CE00036-3-Data Communication Systems Individual Assignment Page 1 of 9

Q2. Write a MATLAB program to determine the free space path loss and power received by
antenna.
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this experiment is to write a MATLAB program to determine the free
space path loss and power received by antenna.
THEORY
Free-space path loss (FSPL) is the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that
would result from a line-of-sight path through free space, with no obstacles nearby to cause
reflection or diffraction.

Calculation of free-space path loss

The expression for FSPL actually encapsulates two effects. Free-space power loss is
proportional to the square of the distance between the transmitter and receiver, and also
proportional to the square of the frequency of the radio signal. Firstly, the spreading out of
electromagnetic energy in free space is determined by the inverse square law

1
Signal= ..(Eqn .1)
distance 2

Thus, the formula for free space path loss is given by

4 d



FSPL=

Effect of antenna gain on path loss equation

The free space path loss equation above does not include any component for antenna gains. It
is assumed that the antenna gain is unity for both the transmitter. In reality, though, all
antennas will have a certain amount of gain and this will affect the overall signal level. Any
antenna gain will reduce the "loss" when compared to a unity gain system.

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ALGORITHM
Before writing the matlab code in matlab software, the following steps is required before
which is mentioned below accordingly.

Step 1: Open the matlab software by double click on the icon of matlab on the d

Step2: Open the editor window.

Step3: Write the matlab code for finding the free space path loss and power received

Step 4: Save the matlab file.

Step 5: Run the matlab file and observed the result

Step 6: If there is an error then remove the error and again run the matlab file until the output wil

MATLAB CODE
clc;
clear all;
close all;
D=0:0.1:10
F=input('Frequency in MHz');
Pt=input('Transmitted power');
Gt=input('Gain of transmitter antenna');
Gs=input('Gain of reciever antenna');
FSPL=20*log10(D)+ 20*log10(F)+ 32.44
Pr=Pt+Gt+Gs-FSPL

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plot(D,Pr)
title('Free Signal Path Loss');
xlabel('D');
ylabel('Pr');

MATLAB RESULT
After running the Matlab code the below graph and parameters value has been obtained

Fig 1: Graph of free signal path loss

Frequency in MHz 15
Transmitted power 35
Gain of transmitter antenna 75
Gain of receiver antenna 65

CONCLUSION
After completion of this experiment the concept of calculation of free space path loss and
effects of antenna gain on path loss equation has been known and the value of the parameters
like frequency, transmitted power, gain of transmitter antenna and receiver antenna has been
obtained directly by using the Matlab software by writing the Matlab code in the editor
window.

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Q3. Write a MATLAB code for ASK & FSK digital modulation schemes.
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this experiment is to write a MATLAB code for ASK & FSK digital
modulation schemes.
THEORY
There are three basic ways to modulate a sine wave radio carrier: modifying the amplitude,
frequency, or phase. More sophisticated methods combine two or more of these variations to
improve spectral efficiency. These basic modulation forms are still used today with digital
signals.
AKS:
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a kind of digital modulation that represents digital data as
variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. The amplitude of an analog carrier signal varies
in accordance with the bit stream (modulating signal) where frequency and phase
are keeping constant. The level of amplitude can be used to represent binary logic 0s and 1s.
We can think of a carrier signal as an ON or OFF switch. In the modulated signal, logic 0 is
represented by the absence of a carrier, thus giving OFF/ON keying operation and hence the
name given.

Figure 2

FSK:

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the frequency of
the carrier signal varies according to the digital signal changes. FSK is a scheme of
frequency modulation.

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The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary High input and is low
in frequency for a binary Low input. The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark and Space
frequencies.

The following image is the diagrammatic representation of FSK modulated waveform along
with its input.

Figure 3

ALGORITHM
Before writing the Matlab code in Matlab software, the following steps is required before
which is mentioned below accordingly

Step 1: Open the matlab software by double click on the icon of matlab on the d

Step2: Open the editor window.

Step3: Write the matlab code for finding the free space path loss and power received

Step 4: Save the matlab file.

Step 5: Run the matlab file and observed the result

Step 6: If there is an error then remove the error and again run the matlab file until the output wil

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MATLAB CODE
For ASK:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Fc=input('Enter Carrier Frequency = ')
Fi=input('Enter input Frequency = ')
A=4;
t=0:0.0001:1;
c=A*cos(2*pi*Fc*t);
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(t,c)
M=(A/2)*square(2*pi*Fi*t)+A/2;
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(t,M)
ask=c.*M;
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t,ask)

For FSK:
clc
close all
clear all
fc1=input('Enter the freq of 1st Sine Wave carrier:');
fc2=input('Enter the freq of 2nd Sine Wave carrier:');
fp=input('Enter the freq of Periodic Binary pulse (Message):');
amp=input('Enter the amplitude (For Both Carrier & Binary Pulse Message):');
amp=amp/2;
t=0:0.001:1;
c1=amp.*sin(2*pi*fc1*t);
c2=amp.*sin(2*pi*fc2*t);
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,c1)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
title('Carrier 1 Wave')
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,c2)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
title('Carrier 2 Wave')
m=amp.*square(2*pi*fp*t)+amp;
subplot(4,1,3)

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plot(t,m)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
title('Binary Message Pulses')
for i=0:1000
if m(i+1)==0
mm(i+1)=c2(i+1);
else
mm(i+1)=c1(i+1);
end
end
subplot(4,1,4)
plot(t,mm)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
title('Modulated Wave')

MATLAB RESULT
After running the matlab code the below graph and parameters value has been obtained

For ASK:

Figure 4: Matlab result of ASK

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Carrier Frequency(Fc) = 50
Input Frequency(Fi) = 30
For FSK:

Figure 5: Matlab result of FSK

1st sin wave carrier = 50

2nd sin wave carrier = 45
Periodic binary pulse = 20
Amplitude = 10

CONCLUSION
The short form of Amplitude Shift Keying is referred as ASK. It is the digital modulation
technique. In this technique, amplitude of the RF carrier is varied in accordance with
baseband digital input signal.
The short form of Frequency Shift Keying is referred as FSK. It is also digital modulation
technique. In this technique, frequency of the RF carrier is varied in accordance with
baseband digital input.

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Q4. The main of the experiment is to write a MATLAB program for TDM function also to
plot the graph for the following function.
In order to utilize common transmission channel to transmit multiple signals at a time
multiplexing is used. Time Division Multiplexing is one of the method which is generally
employed. In this method all the signals to be transmitted are not transmitted simultaneously,
instead they are transmitted one by one, each signal is transmitted for a very short time. When
all the signals are transmitted once on the transmission channel, one frame is said to be
completed.

The above figure shows the frame of TDM signal. For three inputs being multiplexed, a
frame of TDM will consists of three units i.e., one unit from each source. Hence, for n
number of inputs, each frames will consist of n units.

The TDM system is suitable for multiplex both analog and digital signals, however it is more
suitable for the digital multiplexing. The signalling rate of TDM system is defined as the
number of pulses transmitted per sec.

Advantages of TDM: -

i) Full available channel bandwidth can be utilized for each channel.

ii) TDM Circuitry is simple.
iii) The problem of crosstalk is not severe.

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