Lithuania

This article is about the Northern European country. For cooperation of Northern European countries. The United
other uses, see Lithuania (disambiguation). Nations Human Development Index lists Lithuania as a
very high human development country. Lithuania has
Coordinates: 55N 24E / 55N 24E been among the fastest growing economies in the Euro-
pean Union and is ranked 21st in the world in the Ease of
i
Lithuania (UK and US: /lueni/,[11][12][13] Doing Business Index.
Lithuanian: Lietuva [ltv]), ocially the Republic
of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika), is a
country in Northern Europe.[14] One of the three Baltic
states, it is situated along the southeastern shore of the 1 History
Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is
bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and
south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a
Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an
estimated population of 2.9 million people as of 2015,
and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Lithuanians are
a Baltic people. The ocial language, Lithuanian, along
with Latvian, is one of only two living languages in the
Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea
were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s,
the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, the King
of Lithuania, and the rst unied Lithuanian state, the
Kingdom of Lithuania, was created on 6 July 1253. Dur-
ing the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was
the largest country in Europe; present-day Lithuania, Be-
larus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were the
territories of the Grand Duchy. With the Lublin Union of
1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state
union, the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. The Com-
monwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neigh-
boring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772
95, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuanias
territory. Map showing changes in the territory of Lithuania from the 13th
century to the present day.
As World War I neared its end, Lithuanias Act of In-
dependence was signed on 16 February 1918, declaring
Main article: History of Lithuania
the founding of the modern Republic of Lithuania. In the
midst of the Second World War, Lithuania was rst occu-
pied by the Soviet Union and then by Nazi Germany. As
World War II neared its end and the Germans retreated,
the Soviet Union reoccupied Lithuania. On 11 March 1.1 Prehistoric
1990, a year before the formal dissolution of the Soviet
Union, Lithuania became the rst Soviet republic to de- The rst people settled in the territory of Lithuania after
clare itself independent, resulting in the restoration of an the last glacial period in the 10th millennium BC. Over a
independent State of Lithuania. millennium, the Indo-Europeans, who arrived in the 3rd
2nd millennium BC, mixed with the local population and
Lithuania is a member of the European Union, the
formed various Baltic tribes. The rst written mention
Council of Europe, a full member of the Eurozone,
of Lithuania is found in a medieval German manuscript,
Schengen Agreement and NATO. It is also a member of
the Annals of Quedlinburg, in an entry dated 9 March
the Nordic Investment Bank, and part of Nordic-Baltic
1009.[15]

1
2 1 HISTORY

1.2 Medieval the great Battle of the Vorskla River in 1399, the com-
bined forces of Tokhtamysh and Vytautas were defeated
Main article: Grand Duchy of Lithuania by the Mongols. Thanks to close cooperation, the armies
of Lithuania and Poland achieved a great victory over the
Initially inhabited by fragmented Baltic tribes, in the Teutonic Knights in 1410 at the Battle of[18][19][20]
Grunwald, one
1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, of the largest battles of medieval Europe.
who was crowned as King of Lithuania on 6 July 1253.[16] After the deaths of Jogaila and Vytautas, the Lithuanian
After his assassination in 1263, pagan Lithuania was a nobility attempted to break the union between Poland and
target of the Christian crusades of the Teutonic Knights Lithuania, independently selecting Grand Dukes from the
and the Livonian Order. Despite the devastating century- Jagiellon dynasty. But, at the end of the 15th century,
long struggle with the Orders, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was forced to seek a closer alliance with Poland
Lithuania expanded rapidly, overtaking former Slavic when the growing power of the Grand Duchy of Moscow
principalities of Kievan Rus. threatened Lithuanias Russian principalities and sparked
By the end of the 14th century, Lithuania was one of the MuscoviteLithuanian Wars and the Livonian War.
the largest countries in Europe and included present-day
Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia.[17] The
1.3 Modern
geopolitical situation between the west and the east deter-
mined the multicultural and multi-confessional character
The PolishLithuanian Commonwealth was created in
of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The ruling elite prac-
1569. As a member of the Commonwealth, Lithuania
tised religious tolerance and Chancery Slavonic language
retained its institutions, including a separate army, cur-
was used as an auxiliary language to the Latin for ocial
rency, and statutory laws.[21] Eventually Polonization af-
documents.
fected all aspects of Lithuanian life: politics, language,
culture, and national identity. From the mid-16th to the
mid-17th centuries, culture, arts, and education our-
ished, fueled by the Renaissance and the Protestant Ref-
ormation. From 1573, the Kings of Poland and Grand
Dukes of Lithuania were elected by the nobility, who
were granted ever increasing Golden Liberties. These lib-
erties, especially the liberum veto, led to anarchy and the
eventual dissolution of the state.
During the Northern Wars (16551661), the Lithuanian
territory and economy were devastated by the Swedish
army. Before it could fully recover, Lithuania was rav-
Trakai Island Castle
aged during the Great Northern War (17001721). The
war, a plague, and a famine caused the deaths of approxi-
mately 40% of the countrys population.[22] Foreign pow-
ers, especially Russia, became dominant in the domes-
tic politics of the Commonwealth. Numerous factions
among the nobility used the Golden Liberties to prevent
any reforms. Eventually, the Commonwealth was parti-
tioned in 1772, 1792, and 1795 by the Russian Empire,
Prussia, and Habsburg Austria.
The largest area of Lithuanian territory became part of
Battle of Grunwald and Vytautas the Great in the centre the Russian Empire. After unsuccessful uprisings in 1831
and 1863, the Tsarist authorities implemented a num-
In 1385, the Grand Duke Jogaila accepted Polands of- ber of Russication policies. They banned the Lithua-
fer to become its king. Jogaila embarked on gradual nian press, closed cultural and educational institutions,
Christianization of Lithuania and established a personal and made Lithuania part of a new administrative region
union between Poland and Lithuania. It implied that called Northwestern Krai. The Russication failed ow-
Lithuania, the ercely independent land, was one of the ing to an extensive network of book smugglers and secret
last pagan areas of Europe to adopt Christianity. Lithuanian home schooling.
After two civil wars, Vytautas the Great became the After the Russo-Turkish War (18771878), when Ger-
Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1392. During his reign, man diplomats assigned what were seen as Russian spoils
Lithuania reached the peak of its territorial expansion, of war to Turkey, the relationship between Russia and the
centralization of the state began, and the Lithuanian no- German Empire became complicated. The Russian Em-
bility became increasingly prominent in state politics. In pire resumed the construction of fortresses at its western
1.4 20th and 21st centuries 3

borders for defence against a potential invasion from Ger- The Soviet Union returned Vilnius to Lithuania after
many in the West. On 7 July 1879 the Russian Emperor the Soviet invasion of Eastern Poland in September
Alexander II approved of a proposal from the Russian 1939.[25] In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied and
military leadership to build the largest rst-class defen- annexed Lithuania in accordance to the secret protocols
sive structure in the entire state the 65 km2 (25 sq mi) of MolotovRibbentrop Pact.[26][27] The occupation was
Kaunas Fortress.[23] Large numbers of Lithuanians went followed by mass arrests and deportations with Lithuania
to the United States in 18671868 after a famine.[24] A having 34,000 citizens removed. According to a Lithua-
Lithuanian National Revival laid the foundations of the nian government ocial, this was the start of a planned
modern Lithuanian nation and independent Lithuania. removal of 700,000 from Lithuania.[28]:48

1.4 20th and 21st centuries 1.4.2 19411944

Main article: German occupation of Lithuania during

World War II
Further information: The Holocaust in Lithuania

A year later, the Soviet Union was attacked by Nazi Ger-

many, leading to the Nazi occupation of Lithuania. The
Germans and their collaborators[28]:5456 immediately be-
gan to round up and murder civilians, including intellec-
tuals, army ocers, Romani people and Jews.[29] By 1
December 1941, over 120,000 Lithuanian Jews, or 91
95% of Lithuanias pre-war Jewish community, had been
killed.[28]:110
10 of the 25 Lithuanian police battalions, working
The original 20 members of the Council of Lithuania after sign- with the Nazi Einsatzkommando, were involved in the
ing the Act of Independence of Lithuania, 16 February 1918. mass killings and are thought to have executed 78,000
people.[28]:148
During World War I, the Council of Lithuania ( Lietuvos Lithuanian partisans did exist, but few supported the
Taryba) declared the independence of Lithuania and the communists. Lithuanian army soldiers, who had been as-
re-establishment of the Lithuanian State on 16 February signed to the 29th Rie Corps of the Red Army, deserted
1918. Lithuanias foreign policy was dominated by terri- or surrendered to the Germans in June 1941, resulting in
torial disputes with Poland and Germany. The Vilnius the unit being disbanded in August 1941.
Region and Vilnius, the historical capital of Lithuania
(and so designated in the Constitution of Lithuania), were
seized by the Polish army during eligowskis Mutiny 1.4.3 19441991
in October 1920 and incorporated two years later into
Poland. For 19 years, Kaunas became the temporary cap- Main article: Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
ital of Lithuania. The Polish control over Vilnius was After the retreat of the German armed forces, the Soviets
greatly resented by Lithuania; there were no diplomatic
relations between the two states for most of the period
between the two World Wars.
Acquired during the Klaipda Revolt of 1923, the
Klaipda Region (German: Memelland) was ceded to
Nazi Germany after a German ultimatum of March
1939. During the interwar period, the domestic aairs of
Lithuania were controlled by the authoritarian President
Antanas Smetona and his party, the Lithuanian National-
ist Union, which came to power after the Lithuanian coup
d'tat of 1926.

1.4.1 19391941

Main article: Occupation of the Baltic states Monument in Naujoji Vilnia in memory of the Soviet deportations
from Lithuania.
4 2 GEOGRAPHY

reestablished the annexation of Lithuania in 1944. Un-

der border changes promulgated at the Potsdam Confer-
ence of 1945, the former German Memelland, with its
Baltic port Memel (Lithuanian: Klaipda), was again
transferred to Lithuania, which was now referred to as
the Lithuanian SSR. Most of Memellands German resi-
dents had ed the area in the nal months of World War
II.
As part of their program of nationalisation,
collectivization and general sovietization of everyday life,
the Soviets deported large numbers of Lithuanians to
Siberia.[30] From 1944 to 1952, approximately 100,000
Lithuanian partisans fought a guerrilla war against the
Soviet system. An estimated 30,000 partisans and their
supporters were killed; many more were arrested and The Geographic Centre of Europe is in Lithuania
deported to Siberian gulags. It is estimated that during
World War II and the subsequent Soviet annexation,
21 and 27 E (part of the Curonian Spit lies west of 21).
Lithuania lost 780,000 people.[31]
It has around 99 kilometres (61.5 mi) of sandy coastline,
The advent of perestroika and glasnost in the late 1980s only about 38 kilometres (24 mi) of which face the open
allowed the establishment of Sjdis, an anti-Communist Baltic Sea, less than the other two Baltic Sea countries.
independence movement. After a landslide victory in The rest of the coast is sheltered by the Curonian sand
elections to the Supreme Soviet, members of Sjdis peninsula. Lithuanias major warm-water port, Klaipda,
proclaimed Lithuanias independence on 11 March 1990, lies at the narrow mouth of the Curonian Lagoon (Lithua-
making Lithuania the rst Soviet republic to do so. The nian: Kuri marios), a shallow lagoon extending south
Soviet Union attempted to suppress the secession by to Kaliningrad. The countrys main and largest river, the
imposing an economic blockade. On the night of 13 Nemunas River, and some of its tributaries carry interna-
January 1991, Soviet troops attacked the Vilnius TV tional shipping.
Tower, killing 14 Lithuanian civilians and wounding 600
others.[32][33] On 31 July 1991, Soviet paramilitaries
killed seven Lithuanian border guards on the Belarusian
border in what became known as the Medininkai Mas-
sacre.
On 4 February 1991, Iceland became the rst country
to recognise Lithuanias independence. After the Soviet
August Coup, independent Lithuania received wide of-
cial recognition, and joined the United Nations on 17
September 1991.

1.4.4 1991present

The last Russian troops left Lithuania on 31 August

1993,[34] even earlier than they departed from East Ger- The Nemunas (Nieman) River between Lithuania and Russias
many. Lithuania, seeking closer ties with the West, ap- Kaliningrad Oblast.
plied for NATO membership in 1994. After a transition
from a planned economy to a free market, Lithuania be- Lithuania lies at the edge of the North European Plain.
came a full member of NATO and the European Union in Its landscape was smoothed by the glaciers of the last ice
the spring of 2004 and a member of the Schengen Agree- age, and is a combination of moderate lowlands and high-
ment on 21 December 2007. lands. Its highest point is Auktojas Hill at 294 metres
(965 ft) in the eastern part of the country. The terrain
features numerous lakes (Lake Vitytis, for example) and
2 Geography wetlands, and a mixed forest zone covers over 33% of the
country.
Main article: Geography of Lithuania After a re-estimation of the boundaries of the continent
Lithuania is located in Northern Europe and covers an of Europe in 1989, Jean-George Aholder, a scientist
area of 65,200 km2 (25,200 sq mi).[35] It lies between at the Institut Gographique National (French National
latitudes 53 and 57 N, and mostly between longitudes Geographic Institute), determined that the geographic
 5

centre of Europe was in Lithuania, at 5454N 2519E to April. In some years sleet can fall in September or
/ 54.900N 25.317E, 26 kilometres (16 mi) north of May. The growing season lasts 202 days in the western
Lithuanias capital city of Vilnius.[36] Aholder accom- part of the country and 169 days in the eastern part. Se-
plished this by calculating the centre of gravity of the vere storms are rare in the eastern part of Lithuania but
geometrical gure of Europe. common in the coastal areas.
The longest records of measured temperature in the Baltic
2.1 Climate area cover about 250 years. The data show warm periods
during the latter half of the 18th century, and that the
Main article: Geography of Lithuania Climate 19th century was a relatively cool period. An early 20th
Lithuanias climate, which ranges between maritime and century warming culminated in the 1930s, followed by a
smaller cooling that lasted until the 1960s. A warming
trend has persisted since then.[37]
Lithuania experienced a drought in 2002, causing forest
and peat bog res.[38] The country suered along with the
rest of Northwestern Europe during a heat wave in the
summer of 2006.

3 Politics
Main articles: Politics of Lithuania and Elections in
Lithuania
Since Lithuania declared the restoration of its indepen-

Auktaitija National Park

Dalia Grybauskait, has been the president of Lithuania since 12

July 2009.

Sand dunes of Curonian Spit (UNESCO World Heritage Site) dence on 11 March 1990, it has maintained strong demo-
cratic traditions. It held its rst independent general elec-
continental, is relatively mild. Average temperatures on tions on 25 October 1992, in which 56.75% of voters
the coast are 2.5 C (27.5 F) in January and 16 C (61 supported the new constitution.[42] There were intense de-
F) in July. In Vilnius the average temperatures are 6 C bates concerning the constitution, particularly the role of
(21 F) in January and 17 C (63 F) in July. During the the president. A separate referendum was held on 23 May
summer, 20 C (68 F) is common during the day while 1992 to gauge public opinion on the matter, and 41%
14 C (57 F) is common at night; in the past, tempera- of voters supported the restoration of the President of
tures have reached as high as 30 or 35 C (86 or 95 F). Lithuania.[42] Through compromise, a semi-presidential
Some winters can be very cold. 20 C (4 F) occurs system was agreed on.[2]
almost every winter. Winter extremes are 34 C (29 The Lithuanian head of state is the president, directly
F) in coastal areas and 43 C (45 F) in the east of elected for a ve-year term and serving a maximum of
Lithuania. two terms. The president oversees foreign aairs and na-
The average annual precipitation is 800 mm (31.5 in) on tional security, and is the commander-in-chief of the mil-
the coast, 900 mm (35.4 in) in the Samogitia highlands itary. The president also appoints the prime minister and,
and 600 mm (23.6 in) in the eastern part of the coun- on the latters nomination, the rest of the cabinet, as well
try. Snow occurs every year, it can snow from October as a number of other top civil servants and the judges for
6 3 POLITICS

all courts.

Seimas (Parliament of Lithuania)

Alytus County
The current Lithuanian head of state, Dalia Grybauskait Kaunas County
was elected on 17 May 2009, becoming the rst female Klaipda
president in the countrys history, and the second female County
head of state in the Baltic States after Latvia elected
their rst female political leader in 1999.[43] Dalia Gry- Marijampol
bauskait was re-elected for a second term in 2014. County
Panevys County
The judges of the Constitutional Court (Konstitucinis
Teismas) serve nine-year terms. They are appointed iauliai County
by the President, the Chairman of the Seimas, and the Taurag County
Chairman of the Supreme Court, each of whom appoint
Teliai County
three judges. The unicameral Lithuanian parliament, the
Seimas, has 141 members who are elected to four-year Utena County
terms. 71 of the members of its members are elected in Vilnius County
single member constituencies, and the others in a nation- Baltic sea
wide vote by proportional representation. A party must Latvia
receive at least 5% of the national vote to be eligible for Belarus
any of the 70 national seats in the Seimas. Poland
Russia

The current system of administrative division was estab-

lished in 1994 and modied in 2000 to meet the require-
ments of the European Union. The countrys 10 counties
(Lithuanian: singular apskritis, plural apskritys) are
subdivided into 60 municipalities (Lithuanian: singular
savivaldyb, plural savivaldybs), and further divided
into 500 elderships (Lithuanian: singular seninija, plu-
3.1 Administrative divisions ral seninijos).
Municipalities have been the most important unit of
administration in Lithuania since the system of county
Main article: Administrative divisions of Lithuania governorship (apskrities virininkas) was dissolved in
[44]
See also: Counties of Lithuania, Municipalities of 2010. Some municipalities are historically called dis-
Lithuania, and Elderships of Lithuania trict municipalities (often shortened to district), while
3.2 Foreign relations 7

others are called city municipalities (sometimes short-

ened to city). Each has its own elected government.
The election of municipality councils originally occurred
every three years, but now takes place every four years.
The council appoints elders to govern the elderships.
Mayors have been directly elected since 2015; prior to
that, they were appointed by the council.[45]
Elderships, numbering over 500, are the smallest admin-
istrative units and do not play a role in national politics.
They provide necessary local public servicesfor exam-
ple, registering births and deaths in rural areas. They are
most active in the social sector, identifying needy indi-
viduals or families and organizing and distributing wel-
fare and other forms of relief.[46] Some citizens feel that The stamp is dedicated to Lithuanias presidency of the European
elderships have no real power and receive too little atten- Union. Post of Lithuania, 2013.
tion, and that they could otherwise become a source of
local initiative for addressing rural problems.[47]
Baltic Council, located in Tallinn, is a permanent organi-
sation of international cooperation that operates through
3.2 Foreign relations the Baltic Assembly and the Baltic Council of Ministers.
Lithuania also cooperates with Nordic and the two other
Main article: Foreign relations of Lithuania Baltic countries through the NB8 format. A similar for-
Lithuania became a member of the United Nations on 18 mat, NB6, unites Nordic and Baltic members of EU.
NB6s focus is to discuss and agree on positions before
presenting them to the Council of the European Union
and at the meetings of EU foreign aairs ministers.
The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) was estab-
lished in Copenhagen in 1992 as an informal regional
political forum. Its main aim is to promote integra-
tion and to close contacts between the regions countries.
The members of CBSS are Iceland, Sweden, Denmark,
Norway, Finland, Germany, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia,
Poland, Russia, and the European Commission. Its ob-
server states are Belarus, France, Italy, Netherlands, Ro-
mania, Slovakia, Spain, the United States, the United
Kingdom, and Ukraine.
Lithuania is a member of the European Union

September 1991, and is a signatory to a number of its or-

ganizations and other international agreements. It is also
a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe,
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, as
well as NATO and its adjunct North Atlantic Coordinat-
ing Council. Lithuania gained membership in the World
Trade Organization on 31 May 2001, and currently seeks
membership in the OECD and other Western organiza-
tions.
Lithuania has established diplomatic relations with 149
countries.[49]
Lithuania was recently a member of the United Nations Security
In 2011, Lithuania hosted the Organization for Security
Council
and Co-operation in Europe Ministerial Council Meeting.
During the second half of 2013, Lithuania assumed the The Nordic Council of Ministers and Lithuania engage
role of the presidency of the European Union. in political cooperation to attain mutual goals and to de-
Lithuania is also active in developing cooperation among termine new trends and possibilities for joint coopera-
northern European countries. It has been a member of tion. The Councils information oce aims to dissem-
the Baltic Council since its establishment in 1993. The inate Nordic concepts and to demonstrate and promote
8 3 POLITICS

Nordic cooperation. The Lithuanian Armed Forces consist of some 15,000

Lithuania, together with the ve Nordic countries and the active [52]personnel, which may be supported by reserve
two other Baltic countries, is a member of the Nordic In- forces. Compulsory conscription ended in 2008 but
vestment Bank (NIB) and cooperates in its NORDPLUS was reintroduced in 2015.[53] The Lithuanian Armed
programme, which is committed to education. Forces currently have deployed personnel on international
missions in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Mali and Somalia.[54]
The Baltic Development Forum (BDF) is an indepen-
dent nonprot organization that unites large companies,
cities, business associations and institutions in the Baltic
Sea region. In 2010 the BDFs 12th summit was held in
Vilnius.[50]
In 2013, Lithuania was elected to the United Nations Se-
curity Council for a two-year term,[51] becoming the rst
Baltic country elected to this post.

3.3 Military

Main article: Lithuanian Armed Forces

The Lithuanian Armed Forces is the name for the uni-

Lithuanian soldiers on the international NATO mission in

Afghanistan

In March 2004, Lithuania became a full member of the

NATO. Since then, ghter jets of NATO members are
deployed in Zokniai airport and provide safety for the
Baltic airspace.
Since the summer of 2005 Lithuania has been part of the
International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan
(ISAF), leading a Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT)
in the town of Chaghcharan in the province of Ghor.
The PRT includes personnel from Denmark, Iceland and
USA. There are also special operation forces units in
Afghanistan, placed in Kandahar Province. Since joining
international operations in 1994, Lithuania has lost two
soldiers: 1st Lt. Normundas Valteris fell in Bosnia, as his
patrol vehicle drove over a mine. Sgt. Arnas Jarmalav-
iius was fatally wounded during an attack on the camp of
his Provincial Reconstruction Team in Afghanistan.[55]
The Lithuanian National Defence Policy aims to guaran-
tee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty
of the state, the integrity of its land, territorial waters and
airspace, and its constitutional order. Its main strategic
goals are to defend the countrys interests, and to main-
tain and expand the capabilities of its armed forces so
Soldier of the Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces they may contribute to and participate in the missions of
NATO and European Union member states.[56]
ed armed forces of Lithuanian Land Force, Lithuanian The defense ministry is responsible for combat forces,
Air Force, Lithuanian Naval Force, Lithuanian Special search and rescue, and intelligence operations. The 5,000
Operations Force and other units: Logistics Command, border guards fall under the Interior Ministry's super-
Training and Doctrine Command, Headquarters Battal- vision and are responsible for border protection, pass-
ion, Military Police. Directly subordinated to the Chief port and customs duties, and share responsibility with the
of Defence are the Special Operations Forces and Mili- navy for smuggling and drug tracking interdiction. A
tary Police. The Reserve Forces are under command of special security department handles VIP protection and
the Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces. communications security.
 9

4 Economy
Main article: Economy of Lithuania
Lithuanian GDP experienced very high real growth rates

GNI per capita(in 2015) Graphical depiction of Lithuanias product exports in 28 color-
coded categories.

and exports rather than housing and nancial bubbles.[57]

The unemployment rate was 9.1% at the end of 2015,
down from 17.8% in 2010.[58]

Conrmed state budget revenue projections in EUR per capita for

2016 in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Average monthly gross salaries in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Swedbank headquarters in Vilnius
Time period: 2016, 2nd quarter.
Lithuania has a at tax rate rather than a progressive
in the decade before 2009, peaking at 11.1% in 2007. As scheme. According to Eurostat,[59] the personal income
a result, the country was often termed as a Baltic Tiger. tax (15%) and corporate tax (15%) rates in Lithuania are
However, 2009 marked a dramatic decline in GDP at among the lowest in the EU. The country has the lowest
14.9% attributed to overheating of the economy. The implicit rate of tax on capital (9.8%) in the EU. Lithua-
economy resumed growth in the following years at a lower nia also has the lowest overall taxation as a percentage of
but more sustainable pace, driven by domestic demand GDP (27.2) in the European Union[59]
10 5 INFRASTRUCTURE

banking sector is dominated by the Scandinavian banks:

Swedbank, SEB, Nordea, Danske Bank, DNB ASA.
Among the biggest private owned Lithuanian compa-
nies are: ORLEN Lietuva, Maxima Group, Achema
Group, Lukoil Baltija, Linas Agro Group, Indorama Poly-
mers Europe, Palink, Sanitex.[64][65] Corporate tax rate in
Lithuania is 15% and 5% for small businesses. The gov-
ernment oers special incentives for investments into the
high-technology sectors and high value-added products.
Most of the trade Lithuania conducts is within the Euro-
pean Union and Russia.
The litas was the national currency until 2015, when it
was replaced by the euro at the rate of EUR 1.00 = LTL
3.45280.[66] Litas had been pegged to the euro at this rate
since 2 February 2002.[67]

5 Infrastructure
Lithuania is part of a monetary union, the eurozone (dark blue),
and of the EU single market. 5.1 Communication
Main article: Telecommunications in Lithuania
Lithuanian income levels are somewhat lower than in
older EU Member States but higher than in most According to the Speedtest.net website, as of 30 October
new EU Member States that have joined in the last 2011 Lithuania ranks rst in the world by the internet up-
decade. According to Eurostat data, Lithuanian GDP per load speed and download speed, schools and corporations
capita(PPP) stood at 75% of the EU average in 2015.[60] ignored.[68][69] The high speeds are largely due to Lithua-
Average annual wage (before taxes, for full-time employ- nia having the EUs and Europes most available FTTH
ees) in Lithuania stood at around $10,000, still around network. According to a yearly study published by the
1/5 of that in the richest EU member states in 2015. FTTH Council Europe in 2013,[70] the country has con-
Structurally, there is a gradual but consistent shift to- nected 100% of households to the FTTH network. 31%
wards a knowledge-based economy with special empha- of these households are subscribers to this network at the
sis on biotechnology (industrial and diagnostic). The time of publishing. Lithuania has thus Europes most
major biotechnology companies and laser manufacturers available bre network and also has the highest FTTH
(Ekspla, viesos Konversija) of the Baltics are concen- penetration. Sweden has the next highest FTTH pene-
trated in Lithuania. Also mechatronics and information tration with 23%.
technology (IT) are seen as prospective knowledge-based
economy directions.
5.2 Transport
In 2009, Barclays established Technology Centre Lithua-
nia one of four strategic engineering centres sup- Main article: Transport in Lithuania
porting the Barclays Retail Banking businesses across The country boasts a well-developed modern infras-
the globe.[61] In 2011, Western Union ocially opened tructure of railways, airports and four-lane highways.
their new European Regional Operating Centre in Lithuania has an extensive network of motorways. The
Vilnius.[62] The stated position of the Lithuanian gov- best known motorways are A1, connecting Vilnius with
ernment is that the focus of Lithuanian economy is Klaipda via Kaunas, as well as A2, connecting Vilnius
high added-value products and services.[63] Among and Panevys. One of the most used is the European
other international companies operating in Lithua- route E67 highway running from Warsaw to Tallinn, via
nia are: PricewaterhouseCoopers, Ernst & Young, Kaunas and Riga.
Societe Generale, UniCredit, Thermo Fisher Scien-
tic, Phillip Morris, Kraft Foods, Mars, Marks & The Port of Klaipda is the only commercial port in
Spencer, GlaxoSmithKline, United Colors of Benet- Lithuania. In a record year for the port, in 2011 45.5
ton, Deichmann, Statoil, Neste Oil, Lukoil, Tele2, million tons of cargo were handled (including Bting oil
Hesburger and Modern Times Group. TeliaSonera, ICA terminal gures), making it one of the biggest in the Baltic
and Carlsberg respectively own local telecommunica- Sea.[71]
tions company Omnitel, retailer Rimi and beer brew- Vilnius International Airport is the largest airport. It
eries (vyturys, Kalnapilis and Utenos Alus). Lithuanian served 3.8 million passengers in 2016.[72] Other inter-
 11

the plant is similar to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

in its lack of a robust containment structure. The re-
maining unit, as of 2006, supplied about 70% of Lithua-
nias electrical demand.[74] Unit No. 2 was closed down
on 31 December 2009. Proposals have been made to
construct another Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant in
Lithuania.[75] However, a non-binding referendum held
in October 2012 clouded the prospects for the Visaginas
project, as 63% of voters said no to a new nuclear power
plant.[76]
The countrys main primary source of electrical power is
Elektrnai Power Plant. Other primary sources of Lithua-
nias electrical power are Kruonis Pumped Storage Plant
and Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant. Kruonis Pumped
Major highways in Lithuania Storage Plant is the only in the Baltic states power plant
to be used for regulation of the power systems opera-
tion with generating capacity of 900 MW for at least
12 hours.[77] As of 2015, 66% of electrical power was
imported.[78]

6 Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Lithuania
Since the Neolithic period the native inhabitants of the

Construction of the dual-gauge railway track in Lithuania (Rail

Baltica project)

national airports include Kaunas International Airport,

Palanga International Airport and iauliai International
Airport.
Lithuania received its rst railway connection in the mid-
dle of the 19th century, when the Warsaw Saint Pe-
tersburg Railway was constructed. It included a stretch Population of Lithuania (in millions), 19502010
from Daugavpils via Vilnius and Kaunas to Virbalis. The
rst and only still operating in the Baltic states Kaunas Lithuanian territory have not been replaced by any other
Railway Tunnel was completed in 1860. Lithuanian ethnic group, so there is a high probability that the inhabi-
Railways' main network consists of 1,762 km (1,095 tants of present-day Lithuania have preserved the genetic
mi) of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11.8 in) broad gauge railway of composition of their forebears relatively undisturbed by
which 122 km (76 mi) are electried. They also operate the major demographic movements,[79] although with-
115 km (71 mi) of standard gauge lines.[73] The Trans- out being actually isolated from them.[80] The Lithuanian
European standard gauge Rail Baltica railway, linking population appears to be relatively homogeneous, without
HelsinkiTallinnRigaKaunasWarsaw and continuing apparent genetic dierences among ethnic subgroups.[81]
on to Berlin is under construction.
A 2004 analysis of MtDNA in the Lithuanian popu-
lation revealed that Lithuanians are close to the Slavic
5.3 Energy and Finno-Ugric speaking populations of Northern and
Eastern Europe. Y-chromosome SNP haplogroup anal-
Main article: Energy in Lithuania ysis showed Lithuanians to be closest to Latvians and
Estonians.[82]
Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant was a Soviet-era nuclear According to 2014 estimates, the age structure of the
station. Unit No. 1 was closed in December 2004, as a population was as follows: 014 years, 13.5% (male
condition of Lithuanias entry into the European Union; 243,001/female 230,674); 1564 years: 69.5% (male
12 6 DEMOGRAPHICS

1,200,196/female 1,235,300); 65 years and over: 16.8% regional centres, such as Alytus, Marijampol, Utena,
(male 207,222/female 389,345).[83] The median age was Plung, and Maeikiai. By the early 21st century, about
41.2 years (male: 38.5, female: 43.7).[84] two-thirds of the total population lived in urban areas.
Lithuania has a sub-replacement fertility rate: the As of [83] 2015, 66.5% of the total population lives in urban
total fertility rate (TFR) in Lithuania is 1.59 children areas. The largest city is Vilnius, followed by Kaunas,
born/woman (2015 estimates). [85]
As of 2014, 29% of Klaipda, iauliai, and Panevys.
births were to unmarried women.[86] The age at rst mar-
riage in 2013 was 27 years for women and 29.3 years for
men.[87]

6.1 Ethnic groups

Main article: Ethnic minorities in Lithuania

Ethnic Lithuanians make up about ve-sixths of the coun-

trys population and Lithuania has the most homogenous
population in the Baltic States. In 2015, the population of
Lithuania stands at 2 921,262, 86.7% of whom are eth-
nic Lithuanians who speak Lithuanian, which is the o-
Map of the 20 largest cities or towns in Lithuania
cial language of the country. Several sizable minorities
exist, such as Poles (5.6%), Russians (4.8%), Belarusians
(1.3%) and Ukrainians (0.7%).[1]
6.3 Functional urban areas
Poles are the largest minority, concentrated in southeast
Lithuania (the Vilnius region). Russians are the sec- [94]
ond largest minority, concentrated mostly in two cities.
They constitute sizeable minorities in Vilnius (12%)[88]
and Klaipda (19.6%),[89] and a majority in the town of 6.4 Health
Visaginas (52%).[90] About 3,000 Roma live in Lithua-
nia, mostly in Vilnius, Kaunas and Panevys; their or- Main article: Health in Lithuania
ganizations are supported by the National Minority and
Emigration Department.[91] For centuries a small Tatar
As of 2015 Lithuanian life expectancy at birth was 73.4
community has ourished in Lithuania.[92]
(67.4 years for males and 78.8 for females)[95] and the
The ocial language is Lithuanian. Other languages, infant mortality rate was 6.2 per 1,000 births. The annual
such as Russian, Polish, Belarusian and Ukrainian, are population growth rate increased by 0.3% in 2007. At
spoken in the larger cities, in the alininkai District Mu- 33.5 people per 100,000 in 2012, Lithuania has seen a
nicipality and the Vilnius District Municipality. Yiddish dramatic rise in suicides in the post-Soviet years, and now
is spoken by members of the tiny remaining Jewish com- records the fourth highest age-standardized suicide rate in
munity in Lithuania. According to the Lithuanian popu- the world, according to WHO.[96] Lithuania also has the
lation census of 2011,[89] about 85% of the countrys pop- highest homicide rate in the EU.[97]
ulation speak Lithuanian as their native language, 7,2%
are native speakers of Russian and 5,3% of Polish. Ac-
cording to the Eurobarometer survey conducted in 2012, 6.5 Religion
80% of Lithuanians can speak Russian and 38% can
speak English. Most Lithuanian schools teach English Main article: Religion in Lithuania
as the rst foreign language, but students may also study As per the 2011 census, 77.2% of Lithuanians belonged
German, or, in some schools, French or Russian. Schools
where Russian or Polish are the primary languages of ed-
ucation exist in the areas populated by these minorities.

6.2 Urbanization
See also: List of cities in Lithuania
Hill of Crosses near iauliai
There has been a steady movement of population to the
cities since the 1990s, encouraged by the planning of to the Roman Catholic Church.[98] The Church has been
6.6 Education 13

the majority denomination since the Christianisation

of Lithuania at the end of the 14th century. The
Reformation did not impact Lithuania to a great ex-
tent as seen in Estonia or Latvia as generally only lo-
cal Germans in the Klaipda/Memel area turned Protes-
tant, while Lithuanians and Poles remained Catholic, and
Russians, Belarusians and UkrainiansEastern Ortho-
dox. Some priests actively led the resistance against the
Communist regime (symbolised by the Hill of Crosses).
4.1% are Orthodox, mainly among the Russian minority.
This group is distinguishable into the Eastern Orthodox
Church and Old Believers.
Protestants are 0.8%, of which 0.6% are Lutheran and
0.2% are Reformed. According to Losch (1932), the
Lutherans were 3.3% of the total population;[99] they
were mainly Germans in the Memel territory (now
Klaipda). There was also a tiny Reformed commu-
nity (0,5%)[100] which still persists. Protestantism has
declined with the removal of the German population,
and today it is mainly represented by ethnic Lithuanians
throughout the northern and western parts of the coun-
try, as well as in large urban areas. Believers and clergy
suered greatly during the Soviet occupation, with many
killed, tortured or deported to Siberia. Newly arriving Vilnius University, one of the oldest universities in Eastern and
evangelical churches have established missions in Lithua- Central Europe
nia since 1990.[101]
6.1% have no religion.
eral types of schools were present in medieval Lithua-
Lithuania was historically home to a signicant Jewish nia cathedral schools, where pupils were prepared for
community and was an important center of Jewish schol- priesthood; parish schools, oering elementary educa-
arship and culture from the 18th century until the eve tion; and home schools dedicated to educating the chil-
of World War II. Prior to the war, the Jewish popula- dren of the Lithuanian nobility. Before Vilnius Univer-
tion, outside of the Vilnius region (which was then in sity was established in 1579, Lithuanians seeking higher
Poland), numbered about 160,000. In September 1939, education attended universities in foreign cities, including
tens of thousands of Polish Jews became Lithuanian sub- Krakw, Prague, and Leipzig, among others.[106] During
jects when the Soviets transferred the Vilnius region (of the Interbellum a national university Vytautas Magnus
the former Polish state) to Lithuania and additional Jew- University was founded in Kaunas.
ish refugees arrived in Lithuania during the period prior
The Ministry of Education and Science of the Repub-
to June 1941. Of the approximately 220,000 Jews who
lic of Lithuania proposes national educational policies
lived in the Republic of Lithuania in June 1941, almost all
and goals. These are sent to the Seimas for ratica-
were entirely annihilated during the Holocaust.[102][103]
tion. Laws govern long-term educational strategy along
The community numbered about 4,000 at the end of
with general laws on standards for higher education,
2009.[104]
vocational training, law and science, adult education,
According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll in and special education.[107] County administrators, mu-
2010,[105] 47% of Lithuanian citizens responded that nicipal administrators, and school founders (including
they believe there is a God, 37% answered that they non-governmental organizations, religious organizations,
believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", and 12% and individuals) are responsible for implementing these
said that they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, policies.[107] By constitutional mandate, ten years of for-
god, or life force". mal enrollment in an educational institution is mandatory,
ending at age 16.[108]
14.7% of the 2014 state budget was allocated to educa-
6.6 Education tion expenses.[109] Primary and secondary schools receive
funding from the state via their municipal or county ad-
Main article: Education in Lithuania ministrations. The Constitution of Lithuania guarantees
The rst documented school in Lithuania was established tuition-free attendance at public institutions of higher ed-
in 1387 at Vilnius Cathedral.[106] The school network ucation for students deemed 'good'; the number of such
was inuenced by the Christianization of Lithuania. Sev- students has varied over the past decade, with 53.5% ex-
14 7 CULTURE

7 Culture
Main article: Culture of Lithuania

7.1 Lithuanian language

Main article: Lithuanian language

The Lithuanian language (lietuvi kalba) is the ocial

state language of Lithuania and is recognized as one of
Raudon Basic School, located in Raudon Castle the ocial languages of the European Union. There are
about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithua-
nia and about 0.2 million abroad.
Lithuanian is a Baltic language, closely related to Latvian,
empted from tuition fees in 2014. [110] although they are not mutually intelligible. It is written in
an adapted version of the Roman script. Lithuanian is
The World Bank designates the literacy rate of Lithua- believed to be the linguistically most conservative living
nian persons aged 15 years and older as 100% [111] Indo-European tongue, retaining many features of Proto
and, according to Eurostat Lithuania leads among other Indo-European.[118]
countries of EU by people with secondary education
(93.3%).[112] As of 2012, 34% of the population aged 25
to 64 had completed tertiary education; 59.1% had com- 7.2 Literature
pleted upper secondary and post-secondary (non-tertiary)
education.[113] According to Invest in Lithuania, Lithua- Main article: Lithuanian literature
nia has twice as many people with higher education than There is a great deal of Lithuanian literature written in
the EU-15 average and the proportion is the highest in
the Baltic. Also, 90% of Lithuanians speak at least one
foreign language and half of the population speaks two
foreign languages, mostly Russian and English.[114]
As with other Baltic nations, in particular Latvia, the large
volume of higher education graduates within the country,
coupled with the high rate of spoken second languages is
contributing to an education brain drain. Many Lithua-
nians are choosing to emigrate seeking higher earn-
ing employment and studies throughout Europe. Since
their inclusion into the European Union in 2004, Lithua-
nias population has fallen by approximately 180,000
people.[115][116]
As of 2008, there were 15 public universities in Lithua-
nia, 6 private institutions, 16 public colleges, and 11
private colleges.[117] Vilnius University is one of the
oldest universities in Northern Europe and the largest
university in Lithuania. Kaunas University of Technol-
ogy is the largest technical university in the Baltic States
and the 2nd largest university in Lithuania. Other univer-
sities include Lithuanian University of Health Sciences,
Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre, Lithuanian
University of Educology, Vytautas Magnus University,
Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuanian Academy of
Physical Education, Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni-
versity, The General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy The rst Lithuanian printed book Catechism of Martynas
of Lithuania, Klaipda University, Lithuanian Veterinary Mavydas (1547, Knigsberg)
Academy, Lithuanian University of Agriculture, iauliai
University, Vilnius Academy of Art, and LCC Interna- Latin, the main scholarly language of the Middle Ages.
tional University. The edicts of the Lithuanian King Mindaugas is the prime
7.4 Music 15

example of the literature of this kind. The Letters of

Gediminas are another crucial heritage of the Lithuanian
Latin writings.
Lithuanian literary works in the Lithuanian language
started being rst published in the 16th century. In
1547 Martynas Mavydas compiled and published the
rst printed Lithuanian book The Simple Words of Cat-
echism, which marks the beginning of printed Lithuanian
literature. He was followed by Mikalojus Dauka with
Katechizmas. In the 16th and 17th centuries, as in the
whole Christian Europe, Lithuanian literature was pri-
marily religious.
The evolution of the old (14th18th century) Lithuanian
literature ends with Kristijonas Donelaitis, one of the
most prominent authors of the Age of Enlightenment.
Donelaitis poem The Seasons is a landmark of the Lithua-
nian ction literature.[119]
With a mix of Classicism, Sentimentalism and
Romanticism, the Lithuanian literature of the rst
half of the 19th century is represented by Maironis,
Antanas Baranauskas, Simonas Daukantas and Simonas
Staneviius.[119] During the Tsarist annexation of
Lithuania in the 19th century, the Lithuanian press ban
was implemented, which led to the formation of the
Knygneiai (Book smugglers) movement. This move-
ment is thought to be the very reason the Lithuanian
language and literature survived until today. Jonas Mekas is regarded as godfather of American avant-garde
cinema
20th-century Lithuanian literature is represented by
Juozas Tumas-Vaigantas, Antanas Vienuolis, Bernardas
Brazdionis, Vytautas Maernis and Justinas Marcinke-
viius. which is connected with neolithic corded ware culture.
Two instrument cultures meet in the areas inhabited by
Lithuanians: stringed (kankli) and wind instrument cul-
7.3 Arts and museums tures. Lithuanian folk music is archaic, mostly used
for ritual purposes, containing elements of paganism
Main article: List of museums in Lithuania faith. There are three ancient styles of singing in Lithua-
The Lithuanian Art Museum was founded in 1933 and nia connected with ethnographical regions: monophony,
is the largest museum of art conservation and display in heterophony and polyphony. Folk song genres: Sutart-
Lithuania.[120] Among other important museums is the ins, Wedding Songs, War-Historical Time Songs, Cal-
Palanga Amber Museum, where amber pieces comprise endar Cycle and Ritual Songs and Work Songs.
a major part of the collection. Mikalojus Konstantinas iurlionis is the most renowned
Perhaps the most renowned gure in Lithuanias art com- Lithuanian painter and composer. During his short life
munity was the composer Mikalojus Konstantinas i- he created about 200 pieces of music. His works have
urlionis (18751911), an internationally renowned mu- had profound inuence on modern Lithuanian culture.
sician. The 2420 iurlionis asteroid, identied in 1975, His symphonic poems In the Forest (Mike) and The Sea
honors his achievements. The M. K. iurlionis National (Jra) were performed only posthumously. iurlionis
Art Museum, as well as the only military museum in contributed to symbolism and art nouveau and was rep-
Lithuania, Vytautas the Great War Museum, are located resentative of the n de sicle epoch. He has been con-
in Kaunas. sidered one of the pioneers of abstract art in Europe.
Vytautas Mikinis (born 1954) is a professor, composer
and choir director of the famous Lithuanian boys choir
7.4 Music uoliukas. He is very popular in Lithuania and abroad.
He has written over 400 secular and about 160 religious
Main article: Music of Lithuania works.
In Lithuania, choral music is very important. Vilnius is
Lithuanian folk music belongs to Baltic music branch the only city with three choirs laureates (Brevis, Jauna
16 7 CULTURE

Muzika and Chamber Choir of the Conservatoire) at the 7.6 Sports

European Grand Prix for Choral Singing. There is a long-
standing tradition of the Lithuanian Song and Dance Fes- Main article: Sport in Lithuania
tival (Dain vent). The rst one took place in Kaunas Basketball is the national sport of Lithuania. The
in 1924. Since 1990, the festival has been organised ev-
ery four years and summons roughly 30,000 singers and
folk dancers of various professional levels and age groups
from across the country. In 2008, Lithuanian Song and
Dance Festival together with its Latvian and Estonian ver-
sions was inscribed as UNESCO Masterpiece of the Oral
and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Marijonas Mikutaviius is famous for creating unocial
Lithuania sport anthem Trys milijonai (English: Three
million).[121]

7.5 Cuisine

Main article: Lithuanian cuisine Lithuania mens national basketball team is ranked 5th world-
Lithuanian cuisine features the products suited to the cool wide in FIBA Rankings.

Cepelinai, a potato-based dumpling dish characteristic of

Lithuanian cuisine

and moist northern climate of Lithuania: barley, potatoes,

rye, beets, greens, berries, and mushrooms are locally
grown, and dairy products are one of its specialties. Since
it shares its climate and agricultural practices with North-
ern Europe, Lithuanian cuisine has some similarities to
Scandinavian cuisine. Nevertheless, it has its own dis-
tinguishing features, which were formed by a variety of
inuences during the countrys long and dicult history.
Because of their common heritage, Lithuanians, Poles,
and Ashkenazi Jews share many dishes and beverages.
Namely, similar versions of: dumplings (koldnai, kre-
plach or pierogi), doughnuts spurgos or (pczki), and
blynai crpes (blintzes). German traditions also inu- Rta Meilutyt Olympic, multiple World and European cham-
enced Lithuanian cuisine, introducing pork and potato pion.
dishes, such as potato pudding (kugelis or kugel) and
potato sausages (vdarai), as well as the baroque tree cake Lithuania national basketball team has had signicant
known as akotis. The most exotic of all the inuences success in international basketball events, having won the
is Eastern (Karaite) cuisine, and the dishes kibinai and EuroBasket on three occasions (1937, 1939 and 2003),
eburekai are popular in Lithuania. Torte Napoleon was as well a total of 8 other medals in the Eurobasket, the
introduced during Napoleon's passage through Lithuania World Championships and the Olympic Games. Lithua-
in the 19th century. nia hosted the Eurobasket in 1939 and 2011. The his-
 17

toric Lithuanian basketball team BC algiris, from Kau- 9 See also

nas, won the European basketball league Euroleague in
1999. Lithuania has produced a number of NBA players, Index of Lithuania-related articles
including Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in-
ductees Arvydas Sabonis and arnas Mariulionis[122] List of Lithuanians
and current NBA players Donatas Motiejnas, Jonas
Outline of Lithuania
Valaninas, Domantas Sabonis and Mindaugas Kuzmin-
skas.[123]
Lithuania has won a total of 25 medals at the Olympic 10 References
Games, including 6 gold medals in athletics, modern
pentathlon, shooting, and swimming. Numerous other
[1] Lietuvos gyventoj tautin sudtis 20142015 m..
Lithuanians won Olympic medals representing Soviet Alkas.lt.
Union. Discuss thrower Virgilijus Alekna is the most suc-
cessful Olympic athlete of independent Lithuania, having [2] Lina Kulikauskien (2002). Lietuvos Respublikos Konsti-
won gold medals in the 2000 Sydney and 2004 Athens tucija [The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania] (in
games, as well as a bronze in 2008 Beijing Olympics Lithuanian). Native History, CD. ISBN 9986-9216-7-8.
and numerous World Championship medals. More re- [3] Ernst Veser (23 September 1997). Semi-
cently, the gold medal won by a then 15-year-old swim- Presidentialism-Duvergers Concept A New Political
mer Rta Meilutyt at the 2012 Summer Olympics in System Model (PDF) (in English and Chinese). Depart-
London sparked a rise in popularity for the sport in ment of Education, School of Education, University of
Lithuania. Cologne: 3960. Retrieved 20 August 2016. Duhamel
has developed the approach further: He stresses that
the French construction does not correspond to either
parliamentary or the presidential form of government,
and then develops the distinction of 'systme politique'
and 'rgime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises
the exercise of power that results from the dominant
institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules
for the dominant institutional practice of the power.
In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system'
endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587).
By this standard he recognizes Duvergers pliade as
semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania,
Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).
Druskininkai Snow Arena [4] Matthew Shugart Sberg (September 2005). Semi-
Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Author-
ity Patterns (PDF). Graduate School of International Re-
Lithuania has produced prominent athletes in athletics, lations and Pacic Studies. United States: University of
modern pentathlon, road and track cycling, chess, rowing, California, San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF)
aerobatics, strongman, wrestling, boxing, mixed martial on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
arts, Kyokushin Karate and other sports.
[5] Matthew Sberg Shugart (December 2005). Semi-
Few Lithuanian athletes have found success in winter Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Au-
sports, although facilities are provided by several ice rinks thority Patterns. French Politics. 3 (3): 323351.
and skiing slopes, including Snow Arena, the rst indoor doi:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. A pattern similar to
ski slope in the Baltics.[124] the French case of compatible majorities alternating with
periods of cohabitation emerged in Lithuania, where
Talat-Kelpsa (2001) notes that the ability of the Lithua-
nian president to inuence government formation and pol-
icy declined abruptly when he lost the sympathetic major-
8 International rankings ity in parliament.

[6] Pradia OSP. stat.gov.lt.

The following are links to international rankings of [7] Lithuania. International Monetary Fund. 2015. Re-
Lithuania from selected research institutes and founda- trieved 6 October 2016.
tions including economic output and various composite
indices. [8] Lithuania. Imf.org.

[9] Gini coecient of equivalised disposable income

(source: SILC)". Eurostat Data Explorer. Retrieved 5
January 2014.
18 10 REFERENCES

[10] 2015 Human Development Report (PDF). United Na- [30] Kng, Andres (13 April 1999). Communism and Crimes
tions Development Programme. 2015. Retrieved 24 against Humanity in the Baltic states. Archived from the
March 2017. original on 1 March 2001. A Report to the Jarl Hjalmar-
son Foundation seminar
[11] Lithuania. Oxford Online Dictionaries.
[31] US Department of State Bureau of Public Aairs.
[12] Lithuania. American Heritage Dictionary. State.gov. August 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2010.

[13] The Merriam-Webster Dictionary does not even mention [32] Bill Keller (14 January 1991). Soviet crackdown; So-
this pronunciation and instead lists /lweni/ as the viet loyalists in charge after attack in Lithuania; 13 dead;
most common US pronunciation. The Oxford Online Dic- curfew is imposed. New York Times. Retrieved 18 De-
tionaries also mention the UK variant /ljueni/ cember 2009.

[14] Composition of macro geographical (continental) re- [33] On This Day 13 January 1991: Bloodshed at Lithuanian
gions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic TV station. BBC News. 13 January 1991. Retrieved 13
and other groupings. United Nations. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
November 2008.
[34] Richard J. Krickus (June 1997). Democratization in
[15] Tomas Baranauskas (Fall 2009). On the Origin of the Lithuania. In K. Dawisha and B. Parrott. The Consolida-
Name of Lithuania. Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts tion of Democracy in East-Central Europe. p. 344. ISBN
and Sciences. 55 (3). ISSN 0024-5089. 978-0-521-59938-2.

[16] (Lithuanian) Tomas Baranauskas (2001). Lietuvos kara- [35] Lithuania Geography. Abhinav.com.
lystei 750. voruta.lt.
[36] Jan S. Krogh. Other Places of Interest: Central Europe.
[17] Paul Magocsi (1996). History of the Ukraine. University Retrieved 31 December 2011.
of Toronto Press. p. 128. ISBN 0802078206. [37] Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin
The BACC Project 2223 May 2006, Gteborg, Swe-
[18] Thomas Lane (2001). Lithuania: Stepping Westward.
den (PDF). Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Routledge. pp. ix, xxi. ISBN 0-415-26731-5.
[38] G. Sakalauskiene and G. Ignatavicius (2003). Research
[19] The New Encyclopdia Britannica v. 17 (1998) p. 545
Note Eect of drought and res on the quality of water
in Lithuanian rivers. Hydrology and Earth System Sci-
[20] Rick Fawn (2003). Ideology and national identity in post-
ences. 7 (3): 423427. Bibcode:2003HESS....7..423S.
communist foreign policies. Psychology Press. pp. 186.
doi:10.5194/hess-7-423-2003.
ISBN 978-0-7146-5517-8.
[39] Ekstremals reikiniai (Extreme Phenomena)". meteo.lt.
[21] Stone, Daniel. The PolishLithuanian State: 13861795.
Retrieved 13 April 2015.
University of Washington Press, 2001. p. 63
[40] Rekordikai ilta Rugsjo Pirmoji (Warmest 1 Septem-
[22] The Roads to Independence. Lithuania in the World. 16 ber on record)". meteo.lt. 2 September 2015. Archived
(2). 2008. ISSN 1392-0901. Archived from the original from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 7
on 12 May 2011. September 2015.
[23] Kauno tvirtovs istorija (in Lithuanian). Gintaras eso- [41] Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Lithuania. Weath-
nis. 2004. Retrieved 12 June 2008. erbase. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
[24] Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Lithuanians in [42] (Lithuanian) Nuo 1991 m. iki iol paskelbt referendum
the United States". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: rezultatai, Microsoft Word Document, Seimas. Retrieved
Robert Appleton Company. 4 June 2006.

[25] J. Lee Ready (1995). World War Two: Nation by Nation. [43] Biography of Dr: Vaira Vike-Freiberga. Latvijas Valsts
London: Cassell. p. 191. ISBN 1-85409-290-1. prezidenta kanceleja. 17 April 2007. Retrieved 28 April
2016.
[26] Ineta iemele, ed. (2002). Baltic Yearbook of Interna-
tional Law (2001). 1. p. 2. ISBN 978-90-411-1736-6. [44] (Lithuanian) (Republic of Lithuania Annul Law on
County Governing), Seimas law database, 7 July 2009,
[27] Richard J. Krickus (June 1997). Democratization in Law no. XI-318.
Lithuania. In K. Dawisha and B. Parrott. The Consolida-
tion of Democracy in East-Central Europe. p. 293. ISBN [45] (Lithuanian) Justinas Vanagas, Seimo Seimas teisino
978-0-521-59938-2. tiesioginius mer rinkimus, Del.lt, 26 June 2014. Re-
trieved 26 March 2015.
[28] Prit Buttar. Between Giants. ISBN 9781780961637.
[46] (Lithuanian) Lietuvos Respublikos vietos savivaldos s-
[29] Lithuania: Back to the Future. Travel-earth.com. 1 tatymo pakeitimo statymas, Seimas law database, 12 Oc-
May 2004. Retrieved 5 June 2011. tober 2000, Law no. VIII-2018. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
 19

[47] (Lithuanian) Indr Makaraityt, Europos Sjungos pini- [69] Speedtest.net The global Internet speed test for band-
gai kaimo neigelbs, Atgimimas, Del.lt, 16 December width throughput and VoIP performance. Speedtest.net.
2004. Retrieved 4 June 2006. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007.

[48] BENDRASIS VIDAUS PRODUKTAS PAGAL AP- [70] Winners and losers emerge in Europes race to a bre fu-
SKRITIS 2015 M. (in Lithuanian). Statistics Lithuania. ture. FTTH Council Europe (20 February 2013)
25 November 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
[71] Klaipdos ir kit Baltijos jros rytins pakrants uost
[49] Ministry of Foreign Aairs: List of countries with which krovos apvalga 2011 m. sausiogruodio mn. short-
Lithuania has established diplomatic relations. Urm.lt. sea.lt (2 January 2012)
Retrieved 2 January 2011.
[72] The Lithuanian Airports Have Presented the Results for
[50] Baltic Development Forum. Retrieved on 3 April 2012. the Year 2016: the Number of Passengers Has Surged to
[51] Chad, Chile, Lithuania, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia elected Record Levels of 4.8 Million. 12 January 2017. Re-
to serve on UN Security Council. Un.org. Retrieved 30 trieved 24 January 2017.
April 2016.
[73] Geleinkeli infrastruktra. Retrieved 24 January
[52] Personnel size in 19982009 Ministry of National Defence 2017.

[53] Conscription notices to be sent to 37,000 men in Lithua- [74] Electricity Market in the Baltic Countries. Lietuvos En-
nia. ergija. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Re-
trieved 19 April 2008.
[54] Lietuvos dalyvavimas tarptautinse operacijose (PDF).
10 July 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015. [75] Andrei Ozharovsky, Maria Kaminskaya and Charles
Digges (12 January 2010). Lithuania shuts down Soviet-
[55] (Lithuanian) In remembrance. Kariuomene.kam.lt. Re- era NPP, but being a nuclear-free nation is still under
trieved on 24 December 2011. question. bellona.org.
[56] White Paper Lithuanian defence policy (PDF) (in [76] Nuclear Power in Lithuania | Lithuanian Nuclear Energy.
Lithuanian). Kam.lt. Retrieved 25 April 2010. World-nuclear.org. Retrieved on 4 May 2014.
[57] Lithuanian Macroeconomic Review No 58 (PDF). SEB.
[77] Veikla. kruoniohae.lt. Retrieved 7 January 2013
December 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
[78] Elektros gamybos ir vartojimo balanso duomenys.
[58] ""Lietuvos makroekonomikos apvalga nr. 62. SEB.
April 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2016. [79] G. esnys (1991) Anthropological roots of the Lithuani-
[59] Taxation trends in the European Union (PDF). Eurostat. ans. Science, Arts and Lithuania, 1: pp. 410.
2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
[80] Daiva Ambrasien, Vaidutis Kuinskas (2003). Genetic
[60] Eurostat Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) variability of the Lithuanian human population accord-
table. Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. 17 October 2013. Re- ing to Y chromosome microsatellite markers (PDF).
trieved 12 April 2014. Ekologija. 1: 89.

[61] Vilnius, Lithuania | Global locations|Barclays GRB. [81] Dalia Kasperaviit and Vaidutis Kuinskas (2004).
Lifeintechnology.co.uk. Retrieved on 12 September Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Analysis in the Lithua-
2011. nian Population (PDF). Acta Medica Lituanica. 11 (1):
16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February
[62] Western Union opens centre in Vilnius. Alfa.lt (6 May 2008.
2011). Retrieved on 12 September 2011.
[82] D Kasperavicite, V Kucinskas and M Stoneking (2004).
[63] Lithuanian Innovation Strategy for 20102020. None. Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation in
Retrieved on 12 September 2011. Lithuanians (PDF). Annals of Human Genetics. 68
(Pt 5): 43852. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00119.x.
[64] (Limburgish) Prekinio kredito draudimas | Skol iieko-
PMID 15469421. Archived from the original (PDF) on
jimas | Verslo informacija | Coface.lt. M.coface.lt. Re-
25 February 2009.
trieved on 17 January 2017.

[65] Deloitte Central Europe Top 500, 2012. Vz.lt (13 [83] Lithuania. CIA World Factbook.
September 2012). Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
[84] Field Listing: Median age. CIA World Factbook. Re-
[66] ISO Currency ISO 4217 Amendment Number 159. trieved 13 April 2015.
Currency Code Services ISO 4217 Maintenance Agency.
SIX Interbank Clearing. 15 August 2014. [85] Country Comparison: Total Fertility Rate. CIA World
Factbook.
[67] Lietuvos Bankas. lb.lt
[86] Eurostat Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM)
[68] Lietuvikas internetas spariausias pasaulyje (in table. Ec.europa.eu. 28 September 2015. Retrieved 7
Lithuanian). 8 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009. September 2016.
 20 10 REFERENCES

[87] Select variable and values UNECE Statistical [107] Education in Lithuania (PDF). European Agency for
Database. W3.unece.org. 9 February 2016. Retrieved Development in Special Needs Education. Retrieved 6
30 April 2016. April 2010.

[88] Del (2012) Kas penktas klaipdietis yra rusas, vilnietis [108] The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania came into
kas atuntas; Retrieved on 7 January 2017 force on 2 November 1992. Republic of Lithuania. Re-
trieved 6 April 2010.
[89] Lithuanian population census of 2011; Retrieved on 7 Jan-
uary 2017 [109] Reviews of the National Budget for 2014 Lithuania
(PDF). Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Lithuania.
[90] The inhabitants. Archived from the original on 19 De- 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
cember 2007.
[110] Admission data from Lithuanian Universities in 2013.
[91] Lithuanian Security and Foreign Policy (PDF). LAMABPO association of Lithuanian higher education
Tspmi.vu.lt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 institutions. 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
March 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
[111] ICT at a Glance (PDF). World Bank. Archived from the
[92] The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. original (PDF) on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
eki.ee.
[112] Upper secondary education in EU. Eurostat. Retrieved
[93] Statistics Lithuania Population at the beginning of the 16 May 2014.
year by city / town and year. Osp.stat.gov.lt. Retrieved on [113] Ocial Lithuanian Statistics Portal. Lithuanian Depart-
17 January 2017. ment of Statistics. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
[94] Population on 1 January by age groups and sex functional [114] Invest in Lithuania. Lda.lt. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
urban areas. eurostat.ec.europa.eu
[115] Tarptautin migracija Rodikli duomen bazje.
[95] http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/ Db1.stat.gov.lt. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
WPP2015_Volume-I_Comprehensive-Tables.pdf
[116] Baltic brain drain hits hardest in Lithuania. Rt.com. 10
[96] Suicide rates. Data by country. World Health Organi- February 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
zation. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
[117] Lithuania, Academic Career Structure. European Uni-
[97] Egl Digryt (2 January 2009). More people are killed in versity Institute. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
Lithuania than anywhere in the EU. Del.lt. Retrieved
[118] Z. Zinkeviius (1993). Ryt Lietuva praeityje ir dabar.
25 April 2010.
Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedij leidykla. p. 9. ISBN 5-
[98] Department of Statistics to the Government of the Re- 420-01085-2. ...linguist generally accepted that Lithua-
public of Lithuania. GYVENTOJAI PAGAL TAUTYB, nian language is the most archaic among live Indo-
GIMTJ KALB IR TIKYB" (PDF).. 15 March 2013. European languages...

[99] http://lmaleidykla.lt/publ/1392-1096/2004/2/Geo_026_ [119] Institute of Lithuanian Scientic Society. Lithuanian

33.pdf Classic Literature at the Wayback Machine (archived 4
February 2005). Retrieved 16 February 2009
[100] http://lmaleidykla.lt/publ/1392-1096/2004/2/Geo_026_
[120] History of the Lithuanian Art Museum. Ldm.lt. Re-
33.pdf
trieved 5 June 2011.
[101] United Methodists evangelize in Lithuania with ads, [121] Marijonas Mikutaviius Trys milijonai on YouTube
brochures. Umc.org. 11 August 2006. Retrieved 25
April 2010. [122] The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Hall
of Famers Index. Hoophall.com. Retrieved 30 April
[102] Arnas Bubnys (2004). Holocaust in Lithuania: An Out- 2016.
line of the Major Stages and Their Results. The Vanished
World of Lithuanian Jews. Rodopi. pp. 218219. ISBN [123] NBA rosters feature 100 international players for second
90-420-0850-4. consecutive year (Press release). National Basketball As-
sociation. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
[103] Lithuania. Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 12 April 2012. [124] Rayti komentar (10 February 2015). "iemos
sportas Lietuvoje podukros vietoje (in Lithuanian).
[104] Population at the beginning of the year by ethnicity. Kauno.diena.lt. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Statistics Lithuania. Archived from the original on 4 June
2007. Retrieved 12 April 2012. [125] Network Readiness Index. weforum.org.
[126] The Legatum Prosperity Index: 2015. prosperity.com.
[105] Eurobarometer on Biotechnology (PDF). p. 11. Re-
trieved 5 May 2007. [127] EF English Prociency Index A comprehensive ranking
of countries by English skills. ef.com.
[106] Jrat Kiaupien; Petrauskas, Rimvydas (2009). Lietuvos
istorija. Vol. IV. Vilnius: Baltos lankos. pp. 145147. [128] Global Rankings 2016. World Bank. Retrieved 27
ISBN 978-9955-23-239-1. September 2016.
 21

11 External links
Government

The Lithuanian President Ocial site of the Pres-

ident of the Republic of Lithuania
The Lithuanian Parliament Ocial site of the Par-
liament of the Republic of Lithuania
The Lithuanian Government Ocial site of the
Government of the Republic of Lithuania
Chief of State and Cabinet Members

Statistics Lithuania Ocial site of Department of

Statistics to the Government of Lithuania

General information

Lithuania. The World Factbook. Central Intelli-

gence Agency.
Lithuania from UCB Libraries GovPubs

Lithuania at DMOZ
Lithuania from the BBC News

Wikimedia Atlas of Lithuania

Geographic data related to Lithuania at
OpenStreetMap

Lietuva.lt/en Lithuanian internet gates

Key Development Forecasts for Lithuania from
International Futures
Heraldry of Lithuania

Travel

Lithuanian State Department of Tourism

Travel Channel movie about Lithuanian Essential
Lithuania 2010

www.travel.lt The Ocial Lithuanian Travel

Guide
22 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text
Lithuania Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania?oldid=775258618 Contributors: Brion VIBBER, Mav, Zundark, Koyaanis
Qatsi, AstroNomer, -- April, Scipius, Danny, Christian List, William Avery, Space Cadet, SimonP, Drbug, Heron, Fonzy, KF, Tamulis,
Leandrod, Kemkim, Fransvannes, Edward, Liftarn, Mic, Ixfd64, Sannse, ArnoLagrange, Ahoerstemeier, Arwel Parry, Docu, William M.
Connolley, Sertorius~enwiki, TUF-KAT, Notheruser, Darkwind, , Jiang, Efghij, Ruhrjung, Lukobe, Mxn, JASpencer, Veit,
Agtx, Povilas~enwiki, Rob.derosa, Lfh, Fuzheado, WhisperToMe, Wik, Tpbradbury, Maximus Rex, Grendelkhan, Morwen, VeryVer-
ily, Tuomas, Ed g2s, Joy, Bjarki S, Jusjih, Qertis, SD6-Agent, Donarreiskoer, Robbot, Vardion, Midom, Dale Arnett, Comidadehos-
pital, Altenmann, Romanm, Naddy, Modulatum, Samrolken, Hhofuentes, Academic Challenger, Jxg, YBeayf, Gidonb, Halibutt, Sun-
ray, Bkell, Saforrest, Cautious, Lauris~enwiki, Lysy, David Gerard, LinasLit, JamesMLane, DocWatson42, MaGioZal, Harp, Wighson,
MSGJ, Risk one, Everyking, Bkonrad, Curps, NeoJustin, Cantus, Rick Block, Xinoph, Zoney, Matthead, Gzornenplatz, Avala, Gol-
bez, Ryanaxp, Thewikipedian, Gadum, Andycjp, Sca, Geni, Knutux, Slowking Man, Ran, Antandrus, MarkSweep, Piotrus, PDH,
Kesac, OwenBlacker, Secfan, Bodnotbod, Jklamo, Bepp, Legionas, Joyous!, Jcw69, Klemen Kocjancic, Picapica, Ulmanor, Adashiel,
Jakro64, Thorwald, Grstain, Dryazan, D6, Bloodless, Jayjg, Sparky the Seventh Chaos, A-giau, Naryathegreat, Discospinster, Solitude,
Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, BlueMars, Rydel, Vsmith, Dave souza, Aris Katsaris, Mickeykahn, Xezbeth, Berkut, Michael Zimmermann,
Pavel Vozenilek, Aardark, WegianWarrior, Tsujigiri~enwiki, Bender235, Loren36, Brian0918, Livajo, Yasis, Zscout370, El C, Lankiveil,
Kwamikagami, Vecrumba, Shanes, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Triona, Bookofjude, Markussep, Jpgordon, Touriste, Sortior, Herzliyya, Bro-
kenSegue, Vortexrealm, Maurreen, Acntx, Pokrajac, Juzeris, Man vyi, Sam Korn, Jonathunder, Ifdef, Ramujana, Kraupu, Espoo, Prino,
Alansohn, Buaidh, Ronline, Davenbelle, Santiparam, Bete, Luka Jaov, Goodoldpolonius2, Walkerma, Bart133, MattWade, Snowolf,
Fivetrees, Velella, Saga City, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Evil Monkey, KapilTagore, RainbowOfLight, Inge-Lyubov, Lerdsuwa, DeirYassin,
Pethr, Kusma, Nightstallion, Ceyockey, Mahanga, Maxaroth, Dejvid, PANONIAN, Thryduulf, Philthecow, Boothy443, TimComm, Mel
Etitis, OwenX, Woohookitty, Mindmatrix, Anilocra, Lokyz, Gznorneplatz, JBellis, Chochopk, MONGO, Kelisi, Macaddct1984, Tokek,
Kotoviski, Mandarax, Tslocum, Graham87, GoldRingChip, BD2412, Jankaspar, Monk, Bunchofgrapes, FreplySpang, Laurinkus, Me-
lesse, Electionworld, Crzrussian, Sj, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Koavf, Rklisowski, Jake Wartenberg, Gryndor, Red King, WoodenTaco,
Tangotango, Coulpet, SMC, XLerate, Czalex, The wub, Matt Deres, Yamamoto Ichiro, FlaBot, Pruneau, Ground Zero, Latka, Nihiltres,
Coll7, Gurch, Witkacy, Intgr, Codex Sinaiticus, Wikipedia Admin, Atitarev, Malhonen, Tedder, McDogm, Zivinbudas, Idaltu, Valen-
tinian, Chobot, DaGizza, Tene, Metropolitan90, Jared Preston, DVdm, Volunteer Marek, VolatileChemical, Antiuser, 334a, Bgwhite,
Gwernol, E Pluribus Anthony, Tone, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Wavelength, RobotE, Trainthh, RussBot, John Quincy Adding Ma-
chine, The Storm Surfer, Raelcohen, SpuriousQ, Van der Hoorn, Okedem, Argentino, Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, Pseudomonas, Grey
Knight, NawlinWiki, Knob, TheUnforgiven, Davidnortman, Knob Reborn, Grafen, Erielhonan, ExRat, Howcheng, Suva, Devein, Thiseye,
The Obfuscator, SquidDNA, Pylambert, Retired username, Renata3, Yoasif, PM Poon, Historymike, BOT-Superzerocool, Lcu, Caer-
wine, Martinwilke1980, Cvalin, DWC LR, Werdna, User27091, Slicing, Philip Arthur, Pegship, Igin, Jkelly, Zzuuzz, Barryob, Nikki-
maria, Closedmouth, Fang Aili, Chanheigeorge, Bf-109, Terryc, Dspradau, Doug O'Connell, BorgQueen, MaNeMeBasat, Luckystars,
JoanneB, CWenger, Contaldo80, JLaTondre, Molinero~enwiki, Curpsbot-unicodify, Garion96, Nixer, Rathfelder, Allens, Katieh5584, Ief,
Carlosguitar, DVD R W, Tom Morris, Luk, Wai Hong, Lord Nelson, A bit iy, Scolaire, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Historian932, Ulte-
rior19802005, David Kernow, ThreeDee912, Herostratus, KnowledgeOfSelf, C.Fred, TFMcQ, Davewild, EncycloPetey, Pittass, Fnfd, Kin-
tetsubualo, Janneman, Grawity, Edgar181, Yopie, Peter Isotalo, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Skizzik, Polaron, Cs-wolves, ERcheck,
Ckerr, Larryincinci, Kazkaskazkasako, Chris the speller, Uvi, Keegan, Timbouctou, Pmayadunne, Taelus, Quinsareth, Persian Poet Gal,
vitrigaila, JennyRad, PrimeHunter, Jaw101ie, MalafayaBot, Utsutsu, Xx236, Akanemoto, Bazonka, Barend, Lexlex, Miguel Andrade,
Ctbolt, DHN-bot~enwiki, Darth Panda, GoodDay, Dr. Dan, Trekphiler, Pegua, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Nick Levine, Xxxyyyj,
Writtenright, OrphanBot, MJCdetroit, JesseRafe, Addshore, Mykolas OK, Celarnor, Rarelibra, Khoikhoi, Magija5, Valenciano, MrPMon-
day, Ozdaren, Salt Yeung, Orczar, DMacks, Viking880, Nmpenguin, DDima, Epf, Skinnyweed, Coat of Arms, StN, Ceoil, Ohconfu-
cius, The undertow, SashatoBot, Eliyak, ArglebargleIV, JzG, Kuru, UberCryxic, KlausBartels, J 1982, Dottorcatrame, DivineInterven-
tion, Veneto, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Kashmiri, Dumelow, Abc85, Joelo, Mgiganteus1, Green Giant, Gnevin, IronGar-
goyle, Keber, Ckatz, Mr. Vernon, Slakr, Iksisy~enwiki, Tasc, Noah Salzman, Jsx, AxG, DEIGHTONA, Geologyguy, GintarasV, Texas
Dervish, Peter Horn, Jose77, RHB, Ttturbo, Hu12, Lucid, Levineps, Iridescent, Dekaels~enwiki, Joseph Solis in Australia, Fitzwilliam,
Tmangray, J Di, Skafa~enwiki, Cls14, Amakuru, Octane, Vytas100, Blehfu, Courcelles, Getjonas, Ziusudra, Eluchil404, Thricecube,
Tawkerbot2, Filelakeshoe, Uranian Institute, Axt, Lincmad, ChrisCork, Torc421, HDCase, JForget, Drminius~enwiki, Tugazo~enwiki,
CmdrObot, Amalas, Dexter123, Van helsing, Aherunar, Rawling, Timan123, JingleHymrShmit, KyraVixen, Dub8lad1, Banedon, Ruslik0,
MarcosFenn, ShelfSkewed, WeggeBot, Moreschi, Devatipan, MaxEnt, Lear 21, Cydebot, Mblumber, MissOPA, Gogo Dodo, Red Direc-
tor, BlueAg09, Flowerpotman, M.K, Hmkingroman, Eu.stefan, BBBDBV, Quibik, Shirulashem, Chrislk02, Ssilvers, Sharonlees, Kozuch,
Omicronpersei8, JodyB, Vanished User jdksfajlasd, PamD, Juraune, Thijs!bot, ChKa, Qwyrxian, Olahus, Sagaciousuk, SeNeKa, 063006,
Andyjsmith, Gamer007, Mojo Hand, Wompa99, Louis Waweru, WhyNotFreedom, Marek69, Hundred, NorwegianBlue, Cogito ergo
sumo, Therequiembellishere, Iulius, Heroeswithmetaphors, Natalie Erin, RoboServien, SomeHuman, AlefZet, Escarbot, David Liuzzo,
Skyliner1998, Gossamers, AntiVandalBot, Yuanchosaan, Luna Santin, Gabeellsworth, Paul from Michigan, Hobosmurf, Quintote, Prolog,
KP Botany, Smith2006, Owenb1, Milesint, James57, Katiehawks, Credema, Altamel, Storkk, Resutas, Enablerecip, JAnDbot, Deective,
Leuko, Husond, Barek, MER-C, VOT~enwiki, Juozas Rimas, Jjacobsmeyer, Andonic, Savant13, Kirrages, Iachimo, Jarkeld, LittleOldMe,
Acroterion, Meeples, , Bongwarrior, VoABot II, VKing, AndriusG, Kelly2006, RebekahThorn, Catgut, Ajcounter, Animum,
Alekjds, Allstarecho, Martynas Patasius, Cpl Syx, Novickas, PoliticalJunkie, JaGa, Philg88, Fastestdogever, WLU, Caramel melts, Fish-
erQueen, Hdt83, MartinBot, FlieGerFaUstMe262, STBot, Goiobre, Rettetast, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Leyo, PrestonH, Lilac
Soul, Alaexis, Cyrus Andiron, El0i, J.delanoy, Captain panda, Pharaoh of the Wizards, LarG, Uncle Dick, Vanished user 342562, Quiz-
imodo (usurped), DSuser, AKA MBG, Untik, Colchicum, NewEnglandYankee, Tel3Fan, Flatterworld, Charlesblack, Shoessss, Ahringe,
Bholian, KylieTastic, ImperialDragon, Bogdan~enwiki, Sam RHCP, DorganBot, Mike V, , Andy Marchbanks, SoCalSu-
perEagle, CardinalDan, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Glossologist, Wikieditor06, Ttk371, Lights, VolkovBot, Mrh30, Gottago, Nug, Shinju,
Jmnil, Ilya1166, Holod, WOSlinker, Huisho, Philip Trueman, Mbajoras, Kostaki mou, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Philaweb, Furious Gopher,
Assab, Miranda, Daniil naumo, Docta phreak, Michael Sender, Sunboy2, Klamber, Corvus cornix, Roeber(F), Knorrepoes~enwiki, Jhs-
Bot, DyceBot, Supertask, Jackfork, LeaveSleaves, Tsnon1~enwiki, Bleaney, Wassermann~enwiki, Seb az86556, Urus1, Yonas29, Mic of
orion, Tidying Up, Enigmaman, Welnias, Jfpanik6, Teh romaoer, Synthebot, Seresin, Three in the morning, Newsaholic, Joakim589,
Daniel bell, AlleborgoBot, Tom123456789q, Jtewell, Demmy, EJF, Bfpage, Mcrownover, Algooria, SieBot, StAnselm, K. Annoyomous,
Ostap R, Moonriddengirl, BotMultichill, Matasg, WTucker, Laikas, Vexorg, PB54, Dawn Bard, Viskonsas, Caltas, Xymmax, Aserbajds-
jan, Albanman, Blago Tebi, Gytha, Keilana, Happysailor, Flyer22 Reborn, Radon210, HkCaGu, Nerijus.777, Finqqq, The Evil Spartan,
12.2 Images 23

Monkey3838, Socal gal at heart, Oda Mari, Lithdoc, GnevinAWB, Rollcage1, Goustien, Joe Man89991, Pac72, Lightmouse, Ealdgyth,
Alex.muller, Bencherlite (AWB), Eugen Simion 14, Mitch1981, Msrasnw, RJ CG, Scotia1297, Mygerardromance, Mwisotzky~enwiki, As-
cidian, Dabomb87, Philshapiro608, Jza84, Into The Fray, Pdxx123, Tiny plastic Grey Knight, Tingiwingi, Squash Racket, Gr8opinionater,
Sondergroup, Vanished user qkqknjitkcse45u3, SlackerMom, Martarius, De728631, ClueBot, Yamanbaiia, Morningstar1814, Panevezys1,
PipepBot, Kotniski, The Thing That Should Not Be, Goethicus, Rodhullandemu, Rjd0060, Bruce1314, Plastikspork, Drmies, Euro commu-
nications, Jacurek, Mild Bill Hiccup, Africa South~enwiki, Skpperd, Timberframe, Regibox, Utopid, CounterVandalismBot, Niceguyedc,
LCC 13, Vikte, Parkwells, Delta1989, Pras, Arunsingh16, Auntof6, Gediminas Varzinskas, Karabinier, NuclearVacuum, DragonBot,
Nickforster, Detroiterbot, Copyeditor42, Excirial, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Tomeasy, Mfa fariz, Lartoven, MarshallNBrown, Yorkshirian, Sun
Creator, NuclearWarfare, Chefallen, AndyFielding, Jotterbot, Gytaz, TheRedPenOfDoom, K-Billy~enwiki, Alexcrook15, SchreiberBike,
EivindJ, Thehelpfulone, Mikhailov Kusserow, Tired time, Em 22, Aston martin-jacko, Samantha555, Versus22, Adolfe1313, Burner0718,
Editor2020, Vanished User 1004, Penguiman, DumZiBoT, Doopdoop, Magnus Dux~enwiki, Raapje, Kubster, Sakura Cartelet, Little
Mountain 5, Lstanley1979, Mitch Ames, Laisadaza, Badgernet, Padfoot79, WikiDao, Japanandchinaoftheeast, KJohansson, Good Olfac-
tory, Dombooth, Gggh, Jhendin, Yankees12, Proofreader77, Ghettoblaster, Cairo9o9, Alexanderkunzli, Prattlement, Fyrael, Turkuun,
Non-dropframe, Redsox3353, Andrejavus, Innv, Goman1, AkhtaBot, Elmondo21st, Jncraton, Kanchelskis-it, Fieldday-sunday, Thrigger,
CactusWriter, Sebastian scha., Miriam1989, Download, Ratulahmed, Okta87, Just Success, Sillyfolkboy, Giving is good, as long as you're
getting, Bassbonerocks, Henkt, Debresser, Favonian, , LinkFA-Bot, My Mum Says Im Cool, 5 albert square, Baltist, Zombielego-
man, Lakshmix, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Kiril Simeonovski, Zorrobot, HerculeBot, Rrmsjp, Yobot, Trickordeath, Ptbotgourou,
Fraggle81, Jackie, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Amirobot, Giedrius S., Richie wright1980, Nallimbot, Vitkis62, Bearas, Vasarchit, Anony-
mous from the 21th century, AnomieBOT, Andrewrp, Zamora1934, 1exec1, Samogitia, Jim1138, Galoubet, Fahadsadah, Resourcedepot,
AdaAdas, 91okavas, Materialscientist, ImperatorExercitus, Citation bot, OllieFury, Neurolysis, DirlBot, LilHelpa, MauritsBot, Xqbot,
Belasted, An805Guy, Timir2, Sionus, Zzuikizzz, Llyntegid, Capricorn42, GuitarGodsIII, Poetaris, TechBot, Millahnna, Tadasisagaylithua-
nian, Tomasz Wachowski, Almabot, Susannah Dingley, Anonymous from the 21st century, Fattonyni, GrouchoBot, Wizardist, Damian
Radu, Kukslanas, Shirik, Neas555, Brandon5485, Santmartiogassa, Partisan1, RibotBOT, Tokiohotelover, B.Lameira, GhalyBot, Smart-
com, ScottishGunner, Cyberstrike3000X, WebCiteBOT, JyKito, Mihiir, Spong129, Vlastimil Svoboda, SOPHIAN, Legobot III, Fres-
coBot, GiW, User F203, Tobby72, Wilimorus, Lothar von Richthofen, Thayts, Myfaceisblue, Recognizance, KokkaShinto, Nicktfx, Izze-
dine, TownDown, HJ Mitchell, Endofskull, Tegel, Bambuway, BenzolBot, Dziugreb, Jamesooders, Purpleturple, Citation bot 1, Mart-
larkis, Pinethicket, Elockid, HRoestBot, Adlerbot, Kaubri, Rushbugled13, Jschnur, Nicksss93, MastiBot, RammyJuice, Serols, Sherenk,
Primaler, Fumitol, Robo Cop, Cramyourspam, Simpinas, Turian, December21st2012Freak, Justass, Double sharp, TobeBot, Trappist
the monk, Hedviberit, DixonDBot, Ravenperch, Fotoskrydis, Teddycom, RoadTrain, Vrenator, Begoon, Fs0n1ine, Yorykun, Cowlibob,
Reaper Eternal, TheGrimReaper NS, Diannaa, Underlying lk, Tbhotch, Zirzi, Minimac, Mean as custard, TheBearPaw, RjwilmsiBot,
Slaja, Protarchaeopteryx-chan, MAXXX-309, Avatarion, Wintonian, Slon02, CalicoCatLover, Plienas26, Steve03Mills, AtTheNecropo-
lis, The Universe Is Cool, EmausBot, John of Reading, Dolescum, Acather96, WikitanvirBot, Dominus Vobisdu, EUcitizenlt, Distal24,
Lolz0rx1, Andrzej19, Mesgul82, Hcagal132, Jejelen, Jonasweir, FinnishDriver, Tommy2010, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, K6ka, We hope,
Otto90, Ales hurko, Mjtheblade, Giambifan, Ralns222, Bleachgirl1, Helsinkicommission, 30, Mizzizzatt, DariusKu, John Cline, Bongo-
ramsey, Andyman1125, The Nut, Krd, Bigman50, El gringo68, Subtropical-man, El gringo69, Lisabobisa1717, Grsd, Semmler, Serpeki,
Aeonx, Alfonsas.stonis, SporkBot, Highvale, Erianna, Neddy1234, Thine Antique Pen, Staszek Lem, Friendofknowledge, Putitdownso-
rawww, Karthikndr, Bru0017, L Kensington, Jguy, MissAmericaGirl, Donner60, SBaker43, MilesToCover, Madchicksdude69, Widan-
bae, Damirgrati, ElockidAlternate, BernardaAlba, Orange Suede Sofa, Hazard-Bot, ChuispastonBot, GermanJoe, Italiano111, Kvezys,
163toast, Iketsi, Emoe0, KarlsenBot, Muskydusky, FeatherPluma, Stekse, Harmor, Ad Orientem, ClueBot NG, Johncaudle, Michael-
mas1957, Dziedrius, Raymondbalta, Torresdav, Tupacshakur131, CocuBot, Its bnn f, Tendolo, Analysis123cookie, Kman665, Bernhard
Johnson, Michael Portman, GreenLemonLight, Aitvaras, Frietjes, Cntras, Teacakepiejew, Aight 2009, Petethedrummer, O.Koslowski,
Silvijus.A., Submixster, Zakariyya1992, Pensionero, UltimateDown99, Widr, AlanFan222, Weston1337, Pofka, Helpful Pixie Bot, Man-
itou82, Gav317, Theebastinthestate, Bevilyeo, WEWA23, Jusstinas, BG19bot, Homoarigato, Vlaur, Tuehabth, HIDECCHI001, Eddy-
Vadim, AvocatoBot, Gadas666, Philpm930, Zyxwv99, Jeerson Perez, Mark Arsten, SammyOs15, Heidiibruh, Atoine85, The Almightey
Drill, Danielknowsall., Robert1411lolol, Ernio48, Tamara Ustinova, DC Hoodrich, Pachelbel22, Ed1974LT, Achowat, Hamez1226, Am-
atininkas, Shredder2012, The1337gamer, 2cupour, Rekakaka, BattyBot, Factsearch, Justincheng12345-bot, Tutelary, David.moreno72,
Pandaonskis, Pratyya Ghosh, Clewis98, Cyberbot II, Eruiz68, Eimantas17, Totus619, Fentas, Khazar2, EuroCarGT, JYBot, Treemap-
per, Dexbot, Alburzador, Detroit1952, Marcos03020, Valeriajenkingz, Bawkboom, SiBr4, Scholarly Breeze, Twinturboholmes, Zaldax,
Mpov, Exankit, WiHkibew, Cathry, IVORK, JustAMuggle, Stelazecijus, Faizan, Epicgenius, CsDix, Rindg, RedRalph, Melonkelon, Eye-
snore, Ankusjustin11, Inglok, Martina Moreau, The Anonybot, Jjj1238, Abrahamic Faiths, Danhalen18, EvergreenFir, Iloilo Wanderer,
Trollwikepedia, Georgij Michaliutin, Monochrome Monitor, Rdburgin, Portlannd, Rcommpresents, HeisenbergPinkman, Hooooooof,
Lkjhfsa, Newbuddywiki, Kahtar, Robur.q, Blondeguynative, , Kateresas, Coreyemotela, AntiCompositeNumber, Broompower960, Nick-
George1993, Appetizer8088, JaconaFrere, No longer a penguin, Sabbatino, TheAetherNinja, Grzechu25, Liv12323, Lewismage, Cb1987,
Onuphriate, Crossswords, Esmost, Monkbot, Horseless Headman, Wwikix, Eclipsis Proteo, Donatas2005, Filedelinkerbot, TheBoulderite,
Frontrankas, Pimlico27, Scarlettail, Jayakumar RG, YJAX, Chickenwolfmoosepig, Simpin1, Amortias, Domonic3516, Tautvydastam,
Kingcrome, 3primetime3, Amkas90, Yoloyoghurt, nes-pur-sng, DWIZKID10, Upstream4, KronosLine, Aninomous, Tgraham1231,
Laujas, Blowwhite, Humboles, Grathmy, Rubbish computer, Kaloyan sk, Gibbo5201, Nounteeth, Andromecorn, Eimukas22, Craftwerker,
Sully.tommy.97, GeneralizationsAreBad, Jdcomix, KasparBot, FluyBunnyMan97, Nakvisa, Marmiras, MusikBot, Amberdawn1, Kseno-
fontas, Homu-chan, My Chemistry romantic, Nataraima, Ke an, KSFT, Leahgoldstein, TVanW, Hacker122fc, Lukaslt13, CLCStudent,
Arnoldaszubas, Red Icarus of Jakarta, GSS-1987, DatGuy, Retention7, Benjafo, Juodasa, Ferveo, JJMC89 bot, The Voidwalker, Rose
Lello, Shadowrattus, Gracol19, Romuks, GreenC bot, Dziadekas, Lizzius, DRewdaBOSS, Slopyjoes, SaraJameson68, Rare241, Elloluv24,
BukWeb U, Bender the Bot, Notkeshav, Klaipdietis8,2001, Pavelzuk, Danocial12010, Ladam11, Nerd1853, 62, Larry 12345, Bryan-
guzman, Niivent, Mongolas22, Nonenonenonez, Adziebee, Australiaslithuanian, Asasninkai, Vilsiu, Yourmamsdickftw and Anonymous:
1695

12.2 Images
File:2009_m._Respublikos_Prezidento_rinkimai_Dalia_grybauskait_00.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/3/3c/2009_m._Respublikos_Prezidento_rinkimai_Dalia_grybauskait%C4%97_00.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Kapeksas
File:2016_State_Revenues_Per_Capita_for_Estonia,_Latvia_and_Lithuania.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/9/9a/2016_State_Revenues_Per_Capita_for_Estonia%2C_Latvia_and_Lithuania.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors:
24 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Own work Original artist: Jon Matti Sonberg

File:Alytus_County_COA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Alytus_County_COA.png License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Virtuali paroda Lietuvos valstybs iuolaikin heraldika. I dalis Original artist: Arvydas Kadailis
File:Apskritis_of_Lithuania.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Apskritis_of_Lithuania.png License:
GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Graer
File:Average_monthly_gross_salaries_in_Estonia,_Latvia_and_Lithuania.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/b/ba/Average_monthly_gross_salaries_in_Estonia%2C_Latvia_and_Lithuania.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: JaanMatti
File:Baltic_states_flag_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg License:
CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors:
Map from Subdivisions of baltic states.svg by Zotico Original artist: Lokal_Prol
File:Barack_Obama_chairs_a_United_Nations_Security_Council_meeting.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/8/82/Barack_Obama_chairs_a_United_Nations_Security_Council_meeting.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Of-
cial White House Photostream [1] Original artist: White House (Pete Souza) / Maison Blanche (Pete Souza)
File:BlueEurozone.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Glentamara
File:Carte_du_Conseil_de_l'Europe.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%
27Europe.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work by uploader, based on Image:Euro 2008.png Original artist: JLogan
File:Cepelinai_Sauce.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Cepelinai_Sauce.JPG License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jpatokal
File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.lrv.lt/Herbas/Veliav_herb/LR_veliava_ir_herbas.pdf Original artist: Government
of Lithuania
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Compass_rose_pale.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg License: CC-BY-
SA-3.0 Contributors: svg version of Image:Compass-rose-pale.png, made to look similar to Image:Reinel compass rose.svg. Original artist:
Fibonacci
File:East.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: DarkEvil. Original artist: DarkEvil
File:Europe_green_light.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aegean Boy
File:Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_(with_borders).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors:
Derived from File:Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg and File:Europe on the globe (red).svg. Original artist: Rob984
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Based on Image:Francophonie 1987.png. Original artist: Denelson83
File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_NATO.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
Source le on Wikimedia Commons Flag of NATO.svg (January 2013) Original artist:
Found by 475847394d347339 in websites noted in the source section.

File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contrib-

utors: ? Original artist: ?
12.2 Images 25

File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-

nal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Flag of the United Nations from the Open Clip Art website. Modications by Denelson83,
Zscout370 and Madden. Ocial construction sheet here.
United Nations (1962) The United Nations ag code and regulations, as amended November 11, 1952, New York OCLC: 7548838. Original
artist: Wilfried Huss / Anonymous
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-
sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:GNI_per_capita(in_2015).png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/GNI_per_capita%28in_2015%29.
png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Australiaslithuanian
File:GreatCourtyard.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/GreatCourtyard.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: Album Wileski J. K. Wilcziskiego, 1850
File:Hill-of-crosses-siauliai.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Hill-of-crosses-siauliai.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mannobult
File:Increase2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Increase2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:Increase_Negative.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors:
Increase2.svg Original artist: Increase2.svg: Sarang
File:Institutions_europeennes_IMG_4300.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Institutions_
europeennes_IMG_4300.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 fr Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed
(based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Rama assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Jan_Matejko,_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Jan_Matejko%2C_
Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://cyfrowe.mnw.art.pl/dmuseion/docmetadata?id=4799 Original
artist: Jan Matejko
File:Jonas_Mekas.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Jonas_Mekas.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contribu-
tors: Furio Detti Original artist: Furiodetti
File:Kaunas_County_COA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Kaunas_County_COA.png License:
Public domain Contributors: Virtuali paroda Lietuvos valstybs iuolaikin heraldika. I dalis Original artist: Rolandas Rimknas
File:Kaunas_panorama.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Kaunas_panorama.jpg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arroww
File:Klaipeda_County_COA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Klaipeda_County_COA.png License:
Public domain Contributors: Virtuali paroda Lietuvos valstybs iuolaikin heraldika. I dalis Original artist: Arvydas Kadailis
File:LT_KASP_PAG4.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/LT_KASP_PAG4.jpg License: GFDL Con-
tributors: http://kariuomene.kam.lt/kariuomene/images/1079 Original artist: Ministry of National Defence Republic of Lithuania
File:LT_KASP_mokymai.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/LT_KASP_mokymai.jpg License:
GFDL Contributors: http://kariuomene.kam.lt/images/2275 Original artist: Ministry of National Defence Republic of Lithuania
File:La_seleccin_de_Lituania_celebra_su_tercer_puesto_en_el_Mundial_de_baloncesto_2010.jpg Source: https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/La_selecci%C3%B3n_de_Lituania_celebra_su_tercer_puesto_en_el_Mundial_
de_baloncesto_2010.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: IMG_5762_2 Original artist: Christopher Johnson from Tokyo, Japan
File:Lithuania-roads-(E).png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Lithuania-roads-%28E%29.png License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arz
File:LithuaniaHistory.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/LithuaniaHistory.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Knutux
File:Lithuania_Centre_of_Europe.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Lithuania_Centre_of_Europe.
jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wojsyl
File:Lithuania_Ladakalnis.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Lithuania_Ladakalnis.jpg License: CC-
BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wojsyl
File:Lithuania_Paluse_church.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Lithuania_Paluse_church.jpg Li-
cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wojsyl
File:Lithuania_most_pop.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Lithuania_most_pop.png License: CC
BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pavelzuk
File:Lithuania_presidency_EU_stamp_2013.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Lithuania_
presidency_EU_stamp_2013.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: - // , 2013 Original
artist: Post of Lithuania.
File:Lithuania_treemap.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Lithuania_treemap.png License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Electronic Complexity Observatory, MIT Media Lab and the Center for International Development at Harvard Uni-
versity. http://atlas.media.mit.edu Original artist: R Haussmann, Cesar Hidalgo, et. al.
File:Marijampole_County_COA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Marijampole_County_COA.
png License: Public domain Contributors: Virtuali paroda Lietuvos valstybs iuolaikin heraldika. I dalis Original artist: Arvydas
Kadailis
26 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Mazvydo_katekizmas.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Mazvydo_katekizmas.jpg License: Pub-

lic domain Contributors: http://pirmojiknyga.mch.mii.lt/Puslapiai/katekizmas.en.htm Original artist: Martynas Mavydas
File:Memel_R..JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Memel_R..JPG License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: sca
File:N._Vilnia,_paminklas_tremtiniams.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/N._Vilnia%2C_
paminklas_tremtiniams.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Mano fotograja (My own work) Original artist: Atlantas
File:Nidos_kopos.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Nidos_kopos.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: Transferred from lt.wikipedia to Commons by Hugo.arg using CommonsHelper. Original artist: JonasS at Lithuanian Wikipedia
File:North.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/North.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil.
Original artist: DarkEvil
File:Nutiesti_pirmieji_Rail_baltica_bgiai.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Nutiesti_pirmieji_
Rail_baltica_b%C4%97giai.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gintare.saulyte
File:Panevezys_County_COA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Panevezys_County_COA.png Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Virtuali paroda Lietuvos valstybs iuolaikin heraldika. I dalis Original artist: Rolandas Rimknas
File:Population_of_Lithuania.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Population_of_Lithuania.PNG Li-
cense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: LokiiT
File:Quite_summer_evening_in_the_port_city_Klaipeda.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Quite_
summer_evening_in_the_port_city_Klaipeda.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/112693323@N04/
15223983163/ Original artist: Mantas Volungevicius
File:Raudones_pilis_pavasari.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Raudones_pilis_pavasari.jpg Li-
cense: GFDL Contributors: Transferred from lt.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Hugo.arg using CommonsHelper. Original
artist: Original uploader was E.giedraitis at lt.wikipedia
File:Russian_Orthodox_Church_of_The_Holy_Mother_of_God_Vilnius_(5990381200).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/1/11/Russian_Orthodox_Church_of_The_Holy_Mother_of_God_Vilnius_%285990381200%29.jpg License: CC
BY 2.0 Contributors: 'Russian Orthodox Church of The Holy Mother of God' Vilnius Original artist: FaceMePLS from The Hague, The
Netherlands
File:Rta_Meilutyt_portrait.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/R%C5%ABta_Meilutyt%C4%97_
portrait.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/50015865@N07/7701372132 Original artist: nrcphotos
File:Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Seal_
of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png License: Public domain Contributors: nato.int Original artist: N.A.T.O.
File:Seimas_litauensparlament.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Seimas_litauensparlament.jpg Li-
cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Siauliai_County_COA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Siauliai_County_COA.png License:
Public domain Contributors: Virtuali paroda Lietuvos valstybs iuolaikin heraldika. I dalis Original artist: Rolandas Rimknas
File:Siauliai_view.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Siauliai_view.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contribu-
tors: CIMG3544 Original artist: Enric Bach from Barcelona, Spain
File:Signatarai.Signatories_of_Lithuania.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Signatarai.Signatories_
of_Lithuania.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Owned by Lietuvos nacionalinis muziejus (National Museum of Lithuania). Usage
granted by coer curator from National Museum administration. For any questions regarding this image contact Museum administration.
Original artist: A. Juraaitis
File:Snow_Arena.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Snow_Arena.JPG License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Lithuanian Wikipedia Original artist: Italas
File:South.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/South.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil.
Original artist: DarkEvil
File:Speakerlink-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg License: CC0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: Kelvinsong
File:Swedbank_Headquarters_Vilnius.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Swedbank_Headquarters_
Vilnius.png License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ix-k/5592757830/in/photostream/ Original artist: IX K
File:Synagogue_of_Vilnius.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Synagogue_of_Vilnius.jpg License:
Attribution Contributors: uploaded from he.wikipedia Original artist: Magister
File:Taurage_County_COA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Taurage_County_COA.png License:
Public domain Contributors: Virtuali paroda Lietuvos valstybs iuolaikin heraldika. I dalis Original artist: Arvydas Kadailis
File:Tautika_giesme_instumental.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Tauti%C5%A1ka_giesme_
instumental.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.navyband.navy.mil/anthems/ANTHEMS/Lithuania.mp3
Original artist: Zscout370 at English Wikipedia
File:Telsiai_County_COA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Telsiai_County_COA.png License:
Public domain Contributors: Virtuali paroda Lietuvos valstybs iuolaikin heraldika. I dalis Original artist: Arvydas Kadailis
File:Terrestrial_globe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Trakai-Troki.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Trakai-Troki.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: own work (photographic lm) Original artist: Julo
File:Utena_County_COA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Utena_County_COA.png License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Virtuali paroda Lietuvos valstybs iuolaikin heraldika. I dalis Original artist: Rolandas Rimknas
12.3 Content license 27

File:Vilnius_County_COA.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Vilnius_County_COA.png License:

Public domain Contributors: Virtuali paroda Lietuvos valstybs iuolaikin heraldika. I dalis Original artist: Arvydas Kadailis
File:Vilnius_Modern_Skyline_At_Dusk,_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/
Vilnius_Modern_Skyline_At_Dusk%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dili
File:West.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/West.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil.
Original artist: DarkEvil
File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.
File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky
File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AleXXw
File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg License: CC BY-
SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dan Polansky based on work currently attributed to Wikimedia Foundation but originally
created by Smurrayinchester

12.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0