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Lecture4 Static and Dynamic Fluid PDF

This document discusses key concepts in fluid statics and dynamics: 1) Hydraulic lift uses pressurized liquids to multiply force via Pascal's principle. 2) Archimedes' principle describes buoyancy as the upward force of a fluid equal to the weight of displaced fluid. 3) Continuity and Bernoulli's equations relate pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluid flow. 4) Applications include measuring flow speed with a Venturi tube and explaining lift on airplanes' wings.

Uploaded by

Rudi Berlian
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
203 views

Lecture4 Static and Dynamic Fluid PDF

This document discusses key concepts in fluid statics and dynamics: 1) Hydraulic lift uses pressurized liquids to multiply force via Pascal's principle. 2) Archimedes' principle describes buoyancy as the upward force of a fluid equal to the weight of displaced fluid. 3) Continuity and Bernoulli's equations relate pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluid flow. 4) Applications include measuring flow speed with a Venturi tube and explaining lift on airplanes' wings.

Uploaded by

Rudi Berlian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 4

Fluid statics and dynamics


Using pressure: Hydraulic Lift

Archimedes principle (float or


sink?)

Continuity equation

Bernoullis equation

Applications
Hydraulic Lift
Use pressurized liquids for work
(based on Pascals principle): increase
pressure at one point by pushing
piston...at another point, piston can
push upward

Force multiplication:
p 1 = A 1 + p0
F1

equal to p2 = A2 + p0 + gh
F2
A2
A 1
> 1
F2 = F1 A1 ghA2
A2

Relating distances moved by pistons:


V1 = A1 d1 equal to V2 = A2 d2
d2 = A2 /A1
d1

Additional force to move heavy


object thru d2 : F = g (A1 + A2 ) d2
Buoyancy: Archimedes principle
Buoyant force: upward force of a fluid
Buoyant force,
B F
f f= V g
weight of displaced fluid,
To float or sink?
Net force: FB w
f V f g avg. V0 g
Float or sink or static equilibrium for
avg. < f or avg. > f or avg. = f

master formula
...rather for 1st case pushed up till only
partly submerged:
FB = f Vf g = w = 0 V0 g
Vf < V0

90% of ice underwater...


Example

A 6.0 cm.-tall cylinder floats in water with its axis


perpendicular to the surface. The length of the cylinder
above water is 2.0 cm. What is the cylinders mass
density?
Boats

steel plate sinks, but geometry (sides) allows it


to dissipate more fluid than actual steel volume:
avg. = m0
Ah < f
Ideal fluid
incompressible (not so non-viscous (no
good approximation for resistance to flow a la
gases) no friction for solid
object)
laminar (steady) flow
(not turbulent): velocity irrotational (test paddle
at given point is constant wheel wont rotate)
with time
Equation of continuity (I)
Streamlines (path of
particle of fluid:e.g.
colored drop of water in
in stream)

Flow tube: bundle of


streamlines (invisible
pipe)
Equation of continuity (II)
Fluid not created/
destroyed/stored within V1 = A1 x1 = A1 v1 t
flow tube (volume flowing across A1 ) = V2 ...

master formula

Flow faster in narrower part :


e.g., water from tap

Q = V A (volume flow rate)


constant
Bernoullis equation
work and energy conservation applied to volume
of fluid in flow tube: K + U = Wext.
by pressure of
surrounding fluid

W1 = F1 x1 = p1 V
W2 = F2 x2 = p2 V
U = mgy2 mgy1 = V g (y2 y1 )
1 ! 2 "
K = 12 mv22 12 mv12 = V v2 v1 2
2

master formulae
Example
Water flows at 5.0 L/s through a horizontal pipe that
narrows smoothly from a 10 cm diameter to 5.0 cm.
diameter. A pressure gauge in the narrow section reads
50 kPa. What is the reading of a pressure gauge in the
wide section?
Applications I: Venturi tube
(Measuring speed of flowing) gas

Combine master
formulae: (i) continuity
equation (ii) Bernoullis
equation (equal ys) and
(iii) pressure vs. depth

!
2liq. gh
v1 = A2
(A21 A22 )
!
2liq. gh
v2 = A1
(A21 A22 )
Airplane lift
Continuity and
Bernoullis equations

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