
of the states area.
The district is one of the main granaries of Kerala 1.2 LOCATION
and its economy is primarily agricultural. Agriculture
engages more than 44 per cent of the workers and 88.9 Palakkad district is bounded on the North by
per cent of the districts population is rural in nature. Malappuram district, in the East by Coimbatore district
The proximity and easy approach to Tamil Nadu have of Tamilnadu, in the South by Thrissur and in the West
caused the blend of Malayalam and Tamil cultures here. by Thrissur and Malappuram districts. It lies between
The District is perhaps the foremost in fostering 10021 and 11014 North latitude and 76002 and 76054
Carnatic music. Great musicians like Chembai East longitude. The total geographical area of the district
Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar and Palakkad Mani Iyer, who is 4480 sq.km representing 11.53 per cent of the States
have enriched Carnatic music by their contributions, geographical area (fig 1.2). The forest land covers 136257
hailed from this district. hectares.
2 PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Fig 1.2: location of Palakkad District Fig 1.3: Taluks of Palakkad District
1.3 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS of these Acts three tiers of Panchayats viz Grama, Block
and Jilla Panchayats along with Munici pal Councils for
At present Palakkad district consists of two Urban areas were constituted in Palakkad district as
revenue divisions,five taluks and 163 villages. The elsewhere. There is One Jilla Panchayat, 13 Block
revenue divisions are Palakkad and Ottappalam. Panchayats and 91 grama Panchayats in the district
Palakkad, Alathur and Chittur Taluks form the Palakkad along with Four Municipal Councils for Urban areas. The
revenue division and Ottappalam and Mannarkkad details are given here under
taluks form the Ottappalam revenue division. There The list of Grama Panchayats in the District is
are 13 block panchayats and 91 grama panchayats in the given in Annexe 2. Fig 1.5 depicts the grama
district. Panchayats/municipalities of the District.
The names of revenue divisions and taluks are 1. District Panchayat 1
shown in table 1.1 and figure 1.3 respectively.
2. District Panchayat Constituencies 26
1.3.1 LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN PALAKKAD 3. Block Panchayats 13
DISTRICT 4. Block Panchayat Constituencies 141
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments 5. Grama Panchayats 91
and the Kerala Municipalities Act/Panchayat Raj Act, 6. Grama Panchayat Constituencies 1178
1994 provided the institutional back ground for the
7. Municipal Councils 4
democratic decentralization and participative
decentralized planning in Kerala. Under the provision 8. Municipal Constituencies 130
Table 1.1. Revenue divisions and Taluks highland regions. The road and rail links between Kerala
and Tamil Nadu pass through the Palakkad gap.
Revenue Division Taluk
Alathur
Palakkad Palakkad
Chittur
Ottappalam
Ottappalam
Mannarkkad
Fig 1.5: Grama Panchayats & Municipalities -Palakkad District
Fig 1.4: Block Panchayat of Palakkad District

1.4 TOPOGRAPHY AND PHYSICAL FEATURES:
Considering the physical features, the district is

divided into two natural divisions-midland and highland
(figure 1.6). The midland region consists of valleys and
plains. It leads up to the highland which consists of high
mountain peaks, long spurs, extensive ravines, dense
forests and tangled jungles. Midland is thick with
coconut, areca nut, cashew, pepper, rubber and paddy
cultivation. The soil is laterite in the hill and mid land
regions. Ottappalam taluk lies in the midland and Fig1.6 Physiographical divisions of the District

The Western Ghats has an average altitude of 5000 Forest soil is confined to Mannarghat and Ottappalam
ft. except for two peaks of more than 6000 ft. The taluks, the narrow strip of land along the western
important peaks above an altitude of 4000 ft. are boundaries of Palakkad and Alathur taluks and along
Anginda (7628 ft.), Karimala (6556 ft.), Nellikotta or
the southern boundary of Chittur taluk. Black soil is
Padagiri (5200 ft.) and Karimala Gopuram (4721 ft.)
seen mostly in the eastern sector of Chittur taluk and a
Physical features of the district describe small portion of Palakkad taluk.
Population, Climate, Soil, Minerals Rivers and Flora &
Fauna. Minerals
Population Low grade iron ore (magnetite) is found at
According to the 2001 census the population of Kollengode, Mannarkkad and Muthalamada. Limestone
the district is 2617072. The density of the population is deposits are found in the Chittur and Kozhinjampara
584 per Sq. km. Decadal growth rate for the period 1991- areas. Muscovite mica is reported to be present in the
2001 is 9.86 per cent in comparison with the State figures Sholayur village. A large quantity of limestone deposit
of 9.42 per cent. The sex ratio of the district is 1068 is found in Walayar forest area where the government
females for 1000 males. The District has achieved 84.31 has started a cement factory.
per cent literacy in 2001 calculated on the basis of
Rivers
population above the age of 7 years.
Bharathapuzha, with her tributaries, sprawls
Climate
across the entire district. The river takes its origin from
The district has a humid climate with a very hot
Anamalai hills and flows through the districts of
season extending from March to June in the Western Palakkad, Malappuram and Thrissur before sinking into
Part of the district whereas it is less humid in the Eastern the Arabian Sea at Ponnani. Its four main tributaries
sector. The most important rainy season is during South are Gayathripuzha, Kannadipuzha, Kalpathy puzha and
West Monsoon which sets in the second week of June Thoothapuzha. The spatial distribution of water bodies
and extends up to September. About 75 per cent of the are shown in figure 1.7.
annual rain is received during the south west monsoon
Gayathripuzha
period. During the period December to May, practically
no rain is received. The temperature of the district This river originates from Anamalai hills and af-
0
ranges from 20 C to 45 C.0
ter traversing through Kollengode, Nemmara, Alathur,
The district has got two types of climates. Wadakkanchery and Pazhayannur, joins Bharathapuzha
Ottappalam, Alathur and Mannarkkad are having a at Mayannur. This tributary has five main sub tributar-
climate similar to that of other districts of Kerala, where ies; Mangalam river, Ayalurpuzha, Vandazhippuzha,
as Palakkad and Chittur are having rather dry climate
Meenkara puzha and Chulliar.
similar to Tamilnadu. However the average rainfall is
good for cultivation. Kannadipuzha
Soil It is also known as Chitturpuzha or
The soil of Palakkad district is mainly of four Amaravathippuzha. This river, which also starts from
types, namely, peaty (kari), laterite, forest and black. the Anamalai hills, flows through Thathamangalam and
Peaty soil is found only in Thrithala firka of Ottappalam Chittur and joins the main river at Parli. There Palar,
taluk. Laterite is seen in the major portions of all taluks. Aliyar and Uppar streams meet this river.

Kalpathy puzha the forest. Tiger, leopard, gaur, etc., are sometimes
Also known as Korayar, this river starts from found in the thick forests. Sambar and spotted deer
the place called Chenthamarakulam in the hills, are seen in large numbers.
north of Walayar. Kalpathy puzha is formed by four Nilgiri langur, bonnet monkey, slender loris,
streams, viz., Korayar, Varattar, Walayar and jungle cat, different types of mangoose, jackals,
Malampuzha. squirrels, hares, etc. are found in the forest. Birds found
Thoothapuzha in the jungle are crow, kingcrow, mynah, woodpeckers,
Thoothapuzha, otherwise known as Pilanthol sunbird, king fishers, skylark, paradise fly catchers,
river starts from the Silent Valley hills and joins the parrots, peacocks, pigeons etc. Poisonous and non-
main river about 2 kms off Pallipuram railway poisonous snakes are common in the district.
station. The important streams which feed this The Silent Valley area, 40 kms, from
tributary are Kunthipuzha, Kanjirapuzha, Mannarkkad has the distinction of being a rain forest,
Ambankadavu and Thuppanadupuzha. The length of very rare in the world. It is spread over an area of about
Bharathapuzha is 374.40 kms and its catchment area is 9000 hectares. This thick forest is rich in some of the
6186 sq.kms. rare species of plants and animals.
Bhavani
The Bhavani River originates from the Kunda
mountains in the Nilgiris, makes a circuitous course
through the Attappady valley and returns to the shadow
of Nilgiri Mountains. The catchment area of the Bhavani
River within Kerala is 220 sq. miles yielding an annual
run off of 27,000 million cubic feet of water. Of the rivers
of Kerala, Bhavani River is one among the three which
prefers Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea.
Flora and Fauna
The flora of Palakkad district is characteristically
tropical, owing to the seasonal rainfall, moderate
temperature and the mountainous eastern border.
Major portion of the district comes under the midland
region and is under cultivation. Some of the dominant
trees in the region are Eppothi (Macaranga Indica),
Mavu (Mangifera) Parangimavu (Ancardium
Occidentale),Pilavu (Atocarpus Integriofolia), Elavu
(Cieba Pentandra), Ezhilampala (Astomia Scholoris),
Urakkam Thoongi (Enterolobium Saman), Fig 1.7 Water bodies of Palakkad District
Mullumurikku (Erythrina Indica) and Aranamaram
1.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
(Polyalthia Longifolia). Intermingled with these are
other trees like Osboekia Ostandra, Lantana Sculeata, In the case of socio-economic aspects the
etc. Rubber and Teak plantations are common in the following parameters are analyzed.
hills. The midland region gradually merges with the * Literacy rate (1991 and 2001);
hilly forests. * Share of Work force (1991 and 2001);
No animal can be mentioned peculiar to this * Gross State Domestic Product (2007-08); and
district. Elephants are common in almost all parts of * Per capita Income (2007-08)

a) Literacy Rate: moderate levels of development in terms of social,

As per 2001 census, Kerala is the most literate economic and infrastructure facilities. These areas
state in India having literacy rate of 90.92%. Inter-district include the blocks of Chittur, Alathur, Mannarkad,
analysis within Kerala reveals that the highest literacy Attappady, Kollengode, Kuzhalmannam and Nemmara.
is recorded in Kottayam district (95.9%) and the lowest
is in Palakkad district (84.31%). Palakkad is one of the lowest urbanized
districts in Kerala and has the highest Schedule Castes
b) Share of Workers: and Scheduled Tribes population in the State.
The work participation rate (WPR) in Kerala has
increased from 31.43% to 32.30% from 1991 to 2001. Palakkad has low status of development in
Palakkad district recorded 36.20% of WPR in 2001 which comparison to the other districts of Kerala. In 2001 the
is higher than the state average. highest growth rate in income was recorded in
Thiruvananthapuram (6.21%) followed by Alappuzha
c) Gross State Domestic Product (2007-08): (5.03%). Palakkad had the lowest growth rate of 4.70
The gross domestic product of Palakkad district per cent against the State average of 4.72 per cent.
during the year 2007-08 at factor cost (Base year 2004-
05) was 1368763 lakhs. That is only 7.82% of that of the In the health sector, Palakkad is in the 13 th
state. In the GDP of the district 18.14% is from primary position. In beds per lakh population,
sector, 24.12% from secondary sector and 57.74% is from Thiruvananthapuram has the top rank with 222 and
teritary sector. Where as in the state as a whole, primary Malappuram the lowest with 60 beds. Among the
sector contributes 16.46% , secondary sector contributes midland districts also, only Malappuram is behind
22.66% and teritary sector contributes 60.88% to the Palakkad.
GDP during the year 2007-08. This shows that the As per the 2001 Census, Kerala is the most
structure of economy of the district is slightly in literate State in the country with a literacy rate of
variance with the other parts of the state 90.92%. Palakkad has a literacy rate of 84.3 per cent and
is ranked 13th in the State. The male literacy rate of the
d) Per Capita Income (PCI):
district is only 89.73% while the State average is 94.2%.
The per capita income of Palakkad at constant
The female literacy rate is also the lowest in the district
price during the year 2007-08 is Rs.47897/- compared to
i.e. 79.31% while the State average is 87.86%.
state average of Rs.51980/-
1.6 BACKWARDNESS OF PALAKKAD DISTRICT 1.7 INFERENCE
The rice bowl of Kerala continues to have a The physiography of the district deserve
slow growth rate, poor quality of life and low per capita special mention as it has no coastal area. The midland
income even after 54 years of development since the in the western part and high land in the eastern part,
formation of the State in 1956. are rich with resources. The district has about 31% of
The human development index for the district its geographical area as forest mainly seen in the north-
reveals that most parts of the district have low to east and south-east part of the district.
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District Spatial Plan - Palakkad HISTORY AND REGIONAL LINKAGES 7
Chapter 2
HISTORY AND REGIONAL LINKAGES
Palakkad is a border district of Kerala situated Manual, the Pallava Dynasty of Kanchi might have
351 KM north of Thiruvananthapuram, the state capital invaded Malabar in the second or third century. One of
and 135 Km north of Kochi, the port city sharing its their headquarters was Palakkad, which could be the
border with Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu in East present Palakkad. For many centuries the Malabar
and Thrissur and Malappuram Districts in South and Region was ruled by Perumals. Malabar had been
North respectively. invaded by many of the ancient South Indian Rulers.
Palakkad or Palghat is the land of Palmyrahs and After this Malabar was divided among their Utayavars.
Paddy fields. Along with Kuttanadu, Palakkad is a major The famous among them were the Valluvakkonathiri
(Ruler of Valluvanad) Kollengode Raja (Ruler of
Paddy growing area of the state. It is often called as the
Venguvanad) and Sekharivarma (Raja of Palakkad) of
Gateway of Kerala. The Sahya Ranges bordering the
Palakkattussery. The Palakkad Region was under the
region and the 32 km. long gap in the mountains assert
control of Kollengode Raja and Sekharivarma of
a dominant influence on the climate of the region. This
Palakkad.
Gap is known as Palakkad Gap. When the Kozhikode Samoothiri invaded
Palakkad in 1757, the Palakkad Raja sought the help of
2.1 HISTORY
Hyder Ali of Mysore. His help forced the Samoothiri to
In the past, this land was known as retreat. Later Hyder Ali subjugated all territories in
Palakkattussery . Etymologists trace the word Palakkadu Palakkad, which were under the possession of
from Palanilam meaning the dry area. Palakkad has a Kozhikode Samoothiri. Thus whole dominion of
long history dating back to the Paleolithic Period, which Palakkad passed into the control of Mysore Sulthan
was substantiated by a number of megalithic relics Hyder Ali Khan and his son Tippu Sulthan. The war
discovered from this region. It also housed the Capitals between East India Company and Tippu Sulthan ended
of two Kingdoms such as Palakkad and Kollengode, with the treaty of 1792 and all the possessions of Tippu
which were in prominence till a Century back. in Malabar area ceded to the East India Company and it
st
The Palakkad District was formed on 1 January formed the Malabar District of the Madras Presidency.
1957 taking regions from the erstwhile Malabar and
2.2 REGIONAL LINKAGES
Thrissur Districts. The formation of Malappuram District
Palakkad district is situated in the central region
in 1969 had effected some changes in the boundaries
of Kerala. The district is bounded on the North by
of the erstwhile Perinthalmanna, Ottapalam and
Ponnani Taluks of the District. Malappuram District, in the East by Coimbatore district
The ancient history of Palakkad is shrouded. of Tamilnadu, in the south by Trichur district and in the
According to William Logan, the Author of Malabar west by Thrissur and Malappuram districts.

8 HISTORY AND REGIONAL LINKAGES District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Fig 2.1 Regional setting of Palakkad District

2.3 CONNECTIVITY Palakkad Junction is a broad gauge railway junction
The district has comparatively good (located at Olavakkode), on Indias Southern Railway
connectivity due to the National Highways NH-47 network. It also houses the office of The Divisional
(Coimbatore - Thrissur) having a length of about 67 KM, Railway Manager (Palakkad Division). The cities of
in the district NH 213 (Palakkad - Kozhikode) having 57 Coimbatore, Erode, Salem, Ernakulam and Kozhikode are
Kms length in the district and 431.04 KM of State connected by the broad gauge line. Pollachi, Dindigul
Highways. The Palakkad - Ponnani road is an important and Madurai are connected by the metre gauge line
road in the district which connects NH 47 and NH 17. starting from the Palakkad Town railway station. Under a
The nearest international airport is Coimbatore policy project unigauge, metre gauge tracks are being
Airport, which is about 52 km from Palakkad. converted to broad gauge tracks all over India. This Metre
Coimbatore airport has connecting flights to Singapore, Gauge track is now being dismantled for conversion to
Sharjah, Colombo, apart from major Indian cities. The broad gauge tracks. The nearest city is Coimbatore in
Kochi International Airport at Nedumbassery is at a Tamil Nadu which is well connected to Palakkad with
distance of 115 Km from Palakkad town, and the broad gauge trains and buses. The railway route network
Kozhikode International airport is at a distance of 110 with Shornur, the biggest railway junction in Kerala and
km. Olavakkode Junction has a major role in the industrial
There are two railway stations in Palakkad. and economic growth of the district.

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad HISTORY AND REGIONAL LINKAGES 9
Broadly, the transport network structure in the

district has three major corridors running through the
district, with road and railway routes running parallel
to each other in the East-West direction, the North-
South Corridor between Pollachi to Kozikode
connecting Kollengode and Mannarkkad to the District
Head Quarters and the NH-47 serving the Southern part
connecting Thrissur and Coimbatore through Palakkad
Town. The East west corridor connecting Ponnani in
Malappuram District and Coimbatore in Tamilnadu has
a potential advantage of connecting the three major
Municipalities in the District. In recent times the road
is being prepared for high speed traffic.
2.4 INFERENCE
It can be concluded that Palakkad District is
connected to other parts of the State and the Country
through two modes of transport, rail and roads. The
nearest airports of the district are at Coimbatore in
Tamilnadu at a distance of 55 KM and the Cochin
Fig 2.2: District map showing the road and rail net work, International airport at Nedumbassery at a distance of
important junctions etc. 115km and Kozhikode International airport at 110km.

10 POPULATION District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Chapter 3
POPULATION
The population parameter serves as the base in The fig. shows that compared to the surrounding
all the development endeavors. One of the objectives districts, Palakkad is placed in the 3rd position in popula-
in all sort of planning is providing maximum fair tion. The population size of Malappuram and Thrissur dis-
facilities to the maximum number of people. Hence, it tricts are higher than that of Palakkad district.
is imperative to analyze the population by studying the
The decadal variation in the size of population
following parameters- size of population, its growth
of the district, over the last 3 decades is shown table
rate, population density, population concentration
3.1 and Fig 3.2.
pattern, migration details and population projection
which are described in this chapter.
Table 3.1 Decadal variation of Population
3.1. POPULATION SIZE
Year Population
Total population of Palakkad district as per 2001 1971 1685347
census is 2617482, which is 8.22% of the total population 1981 2044399
of the state and the district is placed in the 6th position 1991 2382235
in population size. 2001 2617482
A comparison of total population of Palakkad
district with that of surrounding districts is shown in
fig-3.1.
Fig 3.2: Population size temporal variation
From the figure, it is clear that though there is an

increase of about 3 Lakhs population per decade from
1971 to 1991, the increase in population over the last
Fig 3.1: Population size Comparison with surrounding decade is only 2.3 lakhs, indicating a decline in the
districts population growth rate of the district.
District Spatial Plan - Palakkad POPULATION 11
3.1.1 RELIGION WISE POPULATION
Among the total population Hindu is the The distribution of the growth rate of population
predominant religion in the district. Nearly 70 percent among the districts of Kerala in 1981- 1991 & 1991- 2001
(table 3.2) of the population belong to the Hindu is shown in fig. 3.4 & 3.5.It can be seen that there is
community. All the sub castes of Hindu community are decline in the population growth rate of all the districts
well represented in the district. The Vellodis and during 1991-2001 decade when compared to the
Nedungadis, two sections of the Nair community, previous decade (1998-1991). The northern districts of
peculiar to Malabar area, are represented in this district Kasargode, Kannur, Wayanad, Kozhikkode, Malappuram
also. Sections of the Hindu community, peculiar to this and Palakkad show higher population growth rate
district are Muthuvan, Mannadiar, Guptan and Tharakan. during 81-91 and 91-2001.
The Muslim community is the second largest,
forming 26.88 percent of the population. A particular
section of the Muslim community whose mother tongue
is Tamil, are known as Ravuthars. These people came
here as traders and soldiers. They belong to the Hanafi
sect of Islam. Most of them reside in Alathur, Chittur,
and Palakkad taluks. The way of life of this particular
section is much influenced by the Tamil culture,
especially in marriage customs and food habits.
The numerical strength of the Christian
Fig 3.3 Population_ religion wise, Kerala state and
community in the district according to 1971 census is
Palakkad District
45,426. Almost all sections of the Christian community
are represented. A good number of Christians have Tabel 3.3 Population and growth rate of
moved to the hilly tracts of the district in search of land population of Districts of Kerala.
and livelyhood.
Table 3.2 Religion wise population
State % to District % to
Total Total
Hindu 17883449 56.16 1802766 68.88
Muslim 7863842 24.7 703596 26.88

Christian 6057427 19.02 109249 4.17
Others 36656 1.12 1871 0.07
Total 31841374 100 2617482 100.
Source: Economics and Statistics Dept
3.2 GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION

The population in districts of Kerala during 1991
and 2001 as well as the decadal growth rates during
1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is given in table 3.3.

Fig.3.4: District wise distribution of population growthrate Fig.3.5: District wise distribution of population growth rate
1981-1999 1991-2001
Source :Census 1991 Source: Census 2001

Fig.3.6: Population growth rate of Palakkad in comparison with surrounding districts (1991&2001)
Decadal growth rate of population of Palakkad Among the surrounding districts of Palakkad, only
district is 9.86% as per 2001 census which is higher Malappuram shows a higher growth rate of 17.22% (fig-
thanthe average growth rate of 9.42% of the state. 3.6).

The temporal variation of the population growth

rate of the district and its comparison with the state
figures are shown in fig-3.7. The fig. shows that, the
population growth rate of the district as well as that of
the state is declining.
The spatial distribution of the growth rate of
population in Palakkad district during last 3 decades is
shown in fig. 3.8, 3.9 and 3.10.
From the fig. it is clear that the growth rate of
population of all the LSGs of the district are declining
from 1981 to 2001.
Fig. 3.9 Palakkad District - Population Growth Rate- LSG wise

Distribution 1981-91
Fig 3.7: Population growth rate- Temporal variation - Palakkad

District and the state.
Fig 3.10 Palakkad District Growth rate of population_LSG wise

distribution 1991-2001
During 1971-81, the LSGs in the high land region
of the District (especially Agali, Thachampara,
Fig. 3.8 Palakkad District - Population Growth Rate- LSG wise Nelliyampathy and Pudur show 40-80% of growth rate,
Distribution 1971-81 where as LSGs in the central region show a population
growth rate of 10-20% only. The LSGs in eastern and that these areas depend on agriculture for a long time
southern parts of the District shows a growth rate of and there is no a sudden decline in the economic base
40-60% and 20-40% respectively. The high population
of these LSGs. These LSGs are mostly in the midland
growth rate in high land and northern regions may be
due to inmigration to this region. The least population region of the district. Besides they are mostly along the
growth rate reported in Vellinezhi, Sreekrishnapuram, major transportation corridors of the district and hence
Karimba and Pottassery, which are LSGs located in the possess the advantage of fairly good connectivity.
mid land region of the district.
population during 1991 shows a contradictory declining
trend. In 1981 Agali had a population growth rate >80%,
which was the highest rate in 3 decades. But in 1991,
Agali showed a growth rate of only 3% which is one of
the least growth rate. It is to be noted that the
population growth rate of the north and south regions
show a further decline from 1991 to 2001 and isthe
lowest in the District now. North- Western and western
regions show a high growth rate (especially in Pudur
_>15%) during the decade.
population during 2001 shows a definite spatial pattern.
The population growth rate of Southern high land of
the district shows the lowest growth rate of 3%. The
mid land region shows a growth rate of 9-12%, where
as the central region shows a population growth rate of Fig 3.11 LSGs with highest growth rate of population
12-15%. The growth rate of population in the LSGs 3.3. POPULATION DENSITY
adjacent to the urban centres (especially Palakkad
Municipality,) is higher (Figure 3.11) indicating possible Gross population Density and net population
out migration from the urban areas. This may be due to density of the district are analyzed. Gross population
migrants from other parts of the district to the urban density is calculated by dividing the total population
centre gets settled in the peripheral areas. with the geographical area, where as the net population
It can be seen that the population growth rate density is calculated by dividing the total population
pattern of the Gramapanchayats in the Western, North with the net area which is calculated by subtracting the
Western and some LSGs in the central region (Alanellur, un-inhabitable areas like water body, forest, paddy,
K o tt o p p a d a m , K u m a r a m p u t h u r, M a n n a r k k a d , rubber plantation etc from the geographical area.
Karakkurissi, Thachanattukara, Nellaya, Kulukkallur,
Vilayur, Koppam, Muthuthala, Ongallur, Mannur, 3.3.1.GROSS POPULATION DENSITY
Akathethara, Pirayiri, Marutharode and Kodumbu A comparison of the gross population density
Grama Panchayats) of the district remain in the range among the districts in the state in 1991&2001 is shown
of >15% from 1981 to 2001. This may be due to the fact in fig. 3.12

Fig 3.12 District wise distribution of population density 1991-2001

It can be seen that except in the southern The LSGs wise distribution of the gross
districts, the gross population density increases during population density of Palakkad district is shown in
1991-2001.The coastal districts show higher gross Figure 3.14. The gross population density of the existing
population density in 1991 as well as in 2001. The gross
census urban areas are the highest (in the range of 1200-
population density in the 2 southern districts,
5000 pp Sq km) where as the population density of LSGs
Trivandrum, Alappuzha and Northern district of
in the middle region is in the range of 600-1200 pp Sq
Kozhikode are the maximum.
km. Population density of LSGs in the North eastern
The average gross population density of Palakkad and south Eastern hill region is less than 600 pp Sq km.
district is 584pp.sq.km, which is lower than the state
Eighteen Gramapanchayats in the North eastern
average of 819pp.sq.km.The comparison of the
and south eastern high land region falls within the lowest
population density with the surrounding districts is
density range group with a minimum of 15 PP Sq km (in
shown in fig.3.13.
Nelliyampathy Gramapanchayat). Whereas 14 LSGs
The gross population density of Palakkad is less including 4 Municipalities of the district are in the
than those of neighbouring districts of Malappuram, highest population density range with a maximum of
and Thrissur. 4916 pp Sq km in Palakkad Municipality. Majority of LSGs

(62nos) falls within the population density range of 600- Table 3.4 Grouping of LSGs based on the range
1200 pp Sq km. (only 94 LSGs are quoted here, based on of gross population density.
2001 census; since Thenkara Panchayat was formed after
Range of
2001) . Based on the range of population density, LSGs
Population
of the district can be grouped into four categories as Name of LSGs
density-
Sl.No.
shown in Table 3.4. (ppn/sqkm)
1 Palakkad (M)
2 Chittur-Thathamangalam (M)
3 Pirayiri
4 Puthunagaram
5 Marutharode
6 Pattambi
7 Ottappalam (M)
>1200
8 Thiruvegapura
9 Koduvayur
10 Shoranur (M)
11 Alathur
12 Puducode
13 Puthuppariyaram
14 Kappur
15 Ongallur
16 Parudur
17 Nellaya
18 Vilayur
19 Chalissery 600-1200
20 Vallapuzha
Fig 3.13 Gross population density of Palakkad District - 21 Kulukkallur
Comparison with surrounding districts 22 Thrithala
23 Cherpulacherry
24 Akathethara
25 Pattithara
26 Kannadi
27 Parli
28 Anakkara
29 Muthuthala
30 Ananganadi
31 Kottayi
32 Koppam
33 Mannur
34 Nagalassery
35 Lakkidi-Perur
36 Mathur
37 Melarcode
38 Vadavannur
39 Nemmara
40 Thrikkadeeri
41 Peruvemba
42 Thenkurissi
43 Thirumittacode
44 Kavasseri
45 Vadakkancheri
46 Kuzhalmannam
47 Mundur
48 Erimayur
Fig 3.14 Distribution of Gross population density _ LSG wise

Range of 3.3.2 NET POPULATION DENSITY

Population
density- The average net population density of the district
Sl.No.
Name of LSGI (ppn/sqkm) is calculated as 1766 persons/square km. The spatial
49 Mankara 600-1200 distribution of the net population density is show in
50 Karakurissi figure 3.15.
51 Vaniyamkulam
52 Kongad
53 Kannambra
54 Mannarkad
55 Kodumba
56 Pattanchery
57 Alanallur
58 Nalleppilly
59 Pallassana
60 Polpully
61 Kumaramputhur
62 Elappully
63 Chalavara
64 Peringottukurissi
65 Tarur
66 Kadampazhipuram
67 Ambalapara
68 Thachanattukara
69 Ayiloor
70 Kozhinjampara
71 Sreekrishnapuram
72 Kuthannur
73 Karimpuzha
74 Vellinezhi
75 Pookkottukavu
76 Keralassery Fig 3.15 Distribution of net population density (2001 census)_ LSG wise
77 Kollengode
78 Elavancherry Highest population density (> 3000 pp /sq.k.m)
79 Vandazhi is in Palakkad municipality and surrounding LSGs,
80 Vadakarapathy Chittur-Thathamangalam municipality, Mannarkkad
81 Kanjirampuzha
Panchayat (which was classified as municipality in 1991
82 Muthalamada
83 Kottoppadam census). Lowest net population density is seen in Agali,
84 Perumatty Parudur and Nelliyampathy grama panchayats in the
85 Eruthempathy high land region (<600 pp/sq.k.m).
86 Thachampara <600
87 Pudussery 3.4 SEX RATIO
88 Karimba
89 Kizhakkencheri The sex ratio of the state is the highest in India
90 Agali in both rural and urban areas. The districtwise sex ratio
91 Pudur in the state during 1991 & 2001 are shown in Fig.3.16.
92 Malampuzha Sex ratio of Palakkad district is 1068, which is higher
93 Sholayur than the state average of 1058 and is higher than that
94 Nelliyampathy of the nearby district of Malappuram (Fig. 3.17).

District wise Sex Ratio - 1991 & 2001
1150
1100 1094 1092

1085 1090
1079
1070 1068
1058 1062 1061 1063 1058
1050 1051 1053 1049 1047
1036 1035
1025 1027 1026
1017
1000 1003 1000 1000
993
975
966
950
900
Tvm Klm Pta Alp Kot Idk Ekm Tsr Pkd Mlp Koz Wyd Knr Kas
1991 2001
Fig.3.16.District sex ratio, 1991 & 2001

Fig.3.17 Sex ratio
3.5 POPULATION CONCENTRATION PATTERN

The population concentration pattern is derived
by calculating the cumulative population after
arranging the LSGs in the descending order of net
residential density (total population/habitable area
obtained by subtracting the area of water bodies,
forest, paddy and other un-inhabitable areas from the
total area). The population concentration pattern in
Fig 3.18 variation in sex ratio 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 are shown in Figures 3.20 (a),
A higher value of sex ratio may mean that there 3.20 (b), 3.20 (c), 3.20 (d) respectively.
is out migration of male (for Jobs etc) population from In 1971, 1/3rd of the population of the district
the district. was concentrated in the mid land area of the district and
The sex ratio of urban and rural areas of the
it was distributed in 26 LSGs, especially in Municipalities
district is given in Fig. 3.19 . Urban areas show a lower
and surrounding Panchayats such as Akathethara, Parali,
value of sex ratio compared to the rural areas.
Pirayiri, Mathur, Ananganadi, Thrithala etc. of the
cumulative population is distributed in 43 LSGs such as
Mankara, Paruthur, Muthuthala, Pattithara, Mannur,
Kollengode etc. Whereas 2/3 rd of population is
concentrated in 60 LSGs.
During 1981, 1/3rd population was distributed
in 26 LSGs, mainly in the central & western portion of
the district. 1/2 of the cumulative population was
distributed in 43 LSGs, like Alanellur, Mannarkkad,
Akathethara etc. 2/3rd of cumulative population was
concentrated in 60 LSGs of the district. The
Fig 3.19 Urban Rural Sex ratio concentration pattern was almost similar to that in 1971.

In 1991, 1/3rd, 1/2 and 2/3rd population was the state. The data collected through the socio economic
concentrated in 27, 44, and 60 LSGs respectively. These survey of all the LSGs of the district is to be analyzed to
LSGs are mainly in the mid land areas of the district. assess the migration pattern of population of the
In 2001, 1/3rd of population concentration is district.
distributed in 28 LSGs including Palakkad Municipality
and surrounding Panchayats. 1/2 of the population is
distributed in 43 LSGs. 2/3rd of population is distributed
in 60 LSGs.
Fig.3.20(e)depicts the distribution of the
projected population In 2021. 1/3rd of the projected
cumulative population is distributed in 28 LSGs,
especially in the surrounding Panchayats of Palakkad
Municipality. 1/2 of the projected cumulative
population is distributed in 43 LSGs, like Kottoppadam,
Kottayi, Nellaya, Thrithala etc. 2/3rd of the projected
cumulative population is distributed in 60 LSGs.
Fig 3.20 b: Population Concentration Pattern 1981
Fig:3.20.a Population Concentration Pattern 1971
3.6. MIGRATION DETAILS

Migration is an unconventional form of
development. Migration from Kerala to the other states
in India and to countries outside has now become so
rampant that its impact is felt in every aspect of life in Fig 3.20 c: Population Concentration Pattern 1991

3.7. POPULATION PROJECTION (TREND BASED) Table 3.5: Projected District Population
The population projection for 2011 and 2021 of
Decreasing rate method
the district and all the LSGs are made assuming that % Decrease in
Total Population
same trend in the population growth continues. The Year Population
population Growth rate
population is projected by two methods-Decreasing Growth rate
rate method and Apportionment method and average
1971 1,685,347
of the two is taken to arrive at the population figures in
2011&2021.
1981 2,044,399 21.30
1991 2,382,235 16.52 -22.43
2001 2,617,482 9.88 -40.24
2011 2,771,944 5.90 -40.24
2021 2,869,696 3.53 -40.24
Fig 3.20 d: Population Concentration Pattern 2001
A. Decreasing rate method:

The population growth rate of 2011 & 2021 are Fig 3.20 e: Population Concentration Pattern 2021
calculated assuming that the same percentage of
decrease in population growth prevails as that of 2001 B. Apportionment method:
for the succeeding two decades. Based on the In the apportionment method the ratio of the
population growth rate calculated, the population of District population to the State population is found out
the District is projected for 2011 and 2021 and the same and the same is projected to the next two decades
is shown in table 3.5 assuming the change in the ratio during 2001 -2011 and

2011-2021 is same as that during 2001-2011.In order to So it can be concluded that the total population
find out the projected population of the district in 2011 of Palakkad District will be 2,781,603 and 2,893,399 by
and 2021, the projected population of the State during 2011 and 2021 respectively.
the same years are needed. The details of population
3.8 INFERENCE
projection of the state is given in Annexu 3. The
projected population of Palakkad district through The population density of Palakkad district
apportionment method is given in table 3.6. (584pp sq.KM) is lower than the state average of 819pp
sq.KM. When comparing with the surrounding districts,
Table 3.6 Projected district Population- population density of Palakkad is less than those of
Apportionment method Kozhikode, Malappuram, and Thrissur districts. Growth
Total population Ratio of rate of population is significantly declining for the last
District Change
Year Palakkad population in the three decades and hence it can be presumed that there
Kerala
Dist to Sate ratio
Population wont be much increase in the gross population density
X y y/x
of the district in future if the present trend continues.
1971 21347375 1,685,347 0.0789
1981 25453680 2,044,399 0.0803 0.001370 The population concentration pattern and LSGs wise
1991 29098518 2,382,235 0.0819 0.001550
2001 31841374 2,617,482 0.0822 0.000336 distribution of the gross population density shows that
2011 33817196 2,791,261 0.0825 0.000336 majority of the total population of the district is
2021 35198589 2,917,103 0.0829 0.000336
concentrated in the western part of the district and
The projected total population by the two
methods differ slightly. The average of these two is midland region adjacent to the western side.
taken as the population figures of Palakkad District. It can be presumed that though the population
This is shown in table 3.7 growth rate is declining, majority of the additional
Table 3.7 Final Projected Population figures of future population will be distributed among those LSGs
the District which show the highest population concentration at
Total Total population
Average present. It is estimated that the total population of the
population as as per
Year population
per decrease apportionment district increases by about 2 lakh in the coming 10 years
figures
rate method method and from there it increases by less than 1.5 lakh in the
2011 2,771,944 2,791,261 2,781,603
succeeding 10 years (by 2021) with a growth rate of 7.3
2021 2,869,696 2,917,103 2,893,399
during 2001-2011 and 5.1 during 2011-2021.

22 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Chapter 4
OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
The existing economic base of the District rate of Marginal Workers (18.7 %). The district recorded
based on the Occupational Structure of the District as 3rd rank in total female work participation rate (36.11
per Census 2001 is studied in this chapter. The change & 21.2 percent) and the 5th in male work participation
that has happened in the economic base of the District rate (51.99 percent). In Urban and Rural work
over a period of time is also probed into. Then the participation rate (34% and 36.5%) the district occupies
probable number of workers in the coming decades the 4th place.
(2011 & 2021) is projected.
4.1 WORK FORCE OF THE DISTRICT
Work force has a key role in the economy of

the region. Population, work force and employment
are closely interrelated. A change in the size of labour
force, level of employment and job opportunities will
affect components of population change particularly Fig 4.1 Work participation rate-Palakkad district
fertility and migration.
As per census 2001, the work
participation rate of Palakkad District is 36.2%, where
as that of the state in 32%. Out of the total population
of 26.17 lakhs, 9.45 lakhs are workers. The total workers
are further divided in to main and marginal workers.
Main workers constitute 29 % of the total population
and marginal workers constitute 7 % of the total Figure 4.2: Palakkad district-main and marginal workers in total
population (fig 4.1 and 4.2). Whereas in Census 1991, population
the work participation rate of Palakkad District was The change in the number of total workers and
35.3%. Out of the total population of 23.82 lakh, 8.45 the main workers over a period of time is shown in the
lakh populations were workers. Main workers fig 4.3 and table 4.1. It is evident from the graph that a
constituted 33 % of the total population and marginal major change happened in the occupational structure
workers constituted only 2 % of the total population. of Palakkad District in the last decade. The main
Palakkad occupies the 1st position among the districts workers content decreased from 33 % to 29% and the
in the percentage of Agricultural Laborers (33.6 %) and marginal workers increased from 2% to 7%. Ie.12%
has 6th position in the percentage of main workers decrease in the main workers content and 35% increase
(81.3%). The District holds 9th rank in Work participation in the marginal workers content.

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE 23
the Census 2001. The other workers category includes

the primary sector workers like fishermen, workers
engaged in mining and plantation workers also.
Occupational Structure of Palakkad District as per 1991
& 2001 Census is shown in figure 4.4 & table 4.2.
Table 4.2 Workers Classification- Palakkad
District
Category 1991 2001
Cultivators 96958 85638
Agricultural Labors 347299 317192
MPSH 21904 32832
Fig 4.3: Temporal variation of total workers and main workers Other Workers 378649 509390
Total Workers 845141 945052
Table 4.1 Decadal variation of workers Palakkad
District
1981 1991 2001
Total Workers 723348 845141 945052
Total Main Workers 667618 786363 768620
The total workers are gradually increasing over

the last three decades (from 1981 to 2001), the number Fig 4.4: Occupational structure of Palakkad District
of main workers shows decreasing trend between 1991 The occupational structure of Districts
and 2001 indicating a dim picture about the current surrounding Palakkad District is shown in figure 4.5
economic base of the District. The figure 4.2 shows the
exact nature of workers. The number of the total workers
of the district show increase in figures during 1991-2001,
the growth rate of the workers during this period (growth
rate is 11.82%) is greater than the growth rate of the total
population (Growth rate of total population is 9.87%) of
the same period. This indicates that the opportunity of
working is increasing in proportion to the growth of
Fig 4.5: Occupational structure of surrounding districts
population. It is to be noted that the main workers have
decreased by 2.25% and the marginal workers have The % of the Agriculture laborers and
increased by 30% with an increase of 9.87% in the total Cultivators together constitute 44%, 24%& 17% of the
total workers in Palakkad, Malappuram &Thrissur
population. This indicates a reduction in work
respectively. The total % of agricultural laborers and
opportunities in primary sector. More and more workers
cultivators of Palakkad District is first among the
are getting marginal employment.
neighboring Districts indicating the significant role of
agricultural sector in the district. As on 2001, the
4.2 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE cultivators and agricultural laborers constitute only 44%
The main workers are classified in to four of the total main workers whereas major share of the
categories viz. cultivators, agricultural laborers, main workers (53%) belongs to the other workers
household industrial workers and other workers as per category (See fig 4.4). As mentioned earlier, other
workers category will include some of the primary F igure 4.6 shows the variation of the
workers like fishermen, workers engaged in mining and Concentration Index of house hold industrial workers.
plantation workers. Assume that 10 % of the other From the figure it is clear that the house hold industrial
workers belong to primary worker category; even then workers are concentrated in the mid land and high land
one can say that, 44 % of the total workers are engaged region. The maximum concentration is shown in Tarur,
in tertiary activity. These findings pose a contrast Kodumbu and Elappully Grama Panchayats. In high land
against the national figures where more than 60% of areas, concentration index is in the range of 0.5 1.
the total workers engage in primary activity. But in the Figure 4.7 shows the LSG wise variation of the
case of Kerala State, all other districts also show a Concentration Index of Agricultural laborers.
similar pattern of workers classification with major
share of workers included in other workers category.
4.3 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAJOR CLASS

OF WORKERS
The Concentration Index (number of workers
of a particular class of workers in a local body/total
number of workers)/ (number of workers of the same
class of workers in the District/total number of workers
in the District) of the four classes of workers viz; House
hold Industrial workers, Cultivators, Agricultural
laborers and Other workers are calculated for each LSG
(see Annexe 4) and its Spatial variation is analyzed.
Concentration Index gives an idea about where a
particular class of workers is concentrated in the
District.
Fig 4.7: Spatial distribution of the Concentration Index of

Agricultural laborers
From the figure it is clear that agricultural
laborers are concentrated more in the high land region.
The figure 4.8 shows LSG wise variation of the
concentration index of Cultivators and distribution
pattern of it shows that Cultivators are also
concentrated in high land region of the District. It is
also clear that the LSGs adjacent to National and State
high ways have a least concentration.
Figure 4.9 shows the LSG wise variation of
concentration index of other workers. The other
workers are concentrated in high land regions followed
by midland region.
The result of the analysis is shown in Table 4.3.
LSGs where C.I of a particular workers category is
Fig 4.6: Spatial distribution of the Concentration Index of HH greater than 1.5 is identified as LSGs showing more
Industrial workers concentration of that category of workers.
Table 4.3: Concentration Pattern of Workers

LSGI s where LSGIs where LSGIs where LSGIs where
House hold Agriculture Cultivators are others are
Industries workers are concentrated(C concentrated(C
workers are concentrated on Index>1.5) on Index>1.5)
concentrated (Con Index>1.5)
(Con Index>1.5)
Karimpuzha Pudur Pudur Pudur
Vellinezhi Sholayur Agali Vadakarapathy
Cherpulassery Muthuthala Vadakarapathy Muthuthala
Mankara Vadakarapathy Karimpuzha Koppam
Tarur Nalleppully Sholayur Nellaya
Vandazhi Nellaya Eruthempathy
Vadakkanchery Koppam Perumatty
Puducode Kulukkallur Nalleppully
Koduvayur Eruthempathty Pattenchery

Fig 4.8: Spatial distribution of the Concentration Index of Pudunagaram Perumatty Kulukkallur
Cultivators
Peruvembu Pattenchery Agali
Kodumbu Polpully Muthalamada
Elappully Muthalamada
Elavanchery
Keralasseri
4.4 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE VARIATION IN

URBAN AND RURAL AREAS.
The share of cultivators and agricultural

laborers in the total workers are 11% and 43% in urban
area and rural areas of the district respectively. This
indicates that as far as the workers classification is
considered, almost 90% the workers in urban area
depends on the tertiary sector for their livelihood.
Household industrial sector share in both urban and
rural area is a very low at 3 to 4% of the total main
workers.
The table 4.4 shows the four-fold category of
Fig 4.9: Spatial distribution of the Concentration Index of workers in the urban and rural areas of the District. The
other workers same values are depicted in pie in figure 4.10
Table 4.4 Workers Classification Urban and Rural areas (2001)
Agricultural HH industrial
Other workers
laborers workers
Cultivators Total
person % person % % persons %

% persons persons
s s
R
ur 71462 11 213690 32 22533 3 355687 54 663372 100
al
Ur
ba 2483 3 9513 9 4634 4 88618 84 105248 100
n
Cultivators and agricultural laborers show drastic

decrease in total numbers (a decrease of approximately
33%) during the period from 1981 to 2001, whereas the
other workers show an increase of 39%. This is a clear
indication of the weakening of the primary sector, mainly
the agricultural sector, in the district.
The fig 4.11 and table 4.6 shows the variation of
the number of different category of workers in the urban
areas from 1981 to 2001. There is significant increase in
the category of other workers, whereas number of
Fig 4.10: Classification of the Main workers in - urban area cultivators and agricultural labourers remains without
and rural areas much variation. The number of house hold industrial
4.5 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE TEMPORAL
workers shows an increasing trend.
VARIATION
The number of various categories of workers

from 1981 to 2001 in the district is shown in the table
4.5.
Table 4.5 Four fold Workers classification

HH ind
Cultivators Agr labourers Others
workers
1981 100000 400000 20000 280000
1991 97289 347299 21904 319871
Fig4.11: Variation in the number of different
2001 73945 223203 27167 444305 category of workers in urban area

Table 4.6 Number of various categories of decline of which will have effects in multiple faces like
self sufficiency, economic stability etc . Another
workers in urban areas
noticeable factor is that the number of workers in other
Year Cultivators Agri H H Ind Others
Labours Workers workers category shows considerable increase in the
1981 2462 8633 2163 45699 rural areas of the district as well. This indicates
1991 2580 11624 2750 53916 increasing predominance of service sector even in the
2001 2483 9513 4634 88618 rural areas.
Table 4.7 Numbers of various category of
workers in rural areas
Year Cultivators Agri Labours HH Ind workers Others
1981 93812 291438 20911 202500
1991 94378 35742 19154 264714
2001 71462 213690 22533 355687
The fig 4.12and table 4.7 shows the variation of

different category of workers during the period from
1981- 2001 in the rural areas of the district. The pattern
of change in the number of workers in different category Fig 4.12: Variation in the number of different category of
shows that there is a decreasing trend in Cultivators and
workers in rural areas
Agricultural laborers. This indicates that the primary
sector activity, mainly the agricultural activity is on the Comparison of the changes in the occupational
decline in the rural areas of the District. The backbone structure of the District in urban and rural areas is
of economy of any region is the production sector, the shown in Fig 4.13.
Changes in the Occupational Structure Rural
Changes in the Occupational Structure Urban
Fig 4.13: Comparison of changes in the occupational structure of the district in urban and rural area

4.6 PROJECTION OF OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE Table 4.8 Value of WPR

(TREND BASED) 1981 1991 2001
WPR 35.4 35.3 36.2

Occupational structure of an area determines
whether an area is urban or rural. Before projecting WPR-urban 30.1 31.8 34
the possible occupational structure of the District, it is
WPR-rural 35.9 36.2 36.50
essential to arrive at the work participation rate (WPR)
during 2011 and 2021.WPR of the District over a time Table 4.9 Projected Value of WPR
period is shown in Figure 4.14 and table 4.8.
1981 1991 2001 2011 2021
WPR 35.4 35.3 36.2 37.05 38
Fig 4.14 Temporal Variation of WPR
Fig 4.15 Projection of WPR

From the analysis it is clear that the WPR of the The number workers based on the projected
rural area is increasing as a lower rate (36.2% in 1991 to WPR is given in the table 4.10
36.5% in 2001) compared to the WPR of urban area
(31.8% in 1991 to 34% in 2001). This justifies increase Table 4.10 Number of workers projected
in tertiary sector activities. If the trend continues for a 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021
few more decades, the WPR of urban areas will
supercede that of rural area resulting in possible WPR 35.4 35.3 36.2 37.04 38
increased migration of workforce to urban areas.
Population 1685347 2044399 2383235 2781603 2893399
It is accepted that a WPR of 40 % indicates a
Workers 596613 721673 862731 1030306 1099492
well off society as far as the job opportunities are
concerned. The present WPR is only 36.2% and attaining
Due to the difference in growth rate of WPR in
a WPR of 40% by two decades is very difficult. In this
circumstance it is assumed that by 2021 the WPR of the rural and urban areas, it is presummed that both the
District will be a moderate figure of 38%. Assuming a areas shall achieve a uniform WPR of 38% by 2021. The
uniform increase in the WPR, the projected WPR of the number of workers in urban and rural areas are
District is shown in table 4.9 and fig 4.15. projected accordingly in Table 4.11.

Table 4.11 Projection of workers in urban and it stands in the 6th position in the percentage of main
rural areas workers. The district recorded the 3rd rank in total as
well as female work participation rate and the 5 th in
Urban rural break up of total workers
male work participation with respect to State.
Year Urban Rural
Total workers WPR total The backbone of economy of any
region is the production sector. The analysis of the
Number of Number of
WPR WPR occupational structure of the District shows a very
workers workers alarming situation about the economic base of the
district. The agriculture sector shows declining trend
1981 596613 179580 30.1% 214184 35.9% 35.4%
in rural area in the district. The sector which show
growth is the service sector. More than 80% of the urban
1991 721673 337488 31.8% 384185 36.2% 35.3%
population depends on the service sector for their
2001 862731 416069 34% 446662 36.5% 36.2% livelihood. It is observed that rural areas of the district
are also slowly withdrawing from the primary sector
2011 1030306 506362 36% 523944 37.25% 37.05% and start depending more on the service sector. The
boundary distinguishing the character of rural and urban
2021 1099492 549746 38% 549746 38% 38% areas is narrowing down. If this trend in the change in
the occupational structure of the district continues,
4.7 INFERENCE there wont be any distinction in the occupational
Palakkad occupies the 1st position among the structure of urban and rural areas in the decades to
districts in the percentage of Agricultural labours and come.

30 LAND USE District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Chapter 5
LAND USE
Land use analysis has an essential role in spatial 5.1 LAND USE PATTERN OF KERALA STATE
planning in which use of every parcel of land is to be
The land use of Kerala can be categorised under
specified, both existing and desired future. The
9 major categories based on the land use data
analysis of the existing land use is inevitable to
generated based on the natural resources and
determine the predominant economic activities of an
area as well as the availability of land for future environmental base. The percentage share of these
economic activity. The primary survey of existing land categories are shown in Table 5.1 and Figure 5.1.
use in all 95 local bodies in the district has to be

The predominant land use of the State is a mix
completed for spatial analysis. The land use pattern,
of residential and agricultural landuses which
economic activity and linkages between them are to
constitute 41.38% of total land use. The second highest
be analysed. Since this will take considerable time
land use of the state is forest which contribute 23.18%
period, the satellite data is taken for the analysis. The
of the total area. The agricultural land use and
source of the data is IRS-P6, LlSSIV, IC/ID, LISS III +PAN
plantation land use together constitute 20.18%
satellite data, (year 2003-04), The land use data which
is part of NREDB and procured by the Department from (Agricultural 10.17% and plantation 10.01%) of the total
Kerala State Land Use Board has been made use of for area. The other category of land uses are water bodies,
land use analysis. The above data base is predominantly marshy land, Residential and other built up area which
agriculture oriented and as such the analysis is limited constitute 2.92%, 0.98%, 3.45%, 0.48% of the states total
to that extent. area respectively. The land uses which are not included
Table 5.1 Land use pattern of Kerala in the above category are coming under others
Sl.No. Land use Category % of Total
Area category land use which constitute 8.13% of the area of
1 Forest 23.18 the state. Normally vacant land, Barren land, rocky area
2 Water bodies 2.92
3 Marshy Land 0.28 etc are coming under others category. The above
4 Residential 3.45 analysis support the real to ground peculiar scenario of
5 Agriculture 10.17
6 Plantation 10.01 the state in terms of urban rural continuum, highly
7 Res/Agr Mix 41.38 scattered settlement pattern and traditional home
8 Other Built up Land Use 0.48
9 Others 8.13 stead type of development with individual houses
Total 100.00 surrounded by agricultural land mainly of mixed crop
Source : Natural Resource and Environmental Data Base
(NREDB)of Kerala, 2003-04 cultivation.

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad LAND USE 31
plantation 4.67%, which together constitute 90.43%

of the district land.
Two natural land uses viz; water body and
forest also has a significant share (123.42 and 1263.90
sq.km respectively) in the total land use of the
District.
The District consists of 755.55 Sq.k.m of
agricultural land and 12.05Sq.Km of residential land.
The inference of the land use analysis is that the
district is blessed with agriculture land and forest
resource potential.
The major share of the total land of the
District is coming under 3 major uses Residential/
Fig 5.1 Land use break up of Kerala
Agriculture mix land 41%, forest land 28% and
5.2 LAND USE BREAKUP OF PALAKKAD DISTRICT Agriculture land 17%.

Table 5.2 Land use break up of Palakkad
The total land use area of the district is 4468.98
Sl. Land use Area % of the % of the
sqkm. The land use breakup of the district is shown in No. (sq.km) total corresp
table 5.2. The residential and agriculture mix land use area of onding
the area in
is the predominent land use of the district which
District the
shares 40.57% of the district land. The second State
predominent land use is forest which constitute 1 Forest 1263.90 28.28 15
2 Water bodies 123.42 2.76 11.63
28.28% of the district land share. The wet land
3 Marshy land 4.58 0.10 4.47
agricultural land use is the third in the district which 4 Residential 12.05 0.27 0.96
constitute 16.91% of the district land share. 5 Agriculture 755.55 16.91 20.45
The plantation land use constitute 4.67% of 6 Plantation 208.58 4.67 5.73
7 Res/Agr mix 1813.06 40.57 12.05
district land. The district has only 12.05 sqkm land
8 Other built up
under intense residential land use. Water bodies and 56.75 1.27 29.83
land use
forest also has a significant share of 123.42 and 1263.90 9 others 231.08 5.17 7.81
sqkm respectively in the land use of the district. The Total 4480.00 100
Source : Regional Land use study, Palakkad district
agriculture and plantation land use together constitute
5.3 REGIONAL LAND USE
21.58% of the district land. The table 5.2 and fig.5.2,
5.3 show the land use break up of Palakkad district. The land use study of Palakkad district start
From the analysis of land use of the district it with an insight to the land use of whole Kerala state
is clear that the major portion of the total land use of and the land use of the neighbouring districts of
the district is under residential/agriculture mix Malappuram and Thrissur. Table5.2. shows the
40.57%, forest 28.28%, agriculture 16.91% and comparison of land use pattern of Palakkad district

with the whole of Kerala State. The predominant land Table 5.3 Land use break up of neighbouring
use of the district is a mix of agricultural and residential districts
(Res/agr.mix) which constitute 40.57% of the area of
Palakkad Thrissur Malappuram
the district which is 12.05% of the Res/Agr area of state. Sl
Landuse Area Area Area
The district shares 20.45% of the state agricultural area, No. % % %
(Sqkm) (Sqkm) (Sqkm)
expressing that agriculture is a main sector of economy 1 Forest 1263.90 28.28 772.86 25.45 643.13 18.11
of the district. The other predominant land use of the 2 Water bodies 123.42 2.76 88.58 2.92 57.05 1.61
district is forest which constitutes 28.28% of the district 3 Marshy Land 4.58 0.10 32.62 1.07 11.87 0.33
land use and 15% of the land under forests in the State 4 Residential 12.05 0.27 31.53 1.04 18.14 0.51
is in Palakkad district. 5 Agriculture 755.55 16.91 353.65 11.65 252.27 7.10
6 Plantation 208.59 4.67 159.35 5.25 138.19 3.89
7 Res/Agr Mix 1813.06 40.57 1544.90 50.89 2159.13 60.79
8 Other Built up 56.75 1.27 19.67 0.65 19.79 0.56
9 Others 231.08 5.17 32.46 1.07 252.30 7.10
Total 4468.98 100 3035.63 100 3551.87 100
The comparison of the percentage share of
forest land use of Palakkad district and neighbouring
districts of Malappuram and Thrissur is shown in figure
5.4. The figure clearly shows that Palakkad District has
the highest share of states forest land compared to
the nearby districts of Thrissur and Malappuram.
The percentage of forest land use of each

district is shown in fig.5.5 Palakkad district shows
highest percentage (28.28%) followed by Thrissur
(25.46% ) and Malappuram 18.11%.
Fig 5.2Land use - Palakkad district
Fig 5.3 Land use breakup of Palakkad Fig 5.4 Forest land use (% of corresponding area in the State)

Fig 5.5 Forest land use comparison with neighboring districts Fig 5.7 Marshy land (% of corresponding area in the State)
Comparing the percentage share of water The Percentage of marshy land of each district
bodies of the state, Palakkad shows highest value is shown fig 5.8. Palakkad district shows least
percentage 0.1% and Thrissur has the highest
(11.63%) among the surrounding districts followed by
percentage 1.07% followed by Malappuram with
Thrissur 8.35% and Malappuram 5.38% (see Fig 5.6)
0.33%of the area of the district under marshy land.
Fig 5.6 water bodies (% of corresponding area in the State) Fig 5.8 Marshy land comparison with neighboring districts.
The figure 5.7 shows the comparison of the Palakkad has the least percentage share of
percentage of share of marshy land in the State. It is 0.96% regarding land under residential use of the state
clear that Palakkad has least value 4.47%, Thrissur where as Thrissur and Malappuram show the higher
district shows the highest value 31.82% followed by percentages (2.51% and 1.45% respectively). The fig
Malappuram 11.58%. 5.9 expresses this scenario.
Fig 5.9 Residential land use (% of corresponding area in the Fig 5.12 Agricultural land use-comparison with neighboring
State) districts
The percentage of residential landuse of The comparison of percentage of agricultural
Palakkad and surrounding districts is shown in fig.5.10
land use of each district is shown in fig 5.12. The figure
Palakkad district has the least percentage of 0.27%.
Thrissur and Malappuram districts have higher values shows that among surrounding districts Palakkad has
(1.04% and 0.51% respectively). highest percentage (16.91%) and Thrissur is in second
position (11.65%) followed by Malappuram (7.1%).
The percentage share of plantation land use of
the State in Palakkad and surrounding districts is shown
in fig 5.13. The figure shows that Palakkad has the
highest percentage 5.73% followed by Thrissur (4.38%)
and Malappuram (3.8%).
Fig 5.10 Residential land use- comparison with neighboring

districts.
In case of agriculture land use share of the state
Palakkad is dominant with 20.45% followed by
Thrissur (9.57%) and Malappuram (6.83%). The fig 5.11
shows the comparison of percentage share of
agricultural land use of the state in the case of Palakkad
and surrounding districts.
Fig 5.13 Plantation land use (% of corresponding area in the

State)
The Palakkad district shows second position
(4.67%) in plantation land use compared to neighboring
districts. The highest percentage is in Thrissur 5.25%.
Fig 5.11 Agricultural land use (% of corresponding area in the
State) Figure 5.14 shows this scenario.

Fig 5.14 Plantation land use Fig 5.16 Other built up land use- comparison with neighboring
districts
Comparison of the percentage share of other built up Residential/Agricultural mix category mainly
land use of the State in Palakkad and surrounding dis- includes dry agriculture land uses. Comparison of %
tricts is illustrated in fig 5.15 Palakkad is in the highest share of Res/Agr.mix land use of the State in Palakkad
position (29.83%) followed by Malappuram (11.41%) and surrounding districts is shown in fig.5.17. Palakkad
and Thrissur 11.35%. is in the second position (12.05%). The district of

Malappuram has highest share (14.35%), Thrissur
district shows least position (10.27%).
Fig 5.15 Other built up land use (% of corresponding area in the Fig 5.17 Res/agr mix land use (% of corresponding area in
State) the State)
The percentage of other built up land use The percentage of residential/Agri mix land use
category of each district is shown in fig.5.16. Palakkad of each district is compared in Figure 5.18. it is seen
district shows highest percentage of 1.27% followed that Thrissur and Malappuram districts have higher
by Malappuram (0.56%) and Thrissur (0.65%). share of land under this category.

5.4.1 OTHER BUILT UP LAND USE
The Secondary & Tertiary sector land uses are

included in the other built up land use category. The
fig 5.19 shows the distribution of the concentration
pattern of the other built up land use. The figure shows
that the concentration index of the other built up land
use in urban LSGs and those LSGs along the major
transport corridor is higher than that in other LSGs. It
is also observed that high land area of the district has
lesser concentration of other built up land use, even
in LSGs along main transportation corridors indicating
that the economic activity of hill areas is not
Fig 5.18 Res/agr mix land use- comparison with neighboring considerably dependent on secondary/tertiary sectors.
districts
5.4 CONCENTRATION PATTERN OF LAND USE
The concentration pattern of land uses derived

give an idea about where a particular land use is
concentrated within the district. The concentration
pattern of a land use can be ascertained by the
concentration index of that land use which is calculated
as follows.
Concentration Index of a land use in a local body =

(Area of that land use in the local body)/ (Total area
of the local body)
(Area of that land use of the District)/ (Total

area of the District)
The concentration index value may be greater
than one, equal to one or less than one. LSGs with
Fig 5.19 Concentration index of other built up land use
concentration index greater than one indicates that
the land use under consideration is concentrated in
5.4.2 RESIDENTIAL LAND USE
these LSGs more than in other LSGs of the District.
According to above method, concentration index of The distribution of concentration index of
certain categories of land uses (other built up land residential land use is shown in fig 5.20.The figure
use, residential land use, agriculture land use and shows that the concentration of residential land use
forest land use) are analysed. is in the midland region of the District.

The higher concentration index is shown by LSGs in

the west and south eastern portions of the district.
Fig 5.20 Concentration pattern of residential land use Fig 5.21 Concentration pattern of agricultural land use
5.4.3 AGRICULTURAL LAND USE
The concentration pattern of agricultural land

use (Fig 5.21) shows that agricultural areas of the
District is mainly concentrated in the central region of
the District.
The detailed analysis of this land use is given
elsewhere in this chapter.
5.4.4 FOREST LAND USE
The concentration pattern of Forests shows

(figure 5.22) that forest area of the District is mainly
concentrated in the northern and south eastern
portions.
Total area of active forest land of the District is
1263.9sq.km which is about 28.28% of the total area of
the District.
The forest land of the District is concentrated
in seven local bodies; Pudur, Kottoppadam, Agali,
Sholayur, Malampuzha, Akathethara and
Nelliyampathy. The forest land is seen in the high land
and upland regions of the District. Fig 5.22Concentration pattern of forest land use

The concentration index of various landuses in Table 5.4:Break up of Agricultural land use
the LSGs of the district is given in Annexe 5.
Type Area (Sq.km) %
From the analysis of the concentration index
Coconut 1254.4 28
of land use, major economic activity of the LSGs in the
Paddy 1120.0 25
District can be identified and it is listed in Annexe 16.
Mixed crop 940.8 21
Rubber 716.8 16
Others 448.0 10
Total 4480 100
The spatial distribution of the Agricultural land

use is shown in figure 5.25. The figure shows that Paddy
and Coconut are concentrated in the mid land region,
which is seen in the East-West portion of the District.
Rubber and Tapioca are concentrated in the Northwest
and Southwest portion.
5.5.1 CONCENTRATION PATTERN OF COCONUT
The Spatial distribution of concentration index

of Coconut land use is shown in fig 5.26. The figure
representing that the high concentration of coconut
Fig 5.23: Concentration pattern of Plantation land use
land use is exhibited by LSGs in the western and eastern
5.5 ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE portion of the District.
The study shall give an idea about where a
5.5.2. CONCENTRATION PATTERN OF PADDY
particular crop is concentrated in the district which will
help to determine the predominant agricultural
The spatial distribution of concentration index
resource potential of the area.
of the paddy land use is shown in fig.5.27. The highest
The agricultural land use is analysed further
concentration index of the paddy is seen in LSGs in
considering the four major crops- Coconut, Paddy,
southern middle portion of the district. About 25% of
Mixed crop and Rubber of the District. The total
agricultural area of the District is 755.55 sq.km. The total agricultural land use is covered by paddy fields.
breakup of the Agricultural land use of Palakkad District In areas except in high land region of the district, paddy
is shown in Table 5.4 and figure 5.24. is highly cultivated.

5.5.3 CONCENTRATION PATTERN OF MIXED CROP
Concentration pattern of mixed crop (fig.5.28)

shows that the high land areas have less concentration
of mixed crops. Major concentration is in the western
part of the district.
5.5.4 CONCENTRATION PATTERN OF RUBBER

The spatial distribution of concentration index
of rubber is shown in fig.5.29. It is seen that the
concentration of rubber is in North West & south
western portions of the district.
Fig 5.24 Breakup of agricultural land use
Fig 5.25 Spatial distribution of agricultural land use

Fig 5.26 Distribution of concentration index of Coconut land Fig 5.27 Distribution of concentration index of Paddy land
use use
Fig 5.28Distribution of concentration index of mixed crop Fig 5.29 Distribution of concentration index of Rubber land
land use use

uses spatially and by analysing the resulting pattern,
area of specialization (based on the existing land use)
of various activities can be delineated.
In order to evolve the activity pattern, the nine
categories of land use are grouped into 4 categories
which are non agricultural (residential land use, built
up land use,) agricultural, forest and plantation as given
in table 5.5
Table 5.5: Grouping of land use classification
Sl. Major Land Use Land use categories

No grouped
Non Residential+Other
1 Agriculture(Urba builtup+Others+Res/Agri
n land use) (Plot size <50 cents)
Agri+Resi/Agri
2 Agriculture (Plot size>50 cents)
Fig 5.30 Distribution of concentration of major agricultural

landuses 3 Forest All components of Forest
land use
5.6 MAJOR AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES All components of
4 Plantation Plantation land use.
The areas of Concentration of major
agricultural land uses in the District viz coconut, paddy,
The concentration indices of these major land
mixed crop and rubber are analysed based on the
use categories are shown in Annexe 17.
existing land use. The major agricultural activity can be
delineated by combining the concentration pattern of The concentration pattern are shown in fig
major agricultural land uses spatially and by analyzing 5.31, 5.32, 5.33, 5.34, 5.35 respectively. Based on the
the resulting pattern. pattern the activity of the LSGs is evolved as per the
criteria shown Table 5.6
Fig 5.30 shows the concentration pattern of all Figure 5.32 shows that the Agriculture is
the four major agriculture land uses together. From the predominantly spread in the midland region, ie,
figure, the area of specialization can be delineated. western portion of the district.
In the major concentration of 4 categories, Figure 5.33 depicts the concentration pattern
coconut dominated mixed crop constitute high of forest land use. From the figure it is clear that forest
percentage (28%) followed by paddy 25%,mixed crop land use is highly concentrated in the high land region
22% and rubber 16% of the agricultural area. of the district, mainly, Agali, Pudur, Sholayur,
Kottoppadam and Malampuzha Gramapanchayats
5.7 ACTIVITY ZONES BASED ON LAND USE Figure 5.34 gives an idea about area of high
CONCENTRATION PATTERN concentration of Plantation land use. It is highly
The areas of the concentration of the major concentrated in Ayiloor and Kizhakkanchery
land uses in the District is delineated by taking each Gramapanchayats.
land uses separately in the previous sections. By Figure 5.35 shows the concentration of all the
combining the concentration pattern of the major land four major land uses together. The figure delineates

the specialised agro based landuse in the district. Table 5.6: Criteria for determination of activity
based on land use
Sl. Activity based on Criteria

No. Land use
1 Urban Cl*Urban>Agri/CI Plantation/CIForest
2 Agricultural/Agri CI*Agri>CI Urban/CI Plantation
3 Plantation Cl*Plantation>CI Forest/CI Urban/CI Agri
4 Forest CI Forest>CI Plantation/CI Urban/CI Agri
The activity pattern based on the land use is shown in
fig.5.36
Thus the District can be divided into three dis-

tinct zones based on the land use analysis urban ac-
tivity area, agricultural area and forest resource area.
The activity zone in which each LSG belongs to in listed
Fig 5.31 Distribution of concentration pattern of non Table 5.7.

agricultural land use
Fig.5.32.Distribution of concentration pattern of Agricultural Fig 5.33 Distribution of concentration pattern of Forest land
land use use
Fig 5.34 Distribution of concentration pattern of Plantation Fig5.35 Distribution of concentration pattern of Agriculture,
land use Forest, Non agricultural and Plantation land use.
Fig 5.36 Three Activity zones

Table 5.7: Activity Zones

Sl.No. Name of local body Activity Zone 48 Karimba Agriculture
1 Agali forest land 49 Karimpuzha Agriculture
2 Malampuzha forest land 50 Kavassery Agriculture
3 Pudur forest land 51 Keralasseri Agriculture
4 Sholayur forest land 52 Kizhakkancherry Agriculture
5 Kodumbu Urban 53 Koduvayur Agriculture
6 Kollengode Urban 54 Kongad Agriculture
7 Kozhinjampara Urban 55 Koppam Agriculture
8 Mankara Urban 56 Kottayi Agriculture
9 Mannarkkad Urban 57 Kottoppadam Agriculture
10 Marutha Road Urban 58 Kulukkallur Agriculture
11 Nallepilly Urban 59 Kumaramputhur Agriculture
12 Nemmara Urban
60 Kuthannur Agriculture
13 Pattambi Urban
61 Kuzhalmannam Agriculture
14 Pattencherry Urban
62 Lakkidi-Peroor Agriculture
15 Perungottukurissi Urban
63 Mannur Agriculture
16 Peruvembu Urban
64 Mathur Agriculture
17 Pirayiri Urban
65 Melarkkode Agriculture
18 Polppully Urban
66 Mundur Agriculture
19 Puthunagaram Urban
20 Puthussery Urban 67 Muthalamada Agriculture
21 Thachampara Urban 68 Muthuthala Agriculture
22 Vadakkancherry Urban 69 Nagalassery Agriculture
23 Vadavannur Urban 70 Nellaya Agriculture
24 Palakkad (M) Urban 71 Nelliampathy Agriculture
25 Shornur(M) Urban 72 Ongallur Agriculture
26 Ottappalam(M) Urban 73 Pallassana Agriculture
Chittoor- 74 Parali Agriculture
27 Thathamangalam(M) Urban 75 Paruthur Agriculture
28 Akathethara Agriculture 76 Pattithara Agriculture
29 Alanallur Agriculture 77 Perumatty Agriculture
30 Alathur Agriculture 78 Pookkottukave Agriculture
31 Ambalappara Agriculture 79 Puthucode Agriculture
32 Anaganadi Agriculture 80 Puthuppariyaram Agriculture
33 Anakkara Agriculture 81 Sreekrishnapuram Agriculture
34 Ayiloor Agriculture
82 Thachanattukara Agriculture
35 Chalavara Agriculture
83 Tharur Agriculture
36 Chalisseri Agriculture
84 Thenkurissi Agriculture
37 Cherplassery Agriculture
85 Thirumittakkode Agriculture
38 Elappally Agriculture
86 Thiruvegappura Agriculture
39 Elevancherry Agriculture
87 Thrikkadeeri Agriculture
40 Erimayur Agriculture
88 Thrithala Agriculture
41 Eruthompathy Agriculture
89 Vadakarapathy Agriculture
42 Kadambazhippuram Agriculture
43 Kanjirappuzha Agriculture 90 Vallapuzha Agriculture
44 Kannadi Agriculture 91 Vandazhi Agriculture
45 Kannampra Agriculture 92 Vaniyamkulam Agriculture
46 Kappur Agriculture 93 Vellinezhi Agriculture
47 Karakkurissi Agriculture 94 Vilayur Agriculture

5.8 INFERENCE
The spatial distribution of the land use shows a southern portion of the District. The agricultural area
clear demarcation between the various land uses non- is concentrated in the western part of the District. In
agricultural activity area, agricultural activity areas and
the agricultural area, there exists definite pattern of
forest land of the district which makes it possible to
distribution of the major crops of the District. Paddy
assign definite development character to each region.
Non agricultural area of the District is seen and Coconut are concentrated in the mid land region,
concentrated in the eastern part of the District, where rubber and mixed crops are concentrated in the mid
as the forest area has a concentration in the North and and mid up land.

46 FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER OF SETTLEMENT District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Chapter 6
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER OF SETTLEMENTS

The major activity within the settlement decides Table 6.1: Functional Character of LSGs
the function of that settlement. Here an attempt is
made to determine the major function of a settlement Sl.No Name of Local body Character
by studying the major land use and the average plot 1 Anakkara Rural
size within the settlement. 2 Chalissery Rural
6.1. CHARACTER OF SETTLEMENTS 3 Kappur Rural
Kerala has a unique settlement pattern where 4 Nagalassery Rural
by, the function of a settlement cannot be limited to 5 Pattithara Rural
the usual classification of urban or rural. There exists a
6 Thirumittacode Rural
character exhibiting a combination of the two which
7 Thrithala Rural
needs to be explored. Analysis based on land use and
plot size (methodology explained in IDDP, 8 Cherpulacherry Rural
KOLLAM)shows that there exists semi urban and semi 9 Kadampazhipuram Rural
rural character in settlements in addition to the urban 10 Karimpuzha Rural
and rural character. An area can be classified as semi- 11 Pookkottukavu Rural
urban, if there exists (or likely to introduce) both urban 12 Sreekrishnapuram Rural
and rural activities, but the predominant activity is
13 Thrikkadeeri Rural
urban. If the predominant activity is rural it is classified
14 Vellinezhi Rural
as semi-rural area. The functional character of all the
settlements of the district derived based on the 15 Ambalapara Rural
methodology are shown in Fig6.1 and Table 6.1. 16 Ananganadi Rural
17 Chalavara Rural
18 Lakkidi-Perur Rural
19 Vaniyamkulam Rural
20 Koppam Rural
21 Kulukkallur Rural
22 Muthuthala Rural
23 Nellaya Rural
24 Ongallur Rural
25 Pattambi Rural
26 Parudur Rural
27 Thiruvegapura Rural
28 Vallapuzha Rural
29 Vilayur Rural
Fig 6.1: Function of settlements 30 Akathethara Semi rural

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER OF SETTLEMENT 47
31 Elappully Rural 64 Koduvayur Rural

32 Malampuzha Rural 65 Kollengode Rural
33 Marutharode Semi urban 66 Muthalamada Rural
34 Peruvemba Rural 67 Puthunagaram Semi rural
35 Polpully Rural 68 Vadavannur Rural
36 Puthuppariyaram Rural 69 Ayiloor Rural
37 Pudussery Rural 70 Elavancherry Rural
38 Kodumba Rural 71 Melarcode Rural
39 Keralassery Rural 72 Nelliyampathy Rural
40 Kongad Rural 73 Nemmara Rural
41 Mankara Rural 74 Pallassana Rural
42 Mannur Rural 75 Alathur Rural
43 Mundur Rural 76 Erimayur Rural
44 Parli Rural 77 Kannambra Rural
45 Pirayiri Semi urban 78 Kavasseri Rural
46 Alanallur Rural 79 Kizhakkencheri Rural
47 Kanjirampuzha Rural 80 Puducode Rural
48 Karakurissi Rural 81 Tarur Rural
49 Karimba Rural 82 Vandazhi Rural
50 Kottoppadam Rural 83 Vadakkancheri Rural
51 Kumaramputhur Rural 84 Kannadi Rural
52 Mannarkad Rural 85 Kottayi Rural
53 Thachanattukara Rural 86 Kuzhalmannam Rural
54 Thachampara Rural 87 Kuthannur Rural
55 Agali Rural 88 Mathur Rural
56 Sholayur Rural 89 Peringottukurissi Rural
57 Pudur Rural 90 Thenkurissi Rural
58 Eruthempathy Rural 91 Thenkara Rural
59 Kozhinjampara Rural 92 Palakkad municipality Urban
60 Nalleppilly Rural 93 Ottappalam municipality Rural
61 Pattanchery Rural 94 Shorannur municipality Rural
62 Perumatty Rural Chittor Thathamangalam
95 urban
63 Vadakarapathy Rural municipality
6.2 INFERENCE and Pirayiri Gramapanchayats. These LSGs are the

The spatial distribution of the settlements peripheral gramapanchayats of Palakkad Municipality.
based on its character shows a clear demarcation in the Semi rural character is seen in Akathethara and
pattern of the settlements in four categories. Palakkad Pudunagaram Gramapanchayats.Akathethara Grama
Municipality and Chittur Thathamangalam Municipality Panchayat is also a peripheral Gramapanchayat of
show urban character.The other two municipalities of Palakkad Municipality where as Puthunagaram is a
the district viz.Ottapalam and shoranur exhibit rural census town as per 2001 cencus and is situated near
character as per the study. Chittur Thathamangalam Municipality. All other LSGs
Semi urban character is shown by Marutharoad of the district exhibit rural character.

48 HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Chapter 7
HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
In this chapter the existing hierarchy of
settlements (LSGs) based on the number and order of
facilities is assessed and the suggested hierarchy of
settlements is identified mainly based on their
locational importance.
7.1 EXISTING HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
Hierarchy value of settlement is an indication

on the extent of concentration of facilities in the
settlement. Cumulative Functional Index (CFI) method
is used to find out the hierarchy of settlement. The CFI
of a settlement is assessed based on the number and Fig 7.1 CFI Vs Frequency graph
hierarchy of the following types of facilities in the
From the above it is seen that there are 2
settlement.
second order settlements with score between 150 and
1. Educational facilities 350, 4 third order settlements with score between 100
2. Health Facilities and 150, 25 fourth order settlements with score
3. Market between 50 and 100, 62 fifth order settlements with
4. Physical infrastructure facilities score between 0 and 50. The name of the settlements
5. Transportation facilities
in various hierarchies as identified above is given in
6. Facilities in Agriculture and allied sector
Annexe 9. The spatial distribution of the settlements
The weightage of each of these facilities in the is shown in the fig 7.2
District and CFI index calculated based on this is given
in the Annexe 7&8 respectively. Ist order settlement
CFI is plotted against the number of Palakkad Municipality
settlements to find out the hierarchy of settlement in nd
II order settlements
the District. The graph, so obtained is shown in figure Shornur Municipality
7.1. While plotting the graph, Palakkad Municipality is Alathur
not taken in to account because of its very high CFI, rd
III order settlements
which will make the graph difficult for assessing the Chittur Thathamangalam Municipality
hierarchy of the lower order settlements. It is assumed Ottappalam Municipality
that Palakkad Municipality is the first order settlement Ambalappara
of the District. Hence in the graph second order and Vadakkanchery
other lower order settlements are identified. IV th
order settlements
When Palakkad municipality is taken as the 1st See Annexe-9
order settlement; the settlements of the district can Vth order settlements
be classified as follows. See Annexe-9
District Spatial Plan - Palakkad HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS 49
order settlements one from each of the sub regions

(North-East division, North-West division, South-West
division and South-East division) of the district.
The service areas of the second order
settlements are delineated by drawing the
perpendicular bisectors to the straight line connecting
the second order settlements. This area may form a
hexagon or part of hexagon in shape. The vertices of
the hexagon determine the location of the next lower
settlements i.e. the third order settlement. The service
area of the third order settlement can be delineated as
hexagonal in shape. The remaining settlements of the
District are assumed to be having the lowest order, i.e.
the fourth order.
7.3 SUGGESTED HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
PROCEDURE ADOPTED
Identification of second order settlements
Fig 7.2 Spatial Distribution of settlements of different
hierarchies While assessing the proposed hierarchy of
7.2 SUGGESTED HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS settlements of the District after 20 years (based on the
METHODOLOGY ADOPTED method explained earlier), the existing hierarchy of
The methodology adopted to identify the the settlements, especially of those settlements with
proposed hierarchy is explained here. The concept as higher order, cannot be shuffled altogether. The
per the Crystallors Central place theory in identifying existing hierarchy of the settlements in Palakkad
the proposed hierarchy of settlements is that spatial District shows that, the settlements here fall under
distribution of settlements of various hierarchies five hierarchies viz. I st order settlement, II nd Order
should be centrally located (as far as possible) with settlements, III rd order settlements, IV th Order
respect to the service area or population to be served. settlements and V th order settlements. Those
Theoretically speaking, there will be one first order settlements in the first three orders as per the existing
settlement serving the entire region (District). The hierarchy of settlements are taken as such with a slight
service area of a settlement is hexagonal in shape as modification while identifying the proposed hierarchy
per the Crystallors theory. But practically in case of of settlements. The modification is that the existing II
Palakkad the service area of the first order settlement and III order settlements are combined together and
(Palakkad Municipality being the only one) cannot be taken as the second order settlements in the proposed
taken as a hexagon but it is actually the entire district. hierarchy of settlements because there is less
This limits the identification of the second order difference between the weightage value of these two
settlements by Crystallors Central Place theory. settlements . This means that in the proposal also the
The Crystallors Central Place theory stipulates first order settlement is invariably taken as Palakkad
that the lower order settlements are placed at the Municipality. Alathur Panchayat and Shornur
vertices of the hexagonal shaped service area of the Municipality are taken as the IInd order settlements.
higher order settlements. But here the service area of The first order settlements and second order
the first order settlement is the entire district and settlements are marked in the District map and it is
hence it is assumed that there are at least four second shown in the Fig 7.3
1. Chittur-Thathamangalam (M)
2. Shornur (M)
3. Mannarkkad
4. Alathur
The spatial distribution of the projected second order
settlements are given in fig 7.4
Fig 7.3: Existing 1st and 2nd order settlements.

From the figure it is clear that there are no
existing second order settlements from South _East and
North _ East divisions of the region. Cryastallors theory
(As per the theory the lower order settlements will be
placed at the vertices of the hexagonal service area of
Fig 7.4: Spatial distribution of the Projected second order
the higher order) cannot be applied here as the entire settlements
district is assumed as the service area of the first order In order to identify the service area of each of
settlement (Palakkad Municipality). And hence a the second order settlements, perpendicular bisectors
second order settlement each is identified from South are drawn (in accordance with the Cryastallors theory)
_East and North _ East divisions based on the following from the line joining nearest second order settlements
criteria and the polygon formed with center as the second order
Administrative status of the settlements settlements is taken as the service area of the second
Centrality order settlement under consideration (see fig 7.5).
Connectivity Usually a higher order settlement fulfill the
Existing hierarchy second order needs of the surrounding settlements.
(The methodology to assess the relative values That is the first order settlements usually function as
of centrality and connectivity is shown in Annexe-10). second order settlement also. And hence, though the
That settlement with maximum preferred values in the service area of the second order settlements are
above criteria in each of the division is taken as the delineated as described above, this has to be
second order settlement from the division (See readjusted taking in to account the service area of the
Annexe-11). Accordingly Mannarkkad from the N_E first order settlement, when it functions as a second
division and Chittur-Thathamangalam Municipality order settlement.
from the S_E division are identified as the second order The adjusted service area (service settlements)
settlements. Thus the second order settlements are of the second order settlements is shown in fig 7.6
The service area of various second order IDENTIFICATION OF THIRD ORDER SETTLMENTS
settlements and the population served is given in As per Cryastallors theory, the lower order
Annexe12. settlements will fall in the vertices of the hexagonal
service area of the higher order settlements. This
means that the third order settlements will be those
settlements coinciding with the vertices of the
hexagonal service area of the second order
settlements. The settlements falling in the vertices of
the polygon are Thenkurissi, Keralasseri and Mannur
as shown in Fig 7.7. These settlements are adjusted
after comparing the existing hierarchy of nearby
settlements; Kuzhalmannam, Kongad and Ambalappara
are taken as the third order settlements as shown in fig
7.8.
Fig 7.5 Service area of 2nd order settlements
Fig 7.7 Proposed 3rd order settlement

Theoretically, the service area of each of these
rd
3 order settlements will be uniform and hexagonal in
shape. But there is considerable variation in density of
population. Hence service population of 3 rd order
settlements are worked out first. For this the total
population (projected 2021) is divided by the number
of third order settlements (ie five second order
settlements + 3 third order settlements). Hence the
Fig 7.6 Service area (service settlements) of 2nd order service population of a 3rd order settlement is 361674
settlements (adjusted) (2893399/8). Size of service area hexagons are
determined based on population density of region. From the above map it is clear that there are
Now the hexagons of respective sizes are placed over yet more regions unserved by the present 3rd order
settlements. (see Fig 7.9) settlements. So in Fig 7.10 hexagons (service area) are
placed in such a way that the whole district is served
evenly. There will be one third order settlement
corresponding to each hexagon. These settlements
(proposed 3rd order settlements) are decided on
Administrative Status, Connectivity, Centrality and
Existing Hierarchy from within each hexagon. The third
order settlements thus selected are Vadakkanchery,
Nemmara, Cherplassery, Pattambi and Kozhinjampara
and is shown in Fig 7.11.
Thus the third order settlements are
1. Kozhinjampara
2. Kuzhalmannam
3. Kongad
4. Nemmara
5. Vadakkanchery
6. Ottapalam
7. Cherplassery
8. Pattambi
The service settlements of various third order
settlements and the population served is given in
Fig 7.8 Proposed 3rd order settlements (Adjusted)
Annexe13
Fig 7.9 Service area of the 3rd order settlements Fig 7.10 Service area of the 3rd order settlements (adjusted)
Table 7.1 Functional character of higher order

settlements
Sl. Order of Name character of
No. settlement settlement
1 1 Palakkad Municipality Urban
2 2 ChitturThathamangalam Municipality Urban
3 3 Ottapalam Municipality Rural
4 2 Shornur Municipality Rural
5 2 Alathur Rural
6 3 Pattambi Rural
7 2 Mannarkkad Rural
8 3 Kozhinjampara Rural
9 3 Cherplasery Rural
10 3 Kuzhalmannam Rural
11 3 Kongad Rural
12 3 Nemmara Rural
13 3 Vadakkanchery Rural
7.5 INFERENCE
As per the proposed hierarchy of settlements,

Fig 7.11 Proposed 3rd order settlements
there is one first order settlement, 4 second order
7.4 CHARACTER OF HIGHER ORDER SETTLEMENTS settlements and 8 third order settlements in the
District. The character wise analysis of these higher
The term character of a settlement, means order settlement shows that, the first order settlement,
whether it possess urban nature, semi urban nature, Palakkad Municipality is urban in nature .Of the four
semi rural or rural nature. The character of the higher second order settlements, Chittur-Thathamangalam
order settlements is summarized in Table 7.1 and Ottappalam Municipalities are existing urban
areas, Mannarkkad and Alathur are rural in nature.
There are 13 higher order settlements and in Among the eight 3rd order settlements , ottapalam is
which 2 only are in urban nature viz Palakkad the only statutory urban area. But functional character
municipality and Chittur-Thathamangalam of all the eight 3 rd order settlements, including
municipality. ottapalam is rural.

54 URBAN PROFILE District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Chapter 8
URBAN PROFILE
The trend of urbanization of Palakkad District is Table 8.2: Trends of population growth of
assessed and is compared with the level of Kerala - 1981-2001
Urbanization of the State so as to ascertain the position
Growth rate in
of the District in the State scenario and is detailed in Year Total population
Growth rate of
urban
total population
population
this chapter.
1981 25453680 19.24 37.64
8.1 TREND OF URBANIZATION KERALA
1991 29098518 14.32 60.97
At the turn of the 20th century, Kerala had a
2001 31838619 9.42 7.64
population of 63.96 Lakhs, of which 59.42 Lakhs were
in rural areas. This constituted 92.89 per cent of the Source: census 2001, Provisional totals, p 106
total population of the state. At the end of the 20 th There is a steady decline in the population
century the total population in Kerala has increased to growth rate over the last three decades. Population
3.18 Crores (31838619) of which rural population was growth rate reduced from 19.24% in 1981 to 9.24% in
2.35 Crores. This means that the rural population 2001. During the period 1981-91 population of 36.45
constitutes about 74 % of the total population as on Lakhs were added to the previous decades population,
2001. The population figures of the State as per census whereas during the period 1991-2001, population of
2001 are shown in the table 8.1. only 27.4 Lakhs were added.
The growth rate of urban population of Kerala
Table.8.1: Population figures (2001) of Kerala
at a glance over the last three decades shows that it is in a transition
phase. Over the last two decades (1971-81 and 1981-
2001
91) growth rate in urban population was on the rise,
Person Males Females Growth 37.64% in 1981 and 60.97% in 1991. But the urban
rate
Total 31838619 15468664 16369955 9.42
population growth rate has drastically declined to 7.64%
in 2001 with a decrease of 87.5% over the preceding
Rural 23571484 11450785 12120699 10.05 decadal urban population growth rate.
Urban 8267135 4017879 4249256 7.64
Table 8.3: Trends in urbanisation of Kerala - 1981-
Source: census 2001, Provisional totals,
2001
Percentage Growth rate Growth rate
Total Total urban
There is an increase of about 400% in the total Year of urban of total in urban
population population
population of Kerala within a century. During this population population population
period rural population has increased by 300 %. Rural

1981 25453680 4771275 18.74 19.24 37.64
population content in Kerala has declined from 92.89%
to 74% of the total population within a century. This is 1991 29098518 7680294 26.39 14.32 60.97
an indication on the trend of urbanization in Kerala 2001 31838619 8267135 25.97 9.42 7.64
that has happened in a century.

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad URBAN PROFILE 55
At the same time the growth rate in total Table 8.4 District wise percentage of urban
population has d ecreased from 14.32 % to 9.42% population
with a decrease rate of 34.2%.
8.2 URBAN AREAS IN PALAKKAD DISTRICT Population 2001 Urban
District Content Rank
As per the 2001 census, the population of
Urban Rural Total % Urban 2001
Palakkad district is 2,617,072, which constitutes about
8.22 % of the total population of the State. In the total Kannur 1212898 1196058 2408956 50.3 1
population of the Palakkad district, 356,575 is urban Ernakulam 1477085 1628713 3105798 47.6 2
population, ie 13.6 % of the total population of the Kozhikode 1101157 1777974 2879131 38.2 3
District is in the urban areas of the District. There are Thiruvananthapuram 1091661 2142695 3234356 33.8 4
four Municipalities viz, Palakkad, Chittur- Alappuzha 621457 1487703 2109160 29.5 5
Thathamangalam, Shornur and Ottappalam, in the Thrissur 839433 2134799 2974232 28.2 6
District. In addition there is one census town in the
Kasargod 233700 970378 1204078 19.4 7
district namely Puthunagaram.The urban areas of
Kollam 465978 2119230 2585208 18.0 8
Palakkad District are shown in the figure 8.1.
Kottayam 299808 1653838 1953646 15.3 9
Palakkad 356575 2260907 2617482 13.6 10
Pathanamthitta 123798 1110218 1234016 10.0 11
Malappuram 356170 3269301 3625471 9.8 12
Idukki 57593 1071628 1129221 5.1 13
Wayanad 29612 751007 780619 3.8 14
The table 8.5 Shows the existing urban

population of the district.
Table 8.5 Existing urban population of Palakkad
Sl no Name of local body Total population

1 Palakkad 111245
2 Shornur 35120
Fig 8.1: Census urban area of the District 3 Ottappalam 37541
4 Chittur Thathamangalam 30407
8.3 URBAN POPULATION CONTENT
1 Pudunagaram 13984
The process of urbanization of an area can be
assessed in relation to its urban population content. 8.4DECADAL VARIATION IN URBAN
The urban population content of Kerala state is 26%, POPULATION CONTENT VS URBAN AREA
whereas that of the District is 13.6%. On comparing The decadal variation in the urban content of
the Palakkad District is described in table 8.6. The
the urban content of all the 14 District of the State, it
figures show that urban content of the population has
can be seen from table 8.4 that Palakkad District is
increased from 12.70% to 13.60% over a period of 4
positioned in the 10th rank. This shows that the process decades. It is to be noted that the variation during the
of urbanization is rather very slow in Palakkad District. decade is not uniform.

The results show that the Urban population in

Palakkad has increased by 77% in the last four decades,
where as the District population has increased by 54%.
The actual growth during 1981 to 1991 in the Urban
population is now reached 59% and in the last decade
the Urban population has increased by 8.33% .
The urban population percentage in Palakkad
District is only 13.86% in 2001 where as the Indian and
Kerala urban population is almost double at 27.78 and
25.96 percent respectively.
The Census 1971, classified the urban areas of
Fig 8.2.Extent of urban area of the District
Table : 8.6 Decadal variations in the Urban Palakkad as Municipalities, Non-Municipalities and
Population of Palakkad District from 1971 to Standard Urban Areas. Palakkad and Chittur-
2001 Thathamangalam were classified as Municiplaities and
Percent of Urban Nemmara, Shornur, Ottappalam, Pattambi, Hemambika
Year Total Population Urban Population Nagar and Mannarkkad were classified as Non-
Population
1971 1,685,347 214,079 12.7 Municipalities. The total Urban area in 1971 was 116.32
1981 2,044,399 206,669 10.1 Sq.KM.
1991 2,383,235 374,577 15.7 In the Census 1981, Nenmara, Pattambi and
2001 2,617,482 356,575 13.6 Mannarkkad lost their status as Non-Municipalities. The
The Urban population in Palakkad has classification as Standard Urban Area was avoided by
increased by 67% in the last four decades, where as the introducing new term-Urban agglomeration.
District population has increased by 55%. An 81% Hemambika Nagar was renamed as Palghat Railway
growth during 1981 to 1991 is recorded in the urban Colony and was clubbed with Palghat Municipality as
population and in the last decade the urban population Urban Out-growth to form Palghat U.A. The total Urban
has decreased by 5%. In 1991 Mannarkkad Panchayat area in 1981 was 94.60 Sq.KM.
was upgraded to municipal town status and then In the Census 1991, Mannarkad is classified as
degraded to the previous status. The change in urban Municipality with an area bigger than Palakkad UA. A
population due to inclusion and exclusion of
new term- Census Town was introduced. Koduvayur-
Mannarkkad Urban area is to be studied before arriving
CT & Puthunagaram-CT as part of Chittur-
at any conclusion.
Table : 8.7 Decadal variation in the Urban Thathamangalam UA and Puthupariyaram-CT &
Population of Palakkad District from 1971 to Marutharode-CT as part of Palakkad UA was included
2001excluding the population of Mannarkkad in the new classification. The total Urban area in 1991
Urban area/Panchayat in 1991. was 221.85 Sq.KM.
Percentage of In the Census 2001, the Urban status in the
Urban
Year Total Population Urban previous Census continued in all urban areas except in
Population
Population the caseof Mannarkkad. Mannarkkad was de-classifeid
1971 1,685,347 214,079 12.7 as per new classification standards. The total Urban area
1981 2,044,399 206,669 10.1 in 2001 is 158.47 Sq.KM.
1991 2,383,235 329,155 13.81 A detailed study of the changes in extent of
2001 2,617,482 356,575 13.62 Urban areas in the last four decade will reveal that the
area have changed drastically due to the urban F ig.8.4 depicts the growth rate of urban
classification standards adopted from time to time by population against the growth rate of population over
the Census Authority. the last three decades in the District. When the
A study of the variation of population in the population growth rate of the District has declined from
Urban areas which was included in the last four census
16.70% to 9.83%, the urban population growth rate
can give us an almost clear picture of Urban growth in
has decreased from 59.27% to 8.33% during the same
the District. Hence, we are considering Palakkad,
Shornur, Ottappalam and Chittur-Thathamangalam period (1981-2001) indicating a possibility of out
Municipalities for detailed study. migration of population from the urban areas of the
It can be summarized that urban population District.
has increased in the selected extent of urban area. This
indicates that there is an increase in population in the
selected urban areas during 1981-91. But after that
(1991-2001) the population growth has declined and a
negative growth in Chittur-Thathamangalam. This is an
indication of the withdrawal of population from the
existing urban areas.
8.5 GROWTH RATE OF URBAN POPULATION
The graph below (see fig8.3) shows the decadal
variation in the urban population of Palakkad District
(for selected areas only) from 1971 to 2001.The total Fig 8.4: Population GrowthRate of urban area in Comparison
with that of the District
Urban population of the District has increased from
Analysing the above graph, we shall come to a
214079 to 356575 in a period of four decades. The
conclusion that there was in-migration to the urban
variation during this period was not uniform.
Eventhough the growth rate of urban population area during 1981-91 for better job opportunities and
decreased slightly from 1971 to 1981, there was a living environment. But, during 1991-01 either the
sudden growth during 1981 to 1991. However this additional job opportunities created was just enough
further reduced (even below the overall population for the normal growth of population living inside the
growth rate) in 2001. urban areas or the extra work population were unable
to settle in the urban area due to lack of residential
facilities inside the urban area. The growth of urban
population of the State also shows the pattern of
shrinking of urban population growth rate during 1981
to 2001.
Table 8.8 compares the growth rate of urban
population of the State and the District. This shows that
there is a huge decline in the growth rate of urban
Fig 8.3: Total urban population (selected areas) during various population of Kerala; more or less the same pattern is
decades seen here in Palakkad also.

Table 8.8 Growth rate of urban population 8.6 URBAN SETTLEMENTS FROM 1971 TO 2001
Comparison with state
The variation in the number of urban
1981-91 1991-01 settlements from 1971 to 2001 is given in table 8.9.
Kerala 60.89 7.69
The number of urban settlements of the district
Palakkad 59.27 8.33
decreased during 1971 1981. During 1981- 1991 this
Figure fig 8.5 depicts the population growth increased and again decreased during 1991-2001.
rate of various local bodies of Palakkad district. It is Table 8.9 Urban settlements in different
clear from the picture that the growth rate of period of time
population of the urban area of Palakkad district
(Palakkad Municipality, Shornur Municipality Total Non
Census Municipal Urban out Census Total area
Ottappalam Municipality and Chittur number of municipal
year Towns growth Town (sq km)
Urban area towns
Thathamangalam Municipality) is less than that of the
surrounding Panchayats indicating out migration of 1971 8 2 6 0 0 116.32
people from the urban areas.

1981 5 4 0 1 0 94.60
1991 10 5 0 1 4 221.85
2001 9 4 0 4 1 144.24
8.7 FUTURE URBANIZATION PROFILE OF THE

DISTRICT
The analysis of the occupational structure of
the District shows that the production sectors- i.e., the
agriculture and industrial sector, shows declining trend
in the district. The only sector, which shows growth, is
the service sector. More than 80% of the total urban
population depend on the service sector for their
livelihood. It is observed that rural area of the district
is also slowly withdrawing from the primary sector and
started depending more on the service sector. Due to
this shift in the occupational structure, some of the
rural areas will be having more than 75% of the male
Fig 8.5: Growth rate of population- Local body wise variation workers in the non-agricultural category in the near
future and hence will fall in the category of census
LSGS of the northern and southern highland of urban. Hence there may be significant increase in the
the district shows lowest growth rate of <3%. Higher urban population as well as in the extent of urban
areas of the District in the future, though the urban
growth rate of population (>13%) is seen in surrounding
population content of the existing urban areas show a
local bodies of existing urban local bodies and in Grama decreasing trend. In the following paragraphs, the
Panchayats in the north western region of the district. future urban local bodies are delineated based on the
three fold census classification as per census 2001, and the possibility of error, i.e. exclusion of some of the
the result are further iterated with the factors like actual urban area, the extrapolation of the data on
impact of proposed urban development projects, grade classification of workers based on 1991 census, the local
of the local bodies and hierarchy of settlements. bodies with non agricultural male workers more than
70% (instead of 75%) is taken for the study. Based on
Criteria-1: Census urban area
A study on the existing occupational structure this, there are 14 local bodies identified in the District,
in various settlements of the District will put light on which are satisfying the three-fold census classification
those settlements likely to become census urban to be termed as urban. The list of which is given below.
shortly. The workers of each settlement which are 1. Thrithala
classified in to four fold classification as per census 2. Pattambi
2001 are divided in to the following nine categories 3. Akathethara
based on the workers classification in the 1991 census. 4. Marutharod
5. Pudunagaram
1. Main Cultivators 6. Anakkara
2. Main Agricultural Labourers 7. Kappur
3. Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting, 8. Nagalassery
Plantation, Orchards, and allied activates 9. Thirumittacode
4. Mining and Quarrying 10. Pudussery
5. Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing and 11. Pirayiri
repairs in Household industries 12. Mannarkkad
6. Manufacturing, Processing, servicing and 13. Nelliyampathy
repairs in other than household industries 14. Puthupariyaram
7. Trade and commerce
8. Transport storage and Communications Fig 8.6 shows the spatial distribution of urban
9. Others centers based on this criterion.
The methodology adopted for the extrapolation
to get the nine fold classification of workers in 2001
based on the workers classification in census1991 is
described briefly here. The only two types of workers
included in both 1991 and 2001 census are the
cultivators and agricultural laborers. The remaining two
types workers in the 2001 census, House hold industrial
workers and other workers are totaled together and
this total is divided in to 7 classes of workers in the
same proportion as these 7 classes of workers as there
in the 1991 census. Then the number of male workers
in manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs in
House hold industries, manufacturing, processing,
servicing and repairs in ot her t han house hold
industries, trade & commerce, t ransport, st orage &
communication and others are totaled to calculate the
percent age of male workers in non-agricult ural
activities in each of the local bodies of the District.
The details are shown in Annexe-6. In order to avoid Fig 8.6 Urban centres based on Census Criteria

The classification of an area into urban Panchayats are not special grade Panchayats and are
depending on 9 fold classifications of workers obtained excluded from the selected local bodies and the list of
out of a mere extrapolation of the census 2001 data local bodies after the exclusion are:
based on the previous decades data cant be taken as 1. Pattambi
very accurate. Though it gives a near accurate picture 2. Akathethara
about the trend of urbanization, some other factors 3. Puthussery
like the extent of physical and economic development, 4. Mannarkkad
future urban development projects and existing 5. Puthupariyaram
hierarchy of settlements needs to be considered.
Criteria 2: Grade of local bodies The fig 8.7 shows the distribution of urban
The grading of local bodies was done centers based on grade of local bodies and census
comparing their physical and economical criteria.
development. So, here in the absence of direct data to Before finalizing the future urban local bodies
assess the physical and economic development, the of the District, the urban development Projects of the
grade of Panchayat can be taken as a proxy indicator to District and their impact are also to be studied.
measure the physical and economic development of
the local body.
Special grade Panchayats of Palakkad District
are listed below
1. Pattambi
2. Akathethara
3. Elappully
4. Puthuppariyaram
5. Pudusseri
6. Kongad
7. Parali
8. Mannarkkad
9. Agali
10. Kozhinjampara
11. Nalleppilly
12. Pattanchery
Fig 8.7 Urban centres based on grade of local bodies
13. Koduvayur
Criteria: 3: Perspective in urban development
14. Kollengode
The major urban development projects
15. Muthalamada
16. Elavancherry envisaged in the District as of now are mainly
17. Nemmara 1. Integrated railway coach factory at Kanjikode
18. Alathur 2. Integrated Textile Park at Kanjikode
19. Wadakkanchery 3. Information Technology Park at Kanjikode
Out of the 14 Panchayaths listed based on criteria 4. Defence park at Kanjikode
one, 5 are special grade Panchayats and Anakkara, 5. Defence project of BEML Ltd at Kanjikod
Kappur, Nagalassery,Thirumittacode, Nelliyampathy, All these mega projects are proposed in
Pirayiri, Thrithala, Pudunagaram and Marutharoad Pudussery Grama Panchayat which will help Kanjikode

emerge as Keralas new investment destination. This 1. Pattambi

will come up in the Kanjikode Pudussery Walayar 2. Pudussery
industrial belt on the National Highway 47 stretch from 3. Mannarkkad
Palakkad town to Walayar which is on the Kerala 4. Koduvayur
Tamilnadu border. Pudussery Panchayat is already 5. Alathur
included in the list of probable future urban local 6. Cherplasery
bodies of the district (fig 8.8). Clearly the above local bodies define the future
urban profile of the District (fig 8.9).
The likely future urban profile of the district
evolved is shown in fig 8.10
Fig 8.8 Urban centres based on 1,2 and 3 criteria
Criteria: 4: Hierarchy of settlements

Fig 8.9 Urban centres based on all the four criteria including
The hierarchy of the above 5 local bodies in the hierarchy of settlements
overall context of the District is also to be taken in to
account before finalizing the local bodies with urban
character, because the hierarchy of local body is an
indicator on the type and number of facilities in the
local bodies.
Alathur is included in the list having the 2nd
order hierarchy with CFI 189.93 since Akathethara and
Pudupariyaram are adjacent Panchayaths to Palakkad
municipality and are part of Palakkad urban
agglomeration, will in course of time become part of
the palakkad municipality. Based on the study of
census urban criteria and hierarchy of settlements and
trend of present economic development Koduvayur
and Cherplasery are included in the list.
The final list of the probable urban local bodies
is given below. Fig 8.10: Future urbanization profile Palakkad District

8.8 URBAN PROFILE Table 8.10: Changing urban profile of the

District
The analysis for determining the future
Total Census
urbanization profile shows 6 local bodies have Munici Non Urban Town
Census number Total area
pal municip out
possibilities to attain urban character. All the 6 local year of Urban (sq km)
Towns al towns growth
area
bodies listed as probable future urban local bodies 0
1971 8 2 6 0 116.32
cant be expected to attain the urban character in next
0
1981 5 4 0 1 94.60
two decades (2011 and 2021), but only some of these
4
will attain urban character by the next two decade and 1991 10 5 0 1 221.85
the remaining will attain the urban character in the 1

2001 9 4 0 4 144.24
succeeding decades after that. The growth rate of 1
2011 12 7 0 4 243.08
population can be taken as deciding criteria by how
1
2021 15 10 0 4 315.29
fast a local body attains urban nature.
The pattern of growth rate of population
8.9 INFERENCE
among the local bodies of the District as per census
The level of urbanization of the State shows a
2001 shows that the higher growth rate is concentrated
declining trend in general. Palakkad District shows
in LSGs adjacent to Palakkad and Chittur-
even a less level of urbanization when compared to
Thathamangalam Municipalities and Mannarkkad.
the State average. Also, the level of urbanization shows
Alathur on the southern half and Pattambi and
a slight inclining trend within the District. The urban
Cherplasery on the western half , have already attained
areas of the district shows lower growth rate of
urban character and Mannarkkad on the Northern half population whereas the rural areas surrounding the
was in and out of the census classification and now urban areas show significantly higher growth rate
shows a fast trend towards urbanization. indicating possible out migration of people from the
Koduvayur adjacent to Chit t ur- urban areas to the surrounding rural settlements or
Thathamangalam being a trade centre and due to its the migrants to the urban centres getting settled down
connect ivit y t o Pollachi in Tamilnadu Dist rict and in the peripheral grama panchayats of urban centres
Pudunagaram may attain urban status within next 20 due to factors like availability of land etc.
years. Pudussery, being t he indust rial capital of The future urban profile of the district derived
Palakkad dist rict has t he potent ials to become an through sequential analysis through four criteria viz.
industrial city and attain the urban status in the next Census urban, existing physical and economic
20 years. Careful and thoughtful proposals are to be development, perspectives in urban development and
materialized in this area for the speedy urbanization. finally proposed hierarchy of settlements shows that
In short 3 local bodies will attain the status of the LSGs of Alathur, Pattambi and mannarkkad are
urban local bodies in the next 10 years where as the likely to become urban within the next 10 years and
other 3 local bodies will attain the urban status within the LSGs of Pudussery, cherpulassery and koduvayur
the next 20 years. This is shown in Table 8.10. are likely to become urban within the next 20 years.

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad HEIRARCHY OF NODES 63
Chapter -9
HIERARCHY OF NODES
A node is formed by agglomeration of Accordingly the nodes (selected) of the Palakkad

commercial activity around one or more adjacent road district can be categorized into five.
junctions. In the Kerala context where urban rural Ist order node - Kannadi
continuum persists, each LSG is having at least one nd
II order nodes - 1. Thathamangalam
node. In most of the cases area served by one node 2. Nellipuzha
goes beyond the boundary of the LSG within which it is
3. Koduvayur
located. In certain cases the nodes may be located at
4. Chandranagar
the meeting point of the boundary of one or two LSGs.
A separate study for nodes is necessitated since the 5. Chittur
nodes have entity independent of the LSG area. In this
chapter on the hierarchy of nodes, urban and rural IIIrd order nodes - 1. Ottappalam
growth centers of the District are identified. 2. Mangalam
3. Melepattambi
9.1 EXISTING HIERARCHY OF NODES:
4. Shornur
The hierarchy of a node is identified by the
extent of activity taking place in the node. The extent IVth order nodes - 1. Nagaripuram
of the activity is measured by a proxy indicator denoted 2. Koottanad
by the hierarchy of roads (based on the administrative 3. Pudunagaram
status) meeting at that place (the methodology is
4. Vallangi
explained in IDDP Kollam)
5. Kambrath challa
The hierarchy of the nodes in the descending order of 6. Thrithala- Koppam
weightage is shown in Figure 9.1. 7. Mudappallur
8. Kollengode
9. Peringode
10. Kongad
11. Wadakkanchery
12. Kaikatty
13. Thrithala
14. Pudussery
15. Kavassery chungam
th
V order nodes _ all the remaining nodes selected for
the study are included in the category of V order junc-
tions. A list of the nodes within the Palakkad District is
Fig 9.1 Nodes with hierarchy given in the Table 9.1
64 HEIRARCHY OF NODES District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Table 9.1: List of nodes 9.3. SUGGESTED FIRST ORDER NODE

Sl. Due to the meeting of roads of higher status
No. Name of Junction Name of LSGI at Kannadi junction, Kannadi panchayat has higher
1 Kannadi Jn Kannadi GP value and is derived as first order junction. But
2 Chittur Chittur Thathamangalam Municipality considering the population distribution, centrality and
3 Nellippuzha Mannarkkad GP administrative status the highest node has to be
4 Koduvayur jn Koduvayur GP provided within Palakkad Municipal area. So the first
5 Chandranagar Jn Marutharod GP order node is adjusted as to Palakkad which serve the
6 Thathamangalam Jn Chittur Thathamangalam Municipality entire district.
7 Ottappalam Ottappalm Municipality
8 Mangalam Jn Vadakkencherry GP 9.4. SUGGESTED SECOND ORDER NODES
9 Melepattambi Pattambi GP The second order nodes have to fulfill the
10 Shornur Shornur Municipality functions of a city centre mentioned in the Town
11 Nagaripuram Mankara GP &Country Planning Organization (TCPO), Govt of India
12 Koottanad Nagalasseri GP guidelines for commercial facilities.
13 Pudunagaram Pudunagaram GP As per TCPO guidelines, city centre has to cater
14 Vallangi Nemmara a population of 3 Lakhs.
15 Kambrathchalla Muthalamada GP The service area is assumed to have a hexagonal
16 Thrithala-Koppam Thrithala shape, the area of which is determined by taking into
17 Mudappallur Jn Vadakkencherry GP account the population density of the service area and
18 Kollengode town Kollengode the population to be served. Since the population
19 PeringodeJn Kongad density in midland and high land region of the District
20 Kongad Kongad differs, area of hexagon in each of these regions varies.
21 Vadakkencherry Vadakkencherry (fig.9.3)
22 Kaikatty Nelliyampathy
23 Thrithala Jn Thrithala
24 Pudusseri Pudusseri
25 Kavasseri Chungam Kavasseri GP
26 Nemmara town Nemmara town
27 Mannur Mannur
28 Thiruvazhiyode Vellinezhi,Sreekrishnapuram
29 Goolikkadavu Agali
30 Sreekrishnapuram Sreekrishnapuram
The spatial distribution of nodes is shown on in fig 9.2
9.2 SUGGESTED HIERARCHY OF NODES
The suggested hierarchy of nodes is derived

taking into account
The population distribution
Centrality with respect to the service area
Existing hierarchy of the nodes Fig 9.2 Spatial Distribution of nodes
District Spatial Plan - Palakkad HEIRARCHY OF NODES 65
Fig 9.3 Size of service area polygon in different area Fig 9.4 Service area of existing second order nodes
The service area of the existing second order 9.5 SUGGESTED THIRD ORDER NODES
nodes are shown in figure 9.4. From the figure it is clear As per TCPO guidelines the third order nodes
that the western and southern parts of the district are have to fulfill the function of a Community centre for
not served by a second order settlement. The Pattambi, commercial facilities. The community centre has to
cater a population of 40,000. But due to dispersed
Ottappalm, Mudappallur, and Vallangi, four prominent
settlement in the district, the service population of the
nodes in the region are selected as the second order
III order nodes is taken as approximately 80,000. As
(proposed) nodes for these regions (Figure 9.5).Figure
explained earlier, service area of third order nodes in
9.5 shows Kannadi, Nellipuzha, M elepat t ambi,
hexagonal shape is derived for each region.
Ottapalam, Mangalam and Vallangi as the suggested
The existing third order nodes with their service
second order nodes.
area is shown in figure 9.6.
Fig 9.5 Suggested second order nodes Fig 9.6 Service area of existing third order nodes

66 HEIRARCHY OF NODES District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
The unserved area shows the necessity of a Table 9.2: Hierarchy of nodes (proposed)
third order node there and the modified situation with Order of the Node Name of the Node
Ist Palakkad
new third order nodes are shown in figure 9.7. Kannadi
Vallangi
IInd Mangalam
Ottappalam
The third order nodes are Goolikkadavu, Melepattambi
Nellippuzha
Kongad, Shornur, Koppam, Thiruvazhiyode, Goolikkadavu
Kongad
Nagaripuram, Koottanad, Chittur and Kambrath challa. Thiruvazhiyode
IIIrd Nagaripuram
The suggested hierarchy of nodes is shown in Table 9.2 Koottanad
Chittoor
and figure 9.8. Kambrathchalla
Shornur
Fig 9.7: Service area of existing and suggested 3rd order nodes Fig 9.8: Hierarchy of nodes (proposed)
9.6 INFERENCE
Vallangi serving the surrounding population and
Palakkad is the first order node of the district potential growth centres of the district. The suggested
acting as a commercial centre serving the entire district. third order nodes are Nagaripuram, Shornur, Koppam,
The suggested second order nodes are Melepattambi, Koottanad, Chittoor, Thiruvazhiyode, Kongad,
Nellipuzha, Kannadi, Ottappalam, Mangalam and Goolikkadavu and Kambrath challa.

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad CONNECTIVITY 67
Chapter 10
CONNECTIVITY
Transportation is a main factor determining the urban where as the character of Shornur Municipality
degree of development. A well planned connectivity is rural. The IInd order settlements Mannarkkad and
pattern for the entire district is essential for economic Alathur will attain urban character in 2011.
development of the district. The connectivity study is There are 8 IIIrd order settlements in the district
based on hierarchy of settlement and nodes as detailed viz Kozhinjapara, Kuzhalmannam, Kongad, Nemmara,
below: Vadakkanchery, Ottappalam, Cheruplassery, Pattambi
- all of them have rural character. Presently Ottappalam
10.1 HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENT
is in municipal status. Pattambi will attain urban
character in 2011 and cheruplassery in 2021. The
The future hierarchy of settlement of the
remaining settlements are IVth order settlement.
district is derived in 4 categories. The 1st order
The figure 10.1 shows the hierarchy of settlement of
settlement of the district is Palakkad Municipality
the district.
whose character is urban in nature. There are 4 IInd
order settlements namely Chittur Thathamangalam 10.2 HIERARCHY OF NODES
Municipality, Shornur Municipality, Mannarkkad
Panchayat and Alathur Panchayat. In which, the Hierarchy of nodes is determined by the status
character of Chittur Thathamangalam Municipality is of commercial centre in one or more road junctions
formed by roads of various status . The nodes within
the district is derived in 4 categories. The first order
node is Palakkad which acts as a service centre of the
district. There as 4 nodes coming under the IInd order
viz Pattambi, Ottappalam, Mudappallur & Vallangi in
the district. Similarly there are seven third order nodes
viz Goolikadavu, kongad, Thiruvazhiyode,
Nagaripuram, Kootanad, chittur and Kambrathchalla in
the district. The remaining nodes of the district are
coming under IVth order.
The hierarchy of nodes within the district are shown in
figure 10.2
10.3 EXISTING NETWORK
The district has fairly good connectivity mainly

through two modes of transport viz road and rail. The
stretches of NH47 and NH 213 passing through the
Fig 10.1: Hierarchy of settlements district provide connectivity to the surrounding
68 CONNECTIVITY District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
connecting Kozhikkode, Malappuram and Palakkad Table 10.2. List of Major District Roads -Palakkad
districts and has a length of 57km within the district. district
There are 13 stretches of State Highways in the district 1 Agali-Jellippara 4.00Km
with a total length of 251 Km. The important stretches
2 Alathur - Bazaar 5.2 Km
of the state highways are listed in Table 10.1
3 Anakkatti Sholayur 12.70 km
4 Anakkara - Kumaranellur 5.609 km
5 Approach road to ISD farm Eruthenpathy 2.600 Km
6 Athipotta Tholannur 7.4 Km
7 Cheruthuruthi - Perumbilavu 6.075 Km
8 Chittur Vannamada 12.084 Km
9 Civil station road 0.8 Km
10 Erattukulam - Vaniampara 16.500 Km
11 Erumayur - Byepass old NH .8 Km
12 Eruthenpatrhy Potikkal-Pudur 7.070Km
13 Gopalapuram - Meenakshipuram 7.5 Km
14 Govindapuram - Chemmanampathy 5.2 Km
15 GVC Kalpathy road 2.03 Km
16 Kakatty Pulaymapra 3.616 Km
Fig 10.2: Hierarchy of nodes 17 Kayppanchery Ayiloor 1.48 Km
Table 10.1 List of State Highways passing 18 Kalmandapam Kalpathy road 3.75 Km
through Palakkad district 19 Kanjikkode bazaar 2.575 Km
1 SH010 Kanjikkode-Malampuzha- 7.66KM
20 Kanjikkode Malampuzha road 7.655 Km
Muttykulangara Road 21 Kannadi Panikode 10 Km
2 SH023a Shornur-Perinthalmanna Road 27 .00KM
3 SH023b Shornur-Perinthalmanna Road 0.60 Km
22 Karalmanna - Cheruplassery 1.6 Km
4 SH025 Thathamangalam-Nattukkal road 14.20Km 23 Karappara road 8.360
5 SH026 Nattukkal-Velanthavalam road 11.66Km
6 SH027 Palakkad-Thathamangalam-Pollachi 32.08Km
24 Karippode Pallassena 6.4 Km
road 25 Kattilathani - Nethrakadavu 5.6 Km
7 SH039 Perimbilavu-Nilambur road 15 .00Km
26 Kazhani - Pazhambalakkode 8.718 km
8 SH052 Palakkad Pollachi road 24.99 Km
9 SH053 Palakkad- Perinthalmanna Road 36.98 Km 27 Koduvayur Pallavur - Vithinassery 11.754 km
10 SH058 Vadakkanchery-Pollachi road 38.91 Km
28 Koduvayur-tripallur&Kunissery Byepass road 16.100km
11 SH Nemmara-Nelliyampathy road 30.71 Km
12 SH Vallangi-Byepass road 0.52 Km 29 Kollengode Kunissery road 10.890 km
13 SH Vazhakkode- Alathur Road 10.24Km 30 Kollengode Pylore- Elavanchery 8.800 km
The district has 171 major district roads having 31 Kongadu Kanhikulam road 5.280 km
a length of 1157.141 km connecting various interior 32 Kodallur - Padinarangady 6.180 km
parts within the district. The major district roads are 33 Koottanad Thrithala 5.049 km
listed in Table 10.2.
34 Koppam Mukkai 3.000 km
In addition to the above there are many primary
roads connecting the interior parts of the district. 35 Koppam Pengattiri 10.540 km
36 Kottathara Pudur 9.800 km 76 Palakkad Malampuzha

37 Kottayi - Peringottukurissi 6.660 km 77 Pampadi - Peringotukurissi
38 Kozhinajapara - velanthavalam 9.04 km 78 Parli Mundur
39 Kulavanmukku - Kuthannur 6.8 km 79 Pathirippala Kongad
40 Kumaramputhur - Olipuzha 16 km 80 Pattambi Amayur
41 Kundurkkad - mulankode 2.7 km 81 Pattambi - Cheruplassery
42 Kundurkkadu chittady 6.5 km 82 Pattanchery road
43 Kuthannur- Tholannur 6.2 km 83 Peringodu Pulapetta
44 Kuzhalmannam - Bazaar 3.312 km 84 Peringannur road
45 Kuzhalmannam mankara road 15.180km 85 Pudunagaram - Kinassey
46 Kuzhalmannam - koduvayur 7.904 km 86 Pudunagaram Kollengode
47 Lakkidi railway station road 4 km 87 T.B.Road Nemmara
48 Manappadam - kannambra 5.65 km 88 Thenkurissi Peruvwmbu road
49 Mangalam Old NH 1.8 km 89 Thiruvazhakunnu farm road
50 Mangod road 1.8 km 90 Thiruvegappuram Pallippuram
51 Mangalam - Murikkumpatta 4.6 km 91 Thiruvilwamala-Peringotukurissi
52 Mankara Rly. station road 1.190 km 92 Thrippalur - chittilanchery
53 Mannarkkad Chinnathadakam 52.962 km 93 Thrithala Kumbidi
54 Melamuri Byepass road 0.4 km 94 Thrithala - Padinjarangadi
55 Melamuri Pudur Kottayi 6.800km 95 Thrithala - Varandakuttikadavu
56 Menonpara - Chullimada 1.000 km 96 Unnial - Edathanattukara
57 Menonpara - Kanjikkode 5.080 km 97 Vadakkanchery - Bazaar
58 Mudappallur Mangalam dam 9.432 km 98 Vadakkenchery Padur
59 Muthalamada chemmanampathy 11.2 km 99 Vadakkenchery - kizhkkenchery
60 Muthuthala - cherukudangadu 6.47 km 100 Valanchery Koppam
61 Naduvattam - thannirkode 3.89 km 101 Vallapuzha - Mulayankavu
62 Nalleppilly 5th mile road 5.83 km 102 Vandumthara - kattuppara
63 Nalleppilly Erattakulam 3.904km 103 Vaniyamkulam - vallapuzha
64 Nattukal Nadukuni 8.58 km 104 Vaniyamkulam - kothakurissi
65 Nammara Kalliyal cheramangalam road 2.2 km 105 Varode Chunangadu
66 Nenmeni - seetharkundu 6.208 km 106 Vattolikkavu - Chathannur
67 Olavakkod e- Dhoni 7 km 107 Velanthavalam - Kuppandakoundannur
68 Olavakkode Malampuzha road 5 km 108 Vilayur Kaipuram
69 Olavakode Rly station road 1km 109 Aandimadam kadukkamkunnu road
70 Old Mannarkkad chinnathadakam 1.2km 110 Alanallur - Arakuparambu
71 Old NH(Palakkad Kannannur) 10.4Km 111 Alanallur kannamkundu- kodiyamkunnu road
72 Ottappalam - Mannarkkad 29.64 km 112 Alungal Kopamkallu road
73 Ottappalam - Perinthalmanna 17.9km 113 Ambad Anikkode road
74 Palakkad chittur 17.6 km 114 Ambalappara mezhur keezhoor road
75 Palakkad Ponnani 54.25km 115 Anakkappara mudappallur road

70 CONNECTIVITY District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
116 Ariyur Ambazhapodu-pothuvapadam road 8km 156 Peruvembu Palathulli- Athikkode Kambilichungam road 9km
117 Chalissery Valayamkulam road 1.6 km 157 Pooraparambu Thathengalam road 5 km
118 Chemmanampathy malayadivaram road 2.5 km 158 Pudukkad Mannamkulambu road &chiruthapullur harijan colony 4.34 km
119 Chirakkalppadi kanjirappuzha road 8 km 159 Puthur Kottekkad road 3.68 km
120 Chittur sholayur road 9 km 160 Shornur Kavalappara road 4.76 km
121 Chullimada rly station road .4 km 161 T.B.Road Thathamangalam .6 km
122 Chulliyardam Vellaramkadavu road 6 km 162 Thachanadi Plazhi road 4 km
123 Edathara Vallapuzha road 4 km 163 Thalavettampara road 1.45 km
124 Eduppukulam - pattathalachi 2.75 km 164 Thenur Muchery Kongad road 8.00km
125 Engineer road 3 km 165 Thirunellayi causeway road 4.875 km
126 Ezhumangad karukaputhur road 6.08 km 166 Thiruvizhamkunnu Ambalappara road 5.000km
127 Goolikkadavu chittur road 5 km
167 Thuppanadu Meenvallam Vellachattom road 4.800 km
128 Goolikkadavu kerala road 4 km
168 Vadakkanchery Poothappara road 6.200 km
129 GVC Ramanathapuram manali road 2.67 km
169 Vaniamkulam Manannur RS road 4.500 km
130 Jellippara Paravallur 5 km
170 Vettikkalkadavu-Mangalam Dam road 2.500 km
131 Kalladikkode Pang moonnekkar road 8 km
171 Yakkara Thirunellay Byepass road 2.500 km
132 Kalladikode sreekrishnapuram road 15.08 km
Palakkad district has good connectivity through
133 Kalyanakappu mylapadam road 7 km
rail network connecting important places in other
134 Kanalpirivu pokanthodu road 5.4 km
states and within the state.
135 Kandamangalam-kunthipuzha-irattavalli road 5km
The figure 10.3 shows the existing
136 Panichiparutha-pullamparutha road 7 km
transportation network of the district.
137 Kanimangalam cherukunnam mangalam dam road 10 km
138 Kanjiram poonchola road 8 km
139 Kanjirappuzha Palakkayam Inchikunnu road 10 km
140 Kappuparambu Mundakunnu road 2 km
141 Karyavattom Alanallur road 3.16
142 Karukaputhur Akkikkavu road 8.1 km
143 Kizhakkethara chunkamannam Balanparambu kalkulam road 6.2 km
144 Kizhavan puthur 5 km
145 Kodumbu Olassery road 3.8km
146 Kodumbu causeway road .5 km
147 Kongadu Mannarkkad Tippusulthan road 16.9 km
148 Padikkalpadam-kannamkode pallimukku-pallassena road 7.56km
149 Palathara Kodumunda road 4.8 km
150 Pallassena Kakkayur road 4.4 km
151 Pallimukku kalyanapetta- Alankadavu road 5.05
152 Pallippadi Karakurussi road 5 km
153 Panthalampadam kallingalpadam vazhode road 4km
154 Payyanedam Santhivykkal road 2 km
155 Perumpethari-pothozhikkavu road 2.5 km Fig 10.3 Existing Transportation Network
10.4 SUGGESTED NETWORK the southern half supplementing the major network
and providing direct connectivity among second and
The road network of the district in primary a third order settlements. On the southern half, a ring
radial one with the Palakkad town as its focal point. connecting mannur, Vadakkanchery, Nemmara,
The NH213 stating from Palakkad connects Palakkad Muthalamada and Chittur-Ththamangalam nodes is
and Mannarkkad higher order nodes. Another stretch proposed. On the northern half a set of radial roads
of the NH connects the higher order nodes emanating from Thiruvazhiyodu junction to
Vadakkanchery, Alathur, Palakkad and further extends Mannarkkad, Shornur, Ottappalam,Mannur, Koppam
to Coimbatore in Tamilnadu. In the east west direction and Kongad. Further Kongad and Mannur nodes are to
the State Highway connecting Chalissery, Pattambi, be connected and Mannarkkad -Agali stretch (Existing
Shornur, Ottappalam, Mannur, Palakkad and Chittur- road) is to the improved. Out of these links only
Thathamangalam nodes bifurcates the district. In Vadakkanchery - Mannur and Thiruvazhiyode - Shornur
addition to these radial roads, two sub networks are links are to be built afresh. In other linksimproving
proposed in order to improve the connectivity among the standards of the existing roads shall meet the
second and third order nodes as concieved in fig 10.4. purpose.
Even though all the second and third order nodes are
connected by roads of varying standards, most of the
links are not direct and of poor quality. The future
transport network of the district is concieved as a major
radial network(NH & SH) emanating from Palakkad
town and spanning the entire district with two sub major
networks, one on the northern half and the other on
Fig 10.5 Proposed Transportation Network
10.5 FUTURE CONNECTIVITY

The existing road network and proposed road
network will cater to the future needs of transportation
within the district. The figure 10.4 shows the future
connectivity of the district. The existing railway line
pattern will serve the future demands within the
Fig 10.4 Concept of Future Transportation Network district also.

72 ACTIVITY PATTERN District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Chapter 11
ACTIVITY PATTERN
The Activity pattern of Palakkad District is

described in this chapter based on three aspects
namely, land use concentration pattern, functional
classification and urban profile.
The Existing activity pattern within the
District is derived based on the study of the spatial
distribution of the aspects covered in the settlement
studies namely, the land use concentration pattern,
functional classification and urban profile, as shown in
(fig 11.1).
Fig 11.1 Derivation of Activity Pattern Fig 11.2 Land use concentration pattern
11.1 DESCRIPTION OF LAND USE Accordingly whole District is divided into

CONCENTRATION PATTERN four category; Agricultural, Non agricultural or urban,
Plantation and forest.
The land use concentration pattern is
derived on the basis of land use analysis. The Urban 11.2 DESCRIPTION OF FUTURE URBAN PROFILE
profile is determined by taking occupational structure
and hierarchy of settlements. The Functional There are four existing urban local bodies
classification is derived on the basis of population (four Municipalities) in the District. Based on the
distribution and land use. analysis, it is derived that 6 local bodies will attain
The land use concentration pattern given
urban character in the next two decades. The future
in figure 11.2 shows that most of the Plantation/ Forest
urban profile is shown in figure 11.3. The Panchayats of
activities are concentrated in the high land region of
Alathur, Pattambi and Mannarkkad will attain urban
the District. The urban activity is found to be
concentrated in Municipalities or local bodies near to character in 2011. The Panchayats of Pudussery ,
Municipalities. The agricultural activity is highly Koduvayur, Cheruplassery will attain urban status in
concentrated in the mid land region of the District. 2021.
District Spatial Plan - Palakkad ACTIVITY PATTERN 73
The classification of settlements as per the three

aspects is given in Table 11.1.
Table 11.1 Classification of Settlements
Urban Profile Land use Concentration Functional classification
Urban Non agriculture Urban
Non urban Agriculture Semi-urban
Forest Semi-rural
Plantation Rural
11.4 DETERMINATION OF ACTIVITY PATTERN
The activity pattern of the district is
derived based on the studies of landuse concentration
pattern, future urban profile and functional
classification as any of the folowing
1. Uraban activity
Fig. 11.3: Future Urban Profile 2. Secondary activity
11.3 DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTIONAL 3. Agriculture allied activity
CLASSIFICATION 4. Primary activity (Agriculture)
The spatial distribution of thesettlements 5. Agricultural activity non.detrimental to forest
based on its character shows a clear demarcation in the 11.4.1 URBAN ACTIVITY
pattern of the settlements in four categories (figure If the character of a settlement is Urban as
11.4). Palakkad and Chittur Thathamangalam per urban profile, non agricultural as per land use
Municipalities show urban character. Semi urban concentration and urban as per functional classification,
character is exhibited by Marutharoad and Pirayiri then that settlement can be termed as an urban activity
Grama Panchayats which are located near to Palakkad
area mainly service sector activities (table 11.2).
municipality. Most of the LSGs in the District exhibit
Table 11.2 Urban Activity
rural character. Semi rural character is seen in
Akathethara and Puthunagaram GramaPanchayats. Land use
Urban Functional
concentratio Main activity
Profile classification
n pattern
Non Urban and
Urban Urban
agricultural Tertiary activity
In such areas, the work force is
predominantly non agricultural as per urban profile and
there is concentration of non agricultural land uses (as
per land use concentration pattern). Some LSGs clearly
showing non urban character as per urban profile, may
be having major activity as urban in reality. Besides the
plot sizes and major land uses indicates the nature of
activity as urban, such area also delineated as urban
activity area. The urban activity area so delineated is
shown in figure 11.5.
The urban areas of the district coincides
with the Muncipal towns of the district viz Palakkad,
Fig. 11.4: Functional character of Settlements. Chittoor- Thathamangalam, Shornur and Ottapalam.
Only two gramapanchayats of the district are delineated

to be the secondary activity areas namely Akathethara
and Puthunagaram.
11.4.3 AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED ACTIVITY

The settlements which are non urban as
per urban profile, Agricultural/Plantation as per land
use concentration pattern and semi rural as per
functional classification are delineated to be the
Agricultural and allied activity areas of the district
(table.11.3).
Table 11.3. Agricultural and allied activity area
Urban Land Use Functional
Activity
Profile Concentration Classification
Agricultural &
Fig: 11.5 Urban Activity Areas Non Allied Activity
11.4.2 SECONDARY ACTIVITY Agri/Plantation Semi Rural
Urban Animal
The secondary activity areas of the district Husbandry
are the settlements with land use concentration
In this activity area majority of the workers
pattern as non agriculture/urban and functional
are either cultivators or agricultural labours. This area
classification as semi urban. As per the land use
is suitable for agricultural purpose, animal husbandry
concentration, there is concentration of non agriculture
and for small scale or village Industries.Figure 11.7
landuse and the major land use is residential. These
shows the Agriculture and allied activity areas of the
areas are suitable for secondary activity mainly small
scale and cottage Industries or service activities. The district.
secondary activity areas delineated as above is shown
in fig 11.6.
Figure 11.6 Secondary activity areas Figure 11.7 Agriculture and allied activity area
District Spatial Plan - Palakkad ACTIVITY PATTERN 75
Only two gramapanchayts of the district viz Pirayiri and Table 11.4 Primary Activity
Marutharoad are included in the Agriculture and Allied
Urban Land Use Functional
Activity area so delineated. Activity
Profile Concentration Classification
11.4.4 PRIMARY ACTIVITY Non Primary
Agri/Plantation Rural
Urban activity
If the character of a settlement is The figure shows that most of the LSGs in
agricultural as per land use concentration pattern and the midland areas of the district have primary activity
rural as per functional classification, the most suitable as the major activity.
activity in that settlement can be rural related 11.4.5 AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY NON
activities. Agricultural workers and cultivators are the DETRIMENTAL TO FOREST
predominant workers in these areas (as per urban Agriculture activity non detrimental to
profile this area is marked as non urban). There is forest is the major activity of a settlement if settlement
concentration of agricultural or plantation land use in is non urban as per urban profile , forest as per land
such areas (as per land use concentration pattern) and use concentration pattern and rural as per functional
plot sizes and major land uses indicate (as per functional classification. The most suitable activity in the area is
classification) the nature of activity as rural. Even if the rural activity, mainly agricultural and allied activities
character of a settlement is urban as per urban profile, which are non determental to forest. Where the
if the land use concentration pattern is agricultural and character of a settlement is rural as per functional
rural as per functional classification, that settlement is classification, it indicates the existence of significant
considered under Primary Activity Areas (table11.4). extent of agriculture land in the area. Hence agriculture
The area delineated accordingly is shown in figure11.8. will remain as a significant activity in such settlement
(Table 11.5). The area delineated is depicted in fig 11.9.
Fig: 11.8 Intensive Agricultural Activity areas or Primary Figure 11.9. Primary activity areas (Agricultual and allied
Activity areas activity)non detrimental to forest
Fig.11.10 Activity Pattern
11.5. INFERENCE Pudur,Agali,Sholayur,Malampuzha and Nelyampathy

The activity pattern of Palakkad District is Panchayats are coming under agriculture non
categorized in to urban, secondary,agriculture and allied detrimental to forest activity area.The remaining local
,agriculture non detrimental to forest and primary. The bodies are coming under Primary activity.The urban
secondary activities are present in Akathethara and activity areas of the district are the municipal towns of
Puthunagaram Panchayats. Marutharoad and Pirayiri the district. Most of the LSGs in the mid land regions of
Panchayats are in Agriculture and allied activity area. the district are included in the primary activity area.

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad SPATIAL STRUCTURE 77
Chapter 12
SPATIAL STRUCTURE
12.1. SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF THE DISTRICT are one I st order settlement, 4 second order
settlements and 8 third order settlements in the
The spatial structure of the district is derived
district as shown in figure 12.1.
mainly from the activity pattern, hierarchy of
settlements, hierarchy of nodes and connectivity.
The following aspects were studied in the
settlement analysis of the district
1. Land use distribution

2. Population distribution
3. Occupational structure
4. Functional character
5. Hierarchy of settlement
6. Hierarchy of nodes
7. Urban profile
12.1.1 HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
As per the settlement analysis the settlements

of the district is grouped in to four hierarchies. The
study of Hierarchy of settlement is explained in chapter
Fig. 12.1: Heirarchy Of Settlements
7. The Palakkad Municipality is the first order
settlement. Alathur, Shornur are the existing and 12.1.2. HIERARCHY OF NODES
nd
Mannarkkad, Chittur Thathamangalam are proposed II The Hierarchy of nodes is explained in chapter
order settlements. The settlements Kozhinjapara, 9. The extent of activity taking place in the node is
Kuzhalmannam, Kongadu, Nemmara, Vadakkenchery, indicated by the Hierarchy of nodes. The study of
Ottappalam, Cheruplassery, Pattambi are the IIIrd order Hierarchy of nodes derived that the Palakkad Municipal
proposed settlements. The remaining settlements are agglomeration area is the Ist order node of the district
coming under IVth order settlements. Generally there acting as a commercial centre serving the entire district.

78 SPATIAL STRUCTURE District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
There are five second order nodes and nine third order
nodes proposed for serving the entire area of the
district effectively by considering population
distribution, centrality and existing status of the nodes.
The suggested Hierarchy of nodes is shown in figure
12.2.
Fig 12.3 Activity pattern of the District

12.1.4 CONNECTIVITY
The proposed road network of the district is
derived based on the hierarchy of the settlements and
nodes. The proposed transportation network thus
emerged consist of a major network comprising of
radial roads and two sub major networks
supplementing the major network and giving direct
connectivity to higher order nodes and settlements.
The proposed road network pattern in shown
figure12.4
Fig 12.2 Suggested hierarchy of nodes
12.1.3 ACTIVITY PATTERN
The Activity Pattern of the district is analyzed

based on the land use concentration pattern, functional
character and future urban profile. Accordingly the
major activities of the settlements of the district are
identified to be urban activity, primary activity,
secondary activity, agriculture and allied activity or
activity non detrimental to forest. The final activity
pattern of the district emerging out by superimposing
the activities is shown in figure 12.3. Fig 12.4 Proposed Transportation Network
District Spatial Plan - Palakkad SPATIAL STRUCTURE 79
Fig 12.5 Spatial structure of Palakkad District
12.1.5 SPATIAL STRUCTURE based on the activity pattern, hierarchy of settlements,

hierarchy of nodes and future transportation network.
The activity pattern, road network and
In other words the spatial structure describes the
hierarchy of settlements are overlayed and the spatial
activity pattern, hierarchy of nodes, hierarchy of
structure of the district emerged out is shown in figure
settlements and proposed network pattern of the
12.5.
district. The spatial structure gives a frame work for
12.2 INFERENCE determining the location of future development
The spatial structure of the district is evolved activities rationally.

80 FINDINGS District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Chapter 13
FINDINGS
13.1. POPULATION d) The district is one of the main granaries of Kerala
and its economy is primarily agricultural.
a) Palakkad District situated almost in the centre
of the state has no coast line. The district opens e) Palakkad is identified as a Backward District in
the state to the rest of the country through the the country under the Backward Districts
Palakkad Gap. This 32 to 40 Km wide gap in the Initiative under Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana. The
Western Ghats is perhaps the most influential only other district identified from Kerala for
factor for the unique characteristics of the the purpose is Wayanadu.
district such as climate, commercial as well as
13.2. OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
cultural exchanges between the state and the
rest of the country. a) Work Participation Rate of the District (36.20%)
is higher than that of the state (32.30%). This
b) The total geographical area of the district is
4480 Sq.km representing 11.53% of the indicates the District has more potential in total
Geographical area of the state. The total work force. Similarly share of main workers is
population of Palakkad district as per 2001 also higher than that of the State figure. In the
census is 2617482, which is 8.22% of the total State 25.87% of the population are main
population of the state. workers, the corresponding figure of the
c) The population density of Palakkad district (584 District is 29.37%. The growth rate of workers
pp/sq km) is lesser than that of the state (813 during 91-2001 (11.82%) is greater than growth
pp/km). The net density of population of the rate of Total Population (9.87%) of the district
district is worked out as 1766 pp/sq km. The indicating work opportunities increasing at a
District shows population growth rate slightly faster rate than the rate of increase of
higher than that of the state with a growth rate population.
of 9.86% during 1991-2001. The corresponding
b) 44% of the total workers of the district are
figure for the state is 9.43%. The highest
engaged in Agricultural activities (as agriculture
population concentration is seen in LSGs in the
labours and cultivators). This is highest in the
periphery of Palakkad Municipality, the District
state. This indicates the potential of
head quarters and LSGs in the North West
portion of the District. Similarly the west Agricultural sector in the district. However,
portion of the District, especially LSGs during 1991 2001, the share of Agricultural
surrounding Shornur municipality, has higher labours and cultivators show declining trend
population concentration. (44% to 35% and 12% to 9% respectively).

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad FINDINGS 81
c) Among the total workers only 3% of the workers 13.4. FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER
are engaged in house hold industries and the
The study of settlements based on functional
same figure sustain from 1991 to 2001.
Household Industrial workers are concentrated character defines the character of settlements in four
in mid & high land region. The maximum categories. Palakkad Municipality and Chittur-
concentration is in Tarur, Kodumbu and Thathamangalam municipality possess urban
Elappully Grama Panchayats character. Mainly the district shows rural character with
93% LSGs of the district showing rural character.
d) The only sector that shows growth is the tertiary
(service) sector. The rural areas of the district Marutharoad and Pirayiri Grama Panchayats, which are
also are akin to this trend. adjacent to Palakkad Municipality, show semi urban
character. Similarly Akathethara Grama Panchayat
13.3. LAND USE adjacent to Palakkad Municipality and Pudunagaram
Grama Panchayat adjacent to Chittur-Thathamangalam
a) Palakkad district shows predominance in rural
land uses and still have potential for rural possess semi rural character. The functional character
activities. Nearly 41% of the total area of the of settlements contributes an idea about the likely
district is under residential/agricultural mix economic base of each local government.
and nearly 17% of land coming under pure
13.5. HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
agricultural activities. Plantations account for
another 4.67% of the districts landuse. The
As per the existing and suggested hierarchyof
plantations are concentrated in North West and
settlements evolved based on facilities Palakkad
South portion of the District. These analysis
Municipality is the single first order settlement of the
shows that the District has high potential in
agricultural activities. The major crops are district. As per the hierarchy of settlements suggested
Coconut (28%), Paddy (25%), mixed crop (22%) for equitable distribution of facilities there are four
and Rubber (16%). second order settlements and eight third order
settlements in the district.
b) Rice bowl of Kerala is the synonym for Palakkad.
Main occupation of the District is agriculture. 13.6. LEVEL OF URBANIZATION
Land utilisation pattern of the district show that Palakkad district shows a lesser level of
net cultivated area of the district is 204787 urbanization compared to the state average. The future
hectares i.e. 40% of the total geographical area. urban profile of the district evolved through various
Cultivable wasteland is 23591 Ha, fallow land criteria shows that the district will have 6 more urban
12455 Ha. Fallow other than current fallow is local bodies by 2021.
9283 hectare and all together which can be
made cultivable is 45329 hectare (10%) of total 13.7. ACTIVITY PATTERN
area. The activity pattern of the district evolved
through integration of land use concentration pattern,
c) Among the total area of the District forest area future urban profile and functional classification shows
comes to 28% which is concentrated in the a clear demarcation of areas of concentration of urban
North and South portion of the District and is activity, agricultural activity, agriculture and allied
one of the main environmentally sensitive area activities etc. making it possible to assign definite
of the district. development to each portion of the district.

82 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Chapter 14
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
14.1 DEVELOPMENT GOALS Thus the major development goals for the District
The findings derived from the settlement Spatial Plan for Palakkad are
studies evolve that the district has much resource
Optimum utilization of resources for economic
potential to support socioeconomic development.
development with social justice in a sustainable
Analysis derive that Palakkad district has
manner
more potential for rural activities with 93 % of the LSGs
of the district exhibiting functional character as Rural. Attain a certain level of self sufficiency in production
In other words, primary sector has a considerable role sector
in the districts economy. In primary sector of the
district, agriculture is the main activity and it indicates Ensure balanced development through equitable
that there is a scope for strengthening the role of spatial distribution of facilities
agriculture sector as one of the economic bases of the
Enhance and ensure local economic growth to create
district. This situation will result in creation of more
better opportunities to the people
employment opportunities for the people of the
district. Enhance the socio economic development level of
Palakkad Municipality and surrounding the district
LSGs are seats of multiple urban functions. Constitution
14.2 DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES
of an urban agglomeration with Palakkad Municipality
and potential areas around it will cater the demand for In order to achieve the goals, set above
various higher order facilities of the districts development objectives are to be generated from the
population. In order to ensure balanced development findings evolved from the settlement analysis and
of the district some other economic development planning parameters.
centers are suggested to cater the demand for second
One of the goals for District Spatial Plan is
order and third order functions in the other parts of
the optimum utilization of resources with social justice
the district.
in a sustainable manner.Palakkad district contributes
Palakkad district is rich in agricultural
14.29% of the GDP of the State and is ranked 9th in the
activities and this status need to be sustained. At the State in this respect.9.51% of the GDP of the district is
same time Palakkad district is economically backward contributed by secondary sector and is ranked 13th in
compared to other districts of the state. So there is a the State during the period 2008-09.
A spatial concentration of tertiary and
challenge to develop Palakkad District to attain the
secondary activities is visible in Palakkad Coimbatore
level of other districts in socio-economic development
corridor and the corridor is developing into a vibrant
pattern. region of economic development.

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 83
This corridor will act as a major generator of economic and rice production of the state. The mixed land use
momentum for the district and special planning category Res/Agri Mix comes to 40.57% of the districts
measures are to be adopted to develop this area. land which is 12.05% of the States land under this use.
The analysis of the occupational structure These indicate that agricultural activities still have
of the District shows some specialties of the district potential in the district.
which emphasis need for carefull consideration about
The highest population growth rate in the
the economic base of the district. Palakkad occupies
district is seen in those LSGs adjacent to Palakkad,
the first position among the districts in the percentage
of Agricultural labors (33%). The district recorded the Ottappalam and Shoranur municipalities. A notable
3rd rank in total female participation rate (36.11 & 21.2 trend is that the LSGs showing highest growth rate are
%) and 5th in male work participation rate (51.99%). The along the National High ways and State High ways.
district ranks 4th in urban and rural work participation It is observed from studies that the
rate (33.88%, 36.46% respectively). The percentage of migrants in the district prefer to live in the periphery
main workers (81.3%) of the district stands in 6 th of urban areas rather than within urban LSGs. The
position in the State. The growth rate of the workers
tendency will result in undesirable spread of urban area
during 91-01 (11.82%) is greater than growth rate of
and conversion of agricultural land in rural areas for
total population (9.8%) of the district. The percentage
of workers in Primary sectors of production namely residential and other non agricultural purpose, even
cultivators and agricultural labors shows declining though the district shows lesser level of urbanization
trend. During 1991-2001 the percentage of cultivators compared to State average. This will reflect as
declined from 12% to 9% and that of agricultural destruction of the economic base of rural area.
labourers declined from 44% to 35%. The main workers The study of existing hierarchy of
also shows declining trend during 1991-2001. Thus
settlement shows that there is uneven distribution of
eventhough the WPR is increasing, the share of main
higher order settlements which do not follow the
workers is reducing with a corresponding increase in
the number of marginal workers. In otherwords, full population distribution thus creating imbalance in
time employment is getting reduced. Many potential spatial structure. Hence there is need for planned
workers are getting only marginal employment. A hierarchy of settlement for the district to attain
gradual shift/ withdrawal from the agricultural sector equitable distribution of facilities and balanced
can also be observed. But there is no change in the development.
percentage of workers engaged in household industries
which is constant at 3%. The only sector that shows The existing connectivity pattern is not sufficient
growth is the service or tertiary sector. The disturbing for easy movement of people, goods and service.
trend in agriculture sector will reflect in the resource Therefore, a planned connectivity network is
utilization and economic base of the district. essential which takes in to account the future
The study of land use shows that land under requirements based on spatial structure of the
agriculture is predominant in the district with respect district.
to State. Palakkad district has 20.45% of the total
Thus the major development objectives are
agricultural land of the State. 16.91% of the areas of
the district are under agricultural use. Palakkad has first 1. To improve local economy by increasing
rank in the production of rice in the state. The district production and productivity in agricultural
accounts for 41% of the total paddy cultivation area and allied sectors.

84 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
2. To promote traditional and small scale economic base mainly through strengthening
industries with a focus on employment production sector
generation.
6. To develop the Palakkad-Coimbatore corridor
3. To attain a certain level of self sufficiency as a generator of economic momentum.
especially in primary sector of production.
7. To achieve equitable distribution of facilities
4. To take all possible measures to suatain through a net work of regional/sub-regional
cultivation of paddy in the existing paddylands and service centres which are linked to the
of the district so that the status of the district service region through rational transportation
as Rice bowl of Kerala is sustained. network.
5. To selectively concentrate urban and rural 8. To conserve the environmentally sensitive

economic activities and diversify the forest areas of the district

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad TENTATIVE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT 85
Chapter 15
TENTATIVE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT
15.1 INTRODUCTION settlements viz Kozhinjapara, Kuzhalmannam, Kongad,
Nemmara, Vadakkanchery, Ottappalam, Cherplassery
The settlement studies proved that the district
and Pattambi are supposed to provide third order
has resource potential, predominantly in primary
facilities in their respective service areas. All the
sector, which can be optimally utilized to make the
remaining LSGs of the district are identified as fourth
district self sufficient to attain the goals of socio-
order settlements.
economic development. Based on the findings of
The major nodes of the districts are also
settlement analysis, the goals and objectives of the
categorized into three hierarchies. There are 15 major
District Spatial Plan for Palakkad district are set. Now
nodes listed in the district in which only one is higher
the ways and means to achieve them have to be
order, 5 are second order and rest of them are third
explored. In other words the required development
order.
framework for integrated development of the district
A district level road network with a major
has to be decided, or the concept of development has
network comprising of radial roads (NH and SH) and
to be derived. This is attempted in this chapter.
two sub major networks supplementing the major
15.2 DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT FORMATION network and giving direct connectivity to higher order
The development concept has to be derived by
nodes and settlements are suggested.
incorporating the findings of settlement studies and
The activity pattern of the district suggests the
the spatial analysis of production sectors in the spatial
major economic activity in each LSG.
structure of the district and that of the macro region. In
the case of Palakkad, the sectoral studies are yet to be 15.3 TENTATIVE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT
completed. Hence, in the absence of sectoral analyses The tentative development concept for
regarding various sectors only a tentative development Palakkad district is framed by integrating all the above
concept can be derived at this stage. factors with the development goals and objectives set
The spatial structure of the district derived for the district.
through the settlement analysis consists of hierarchy The aspects considered for formulation of the
of settlements and nodes, connectivity net work and
development concept are :-
activity pattern. The suggested hierarchy of the
- Optimum utilization of resources through the
settlements of the district categorizes the settlements
integration of various predominant
into four. Palakkad Municipality is the only first order
potential resources.
settlement which is supposed to provide higher order
- Ensuring the local economic development and
facilities to the entire district. The second order
generation of better opportunities.
settlements are Shornur, Alathur, Chittur-
Thathamangalam, and Mannarkkad. These settlements - Protection of environmentally sensitive areas
are supposed to provide second order facilities in their - Conservation of potential agricultural areas
respective service areas. Similarly the eight third order - Attain a certain level of self sufficiency

86 TENTATIVE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
- Distribution of facilities in an equitable and

balanced manner.
The development concept for Palakkad District
is formulated through synthesis of following factors
viz. the environmentally sensitive areas, resource
pattern of the district derived through study of land
use & the work force pattern, spatial structure of the
district and that of the macro region. Figure 15.1
schematically shows the formation of development
concept.
As per the tentative development concept
framed, five development zones are delineated in the
district. The future hierarchy of each settlement and
node along with the future transportation network
required for linking the planned higher order
settlements and nodes are also components of the
tentative development concept. A development zone
is delineated by grouping the settlements possessing
similar major economic activity pattern as per spatial Fig 15.1: Spatial structure of Palakkad district
analysis. The tentative development concept specifies The tentative development concept for
the thrust development sector of each Grama Palakkad district is shown in figure 15.2. The list of LSGs
Panchayat or Municipality. in each development zone is given in Annexe 15
Fig 15.2: formation of development concept

Fig 15.3:Development Concept of Palakkad District

15.4. DEVELOPMENT ZONES no activity that causes deforestation of any kind shall
The development zones evolved for Palakkad district be permitted. Afforestation, plantation, cultivation of
are as follows: crops like Rubber, Pineapple and Pepper are found
1. Environmental concern zone most suitable in the non forest areas of this zone. Forest
2. Agricultural Promotion zone related activities including eco tourism, Aromatic &
3. Agro allied economic zone Medicinal plant cultivation, small scale HH industry
4. Multi functional zone based on natural resources of the region, outlets for
5. Economic development corridor forest related products, watershed related activity &
15.4.1. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN ZONE soil conservation etc may also be promoted. Agriculture
In order to preserve the environmentally and Allied activity non detrimental to forests can be
sensitive areas of the district so as to ensure sustainable promoted as supporting activity in this zone while
development, areas where environmentally sensitive deforestation, wet land reclamation, industrialization,
land uses are concentrated are delineated as urbanisation etc will be restricted here.
Environmental Concern Zone. This zone includes the 15.4.2. AGRICULTURAL PROMOTION ZONE
natural forests and inland water bodies of the district. As per the spatial analysis of settlement studies
The forest is concentrated in northern and southern the areas of predominantly paddy cultivation are
parts of the district in Pudur, Sholayur, Malampuzha, concentrated in particular area and the area is
Agali & Nelliyampathy Grama Panchayats. In this zone delineated as Agricultural Promotion Zone. The zone
clearly can be earmarked as southern portion of the IST ORDER MULTI FUNCTIONAL ZONE
Palakkad municipality and spreads between Alathur in Palakkad Municipality is the only first order
the west to Vadakarapathy in the east. Even though settlement in the district and is located almost in the
paddy cultivation is the predominant activity of the geographic centre of the district. It is the single first
zone, coconut, areca nut and banana cultivation also order settlement of the district. Palakkad Municipal
may be permitted in the zone without disturbing the area is included in the 1st order multi functional zone
predominant paddy cultivation. Providing agricultural due to its multifunctional character (specialized and
infrastructure like wholesale markets, seed centers, regional level facilities, status as administrative head
warehousing facilities etc for supporting the quarters, trade and commercial centre of the district
agricultural activities shall be given priority in this zone. and art and cultural centre). This zone will act as a
service centre for the entire district. For the optimum
This zone is also suitable for animal husbandry related
utilization of the urban potential of the zone suitable
activities.
projects and programmes are to be implemented in the
zone.
15.4.3 AGRO ALLIED ECONOMIC ZONE
II ND ORDER MULTIFUNCTIONAL ZONE
The middle portions of the district, north of The second order urban facilities, which are to
Palakkad municipality, where agriculture and allied be provided, are included in the II nd order multi
activities are dominated are delineated as agro allied functional zones. As per future urban profile of the
economic zone. This zone is suitable for cultivation of district the municipalities of Chittur-Thathamangalam,
crops like paddy, coconut, areca nut, rubber etc. Animal Shornur and Ottappalam and the Grama Panchayats of
husbandry activities, agro based industries; Alathur, Pattambi, Mannarkkad, Koduvayur and
agriculturalsupporting facilities, whole sale markets Cherplasery are the second order settlements
and ware house are also suitable for this zone. The suggested in the district. These LSGs are included in
Grama Panchayats included in this zone are listed in the IInd order multi functional zone. This zone will act as
Annexe 15 a service centre for the hinterlands and this zone is very
much suitable for industries utilizing agricultural
15.4.4 MULTI FUNCTIONAL ZONE produces of hinterland.
The existing municipal areas and those LSGs 15.4.5 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CORRIDOR
ZONE
which are expected to attain municipal status as per
Due to locational advantages, the tertiary and
future urban profile of the district are delineated as
secondary activities (especially industrial activity to
multifunctional zone. The existing municipalities are
cater economic development) are more concentrated
Palakkad, Chittur-Thathamangalam, Ottappalam,
in the district along the Palakkad-Coimbatore stretch
Shornur. The Grama Panchayats of Alathur, Pattambi,
of NH 47. This zone is influenced by Coimbatore in
Mannarkkad, Koduvayur and Cherplasery are expected
Tamilnadu state and acts as a development corridor.
to attain urban status in the next two decades. These Pudussery Panchayat is included in this zone where
LSGs are included in this zone. Pudussery Panchayat is industrial activities, especially large scale industries are
also found to attain municipal status as per the future concentrated in the district and are being attracted to
urban profile of the district, but not included in the this zone has got wide influence area in terms of
delineated multifunctional zone as the Panchayat is employment generated, resources utilized and
included in economic development corridor. products marketed so as to play a key role to generate
Multifunctional zone is again classified into two the economic growth and employment opportunities.
categories according to hierarchy of settlement viz This zone is suitable for locating new large /medium
multifunctional zone 1st order and multi functional 2nd scale industries, industrial parks, special economic
order. zones etc.
15.5.HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
The proposed hierarchy of settlements
required for a balanced distribution of facilities to all
the local self governments in the district is suggested
grouping settlements into four hierarchies and by a
system of regional centre, sub-regional centres and
service centres.
15.5.1.REGIONAL CENTRE
Palakkad Municipality, the 1st order settlement
in the district with the entire district as its service area
is proposed as the Regional Centre. Palakkad
Municipality is geographicaly located about the centre
of the district and major higher order urban facilities
are to be provided by this centre and it will reflect the
entire economic development of the district.
15.5.2.SUB-REGIONAL CENTRES
The suggested 2nd order settlements of the
district are
1. Alathur Grama Panchayat
2. Shornur Municipality
3. Mannarkkad Grama Panchayat Fig .15.4: Hierarchy of settlements
4. Chittur - Thathamangalam Municipality The transport net work is proposed in such a
nd
Each of these II order settlements has an way that proper linkages between Regional, Sub
identifiable service area. Alathur, Shornur, Mannarkkad regional and Service centers are ensured and is shown
and Chittur Thathamangalam are identified as the in Figure 15.5.
sub-regional centres of the district. They shall provide
second order facilities like Taluk hospitals, marketing
facilities etc to the LSGs in their respective service
areas.
15.5.3. SERVICE CENTRES
Following centres are identified as the
Service Centres of the district:
1. Kozhinjampara
2. Kuzhalmannam
3. Kongad
4. Nemmara
5. Vadakkanchery
6. Ottappalam
7. Cherplassery
8. Pattambi
15.6. TRANSPORTATION NETWORK

In accordance with the development concept,
the required road and rail net works are described
below. Fig 15.5 Future transportation network with hierarchy of nodes

15.7. DISTRIBUTION OF PROJECTED POPULATION In the multi functional zone urban activities are
IN DEVELOPMENT ZONES dominating over rural activities. Hence there will
As per the development concept, Palakkad is beenhancement in the number of workers mainly in
divided in to 5 development zone as below secondary and tertiary sectors in this zone with
consequent increase in population.
1. Environmental Concern Zone
2.Agricultural Promotion Zone In the economic development corridor
3.Agro allied economic zone secondary and tertiary activities will be promoted.
4.Multi functional zone Hence there will be enhancement in the number of
5.Economic development corridor workers and consequent increase in population.
The development zones have their own

Table 15.1 shows likely influence of
development potential and this has to be taken into
development on population growth and occupational
account in ascertaining the future population
structure in each zone.
distribution within the district. Other factors to be
considered in the projection of population and its Table 15.1: Influence of development on popu-
distribution are the future urban scenario and the lation growth and occupational structure
character of development in each zone.
Considering the future urban scenario the

population in the district is to be so redistributed thatit
has more concentration in multi functional zones
andeconomic development corridor, comparatively
less concentration in agro allied development zone and
even lesser concentration in Environmental Concern
Zone and Agricultural Promotion Zone.
According to the character of development

zone in Environmental Concern Zone only notional
growth in population and slight increase in agricultural
workers are expected. Table 15.2: Zone wise population
In Agricultural Promotion Zone intensive paddy

cultivation is proposed. This will bring in more
cultivators and agricultural labours into this zone and
so there will be notional growth of population in this
zone.
The agro allied development zone is suitable
for cultivation of crops like paddy, coconut, arecanut
etc. Animal husbandry activities and agro based
industries like food processing are found suitable in
this zone. Hence increase in the work force is expected
in this zone and as a result an increase in population is
expected.
The table reveals that only about 18% of the based population growth during the plan period,
present population is in the zones where enhanced average decadal population growth in Environmental
growth is anticipated as per the development concept. Concern Zone and Agricultural Promotion Zone is
The population growth rate for these zones will be near calculated to be 2.68 % and 3.17% respectively.
to the upper limit of the deduced population growth In the case of multi functional zone and
rate ie. 9.86%. Economic development corridor zone enhanced
The projected population growth rate for these growth rate is expected at the rate of 9.86%.
zones is shown as table 15.3 In agro allied development zone enhanced
Table 15.3: Projected population growth rate growth rate is expected. The present population
of zones showing accelerated growth growth rate of the zone is 12.5%. However the trend
based future growth rate of the zone is only 1.84%.
1991 2001 2011 2021
This zone, as per the Development Concept, is expected
16.52 9.86 9.86 9.86 to have Slight Enhanced growth. Hence the average of
For the remaining parts of the district the the trend based growth rate of population (5.15%)
trend based growth rate of population will be taken as derived in Chapter 3 is assigned to this zone.
the future growth rate. (see table15.4) The trend based population growth rate and
Table 15.4: Trend based projected population accelerated population growth rate calculated zone
growth rate zone wise wise is shown in table 15.5.
Table 15.5: Induced projected population
growth rate zone wise
The projected population is distributed among

different zones taking into account the existing
population growth rate, the trend based projected
population growth rate and the type of development Zone wise population based on the projected
envisaged in each zone as per the development accelerated growth rate is shown in table 15.6
concept.
According to the development concept the Table 15.6: Projected population zone wise
development activities are limited in the
Environmental Concern Zone and only natural growth
is expected in the population. Average decadal
population growth rate of Environmental Concern Zone
and Agricultural Promotion Zones are 5.47% and 7.3%
respectively during 1991-2001. Assuming only trend

The change in scenario of the population Existing trend of work participation rate and
distribution within the district due to projected existing occupational structure of the district are
population is depicted by the change in zone wise analyzed in chapter 4. The occupational structure is
percentage of population and population density. It is shown in fig15.6.
shown in table 15.7 and table 15.8.
Table 15.7: % of projected population zone
wise
Fig 15.6 Occupational structure (existing)

The work participation rate of Palakkad district
from 1981 to 2001 is shown in fig 15.7 with participation
rate increasing from 35.4% in 1981 to 36.2% to 2001. If
the same trend continues work participation rate at
the end of plan period (2021) will be about 38% (fig
Table 15.8: Population density zone wise 15.8).
Fig15.7 Work Force Participation Rate
15.8. DISTRIBUTION OF PROJECTED OCCUPATIONAL

STRUCTURE
The occupation structure of an area is
determined by the constituent category of workers in
the area. The development concept will generate
employment opportunity and consequently there will
be enhanced workforce participation. The trend based
projected work participation rate can be taken as the
lower limit of the work participation rate at the end of
the plan period on the assumption that the accelerated
work participation rate will be higher than this. Fig15. 8Work Force Participation Rate- projected

Due to the likely impact of the future determination of future economy, future work
development in the occupational structure increase in participation rate, spatial distribution of work force and
strength of work force is expected in 4 out of 5 the type of future development activities likely to
development zones. This will surely increase the work happen in that area accordingly to the development
participation rate significally well above trend based concept.
projected work participation rate of 36%. It is accepted The table15.11 express that the Agro allied
development zone & agricultural promotion zone
that work participation rate of 40% indicates a well off
constitute about 56.72% of the total area of the district
society as far as the job opportunities are concerned.
and that this area accommodate 79.04% of the total
The present Work participation rate of Palakkad district
population of the district.
is 36.2% and attaining WPR of 40 % by two decade is
difficult. So a the targeted WPR of district is assumed Table 15.11: Development zone wise area and
to be 38% (two percentage above the lower limit of population
36%). Assuming a uniform increase in the work
participation rate, the projected work participation rate
of the district is shown in table 15.9.
Table 15.9: Projected value of WPR
1981 1991 2001 2011 2021
WPR 35.4 35.5 36.2 37.05 38
Zone wise distribution of WPR based on
2001 census data given in table 15.10
Table 15.10: WPR zone wise _ existing scenario
Zone Populati Total WPR

on in workers
2001
Environmentally 42183 47.22
concern zone (zone A) 89318
Agricultural promotion 627415 259687 41.38 In the Agricultural Promotion Zone and agro
(zone B) allied economic zone , increase in agricultural laborers
Agro allied economic 144146 490181 34 and cultivators are expected and only a marginal
zone (zone C) 7
increase in house hold industrial workers and other
Multi functional zone 413640 133854 32.36
(zone D) workers are expected. In the multi functional zones
Economic development 45642 19147 41.95 and economic development corridor zone, significant
corridor (zone E) increase in industrial workers are expected. In
Environmental Concern Zone, only moderate change
The Multi functional zone and Economic
in occupational structure is expected.
development corridor zone are mainly urban activity
To arrest the trend of migration from urban to
(Secondary & Tertiary) areas where as Agricultural
Promotion Zone and agro allied development zone are rural areas, it is assumed that the work participate rate
rural activity areas of the district as per the in both urban and rural area have the same value. But
development concept. The development objective of in agricultural promotion zone and agro allied
diversification of economic base of urban and rural development zone the work participation rate is
areas and protection of the environmentally sensitive assumed to continue as at present. At the same time
area of the district will have a direct bearing in the the combined average work participation of the district
shall be 36%. The projected values are shown in The projected main worker are calculated
Table15.12. from the projected total workers based on the main
Table 15.12: Combined average WPR zone to marginal workers ratio deduced from the previous
wise _ existing and projected decades data (Table 15.15). The zone wise main
workers are calculated from the total workers, taking
into account the main to marginal workers ratio It is
shown in table 15.16
Table 15.15: Main to marginal workers ratio
The zone wise work force participation rate is

projected taking in to account the combined average
of work participation rate and the district average of
46%.
Table 15.16:Zone wise mainworkers(projected)
The zone wise participation rate so projected
is tabulated in the table15.13
Table 15.13: WPR zone wise _ projected for 2021
Total number of workers projected based on

the projected work participation rate is shown in table
15.14 15.9. INFERENCE
Table 15.14: zone wise workers _ projected for The development concept helps to achieve
2021 the goals and objectives of the District Spatial Plan.
The tendative development concept is derived by in
corporating the findings of settlement studies and
spatial structure of the district in the absence of
sectoral analysis. F ive development zones are
deliniated in the district viz Environmental concern
zone, Agricutural promotion zone, Agro allied
economic zone, Multifunctional zone and Economic
development corridor. The future hierarchy of each
settlement and node along with the future transport
network required for linking the planned higherorder
settlements and nodes are also contained in the
development concept. the nature of development
envisaged in each LSG depends on which zone the
particular LSG belongs to.
The future pattern of population distribution district is expected to increase from 36.2 in 2001 to 38
within the district would be such that it has more in 2021. The development proposals in agriculture
concentration in multi functional zones and economic sector are the major component in increasing the work
development corridor, less concentration in agro allied participation rate. The expected boost in agricultural
economic zone and agricultural promotion zone and activities cause to arrest the decline in the economic
even lesser concentration in Environmental Concern base of the district. The district will enrich its role as
Zone. the rice bowl of the state in future according to the
The work force participation rate in Palakkad development concept.

96 DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIVES District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
Chapter 16
DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIVES
16.1. INTRODUCTION 16.2. GENERAL POLICY
Based on the issues, problems and potentials Within the framework of Goals, Objectives and the
evolved from the study of settlements and within the Development Concept the general District
frame work of the goals and objectives, the key Development Policy can be stated as
sectors, where planning interventions are required
Economic development of the district by 2021
are identified. We have the spatial structure of the
district which is evolved from the hierarchy of with optimum production focusing on primary sector,
settlements, connectivity and activity pattern. The while maintaining an eco friendly environment and
environmental aspects of the district are also studied. equitable distribution of facilities enabling people to
Based on the above, and incorporating the spirit of live a better quality life.
the development goals, development concept has
16.3. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES 2021
been formulated. Subsequently development zones
were delineated, transferring the development Future development strategies for the
concept into ground. Now, based on the tentative district have been formulated based on findings of
development concept, development policies have to analysis, development concept and the development
be framed. This chapter attempt to develop the policy. In view of the development policy the
General Policies and Strategies for integrated and
strategies are grouped as follows:
concept based planned development of the District.
The desirable directions of future development of the i. Environmental Protection & Sustainable
district, evolved in the District Spatial Plan are also Development Strategies
summed up in this chapter. To attain long-term sustainability of natural
The aspects considered for deriving the resources, the land utilization pattern must be
development concept are listed here under. designed to ensure that the natural basis of living is
sustained in the long run, i.e. the use of land should
- Optimum utilization of resources through the
integration of various predominant correspond to its natural potential.
potential resources. Surveillance of natural eco systems and
- Ensuring the local economic development and unique bio diversity in the western ghat area
generation of better opportunities. of the district.
- Protection of environmentally sensitive areas
Conservation of paddy lands of the district
- Distribution of facilities in an equitable and
which act as food granaries of the state
balanced manner.
- Conservation of potential agricultural areas Protecting flora, fauna, water and soil
- Attain a certain level of self sufficiency through traditional methods.

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIVES 97
Conservation of water bodies and natural iii. Strategies for provision of equitable
drainage networks.
distribution of facilities
Abatement of water, air and noise pollution.
Providing a hierarchial system of
ii Strategies to enhance the economic growth
through optimum utilization of resources settlements/nodes supported with a
network of transport corridors so as to ensure
Develop agricultural sector as the major equitable distribution of facilities in the
economic base of the District as most of the agricultural district
areas of the district are concentrated in the agricultural 16.4 DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIVES
promotion zone of the district and general character of
most of the settlements is rural. This can be achieved The District Spatial Plan for Palakkad aim at
through: planned sustainable and integrated spatial

development of the district. In connection with the
Developing sustainable agriculture which
involves three aspects: an economically preparation of the Plan detailed studies of the profile
viable agricultural production system, the and regional setting of the district, trend and level of
maintenance or enhancement of the natural
urbanization in the district, economic base and regional
resource base and eco-systems affected by
agricultural activities, and the provision of connectivity of the district etc were conducted leading
natural amenities, including landscapes.
to evolution of functional character and hierarchy of
Conversion of fallow land and waste land into settlements of the district. Further the activity pattern
agricultural land
of each Local Government is evolved by integrating
Restrict diversion of prime agricultural land urban profile (urban/non urban), functional character
for other purposes
(Urban/Semi Urban/Semi Rural/Rural) and land use
Adoption of modernization techniques to
concentration pattern (Urban/Agricultural/Plantation/
improve production of crops.
forest) of Local Governments in the district. The spatial
Develop agro based industries and food
processing units in the Agricultural structure of the district is evolved by integrating the
Promotion Zone and Agro allied economic activity pattern, regional connectivity and hierarchy of
zone so as to increase the income of the
district. settlements. The development goals and objectives of
the district were derived based on findings of various
Developing Palakkad - Coimbatore corridor
as an Economic Development Corridor studies. The tentative development concept of the
through various measures such as district is formulated by synthesis of findings of studies
Promoting industries, industrial parks, in the orbit of goals and objectives over the district
Special Economic Zones (SEZs), IT & Info platform. The development concept so derived will
Parks, etc provide the required frame work for integrated
Enhance the small scale and house hold development of the district. Broad development policy
industrial activities which support value for the district and the strategies to achieve them were
addition of agricultural products. also framed.
The general directions of development of the nodes are planned (See fig 14.9 of Chapter 14). A
district evolved as the outcome of the above are development zone is delineated by grouping the
consolidated hereunder: settlements possessing similar major economic activity
pattern as per the settlement studies. In other words,
16.4.1 FUTURE URBAN PROFILE
the thrust development sector of each Grama
Palakkad district shows even a less level of Panchayat or Municipality is specified.
urbanization compared to the state average. The future The development zones evolved for Palakkad
urban profile of the district evolved through various district are as follows:
criteria shows that the district will have 6 more urban 1. Environmental concern zone
local bodies by 2021. 2. Agricultural Promotion zone
Following are the local governments expected 3. Agro allied economic zone
to define the future urban profile of the District. 4. Multi functional zone
5. Economic development corridor
1. Alathur
The Development Zones evolved for Palakkad
2. Pattambi
district and the nature of developments suggested in
3. Mannarkkad
each zone are as given in Table 16.2
4. Pudussery
5. Koduvayur Table 16.2 Nature of developments suggested
in various development zones
6. Cherpulassery
7. Ottappalam municipality Sl. Development
Nature of developments suggested
8. Shorannur municipality No zones
Developments that will not adversely
Table 16.1: future urban profile of the district affect the environmental concerns of
the area viz. cultivation, forest related
LSGs to get urban status LSGs to get urban status Environmental
Existing Urban 1 primary activities including eco tourism;
concern zone
by 2011 by 2021 Aromatic & medicinal plant cultivation, a
Palakkad municipality Alathur Pudussery forestation, plantation etc as the case
may be.
Chittor- Agriculture related activities, Small scale
Thathamangalam Pattambi Koduvayur Agricultural industries promote value addition of
2
promotion zone production from agriculture and animal
municipality husbandry
Ottappalam Economic
Mannarkkad Cherpulassery Large and medium scale industries,
3 Development
Municipality Industrial park, IT & Info parks etc...
corridor
Shornur Municipality Multifunction First order service activities to cater the
4
Zone I demand of the entire district population
The future urban profile of the district is given Second order service activities to cater
Multifunction
5 demand from the respective service
Zone II
as Fig 11.3 of Chapter 11 areas
16.4.2 DEVELOPMENT ZONES

As per the tentative development concept The Development Zone in which each local
derived for Palakkad district, the district is divided into government of the district is included is given in Table
five development zones and future hierarchy of each 15.1 of Chapter 15.
settlement and node are set and a future transportation The functions of settlements and key sector of
network connecting the higher order settlements and local government are given in Table 16.3

Table 16.3 Function of settlements

Sl.No Name of local body functions key sectors 51 VELLINEZHI
1 PUDUR Plantation cultivation of 52 SREEKRISHNAPURAM
2 AGALI Rubber, pepper etc, eco 53 OPOOKOTTUKAVU
3 SHOLAYUR tourism, natural 54 AMBALAPARA
4 MALAMPUZHA Rural resource based small 55 LAKKIDI-PERUR
5 NELLIYAMPATHY scale industries 56 MANNUR
6 ERIMAYUR 57 KERALASSERY
7 KAVASSERY 58 KONGAD
8 PUDUKODE 59 KADAMPAZHIPURAM
9 NALLEPILLY 60 KARIMPUZHA
10 VADAKKANCHERY 61 THACHANATTUKARA
11 PATTANCHERY
62 KARAKURISSI
12 PUTHUNAGARAM
63 KARIMBA
13 VADAVANNUR
64 MUNDUR
14 MATHUR
15 PERINGOTTUKURISSI
65 AKATHETHARA
16 KOTTAYI Rural Predominantly paddy 66 MARUTHARODE
17 KANNADI agriculture, animal
husbandry
67 KANJIRAPUZHA
18 KUZHALMANNAM
68 THACHAMPARA
19 KUTHANUR
20 THENKURISSI 69 KUMARAMPUTHUR
21 PUTHUPARIYARAM 70 KOTTOPADAM
22 POLPULLY 71 ALANALLUR
23 ELAPULLY 72 VADAKARAPATHY
24 PERUVEMBU
73 ERUTHEMPATHY
25 PALLASSANA 74 KOZHINJAPARA
26 MELARKODE 75 PERUMATTY
27 MANKARA 76 MUTHALAMADA
28 PARALI 77 KOLLENGODE
29 PIRAYIRI 78 ELEVANCHERY
30 KODUMBU 79 NEMMARA
31 ANAKKARA 80 AYILUR
32 KAPPUR 81 VANDAZHY
33 PATTITHARA 82 KIZHAKKANCHERY
34 PARATHUR 83 KANNAMBRA
35 CHALISSERY 84 THARUR
36 THIRUVEGAPURA 85 PALAKKAD (M)
37 VILAYUR
86 OTTAPPALAM
38 KOPPAM
87 SHORANUR(M)
39 MUTHUTHALA
88 PATTAMBI Secondary
40 THRITHALA
41 NAGALASSERY Rural Agriculture, paddy, 89 CHERPULASSERY and
42 THIRUMITTAKODE
coconut, areca nut, 90 MANNARKKAD Tertiary
animal husbandry, agro 91 ALATHUR activities
43 KULUKKALLUR Urban
based industries, 92 KODUVAYUR
44 VALLAPUZHA
agriculture supporting CHITTUR-
45 ONGALLUR 93
facilities like whole sale THATHAMANGALAM(M)
46 NELLAYA
and ware house
47 CHALAVARA Secondary
48 VANIYAMKULAM and
94 Urban
49 ANANGANADI PUTHUSSERY Tertiary
50 THRIKKADEERI activities

16.4.4 FUTURE CONNECTIVITY

Equitable distribution of facilities to the district
population calls for proper connectivity between
settlements of different hierarchies. Existing
transportation network need to be augmented by way
of upgrading, providing new linkages etc. Incorporating
the spatial distribution of settlements of different
hierarchies with the existing transportation network,
a conceptual road network is evolved for the district
and based on that a future connectivity network is
evolved.
The proposal for connectivity network includes
a district level road network with National Highways,
Fig 16.1 suggested hierarchy of settlements State highways, district roads and a network of new
16.4.3 HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS linkages comprising major roads and sub major roads
settlements and nodes of different hierarchies.
Balanced development of the district and
equitable distribution of facilities to its population are The future connectivity network is shown in
aimed at in the Plan. Hence a hierarchial system of fig 16.2
settlements is proposed in the district with one regional
centre, 4 sub regional centers and 8 service centers.
The future hierarchy of settlements of the district
evolved shows that Palakkad is the regional centre of
the District.
The suggested hierarchy of settlements is as
shown in figure 16.1
The service area and service population of the
sub-regional centers and service centers is given in
Annexe 18.
As per the development concept for the
district Palakkad municipality is the Ist order settlement.
Second order settlements are Shornur, Alathur, Chittur-
Thathamangalam, and Mannarkkad. The third order
settlements are Kozhinjapara, Kuzhalmannam, Kongad,
Nemmara, Vadakkanchery, Ottappalam, Cherplassery
and Pattambi. The remaining settlements are coming
in 4th order settlement. figure 16.2 future connectivity of Palakkad District

16.4.5 FUTURE POPULATION CONTENT Table 16.4 projected population zone wise
The population of Palakkad district is analyzed Zone Population in 2021
based on various parameters like population density, Environmental Concern Zone (zone A) 95453
Agricultural Promotion Zone (zone B) 681190
population growth rate, population concentration
Agro allied economic zone (zone C) 1649462
pattern etc. The spatial agglomeration pattern of Multi functional zone (zone D) 494960
population clearly shows that the transportation Economic development corridor (zone E) 54976
corridors, especially the national highways, passing From the table, population of
through the district play a crucial role in formulating Environmental concern zone is projected as 95453 from
the spatial concentration pattern of population. Other the figure of 89318 in 2001. The urban character showing
determinants are nearness to existing urban areas etc. zones have a combined population of 549936, ie an
average percentage of 8.77% of the total population.
Table 16.4 gives the distribution of future
The rural zones have an average population projection
population in various development zones of the
of 20.6% to the total population.
district.
< CONTENTS > ANNEXES >>

102 ANNEXES District Spatial Plan - Palakkad
ANNEXE I
TALUKS & VILLAGES
Taluks Village Name Village Name
1 Kottayi-I 16 Erimayur-II
2 Kottayi-II 17 Kannambra-I
3 Kuthannur-I 18 Kannambra-II
4 Kuthannur-II 19 Kavasseri-I
5 Kuzhalmannam-I 20 Kavasseri-II
6 Kuzhalmannam-II 21 Kizhakkencheri-I
7 Mathur -I 22 Kizhakkencheri-II
ALATHUR
8 Mathur -II 23 Puthukkode
9 Peringottukurissi-I 24 Tarur-I
10 Peringottukurissi-II 25 Tarur-II
11 Thenkurissi-I 26 Vandazhi-I
12 Thenkurissi-II 27 Vandazhi-II
13 Melarcode 28 Mangalam Dam
14 Alathur 29 Vadakkancheri-I
15 Erimayur-I 30 Vadakkancheri-II
1 Ayilur 16 Nalleppully
2 Chittur 17 Puthunagaram
3 Elevanchery 18 Thathamangalam
4 Eruthiemapathy 19 Thekkedesom
5 Kayaradi 20 Valiavallompathy
6 Koduvayoor-I 21 Thiruvazhiyad
7 Koduvayoor-II 22 Vadakarapathy
CHITTUR 8 Kollengode-I 23 Vadavannur
9 Kollengode-II 24 Nemmara
10 Muthalamada-I 25 Vandithavalam
11 Muthalamada-II 26 Vallangi
12 Kozhinjampara 27 Perumatty
13 Kozhipathy 28 Pattanchery
14 Moolathara 29 Pallassana
15 Nelliyampathy 30 Ozhalapathy
1 Malampuzha-I 16 Keralassery
2 Malampuzha-II 17 Kongad-I
3 Marutharoad 18 Kongad-II
4 Pudussery East 19 Mankara
5 Pudussery Central 20 Mannur
6 Pudussery West 21 Mundur_I
7 Elappully-I 22 Mundur-II
PALAKKAD
8 Elappully-II 23 Parali-I
9 Polppully 24 Parali-II
10 Peruvembu 25 Yakkara
11 Kannadi-I 26 Pirayiri
12 Kannadi-II 27 Kodumba
13 Palakkad-I 28 Akathethara
14 Palakkad-II 29 Puduppariaram-I
15 Palakkad-III 30 Puduppariyarama-II

District Spatial Plan - Palakkad ANNEXES 103
1 Mannarkkad-I 14 Alanellur-I
2 Mannarkkad-II 15 Alanellur-II
3 Thachanattukara-I 16 Alanellur-III
4 Thachanattukara-II 17 Pottassery-I
5 Agali 18 Pottassery-II
6 Kallamala 19 Karakurussi
MANNARKKAD 7 Kottathara 20 Karimba-I
8 Palakkayam 21 Karimba-II
9 Padavayal 22 Kottopadam-I
10 Pudur 23 Kottopadam-II
11 Sholayur 24 Kottopadam-III
12 Thachampara 25 Kumaramputhur
13 Payyanadam
1 Kadampazhipuram-I 22 Vilayur
2 Kadampazhipuram-II 23 Ambalappara-I
3 Karimbuzha-I 24 Ambalappara-II
4 Karimbuzha-II 25 Ananganady
5 Ottappalam -I 26 Chalavara
6 Ottappalam-II 27 Lekkidi-Perur-I
7 Shornur-I 28 Lekkidi-Perur-II
8 Shornur-II 29 Vaniyamkulam-I
9 Sreekrishnapuram-I 30 Vaniyamkulam-II
OTTAPPALAM 10 Sreekrishnapuram-II 31 Koppam
11 Thrikkaderi-I 32 Kulukkallur
12 Thrikkaderi-II 33 Muthuthala
13 Vellinazhi 34 Nellaya
14 Kappur 35 Ongallur-I
15 Anakkara 36 Ongallur-II
16 Chalissery 37 Pattambi
17 Nagalassery 38 Parathur
18 Pattithara 39 Thiruvegappura
19 Thirumitacode-I 40 Vallappuzha
20 Thirumitacode-II 41 Cherpulasseri
21 Thrithala

ANNEXE 2
LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS IN PALAKKAD DISTRICT
Sl.No Name of LSGI 47 Kanjirampuzha

Thrithala 48 Karakurissi
1 Anakkara 49 Karimba
2 Chalissery 50 Kottoppadam
3 Kappur 51 Kumaramputhur
4 Nagalassery 52 Mannarkad
5 Pattithara 53 Thachanattukara
6 Thirumittacode 54 Thachampara
7 Thrithala Attappady
S.K.Puram 55 Agali
8 Cherpulacherry 56 Sholayur
9 Kadampazhipuram 57 Pudur
10 Karimpuzha Chittur
11 Pookkottukavu 58 Eruthempathy
12 Sreekrishnapuram 59 Kozhinjampara
13 Thrikkadeeri 60 Nalleppilly
14 Vellinezhi 61 Pattanchery
Ottappalam 62 Perumatty
15 Ambalapara 63 Vadakarapathy
16 Ananganadi Kollengode
17 Chalavara 64 Koduvayur
18 Lakkidi-Perur 65 Kollengode
19 Vaniyamkulam 66 Muthalamada
Pattambi 67 Puthunagaram
20 Koppam 68 Vadavannur
21 Kulukkallur Nemmara
22 Muthuthala 69 Ayiloor
23 Nellaya 70 Elavancherry
24 Ongallur 71 Melarcode
25 Pattambi 72 Nelliyampathy
26 Parudur 73 Nemmara
27 Thiruvegapura 74 Pallassana
28 Vallapuzha Alathur
29 Vilayur 75 Alathur
Malampuzha 76 Erimayur
30 Akathethara 77 Kannambra
31 Elappully 78 Kavasseri
32 Malampuzha 79 Kizhakkencheri
33 Marutharode 80 Puducode
34 Peruvemba 81 Tarur
35 Polpully 82 Vandazhi
36 Puthuppariyaram 83 Vadakkancheri
37 Pudussery Kuzhalmannam
Palakkad 84 Kannadi
38 Kodumba 85 Kottayi
39 Keralassery 86 Kuzhalmannam
40 Kongad 87 Kuthannur
41 Mankara 88 Mathur
42 Mannur 89 Peringottukurissi
43 Mundur 90 Thenkurissi
44 Parli 91 Shornur (M)
45 Pirayiri 92 Ottappalam (M)
Mannarkkad 93 Palakkad (M)
46 Alanallur 94 Chittur-Thathamangalam (M)

ANNEXE 3
POPULATION PROJECTION KERALA
The population of the State is calculated based on the decreasing rate method since the growth rate
of population of the State has been decreasing for the last four decades. The tables below (Table-1) show the
population details of Kerala over a century.
TABLE 1 -POPULATION OF KERALA
Total Growth % Decrease in Population

Year
population rate Growth rate
1901 6396262
1911 7147673 11.75
1921 7802127 9.16 -22.06
1931 9507050 21.85 138.66
1941 11031541 16.04 -26.62
1951 13549118 22.82 42.32
1961 16903715 24.76 8.49
1971 21347375 26.29 6.18
1981 25453680 19.24 -26.83
1991 29098518 14.32 -25.56
2001 31841374 9.43 -34.17
The variation in the growth rate of population over a century is shown in the figure-1
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Series1 11.75 9.16 21.85 16.04 22.82 24.76 26.29 19.24 14.32 9.43
Figure-1: Growth rate of population - Kerala

The projected population growth rate is shown in the figure 2
Growth rate of population - Projection
30.00
25.00
20.00
Year
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2011 2021
Series1 11.75 9.16 21.85 16.04 22.82 24.76 26.29 19.24 14.32 9.43 6.21 4.08
Growth rate of ppn
Figure-2: Projected Growth rate of population - Kerala

The projected population details are shown in the table -2
Population of KERALA
% Decrease in
Total Growth
Year Population
population rate
Growth rate
1901 6396262
1911 7147673 11.75
1921 7802127 9.16 -22.06
1931 9507050 21.85 138.66
1941 11031541 16.04 -26.62
1951 13549118 22.82 42.32
1961 16903715 24.76 8.49
1971 21347375 26.29 6.18
1981 25453680 19.24 -26.83
1991 29098518 14.32 -25.56
2001 31841374 9.43 -34.17
2011 33817196 6.21 -34.17
2021 35198589 4.08 -34.17

ANNEXE 4
CONCENTRATION INDEX OF WORKERS
Sl 36 Kumaramputhur 1.11 0.86 1.30 0.95

Panchayath CI_CULT CI _AGRI CI _HH CI_OW 37 Kuthannur 1.70 1.34 0.55 1.46
No.
1 Agali 2.52 1.23 0.34 1.58 38 Kuzhalmannam 1.03 1.29 1.20 1.27
2 Akathethara 0.62 0.30 1.24 0.66 39 Lakkidi-Perur 0.78 0.81 0.91 0.86
3 Alanallur 1.18 0.97 1.34 1.03 40 Malampuzha 1.28 0.71 0.47 0.85
41 Mankara 0.92 1.06 1.97 1.10
4 Alathur 1.01 0.76 0.30 0.83
42 Mannarkad 0.65 0.68 1.10 0.79
5 Ambalapara 1.09 1.07 0.71 1.04
43 Mannur 1.13 0.87 1.36 0.97
6 Anakkara 0.99 0.56 0.43 0.75 44 Marutharode 0.36 0.67 0.57 0.74
7 Ananganadi 1.07 0.77 1.22 0.89 45 Mathur 0.89 1.48 1.06 1.44
8 Ayiloor 1.26 1.38 0.84 1.40 46 Melarcode 0.82 1.44 0.83 1.33
9 Chalavara 1.41 1.05 0.39 1.07 47 Mundur 0.83 1.11 1.31 1.07
10 Chalissery 1.42 0.57 0.73 0.81 48 Muthalamada 1.12 1.54 0.61 1.54
11 Cherpulacherry 0.70 0.79 1.85 0.88 49 Muthuthala 0.74 1.88 0.27 1.96
12 Elappully 0.99 1.19 2.16 1.26 50 Nagalassery 0.99 0.54 1.05 0.77
13 Elavancherry 1.04 1.50 0.80 1.48 51 Nalleppilly 1.25 1.59 0.71 1.69
14 Erimayur 1.05 1.33 0.76 1.26 52 Nellaya 1.33 1.62 0.74 1.82
15 Eruthempathy 1.69 1.53 0.53 1.78 53 Nelliyampathy 0.09 0.03 0.00 0.54
54 Nemmara 0.86 1.00 1.02 0.97
16 Kadampazhipuram 1.32 0.93 0.74 0.99
55 Ongallur 0.66 1.02 0.43 0.92
17 Kanjirampuzha 0.93 0.77 1.38 0.88
56 Pallassana 1.03 1.45 1.16 1.45
18 Kannadi 0.94 1.17 0.34 1.06 57 Parli 0.82 1.04 1.16 1.01
19 Kannambra 0.82 0.95 0.67 0.92 58 Parudur 0.90 0.76 1.05 0.85
20 Kappur 0.88 0.62 0.75 0.78 59 Pattambi 0.44 0.32 0.50 0.63
21 Karakurissi 1.13 0.85 1.07 0.93 60 Pattanchery 1.02 1.64 0.67 1.67
22 Karimba 1.21 0.68 0.80 0.84 61 Pattithara 1.03 0.70 0.68 0.82
23 Karimpuzha 1.75 0.97 1.86 1.20 62 Peringottukurissi 1.27 1.31 0.82 1.31
24 Kavasseri 0.90 1.21 1.63 1.20 63 Perumatty 1.46 1.57 0.42 1.72
25 Keralassery 1.12 1.26 0.99 1.24 64 Peruvemba 0.75 1.31 1.90 1.28
26 Kizhakkencheri 1.71 1.29 1.00 1.46 65 Pirayiri 0.47 0.67 0.70 0.75
27 Kodumba 0.84 1.04 2.22 1.09 66 Polpully 1.14 1.51 0.58 1.50
28 Koduvayur 0.49 0.87 1.01 0.85 67 Pookkottukavu 1.03 1.20 0.42 1.11
68 Puducode 0.79 1.09 1.96 1.10
29 Kollengode 0.73 1.31 0.96 1.19
69 Pudur 3.04 1.41 0.29 2.36
30 Kongad 0.95 0.97 1.13 0.98
70 Pudussery 0.89 0.62 1.01 0.79
31 Koppam 1.05 1.78 0.45 1.93 71 Puthunagaram 0.42 0.67 3.39 0.86
32 Kottayi 1.20 1.34 1.18 1.38 72 Puthuppariyaram 0.56 0.62 0.57 0.74
33 Kottoppadam 1.18 1.16 1.10 1.16 73 Sholayur 1.97 1.27 0.21 1.41
34 Kozhinjampara 1.51 1.38 0.43 1.43 74 Sreekrishnapuram 0.97 0.93 0.62 0.93
35 Kulukkallur 1.05 1.63 0.51 1.63 75 Tarur 1.10 1.32 2.47 1.49

76 Thachampara 1.25 0.91 0.54 0.96 86 Vallapuzha 1.33 0.69 0.63 0.85
77 Thachanattukara 1.48 1.02 1.03 1.10 87 Vandazhi 0.97 1.05 1.67 1.08
78 Thenkurissi 0.87 1.31 1.26 1.25 88 Vaniyamkulam 0.77 0.69 1.03 0.81
79 Thirumittacode 0.89 0.61 1.28 0.79 89 Vellinezhi 1.01 0.85 1.59 0.94
80 Thiruvegapura 1.04 0.63 0.99 0.81 90 Vilayur 1.06 0.75 1.00 0.87
81 Thrikkadeeri 1.10 0.98 0.81 0.99 Chittur-
91 0.41 0.55 3.19 0.80
82 Thrithala 0.58 0.47 0.73 0.69 Thathamangalam (M)
83 Vadakarapathy 2.18 1.53 0.38 2.03 92 Ottappalam (M) 0.39 0.47 1.36 0.70
84 Vadakkancheri 1.05 1.04 1.74 1.09 93 Palakkad (M) 0.08 0.10 0.61 0.56
85 Vadavannur 0.83 1.27 1.09 1.19 94 Shoranur (M) 0.22 0.35 1.03 0.64

ANNEXE 5
CONCENTRATION OF LAND USES
CI Other CI of
Sl. CI of CI of CI of CI of CI CI
Name of Panchayats Builtup water
No AGRI Forest Resi PLNT Agri/Resi Others
Area body
1 Anakkara 1.62 0 1.14 0.19 3.7 0.1 1.46 1.68
2 Chalissery 1.91 0 3.11 0.84 0.06 0.21 1.78 0.43
3 Kappur 1.89 0 8.25 2.12 0.01 0.03 1.72 0.99
4 Nagalassery 1.76 0 2.83 0.87 0.04 0.76 1.85 0.46
5 Pattithara 1.78 0 1 0.84 1.51 0.28 1.61 0.64
6 Thirumittacode 1.64 0 1.56 0.65 0.22 1.2 1.77 0.41
7 Thrithala 1.66 0 2.37 0.90 2.78 0.67 1.72 0.19
8 Cherpulacherry 1.73 0 1.54 0.49 0.83 0.74 1.89 0.97
9 Kadampazhipuram 1.12 0 0.31 0.11 0.29 2.58 1.71 1.92
10 Karimpuzha 1.02 0 1.05 0.67 0.52 3.19 1.99 1.14
11 Pookkottukavu 1.41 0 0.49 0.16 0.1 1.35 1.61 2.38
12 Sreekrishnapuram 1.38 0 1.14 0.33 1.02 1.99 1.70 0.59
13 Thrikkadeeri 1.49 0 0.32 0.10 0.09 0.61 1.61 3.50
14 Vellinezhi 1.38 0 0.96 0.20 1.34 1.95 1.93 0.48
15 Ambalapara 1.32 0.01 0.52 0.36 0.03 0.7 1.36 4.75
16 Ananganadi 1.67 0 0.66 0.26 0.14 0.44 1.67 2.20
17 Chalavara 1.59 0 0.65 0.30 0.08 0.71 1.67 2.22
18 Lakkidi-Perur 1.75 0 4.56 1.01 1.06 0.54 1.73 0.60
19 Vaniyamkulam 1.58 0 1.31 1.16 1.61 0.76 1.67 1.16
20 Koppam 1.74 0 3.17 1.72 0.07 0.25 1.70 1.66
21 Kulukkallur 1.8 0 1.9 0.67 1 0.26 1.86 0.91
22 Muthuthala 1.66 0 3.64 0.58 2.14 0.7 1.74 0.59
23 Nellaya 1.67 0 0.82 1.36 0.46 0.25 1.61 2.11
24 Ongallur 1.6 0.01 1.65 0.51 1.16 0.46 1.60 2.16
25 Pattambi 1.69 0 1.58 2.00 1.97 0.38 1.68 0.63
26 Parudur 1.74 0 2.98 0.48 4.25 0.07 1.52 0.32
27 Thiruvegapura 1.88 0 3.98 0.71 1.28 0.09 1.80 0.46
28 Vallapuzha 1.72 0 0.42 1.12 0.08 0.27 1.69 1.86
29 Vilayur 1.72 0 5.26 1.26 0.94 0.62 1.92 0.69
30 Akathethara 1.12 1.12 0 0.87 0.07 0.51 1.10 0.88
31 Elappully 1.75 0 1.44 1.22 0.57 0 1.28 2.05
32 Malampuzha 0.08 2.76 0.08 0.11 2.92 0.39 0.12 0.88
33 Marutharode 1.06 0.18 1.52 5.59 4.3 0.02 0.61 4.11
34 Peruvemba 1.79 0 2.42 2.92 1.31 0.23 0.67 0.17
35 Polpully 1.92 0 0.76 2.48 0.41 0.03 1.01 0.00
36 Puthuppariyaram 1.42 0.05 0.84 0.66 0.44 1.47 1.30 1.43

37 Pudussery 1.34 0.1 2.59 4.17 1.32 0.04 0.90 3.87

38 Kodumba 1.77 0 1.08 3.89 1.76 0 0.72 0.38
39 Keralassery 1.24 0.01 0.9 0.56 0.03 2.36 1.70 1.31
40 Kongad 1.23 0.03 0.4 0.06 0.04 2.65 1.86 0.70
41 Mankara 1.65 0.12 1.19 1.96 1.64 0.45 1.35 0.44
42 Mannur 1.72 0 0.56 0.14 0.05 0.74 1.80 1.01
43 Mundur 1.22 0.16 0.77 0.41 0.07 2.35 1.80 0.78
44 Parli 1.62 0.12 0.42 0.27 1.72 0.67 1.44 0.57
45 Pirayiri 1.58 0 1.13 9.96 1.53 0.05 1.01 0.28
46 Alanallur 1.02 0.35 3.45 1.52 0.19 2.41 1.87 1.13
47 Kanjirampuzha 1.4 0.05 1.64 0.83 0.82 1.88 2.23 0.33
48 Karakurissi 0.99 0 0.15 1.44 0.17 3.6 2.17 0.22
49 Karimba 0.88 0.53 0.13 0.87 0.39 2.98 1.92 0.10
50 Kottoppadam 0.72 1 2.29 0.72 0.07 1.58 0.94 2.85
51 Kumaramputhur 0.88 0.25 0.57 0.31 0.68 3.06 1.86 1.42
52 Mannarkad 1.02 0.85 0.82 1.29 0.54 1.13 1.37 1.45
53 Thachanattukara 1.24 0.02 3.9 1.13 0.15 1.86 1.73 2.46
54 Thachampara 0.78 0.11 0.25 1.50 9.08 2.28 1.68 0.22
55 Agali 0.58 2.11 0.06 0.03 0.34 0.76 0.88 0.15
56 Sholayur 0.62 2.08 0.01 0.02 0.54 0.67 0.76 0.00
57 Pudur 0.29 2.94 0.01 0.01 0.24 0.1 0.35 0.14
58 Eruthempathy 1.98 0 0.79 0.77 0.43 0 2.31 0.04
59 Kozhinjampara 1.82 0 1.74 3.83 1.01 0 1.79 0.37
60 Nalleppilly 1.86 0 1.17 3.20 0.52 0 1.03 0.44
61 Pattanchery 1.89 0 1.38 1.75 0.45 0.18 1.29 0.11
62 Perumatty 1.89 0 0.89 0.72 1.84 0.01 1.66 0.17
63 Vadakarapathy 1.49 0 0.26 0.67 0.16 0 1.47 4.79
64 Koduvayur 1.92 0 3.09 0.59 0.54 0.05 1.01 0.57
65 Kollengode 1.65 0.25 1.68 2.35 0.94 0.08 1.33 0.90
66 Muthalamada 1.73 0 1.36 1.33 1.97 0.09 1.85 1.17
67 Puthunagaram 1.77 0 2.69 4.81 0.46 0.08 1.34 0.69
68 Vadavannur 1.81 0 2.24 4.18 1.06 0.04 1.00 0.26
69 Ayiloor 0.85 0.08 1.39 0.38 0.2 3.6 1.20 1.49
70 Elavancherry 1.22 0.99 0.58 0.32 0.69 0.24 0.77 1.21
71 Melarcode 1.67 0 1.29 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.60 1.32
72 Nelliyampathy 0.03 2.38 0.24 0.17 1.75 1.91 0.03 0.22
73 Nemmara 1.49 0.24 2.14 1.95 0.64 0.33 0.76 2.13
74 Pallassana 1.81 0 2.29 0.43 0.47 0.05 1.01 1.71
75 Alathur 1.67 0.07 2.15 0.34 0.59 0.24 0.55 1.96

76 Erimayur 1.7 0.03 1.4 0.51 0.68 0.21 0.61 2.00

77 Kannambra 1 0.07 1.63 0.94 0.35 3.42 1.64 0.41
78 Kavasseri 1.54 0.08 1.5 0.49 1.07 0.85 0.75 1.39
79 Kizhakkencheri 0.42 0.86 0.84 0.21 1.04 3.47 1.17 1.30
80 Puducode 1.42 0 0.74 0.49 0.82 1.57 1.42 1.28
81 Tarur 1.3 0.01 0.82 0.24 0.5 0.62 1.02 5.00
82 Vandazhi 0.63 0.85 0.5 0.19 0.51 2.68 1.18 1.55
83 Vadakkancheri 1.28 0.04 0.98 1.68 0.33 2.27 1.34 0.58
84 Kannadi 1.9 0 0.4 0.06 0.71 0 0.19 0.81
85 Kottayi 1.96 0 0.83 0.64 0.36 0.06 0.58 0.10
86 Kuzhalmannam 1.87 0 2.05 0.40 0.63 0.17 0.49 0.58
87 Kuthannur 1.45 0 0.89 0.17 0.48 0.17 0.44 4.80
88 Mathur 1.93 0 3.67 1.28 0.34 0.02 0.44 0.26
89 Peringottukurissi 1.63 0 0.28 0.23 0.68 0.35 1.02 2.49
90 Thenkurissi 1.92 0 2.35 0.63 0.47 0.03 0.55 0.54
91 Shoranur (M) 1.53 0.07 2.13 1.23 1.85 0.43 1.56 1.99
92 Ottappalam (M) 1.69 0 2.13 1.18 1.4 0.46 1.75 1.02
93 Palakkad (M) 0.73 0 1.1 37.35 1.62 0 0.42 0.00
Chittur-
94 Thathamangalam 1.67 0 1.35 8.24 1.46 0.03 0.89 0.00
(M)

ANNEXE 6
CHARACTER OF SETTLEMENTS-METHODOLOGY
A close examination of the land use pattern urban area and semi-rural area based on the average
existing in Kerala will reveal that there are only a few plot size.
areas in the State which are pucca urban or pucca rural.
In between the pucca urban or pucca rural area, large (Note: Average size as the major criterion for the
chunks of lan (in between land) with mixed land use, classification of mixed land use area Derivation)
character where in a combination of residential and The income from agricultural products from unit
agricultural land use exists. This peculiar character of area of land is taken as the criteria to determine the
the land use makes it difficult to classify a local body or average plot size. Yield of coconut trees in an area is
a ward of a local body as either pucca urban or pucca taken for the calculation. Since the major agricultural
rural. The pucca urban or pucca rural area is only a minor cultivation in the mixed land use in this context is
share of the total area. An attempt to do the above coconut cultivation, the minimum plot area which
classification is made in the forthcoming paragraphs. produces coconuts sufficient enough to fetch one third
Average plot size (see the note) of the mixed of the total income for the sustenance of an average
land use is taken as the criterion for classifying the family has to be determined here. It is presumed that
mixed land use area, because in most of the cases this the other agriculture and allied activities will bring in
determines type of activity to be introduced there and the remaining part of the income. An average family of
consequently the character of the mixed land use area. 5 members needs an income of at least Rs.3500/- month
If the average plot size (total area/number of for their food, shelter and other daily necessities.
houses) in the mixed land use area is such that one can In the Kerala context, the average yield of
earn reasonable income from agricultural activity alone coconut is 5771 nuts/ha/year(the least value is taken).
(without considering the present status of land use), it This is equivalent to Rs.50000/Ha /Year (Rs.16.4/cent/
can be classified as a rural area. month). This means that an average extent of 70 cents
If the average plot size is such that a family can will fetch minimum a monthly average income of
earn their livelihood only partially from the agricultural Rs.1148/- from the coconut trees. So if the average plot
activity, it can be termed as semi urban or semi rural size is greater than or equal to 70 cents, this can be
area. The share between the agricultural and non termed as rural area. Also it can be presumed that an
agricultural activity determines whether it is a semi extent of 25 cents of land or less will not fetch
urban or semi rural area. If the plot size is such that a significant agricultural production to be taken in to
family has to earn major share of their livelihood from account. An average plot of size less than 25 cents is
rural activity but has to resort to some urban activity assumed not to bring any agriculture products worth
also to fill the gap (in the earnings) it can be termed as mentioning. Hence an average plot size of 25 cents or
semi rural area. A reversed situation indicates a semi below can be termed as urban area. If the average plot
urban area. size is in between one HH/25-70, a family has to depend
Those plots size with an extent, which is not at on both agriculture activity and non agricultural activity
all sufficient for any agriculture activity of namesake, for their livelihood. Depending on the share between
can be treated as urban area. From the above agriculture and non agricultural activity which can be
explanation it can be concluded that the mixed land introduced in the plot, it can be termed as semi urban
use area can be classified as rural area, urban area, semi or semi rural. If the average plots size is agricultural

activity which can be introduced in the plot, it can be

2. The urban land use (Taking in to account the
termed as semi urban or semi rural. If the average plots
classification of mixed land use) percentage of
size is between one HH/50-70 cents it is termed as semi
50% of the total area of a region can be taken as
rural area and if it is in between one HH/25-50 cents it
the lower limit to term it as an urban area.
is termed as semi urban area.)
Classification of an area (ward or local body or The character of an area can be termed as rural,
district) into urban, semi urban, semi rural and rural
cum agricultural) use area in separate or in its 1. If the pucca rural land use share is more
combination. And also the mixed land use area can be than 50% it is a rural area.
further classified into urban, semi urban, semi rural and
2. If the rural land use (taking into account,
rural as noted above. When the total area of a ward or
both pucca rural land use and the
local body is concerned, the predominance of any of
classification of mixed land use) share is
the four (urban land use, rural land use, semi urban or
greater than or equal to 50% of the total
semi rural) determines the character of the area. While
area, then it can be termed as a rural area.
this condition is always acceptable, certain other
conditions, from the practical point of view, are also The character of an area can be termed
incorporated for classification of an area. The as semi urban
conditions are elaborated below.The character of an
area can be termed as urban 1. If the mixed land use area is classified as
semi urban and the sum of urban land use
1. If the pucca urban land use (not taking into share and semi urban residential land use
account the classification of mixed land use) is
is greater than or equal to 50% of the
more than or equal to 25% of the total area,
total area.
then the area can be termed as an urban area.
The character of an area can be termed as
(The analysis of the land use of various urban
semi rural
local bodies and the share of various land uses
of an urban area as specified in the UDPFI guide 1. If the mixed land use area is classified as
lines shows that an urban area is having a
semi rural area and the sum of rural and
residential land use of the same percentage as
that of pucca urban land use (commercial, land use share and semi rural mixed land
industrial, public & semi public etc. This actually use land use is greater than or equal to 50%
the residential land use attached to the urban of the total area.
land use. So if the pucca urban land use is 25 %
2. If the pucca rural land use share is at least 1/
then by adding the residential share of 25% the
total urban land use share becomes 50%) 3rd of the total area and the mixed land use

ANNEXE 7
WEIGHTAGE OF FACILITIES
Name of Facilities Weightage

Post Office HO 1.0
LP and UP 1.0
HS 1.0
HSS 1.4
Arts & Science College 7.2
BEd College 11.8
Teachers Training Institute 5.2
Engineering College/ College of Science and Technology/Poly
Technic 6.7
Medical college ( Ayurveda/Allopathy/Homeo) 18.8
Banks(National/scheduled/cooperative bank) 1.0
Seed Farm 10.4
Market -Weekly 5.9
ITC/ITI 9.4
Taluk Hospital 31.3
CHC 4.1
PHC 1.3
ESI Hospital 94.0
Super speciality 0.0
Speciality Alone 2.6
Veteriinary Hospital 1.0
Krishi Bhavan 1.0
Hatcheries 23.5
Fire station 47.0
Ferries/Boat jetty 0.0
Railway Station 5.5
Bus stand 5.5
Cinema Theatre- A 47.0
Cinema Theatre- B 1.5
Cinema Theatre- C 0.0
Airport 0.0
University 0.0
Telephone exchange 1.2

ANNEXE 8
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONAL INDEX (CFI) OF SETTLEMENTS
Sl. Sl.No. Name of LSGs CFI

Name of LSGs CFI
No 48 Ongallur 39.53
1 Palakkad (M) 567.42
49 Vallapuzha 37.56
2 Shoranur (M) 306.95
50 Kavasseri 36.82
3 Alathur 189.93
51 Peruvemba 36.75
4 Ottappalam (M) 144.62
52 Thenkurissi 36.00
5 Chittur-Thathamangalam (M) 144.16
53 Erimayur 35.84
6 Ambalapara 130.54
54 Vellinezhi 35.30
7 Vadakkancheri 126.79
55 Ananganadi 34.93
8 Mannarkad 96.95
56 Eruthempathy 33.46
9 Muthalamada 96.51
57 Vandazhi 32.27
10 Cherpulacherry 91.68
58 Muthuthala 32.10
11 Alanallur 79.84
59 Thirumittacode 32.07
12 Pattambi 74.70
60 Chalavara 32.07
13 Sreekrishnapuram 74.41
61 Thrikkadeeri 31.65
14 Vilayur 73.93
62 Kanjirampuzha 31.00
15 Kongad 73.08
63 Parudur 30.60
16 Kuzhalmannam 72.03
64 Kannadi 30.47
17 Nemmara 71.55
Malampuzha 65 Kottoppadam 30.42
18 70.49
Vadavannur 66 Karimba 30.41
19 65.11
Nalleppilly 67 Kottayi 29.71
20 63.06
21 Koduvayur 61.14 68 Mannur 29.60
22 Nellaya 58.16 69 Sholayur 29.14
23 Pudussery 57.70 70 Kulukkallur 29.12
24 Puthuppariyaram 56.84 71 Akathethara 29.08
25 Puducode 56.44 72 Kuthannur 29.01
26 Vadakarapathy 54.46 73 Thiruvegapura 28.67
27 Kozhinjampara 54.01 74 Pattithara 27.97
28 Kollengode 53.45 75 Kannambra 27.61
29 Kadampazhipuram 53.39 76 Pirayiri 27.43
30 Koppam 53.15 77 Karakurissi 27.02
31 Agali 51.92 78 Mankara 26.85
32 Puthunagaram 50.23 79 Tarur 26.75
33 Lakkidi-Perur 49.38 80 Kizhakkencheri 26.24
34 Vaniyamkulam 48.96 81 Nagalassery 26.21
35 Parli 47.84 82 Pallassana 26.14
36 Mundur 47.45 83 Keralassery 26.05
37 Elappully 47.33 84 Elavancherry 25.35
38 Kodumba 46.85 85 Pookkottukavu 24.53
39 Ayiloor 46.69 86 Thachanattukara 23.65
40 Kappur 46.06 87 Mathur 22.00
41 Marutharode 45.47 88 Melarcode 20.76
42 Anakkara 44.19 89 Pattanchery 20.49
43 Chalissery 43.38 90 Peringottukurissi 19.52
44 Karimpuzha 41.22 91 Thachampara 19.15
45 Kumaramputhur 41.00 92 Nelliyampathy 17.21
46 Thrithala 40.10 93 Polpully 13.39
47 Perumatty 39.64 94 Pudur 13.06

ANNEXE 9
HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
Order of Order of
Sl.No. Name of LSGs Sl.No.
Settlements Settlements Name of LSGs
I 1 Palakkad (M) 48 Ongallur
2 Shoranur (M) 49 Vallapuzha
II 3 Alathur 50 Kavasseri
4 Ottappalam (M) 51 Peruvemba
5 Chittur-Thathamangalam M) 52 Thenkurissi
III 53 Erimayur
6 Ambalapara
54 Vellinezhi
7 Vadakkancheri
55 Ananganadi
8 Mannarkad
56 Eruthempathy
9 Muthalamada
57 Vandazhi
10 Cherpulacherry
58 Muthuthala
11 Alanallur
59 Thirumittacode
12 Pattambi
60 Chalavara
13 Sreekrishnapuram
61 Thrikkadeeri
14 Vilayur
62 Kanjirampuzha
15 Kongad
63 Parudur
16 Kuzhalmannam
64 Kannadi
17 Nemmara
18 Malampuzha 65 Kottoppadam
19 Vadavannur 66 Karimba
IV 20 Nalleppilly 67 Kottayi
21 Koduvayur 68 Mannur
22 Nellaya 69 Sholayur
23 Pudussery 70 Kulukkallur
24 Puthuppariyaram V 71 Akathethara
25 Puducode 72 Kuthannur
26 Vadakarapathy 73 Thiruvegapura
27 Kozhinjampara 74 Pattithara
28 Kollengode 75 Kannambra
29 Kadampazhipuram 76 Pirayiri
30 Koppam 77 Karakurissi
31 Agali 78 Mankara
32 Puthunagaram 79 Tarur
33 Lakkidi-Perur 80 Kizhakkencheri
34 Vaniyamkulam 81 Nagalassery
35 Parli 82 Pallassana
36 Mundur 83 Keralassery
37 Elappully 84 Elavancherry
38 Kodumba 85 Pookkottukavu
39 Ayiloor 86 Thachanattukara
V 40 Kappur 87 Mathur
41 Marutharode 88 Melarcode
42 Anakkara 89 Pattanchery
43 Chalissery 90 Peringottukurissi
44 Karimpuzha 91 Thachampara
45 Kumaramputhur 92 Nelliyampathy
46 Thrithala 93 Polpully
47 Perumatty 94 Pudur

ANNEXE 10
CENTRALITY
Centrality: - Centrality is the locational regional centrality value of 3. In this way, the regional
importance acquired by an area because of its position centrality value of any settlement in a region can be
in the geographical center or proximity to the
calculated. The figure below shows the variation of the
geographical center of a region. An area placed in the
centre of a region or near to the center possesses the centrality value of various Local bodies of the District.
advantage that it is accessible (if there is no physical The Regional centrality value of various local
barrier in between) equally from all parts of the region bodies of Palakkad District are shown in the table
under consideration. In practical terms a local body
below.
located in the centre of a District has a potential deriving
out of its central location with respect to the District.
For deriving the proposed hierarchy of the settlement, LSGI Value of Centrality
this criteria, the centrality of the settlements are also Kuthanur 1
to be taken into account. An attempt is made here to Peringottukurussi 2
quantify the centrality of an area to make this value in Kottayi 2
analysis. Mathur 2
This centrality value is very much useful in Kuzhalmannam 2
identifying the proposed hierarchy of various local Erimayur 2
Tarur 2
bodies. The most important part in the identification
Lakkidi-Perur 3
of the hierarchy of settlements is assigning various Mankara 3
order (1 st Order, 2 nd Order, 3 rd Order etc.) to the Parli 3
settlement and for of this centrality at different levels Pirayiri 3
are to be calculated. Practically it can be assumed that Kannadi 3
centrality at three levels are existing. They are Regional Thenkurussi 3
Pallassana 3
centrality, Sub regional centrality and Local Centrality
Melarcode 3
Alathur 3
REGIONAL CENTRALITY Kavasseri 3
Regional Centrality is the locational Ottapalam 4
Ambalapara 4
importance, a settlement is deriving out of its proximity Mannur 4
to the geographical central position of the region. A Keralassery 4
Kongad 4
settlement falling at the centre of the region possesses
Mundur 4
the maximum regional centrality value of 1 and it can Puduppariyaram 4
Palakkad 4
be termed as the central settlement. Those
Kodumbu 4
settlements adjacent to the central settlement can be Peruvemba 4
said to possess the regional centrality value of 2. The Koduvayur 4
Vadavannur 4
next layer of settlements adjacent to the settlements Kollengode 4
having the regional centrality value of 2, possess the Elavanchery 4

Nenmara 4
Ayilur 4
Vandazhi 4
Vadakkanchery 4
Puducode 4
Pudunagaram 4
Vaniyamkulam 5
Ananganadi 5
Thrikkadeeri 5
Pookottukavu 5
Kadambazhipuram 5
Karimba 5
Malampuzha 5
Akathethara 5
Marutharoad 5
Elapully 5
Polpully 5
Thathamangalam 5
Chittur 5
Patthanchery 5
Muthalammada 5
Nelliyampathy 5
Kizhakkancheri 5
Pudussery 6
Vadakarapathy 6
Kozhinjampara 6
Nallepilly 6
Perumatty 6
Agali 6
Thachampara 6
SUB REGIONAL CENTRALITY
Karakurussi 6
Karimbuzha 6
Sub Regional centrality is the locational
Sreekrishnapuram 6 importance; a settlement is deriving out of its proximity
Vellinazhi 6
Cherpulassery 6 to the geographical centre of a sub-region. A region
Chalavara 6
Shornur 6
can be divided into four sub-regions, Viz North-East
Eruthempathy 7 region, North-West region, South-East region and South
Sholayur 7
Pudur 7 West region. A settlement falling in the center of a
Kanjirapuzha 7
Mannarkkad 7
sub-region will possess the maximum sub regional
Kumaramputhur 7 value of 1 and this settlement can be termed as the sub
Kottopadam 7
Thachanattukara 7 regional central settlement. Those settlements
Nellaya 7
Vallapuzha 7
adjacent to the central settlement can be said to
Ongallur 7 possess the Sub regional centrality value of 2. Similarly,
Alanallur 8
Kulukkallur 8 settlements adjacent to the settlements with centrality
Koppam 8
Pattambi 8
value of 2 can be said to possess sub-regional centrality
Vilayur 9 value of 3. The sub-regional centrality value of any
Thiruvegapura 9
Muthuthala 9 settlement in sub regional can be assessed like this.
Thrithala 9
Thirumittacode 9
The figure below shows the variation of the sub
Paradur 10 regional centrality value of various Local bodies of the
Pattithara 10
Nagalassery 10 District.

1 Pookottukavu 3
1 Sreekrishnapuram 3
1 Karimpuzha 3
1 Kumaramputhur 3
1 Mannarkkad 3
1 Kanjirapuzha 3
1 Kottopadam 4
1 Thachanattukara 4
1 Vellinezhi 4
1 Mannur 4
1 Kottayi 4
1 Mathur 4
1 Pirayiri 4
1 Alanellur 4
CENTRALITY N_W-2 Vallapuzha 1
DIVISION PANCHAYAT VALUE
2 Kulukkallur 2
N_E -1 Karimba 1
2 Nellaya 2
1 Karakurissi 2
2 Chalavara 2
1 Thachampara 2
2 Shoranur(m) 2
1 Agali 2
2 Ongallur 2
1 Malampuzha 2
2 Koppam 2
1 Mundur 2
2 Cherpulassery 3
1 Kongad 2
2 Thrikkadeeri 3
1 Kadampazhipuram 2
2 Ananganadi 3
1 Pudur 3
2 Vaniyamkulam 3
1 Sholayur 3
2 Vilayur 3
1 Akathethara 3
2 Thiruvegapura 3
1 Puthupariyaram 3
2 Muthuthala 3
1 Parali 3
2 Pattambi 3
1 Mankara 3
2 Ambalapara 4
1 Keralassery 3
2 Ottapalam 4 3 Kuzhalmannam 4
2 Paradur 4 3 Pallassena 4
2 Thrithala 4 3 Kollengode 4
2 Thirumittacode 4
S_W-4 Alathur 1
2 Lakkidi-perur 5
4 Erimayur 2
2 Anakkara 5
4 Kavassery 2
2 Pattithara 5
4 Vdakkanchery 2
2 Nagalassery 5
4 Melarcode 2
2 Perigottukurissi 6
4 Kuthanur 3
2 Kappur 6
4 Tharur 3
2 Chalissery 6
Chittur- 4 Puthucode 3
S_E -3 Thathamangalam 1
4 Kannambra 3
3 Nallepilly 2
4 Kizhakkanchery 3
3 Polpully 2
4 Vandazhi 3
3 Peruvemba 2
3 Pattanchery 2 4 Ayilur 3
3 Perumatty 2 4 Nemmara 3
3 Kozhinjampara 3 4 Nelliampathy 4
3 Elapully 3 4 Elevanchery 4
3 Kodumba 3 LOCAL CENTRALITY
3 Kannadi 3
3 Thenkurissi 3 The Sub regions identified earlier can be
3 Koduvayur 3 further divided into four parts (NE, NW, SE, SW) and
3 Puthunagaram 3 each area can be termed as a local area & the centrality
3 Vadavannur 3 of a settlement deriving out of the proximity of the
3 Muthalamada 3 settlement with the centre of the local area can be
3 Eruthempathy 4 termed as the local centrality. Like regional centrality,
3 Vadakarapathy 4 different settlements can have the local centrality
3 Pudussery 4 value of 1, 2, 3 etc. The figure below shows the variation
3 Marutharoad 4 of the local centrality value of various Local bodies of
3 Palakkad(m) 4 the District

Grade of
Name of LSGs Rail way Type of road
station
Anakkara MDR
Chalissery SH, MDR
Kappur MDR
Nagalassery SH, MDR
Pattithara MDR
Thirumittacode MDR
Thrithala E MDR
Cherpulachery SH, MDR
Kadampazhipuram SH, MDR
Karimpuzha MDR
Pookottukavu SH, MDR
Sreekrishnapuram SH, MDR
Thrikkadeeri MDR
Vellinezhi MDR
Ambalpara MDR
Ananganadi MDR
Chalavara MDR
Lakkidi Perur E MDR
Vaniyamkulam MDR
Koppam NH, MDR
Kulukkallur MDR
B - CONNECTIVITY Muthuthala E MDR
Nellaya MDR
Connectivity is a term to denote how well an Ongallaur E MDR
Pattambi E MDR
area is connected to other parts of the region (inter Parudur E MDR
Thiruvegapura MDR
regional) or other regions (intra regional). Two Vallappuzha E MDR
Vilayur SH, MDR
indicators are taken to assess the connectivity of an Akathethara MDR
Elappully SH, MDR
area under consideration with other areas. First criteria Malampuzha MDR
Marutharoad NH, SH, MDR
is the existence of a road of the category of NH, SH or
Peruvemba E MDR
Polpully MDR
MDR and second is the grade of the rail way station
Puduppariyaram SH, MDR
existing (if any) in the area under consideration. The Pudussery E NH, MDR
Kodumba NH, SH, MDR
details of the rail way station and the type of roads in Keralassery MDR
Kongad SH, MDR
each of the local body of Kollam District are shown in Mankara E SH, MDR
Mannur SH, MDR
the table below. Mundur SH,MDR

Parli E SH, MDR Palllassana MDR

Pirayiri MDR Alathur NH, MDR
Alanallur SH, MDR Erimayur NH, SH, MDR
Kanjirapuzha NH, MDR Kannambra NH, MDR
Karakurussi MDR Kavassery NH, MDR
Karimba NH, MDR Kizhakkencheri MDR
Kottoppadam NH, SH, MDR Puducode MDR
Kumaramputhur NH, SH, MDR Tarur MDR
Mannarkkad NH, MDR Vandazhi MDR
Thachanattukara NH, MDR Vadakkancheri MDR
Thachampara NH, MDR Kannadi NH, MDR
Agali SH,MDR Kottayi MDR
Sholayur SH,MDR Kuzhalmannam NH, MDR
Pudur MDR Kuthanur MDR
Eruthempathy SH,MDR Mathur MDR
Kozhinjampara SH, MDR Peringottukurussi MDR
Nalleppilly SH, MDR Thenkurussi NH, SH, MDR
Pattanchery MDR Municipalities
Perumatty SH, MDR Shornur A SH, MDR
Vadakarapathy SH, MDR Ottapalam E MDR
Koduvayur MDR Palakkad A NH, SH, MDR
Kollegode SH, MDR Chittur-Thathamangalam MDR
Muthalamada E SH, MDR
Pudunagaram E MDR While calculating the proposed hierarchy of the
Vadavannur E MDR
settlements the presence of NH or SH is given a value
Ayilore MDR
Elavanchery SH, MDR of 1 and the presence of MDR is given a value of 2.The
Melarcode SH, MDR railway station of A grade is given a value of 1 and the
Nelliyampathy MDR lower grades B,C,D etc is given values of 2,3,4 etc
Nemmara SH, MDR respectively.

ANNEXE 11
DETERMINATION OF SECOND ORDER SETTLEMENTS FROM N_E AND S_W REGIONS
ANNEXE11- DETERMINATION OF SECOND ORDER SETTLEMENTS FROM N_E AND S_W REGIONS
C
O C C
CENTR CO
U O O
ALTY UN
ADMINISTRATIVE CONNECTIVI N U U
(SUB T SUM
EXIS STATUS TY T NT NT
REGIO OF
TING O OF OF
DIVISI NAL ) 4
LSGI NAME HEIR F 2 3
ON 1
ARC
HY
DIST RAIL
TALU BLOC ROA
RICT WAY
K HQ K HQ D
HQ STN
N_E Karimba 5 0 0 0 1 0 1,2 2 1 0 0 3
N_E Karakurissi 5 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2
N_E Thachampara 5 0 0 0 2 0 1,2 1 2 0 0 3
N_E Agali 4 0 0 1 2 0 1,2 2 2 0 1 5
N_E Malampuzha 4 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 4
N_E Mundur 5 0 0 0 2 0 1,2 1 2 0 0 3
N_E Kongad 4 0 0 0 2 0 1,2 1 2 0 1 4
N_E Kadampazhipuram 4 0 0 0 2 0 1,2 1 2 0 1 4
N_E Pudur 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
N_E Sholayur 5 0 0 0 3 0 1,2 1 1 1 0 3
N_E Akathethara 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
N_E Puthupariyaram 4 0 0 1 3 0 1,2 2 1 1 1 5
N_E Parali 5 0 0 0 3 5 1,2 1 1 1 0 3
N_E Mankara 5 0 0 0 3 5 1,2 1 1 1 0 3
N_E Keralassery 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
N_E Pookottukavu 5 0 0 0 3 0 1,2 1 1 1 0 3
N_E Sreekrishnapuram 4 0 0 1 3 0 1,2 2 1 1 1 5
N_E Karimpuzha 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2

N_E Kumaramputhur 5 0 0 0 3 0 1,2 1 1 1 0 3
N_E Mannarkkad 4 0 1 1 3 0 1,2 3 1 1 1 6
N_E Kanjirapuzha 5 0 0 0 3 0 1,2 1 1 1 0 3
N_E Kottopadam 5 0 0 0 4 0 1,2 1 1 0 0 2
N_E Thachanattukara 5 0 0 0 4 0 1,2 1 1 0 1 3
N_E Vellinezhi 5 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 2
N_E Mannur 5 0 0 0 4 0 1,2 1 1 0 1 3
N_E Kottayi 5 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 2
N_E Mathur 5 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 2
N_E Pirayiri 5 0 0 1 4 0 2 1 1 0 1 3
N_E Alanellur 4 0 0 0 4 0 1,2 1 1 0 2 4
N_W Vallapuzha 5 0 0 0 1 5 2 1 1 0 0 2
N_W Kulukkallur 5 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2
N_W Nellaya 4 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 3
N_W Chalavara 5 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2
N_W Shoranur(m) 2 1 1 0 2 5 1,2 3 3 0 0 6
N_W Ongallur 5 0 0 0 2 5 2 0 2 0 0 2
N_W Koppam 4 0 0 0 2 0 1,2 1 2 0 1 4
N_W Cherpulassery 4 0 0 0 3 0 1,2 1 1 1 1 4
N_W Thrikkadeeri 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
N_W Ananganadi 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
N_W Vaniyamkulam 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
N_W Vilayur 4 0 0 0 3 0 1,2 1 1 1 1 4
N_W Thiruvegapura 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
N_W Muthuthala 5 0 0 0 3 5 2 0 1 1 0 2
N_W Pattambi 4 0 0 1 3 5 2 1 1 1 1 4

N_W Ambalapara 3 0 0 1 4 0 2 1 1 1 1 4
N_W Ottapalam 3 0 1 0 4 5 2 1 1 1 1 4
N_W Paradur 5 0 0 0 4 5 2 0 1 0 1 2
N_W Thrithala 5 0 0 1 4 5 2 1 1 0 1 3
N_W Thirumittacode 5 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 2
N_W Lakkidi-perur 5 0 0 0 5 5 2 0 1 0 0 1
N_W Anakkara 5 0 0 0 5 0 2 0 1 0 0 1
N_W Pattithara 5 0 0 0 5 0 2 0 1 0 0 1
N_W Nagalassery 5 0 0 0 5 0 1,2 1 1 0 0 2
N_W Perigottukurissi 5 0 0 0 6 0 2 0 1 0 0 1
N_W Kappur 5 0 0 0 6 0 2 0 1 0 0 1
N_W Chalissery 5 0 0 0 6 0 1,2 1 1 0 0 2

Chittur-
S_E 3 1 1 0 1 0 2 3 1 1 0 5
Thathamangalam
S_E Nallepilly 4 0 0 0 2 0 1,2 1 2 0 1 4
S_E Polpully 5 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2
S_E Peruvemba 5 0 0 0 2 5 2 0 2 0 0 2
S_E Pattanchery 5 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2
S_E Perumatty 5 0 0 0 2 0 1,2 1 2 0 0 3
S_E Kozhinjampara 4 0 0 1 3 0 1,2 2 1 1 1 5
S_E Elapully 5 0 0 0 3 0 1,2 1 1 1 0 3
S_E Kodumba 5 0 0 0 3 0 1,2 1 1 1 0 3
S_E Kannadi 5 0 0 0 3 0 1,2 1 1 1 0 3
S_E Thenkurissi 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
S_E Koduvayur 4 0 0 1 3 0 2 1 1 1 1 4
S_E Puthunagaram 4 0 1 1 3 5 2 2 1 1 1 5
S_E Vadavannur 4 0 0 0 3 5 2 0 1 1 1 3

S_E Muthalamada 4 0 0 0 3 5 1,2 1 1 2 1 5
S_E Eruthempathy 5 0 0 0 4 0 1,2 1 1 0 1 3
S_E Vadakarapathy 4 0 0 0 4 0 1,2 1 1 0 2 4
S_E Pudussery 4 0 0 0 4 5 1,2 1 1 0 2 4
S_E Marutharoad 5 0 0 1 4 0 1,2 1 1 0 1 3
S_E Palakkad(m) 1 1 1 0 4 5 1,2 4 1 0 1 6
S_E Kuzhalmannam 4 0 0 1 4 0 1,2 2 1 0 2 5
S_E Pallassena 5 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 2
S_E Kollengode 4 0 0 1 4 0 1,2 2 1 0 2 5
S_W Alathur 2 0 0 1 1 0 1,2 3 2 0 0 5
S_W Erimayur 5 0 1 0 2 0 1,2 2 2 0 0 4
S_W Kavassery 5 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2
S_W Vdakkanchery 3 0 0 0 2 0 1,2 1 2 1 0 4
S_W Melarcode 5 0 0 0 2 0 1,2 1 2 0 0 3
S_W Kuthanur 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
S_W Tharur 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
S_W Puthucode 4 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
S_W Kannambra 5 0 0 0 3 0 1,2 1 1 1 0 3
S_W Kizhakkanchery 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
S_W Vandazhi 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
S_W Ayilur 5 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 1 0 2
S_W Nemmara 4 0 0 1 3 0 1,2 2 1 1 1 5
S_W Nelliampathy 5 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 2
S_W Elevanchery 5 0 0 0 4 0 1,2 1 1 0 1 3

ANNEXE 12
SECOND ORDER SETTLEMENTS,THEIR SERVICE AREA & SERVICE POPULATION
Service Area of Second Order Settlements & Service Population

Second Nu Total Service
Order mb Population
Service Settlements Population
Sl. Settlements er
No. 2001 2021 2001 2021
1 Mannarkkad 52381 58205
1 Sholayur 18388 20432
2 Agali 35221 39137
3 Pudur 12562 13959
4 Thachampara 20149 22389
5 Karakurussi 22849 25389
6 Karimba 25546 28386
7 Kongad 27792 30882
8 Keralassery 14755 16395
I Mannarkkad 492106 546817
9 Kadampazhipuram 28086 31209
10 Vellinezhi 16768 18632
11 Sreekrishnapuram 19260 21401
12 Karimpuzha 29736 33042
13 Kamaramputhur 28690 31880
14 Kottopadam 38748 43056
15 Alanellur 47078 52312
16 Thachanattukara 23755 26396
17 Kanjirampuzha 30342 33715
1 Alathur 24796 27553
2 Kavassery 26839 29823
3 Tarur 24327 27032
4 Peringottukurussi 23234 25817
5 Mannur 18534 20595
6 Kottayi 20992 2332611
7 Kuthennur 23045 25607
8 Kuzhalmannam 26680 29646
9 Thenkurussi 26674 29640
II Alathur 10 Erimayur 29224 32473 487731 541958
11 Melarcode 24540 27268
12 Nemmara 34571 38415
13 Ayilur 27358 30400
14 Nelliyampathy 8718 9687
15 Vandazhi 30408 33789
16 Kizhakkenchery 39388 43767
17 Vadakkanchery 33235 36930
18 Kannambra 24618 27355
19 Puducode 20550 22835
III Chittur 1 Chittur 31886 35431 406614 474288

2 Elappully 17537 41953

3 Vadakarapathy 25717 28576
4 Polpully 15645 17384
5 Eruthempathy 17815 19796
6 Kozhinjampara 28699 31890
7 Perumatty 29500 32780
8 Nalleppilly 32044 35607
9 Pervemba 18433 20482
III Chittur 406614 474288
10 Koduvayur 27641 30714
11 Pudunagaram 16373 18193
12 Vadavannur 16378 18199
13 Pattanchery 24735 27485
14 Muthalamada 34167 37966
15 Kollengode 29349 32612
16 Elevanchery 17537 19487
17 Pallassana 23158 25733
1 Shornur(M) 42029 46702
2 Pookottukavu 13614 15128
3 Ambalappara 34969 38857
4 Lekkidi-Perur 30333 33705
5 Vaniyamkulam 29496 32775
6 Ananganadi 22078 24533
7 Thrikkadeeri 23718 26355
8 Cheruplassery 30730 34147
9 Nellaya 32056 35620
10 Chalavara 21042 23382
11 Kulukkallur 25816 28686
12 Vallappuzha 24702 27448
13 Ongallur 37555 41730
IV Shornur(M) 14 Pattambi 24168 26855 747284 830370
15 Koppam 26277 29199
16 Vilayur 20674 22973
17 Thiruvegapura 29810 33124
18 Muthuthala 21496 23886
19 Thrithala 25537 28376
20 Thirumittacode 28510 31680
21 Nagalassery 26115 29019
22 Chalissery 22080 24535
23 Pattithara 29942 33271
24 Parudur 24345 27052
25 Anakkara 22601 25114
26 Kappur 28349 31501
27 Ottappalam 49242 54717

ANNEXE 13
SERVICE AREA OF THIRD ORDER SETTLEMENTS
Service Area of Third Order Settlements & Service Population

Sl.No. Third Order Number Service Settlements Population Total Service
Settlements Population
2001 2021 2001 2021
1 Kozhinjampara 28699 31890
2 Eruthempathy 17815 19796
I Kozhinjampara 3 Nalleppilly 32044 35607 121812 157822
4 Elappully 17537 41953
5 Vadakarapathy 25717 28576
1 Tarur 24327 27032
2 Peringottukurussi 23234 25817
3 Kottayi 20992 23326
II Kuzhalmannam 4 Kuthennur 23045 25607 168631 187380
5 Kuzhalmannam 26680 29646
6 Thenkurussi 26674 29640
7 Mathur 23679 26312
1 Kongad 27792 30882
2 Keralassery 14755 16395
III Kongad 3 Mundur 28744 31940 121675 135203
4 Parli 32672 36305
5 Mankara 17712 19681
1 Nemmara 34571 38415
2 Pallassana 23158 25733
3 Elavanchery 17537 19487
IV Nemmara 140691 156334
4 Kollengode 29349 32612
5 Ayilur 27358 30400
6 Nelliyampathy 8718 9687
1 Kizhakkenchery 39388 43767
2 Vadakkanchery 33235 36930
V Vadakkanchery 117791 130887
3 Kannambra 24618 27355
4 Puducode 20550 22835
1 Ambalappara 34969 38857
2 Pookottukavu 13614 15128
3 Kadampazhipuram 28086 31209
VI Ottapalam 4 Lekkidi-Perur 30333 33705 196856 218744
5 Ottappalam 49242 54717
6 Ananganadi 22078 24533
7 Mannur 18534 20595

1 Vellinezhi 16768 18632
2 Thachanattukara 23755 26396
3 Thrikkadeeri 23718 26355

VII Cheruplassery 152843 169836
4 Cheruplassery 30730 34147
5 Nellaya 32056 35620
6 Kulukkallur 25816 28686
1 Pattambi 24168 26855
2 Koppam 26277 29199
3 Vilayur 20674 22973
4 Thiruvegapura 29810 33124
5 Parudur 24345 27052
6 Muthuthala 21496 23886
VIII Pattambi 7 Thrithala 25537 28376 329904 366585
8 Thirumittacode 28510 31680
9 Nagalassery 26115 29019
10 Chalissery 22080 24535
11 Pattithara 29942 33271
12 Anakkara 22601 25114
13 Kappur 28349 31501

ANNEXE 14
HIERARCHY OF NODES METHODOLOGY
In the Kerala where urban rural continuum 2. The hierarchy of a junction is directly
persists, each local body is having at least one node. proportional to the hierarchy and the number of the
The agglomeration of activity area around one or more roads meeting at the junction.
(adjacent) road junctions which act as commercial
Methodology
centre of a local body is termed here as a node. The
Step-I:
node need not b e confined fully within a local body
area and in most of the cases its service area goes Categorize the roads meeting at a junctions
beyond the boundary of the within which it locates. In A- NH & SH
certain cases the nodes may be located at the meeting
B- Major District roads
point of the boundary of one or two local bodies. This
C- Major Bus routes, Jilla Panchayat roads, Local
means that the nodes have an entity independent of
primary/Block Panchayat roads
the local body area which necessitates a separate study
D- Sub major Bus route, Local secondary roads/
other than the settlement study. The hierarchies of the Grama Panchayat roads
nodes are determined by the extent of activity taking
L- Lower category roads, Minor bus route
place there. The number and type of shops, the number
Step-2:
of people using the node, the business turn over and
the extent of traffic, all determine the extent of activity Assign values to the meeting of various roads
according to the following matrix
and hence the hierarchy of nodes. But extensive survey
This can be termed as junction values
and study are required to assess all these factors of the
node. In this chapter the hierarchy of nodes and urban Step-3:
rural growth centers of the District are identified. Find the sum of all the junction values (within
However the extent of activity in a node can be the node taken) to get the total weightage of the node.
determined by a proxy indicator denoted by the
Step-4:
hierarchy of roads meeting at that place. The concept
behind it and the methodology is explained here under. A graph is plotted with the weightage of the
nodes in the range 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 etc along X
The concept
axis and the number of nodes in each range along Y
1. The hierarchy of the activity nodes is the sum
axis. The break points in the graph determines the
of the hierarchy value of all the junctions containing
order of the nodes.
the node.

ANNEXE 15
DEVELOPMENT ZONES
ENVIRONMENTALY AGRO ALLIED MULTI MULTI ECONOMIC

CONCERN ZONE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC ZONE FUNCTION FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPME
PRMOTION ZONE AL ZONE 2ND ORDER NT
ZONE 1ST CORRIDOR
ORDER
PUDUR ERIMAYUR ANAKKARA PALAKKAD OTTAPALAM(M) PUTHUSSERY
(M)
AGALI KAVASSERY KAPPUR SHORANUR(M)
SHOLAYUR PUTHUKODE PATTITHARA PATTAMBI
MALAMPUZHA NALLEPILLY PARATHUR CHERPULASSERY
NELLIYAMPATHY VADAKKANCHERY CHALISSERY MANNARKKAD
PATTANCHERY THIRUVEGAPURA ALATHUR
PUTHUNAGARAM VILAYUR KODUVAYUR
VADAVANNUR KOPPAM CHITTUR-
THATHAMANGALAM(M)
MATHUR MUTHUTHALA
PERINGOTTUKURIS THRITHALA
SI
KOTTAYI NAGALASSERY
KANNADI THIRUMITTAKODE
KUZHALMANNAM KULUKKALLUR
KUTHANUR VALLAPUZHA
THENKURISSI ONGALLUR
PUTHUPARIYARAM NELLAYA
POLPULLY CHALAVARA
ELAPULLY VANIYAMKULAM
PERUVEMBU ANANGANADI
PALLASSANA THRIKKADEERI
MELARKODE VELLINEZHI
MANKARA SREEKRISHNAPURAM
PARALI OPOOKOTTUKAVU
PIRAYIRI AMBALAPARA
KODUMBU LAKKIDI-PERUR

MANNUR
KERALASSERY
KONGAD
KADAMPAZHIPURAM
KARIMPUZHA
THACHANATTUKARA
KARAKURISSI
KARIMBA
MUNDUR
AKATHETHARA
MARUTHARODE
KANJIRAPUZHA
THACHAMPARA
KUMARAMPUTHUR
KOTTOPADAM
ALANALLUR
VADAKARAPATHY
ERUTHEMPATHY
KOZHINJAPARA
PERUMATTY
MUTHALAMADA
KOLLENGODE
ELEVANCHERY
NEMMARA
AYILUR
VANDAZHY
KIZHAKKANCHERY
KANNAMBRA
THARUR

ANNEXE 16
PREDOMINANCE OF VARIOUS LAND USES
PANCHAYAT Agriculture Residential OtherBuit forest

UP
Agali p
Akathethara
Alanallur
Alathur P P P
Ambalappara P
Anaganadi P P
Anakkara
Ayiloor P P
Chalavara P
Chalisseri P P P
Cherplassery P P
Elappally P
Elevancherry
Erimayur
Eruthompathy P
Kadambazhippuram P P
Kanjirappuzha P P
Kannadi P P P
Kannampra P
Kappur P P
Karakkurissi P P
Karimba P
Karimpuzha P P
Kavassery P
Keralasseri P
Kizhakkancherry P
Kodumbu P P P
Koduvayur P
Kollengode P
Kongad P P
Koppam P
Kottayi P P
Kottoppadam P

Kozhinjampara P
Kulukkallur P P P
Kumaramputhur P P P
Kuthannur P P
Kuzhalmannam P P
Lakkidi-Peroor P
Malampuzha P P P
Mankara P P
Mannarkkad P P P
Mannur P
Marutha Road P P
Mathur P P P
Melarkkode P
Mundur P P P
Muthalamada P P P
Muthuthala P
Nagalassery P P P
Nallepilly P P P
Nellaya P P
Nelliampathy P P p
Nemmara P P P
Ongallur P P P
Pallassana P
Parali P P
Paruthur P P
Pattambi P P P
Pattencherry P P
Pattithara P P P
Perumatty P
Perungottukurissi P
Peruvembu P P P
Pirayiri P P P
Polppully P
Pookkottukave P P
Pudur P P p
Puthucode P
Puthunagaram P P
Puthuppariyaram P P P
Puthussery P P P

Sholayur P p
Sreekrishnapuram P P
Thachampara P
Thachanattukara P P
Tharur P P P
Thenkurissi P P P
Thirumittakkode P P
Thiruvegappura P P
Thrikkadeeri P
Thrithala P P P
Vadakarapathy P P
Vadakkancherry P P P
Vadavannur P P
Vallapuzha P P
Vandazhi P P P
Vaniyamkulam P P
Vellinezhi P
Vilayur P P P
Ottappalam (M)
Shornur (M) P
Palakkad(M)
Chittoor-
Thathamangalam(M)

ANNEXE 17
CONCENTRATION PATTERN OF LAND USES
CONCENTRATION OF NON AGRICULTURAL LAND

Elavancherry Pallassana
USE Erimayur Parli
Eruthempathy Parudur
Chittur-Thathamangalam(m) Pattanchery
Kadampazhipuram Pattithara
Kodumbu Peringottukurissi
Kannadi Perumatty
Kollengode Peruvembu
Kannambra Pookkottukavu
Kozhinjampara Pirayiri
Mankara Polpully
Kappur Puducode
Mannarkkad Pudussery Karakurissi Puthuppariyaram
Marutharoad Puthunagaram Karimba Sreekrishnapuram
Nallepilly Shoranur (M) Karimpuzha Tarur
Nemmara Thachampara Kavasseri Thachanattukara
Ottappalam (M) Vadakkanchery Keralassery Thenkurissi
Palakkad (m) Vadavannur Kizhakkanchery Thirumittacode
Pattambi Koduvayur Thiruvegapura
Kongad Thrikkadeeri
CONCENTRATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE Koppam Thrithala
Kottayi Vadakarapathy
Akathethara Lakkidi-Perur Kottopadam Vallapuzha
Alanallur Mannur Kulukkallur Vandazhi
Alathur Mathur Kumaramputhur Vaniyamkulam
Ambalapara Melarcode Kuthannur Vellinezhi
Anakkara Mundur Kuzhalmannam Vilayur
Ananganadi Muthalamada Kanjirapuzha
Ayilur Muthuthala
Chalavara Nagalassery CONCENTRATION OF FOREST LAND USE
Chalissery Nellaya
Cherpulacherry Nelliyampathy Pudur Sholayur
Elappully Ongallur Agali Malampuzha

ANNEXE 18
REGIONAL CENTRES AND POPULATION OF THE SERVICE AREA
Regional Centre Area (SqKm) Population
Palakkad (M) 26.6 130767
SUB REGIONAL CENTRES AND POPULATION OF THE SERVICE AREA
Area Population
Sub-Regional Centres
(SqKm)
Alathur 19.62 24796
Mannarkkad 63.38 52381
Shornur (M) 32.78 42029
Chittur- 31886
14.71
Thathamangalam (M)
SERVICE CENTRES AND THE POPULATION OF SERVICE AREA
Area Population
Service Centres
(SqKm)
Kozhinjampara 43.84 28699
Kuzhalmannam 30.62 26680
Kongad 33.55 27792
Nemmara 36.84 34571
Vadakkanchery 37.88 33235
Cherpulassery 27.60 30730
Pattambi 15.84 24168
Ottapalam 32.66 49242
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Thiruvananthapuram Eapen Varughese

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< CONTENTS > PREFACE >>

DEPARTMENT OF TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING - GOVERNMENT OF KERALA

Palakkad Sri V.A.Gopi

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Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

4.3 Spatial distribution of the major class of workers....................................................................... 24

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

11.4.4 Primary Activity................................................................................................................. 75

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Figure 1.1 Profile of Palakkad District .......................................................................................... 1

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Figure 4.1. Work participation rate ................................................................................................... 22

Figure 5.21. Concentration pattern of agricultural land use............................................................... 37

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Figure 8.7. Urban centres based on grade of local bodies............................................................. 60

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Figure 15.4. Hierarchy of settlements ................................................................................................ 89

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Annexe 1 Taluk s & Villages......................................................................................................... 102

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

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Palakkad is one of the fourteen revenue

Fig 1.5: Grama Panchayats & Municipalities -Palakkad District

Fig 1.4: Block Panchayat of Palakkad District

Considering the physical features, the district is

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

a) Literacy Rate: moderate levels of development in terms of social,

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

< CONTENTS > CHAPTER 2 >>

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Fig 2.1 Regional setting of Palakkad District

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Broadly, the transport network structure in the

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

< CONTENTS > CHAPTER 3 >>

Fig 3.2: Population size temporal variation

From the figure, it is clear that though there is an

3.1.1 RELIGION WISE POPULATION

Muslim 7863842 24.7 703596 26.88

Others 36656 1.12 1871 0.07

Total 31841374 100 2617482 100.

Source: Economics and Statistics Dept

3.2 GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

Source :Census 1991 Source: Census 2001

Department of Town & Country Planning, Kerala

The temporal variation of the population growth

Fig. 3.9 Palakkad District - Population Growth Rate- LSG wise

Fig 3.7: Population growth rate- Temporal variation - Palakkad