EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS -LABORATORY MANUAL

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(SELECT)

B.Tech. (Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

EEE114 /DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS LABORATORY

MANUAL

Prepared by:
Dr.N.Senthilkumar
Prof.V.Lavanya

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EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS -LABORATORY MANUAL

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
PAGE
S.NO. TITLE
NO.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1
Open circuit and load characteristics of DC Exciter machine
2
Open circuit and load characteristics of DC compound generator

3 Performance characteristics of constant speed DC motor.

4
Speed control of constant speed DC motor

5
Load test on dc traction motor
6 Predetermination of performance characteristics of dc machine

7 Back to back test on identical dc exciter machines

8 Predetermination of performance characteristics of ac static
machine
9 Load test on single phase transformer

10
Load test on DC compound motor
11
Parallel Operation of Single Phase Transformers
12
Load test on three phase transformer

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Follow the rules and regulations of the laboratory

Wear Lab coat and closed shoes while entering the laboratory
Maintain discipline inside the laboratory
Keep the observation note books ready while coming to the laboratory
Prepare the observation / record note book neatly. Draw the required diagrams with
the aid of scale and pencil.
Use procircles for drawing measuring instruments.
Bring the required graph sheets and stationeries
Prepare well for answering viva questions
Dont switch on the power supply in the absence of Faculty / Staff
Take care while doing experiments on high voltage supplies
Get the readings verified by the Faculty before disconnecting the circuit components
Get the observation / record signed by the Faculty within three
days after completing the experiment
Submit the Record before coming for next weeks lab class

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

Ex. No:1

Date:

OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC EXCITER MACHINE

AIM:

To conduct open circuit test and load test on a self excited DC Generator and to draw the following
characteristic curves.
A. Open Circuit Characteristics (or) Magnetization Characteristics
B. Internal Characteristics
C. External Characteristics Load characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 2

(0-10)A MC 1
(0-20) A MC 1
2. Ammeter
(0-2) A MC 1

3. Rheostat 1250/0.8 A 2

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The motor field rheostat is kept in the minimum resistance position.

2. The generator field rheostat is kept in the maximum resistance position.

PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
3. Start the DC motor using 3-point starter.
4. The field rheostat of the motor (ie. excitation) is adjusted to make the motor to run at rated
speed.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

5. EMF generated in the DC generator is noted for various field currents by adjusting the field
rheostat (Forward) of the generator. Readings are taken up to 125% of the rated voltage.
Note: When the adjustment of the field rheostat is varied in reverse direction, the previous
reading (forward adjustment) and the current reading should not be same due to residual
magnetism. Hence, the adjustment of field rheostat should be done in one direction.
6. Tabulate the corresponding field current (If) & generated voltage (Eg).
7. Draw the open circuit characteristic curve from the tabulated values.

LOAD TEST:

1. Fix the armature voltage to the rated value by varying the rheostat of the generator.
2. DPST Switch of single-phase resistive load is closed.
3. Apply the load to the generator using Single Phase Resistive Load step by step.
4. Vary the load of the generator up to its rated current.
5. Tabulate the input voltage, input current, terminal voltage and armature current for different
load values.
6. While taking each set of readings the field current is maintained constant as that of rated
voltage. (Because due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased).
7. Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its original position and supply is
switched off.

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
3. Rheostat is varied and the corresponding values of voltage and current are noted down.
4. Calculate DC armature resistance Rdc and multiply by 1.3 to get hot Armature resistance.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

TO FIND THE ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

FORMULA USED:

1. Eg = Vt + IaRa Volts
Where Eg = Generated voltage in Volts
Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
Ra= Armature resistance in Ohms.
2. Input power (Pin)= Vin* Iin Watts.
Where Vin= Input voltage in volts
Iin= Input current in Amperes.
3. Output Power (Pout)= Vt*Ia Watts
Where Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts.
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
4. Percentage Efficiency = (Pout/Pin)*100

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MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS

If (A)

Eg (V)

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

S. Terminal Load Field Generated

No. Voltage Current Current Voltage
Vt (V) IL (A) If (A) Eg (V)

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Open circuit and load test on a self excited DC generator are conducted and the characteristics are
drawn.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

Ex. No:2

Date:

OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND GENERATOR

AIM:

To conduct open circuit test and load test on a self excited DC Compound Generator and to draw the
following characteristic curves.
A. Open Circuit Characteristics (or) Magnetization Characteristics
B. Load characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 2

(0-10)A MC 1
(0-20) A MC 1
2. Ammeter
(0-2) A MC 1

3. Rheostat 1250/0.8 A 2

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The motor field rheostat is kept in the minimum resistance position.

2. The generator field rheostat is kept in the maximum resistance position.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
3. Start the motor using 3-point starter.
4. The field rheostat of the motor (ie., excitation) is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
rated speed.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

5. Generated EMF in the generator is noted for various field currents by adjusting the field
rheostat of the generator. Readings are taken up to 125% of the rated voltage.
6. Tabulate the corresponding field current (If) & generated voltage (Eg) and the plot between
the field current and the generated voltage gives the open circuit characteristics.
7. After the rated voltage is reached, the switch is closed and load circuit is connected.
9 . Load is varied gradually and voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted for each load.
1 0 . Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought to
maximum position and field rheostat of motor to minimum position and then DPST switch
of the motor circuit is opened.
1 1 . The connections of series field windings are reversed and the above steps are repeated.
12. The values of voltage for the particular currents are compared and then the differential and
cumulative compounded DC generator is concluded accordingly.

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
3. Rheostat is varied and the corresponding values of voltage and current are noted down.
4. Calculate DC armature resistance Rdc and multiply by 1.3 to get hot Armature resistance.

FORMULA USED:

1. Eg = Vt + IaRa + IaRse Volts

Where Eg = Generated voltage in Volts
Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia = Armature Current in Amps, Ia = If+IL
Ra = Armature resistance in Ohms
Rse = Resistance of the series field winding

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TO FIND THE ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
TABULATION:

S.No. Terminal Voltage Field current, Load current, Armature Generated

Vt, Volts If, A IL , A Current, voltage,
Ia=If+IL , A Eg, Volts

S.No. Terminal Voltage Field current, Load current, Armature Generated

Vt, Volts If, A IL , A Current, voltage,
Ia=If+IL, A Eg, Volts

MODEL GRAPH:

Cumulatively Compounded
V (Volts)

Differentially Compounded

IL (Amps)

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus load characteristics of DC compound generator under cumulative and differential mode
operations are obtained.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

Ex. No:3

Date:

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSTANT SPEED DC MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on the given on DC shunt motor and to draw the following characteristic curves.
A. Armature current Vs Torque (Electrical Characteristics)
B. Speed Vs Torque (Mechanical Characteristics)
C. Performance characteristics
a. Output power Vs Speed
b. Output power Vs Current
c. Output power Vs Torque
d. Output power Vs Efficiency

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 2
(0-10)A MC 1
2. Ammeter
3. Rheostat 350/1.4 A 1

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Verify whether the field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position.
3. By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
4. Start the motor with 3 point starter.
5. The field rheostat of the motor (i.e., excitation) is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at rated
speed. After adjusting the rheostat to the rated speed it should not be altered.
6. At no load condition, the input voltage, current, speed are noted.
7. Load is applied to the motor up to 125% of rated value using Brake Drum and the corresponding
reading is tabulated.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
.
8. Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its original position and supply is switched
off.
9. From the tabulated values the performance characteristic curves are drawn.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FORMULA USED:

1. F= [S1-S2] Kg.
2. Torque (T) = 9.81 *F*R
3. Input Power (Pin) =Vin * Iin Watts
4. Output power (Pout ) =2** N*T/60 watts
5. Percentage Efficiency, = (Pout / Pin )*100

Where F = Force in Kg.

S1, S2= Spring Balance readings in Kg.
R = Radius of the Brake Drum in metre.
Vin =Input voltage in Amperes
Iin = Input current in Amperes
N = Speed of the motor in rpm
T = Torque in Nm.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:

Observation Calculation

Input Input Spring Balance Input Output Efficiency,

Speed Torque
Voltage Current Reading Power Power =Pout /Pin X
S.No N T
Vin Iin S1 S2 S1-S2 Pin Pout 100

unit V A kg kg kg RPM Nm W W %

MODEL CALCULATION

RESULT:

Thus the load test on a DC shunt motor is conducted and the performance characteristic curves are drawn.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

Ex. No:4

Date:

SPEED CONTROL OF CONSTANT SPEED DC MOTOR

AIM:

To control the speed of the given DC Shunt motor by the following methods.
1. Armature control method
2. Field control method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1

(0-5)A MC
1
(0-2) A MC
2. Ammeter 1

350/1.4 A 1
3. Rheostat
55 / 4.6 A 1

FORMULA:

Back EMF Eb= Va- IaRa

PROCEDURE:
A) ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify whether the armature rheostat of the motor is kept at maximum position and the field rheostat is kept
at minimum position.
3. By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
4. Start the motor using 3 point starter.

5. For armature control method, keep the field current constant by adjusting the field rheostat connected in the
field circuit.
6. Vary the rheostat connected in the armature circuit and note the corresponding armature voltage, armature
current and speed and tabulate those values.

B) FIELD CONTROL METHOD

1. Repeat the steps 1 to 4 of rheostat control.
2. For field control method, keep the armature voltage as constant by adjusting the rheostat connected to the
armature circuit.
3. Vary the rheostat connected in the field circuit and for each setting note the corresponding Field current and
speed and tabulate it.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
TABULATION:
FIELD CONTROL METHOD: Va= constant

OBSERVATION

Armature Armature
VoltageVa = (volts) VoltageVa = (volts)
S.No. Field
Speed Field Current Speed
Current
N (rpm) If (amps) N (rpm)
If (amps)

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD: If =constant

OBSERVATION

Field Current Field Current

If = (amps) If = (amps)
S.No.
Armature Speed Armature Speed
Voltage, Va N (rpm) Voltage, Va N (rpm)

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

The speed of DC Shunt motor is controlled by the two methods and the curves are drawn.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
Ex No: 5 LOAD TEST ON DC TRACTION MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on DC Series Traction motor and to draw its performance characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1.
Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
2.
Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3. (0-3000)
Tachometer Digital 1
rpm
4.
Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The motor should be started and stopped with mechanical load

2. Brake drum should be cooled with water when the motor is loaded.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the load condition, DPST switch is closed and starter resistance is gradually
removed (Start the motor with 2 point starter).
3. Increase the mechanical load gradually in steps and note down the Voltmeter, Ammeter, speed
and spring balance readings.
4. After bringing the mechanical load to initial position (with certain load), DPST switch is
opened.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

TABULAR COLUMN:

Spring Balance Readings

Output Input
Voltage Current Speed Torque
Power Power %Efficiency
S.No. V I N T
(Volts) (Amps) S1 S2 (S1 S2) (rpm) (Nm)
Pm Pi (%)
(Kg) (Kg) Kg (W) (W)

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

FORMULA USED:

Circumference
(i) R = ------------------- m
100 x2
(ii) Torque T = (S1 S2) x R x 9.81 Nm

(iii) Input Power Pi = VI Watts;

N =Speed in revolutions per minute

2NT
(iv) Output Power Pm = ------------ Watts
60
Output Power
(v) Efficiency % = -------------------- x 100%
Input Power

MODEL GRAPHS:

y3 y2 y1

T
Torque T (Nm)

Speed N (rpm)
Efficiency %

Output Power (Watts)

RESULT:

Thus load test on DC series Traction motor is conducted and its performance characteristics
were drawn.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
Ex. No: 6
Date:
PREDETERMINATION OF PERFROMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
OF DC MACHINE
AIM:

To predetermine the performance characteristics of the DC machine when it works as a generator and
motor (Swinburnes Test).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1
2. Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1
Wire
3. Rheostats 1250, 0.8A 1
Wound
4. Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
5. Resistive Load 5KW,230V - 1

PRECAUTIONS:

The field rheostat should be in the minimum resistance position at the time of starting and
stopping the motor

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the minimum position of field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting
resistance is gradually removed.
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the machine is brought to its rated speed.
4. The armature current, field current and voltage readings are noted on NO LOAD.
5. The field rheostat is then brought to minimum position and DPST switch is opened.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MEASURING ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

Fuse + -
A
+

D (0-30)A

P MC

S
+
220V T
DC V (0-300)V
M
Supply
-
S

W
LOAD MC
I
5 KW, 230V A2
T
-
C
Fuse
H

TABULAR COLUMN:

Rated Speed = ________________RPM.

S.NO Vo(Volts) Io(Amps) If(Amps) Ra (Ohms)

Efficiency when working as a DC Motor:

Total Output
V IL Ia Ia2Ra Input Efficiency
S.No Losses Power
(Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Watts) Power(W) (%)
(W) (W)

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
Efficiency when working as a DC Generator:

Constant Losses=
S.No V IL Ia Ia2Ra(Watts) Total Output Input Efficiency
(Volts) (Amps) (Amps) Losses Power Power(Watts) (%)
W (Watts)

FORMULA USED:

Hot Resistance Ra = 1.2 X R

Constant losses = VIo Iao2 Ra watts

Where Iao = (Io If) Amps

As MOTOR:

Load Current IL = _____ Amps (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of rated current)
Armature current Ia = IL If Amps
Copper loss = Ia2 Ra watts
Total losses = Copper loss + Constant losses
Input Power = VIL watts
Output Power = Input Power Total losses

Output power
Efficiency % = ---------------------- X 100%
Input Power

As GENERATOR:

Load Current IL = _____ Amps (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of

rated current)
Armature current Ia = IL + If Amps
Copper loss = Ia2 Ra watts
Total losses = Copper loss + Constant losses
Output Power = VIL watts
Input Power = Input Power +Total losses
Output power
Efficiency % = ----------------------- X 100%
Input Power

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
MODEL GRAPH:

Generator

Motor

OUTPUT POWER P0 (W)

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the efficiency of the D.C machine is predetermined by conducting a suitable experiment.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
EX NO: 7
Date:
BACK TO BACK TEST ON IDENTICAL DC EXCITER MACHINES

AIM:

To conduct Hopkinsons test on a pair of identical DC machines to pre-determine the efficiency of the
machine as generator and as motor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

(0-1)A MC 1
1 Ammeter
(0-20) A MC 2
(0-300) V MC 1
2 Voltmeter
(0-600)V MC 1
1250, 0.8A Wire 2
3 Rheostats
Wound
4 Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1

5 Resistive Load 5KW,230V - 1

6 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

PRECATUIONS:

1. The field rheostat of the motor should be in the minimum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping the machine.
2. The field rheostat of the generator should be in the maximum resistance position at the time
of starting and stopping the machine.
3. SPST switch should be kept open at the time of starting and stopping the machine.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the minimum position of field rheostat of DC motor and maximum position
of generator field rheostat, then open the SPST switch. The DC motors DPST switch is
closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor.
4. The voltmeter V1 is made to read zero by adjusting field rheostat of generator and SPST
switch is closed.
5. By adjusting field rheostats of motor and generator, various Ammeter readings, voltmeter
readings are noted.
6. The rheostats and SPST switch are brought to their original positions and DPST switch is
opened.

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TABULAR COLUMN:

S. Supply Il I2 I3 I4 I1+I2 Motor Generator Total Total Stray

No Voltage (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) Armature cu Armature Stray Loss losses per
. (V) loss cu loss W machine
(watts) (watts) (watts) (W/2)

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
EFFICIENCY CALCULATION: (As MOTOR)

Motor Efficiency,
Total Input Output
Armature Field Stray
S. V I1 I2 I3 Losses Power Power
Cu Loss Loss losses/ 2 %
No (V) (A) (A) (A) W (W) (W)
(W) (W) (W)
(Watts)

EFFICIENCY CALCULATION: (As GENERATOR):

Generator
Stray Total Input Output Efficiency
Armature Field
V I1 I2 I3 losses Losses Power Power
S.No Cu Loss Loss
(V) (A) (A) (A) /2 (W) (W) %
(W) (W)
(W) (W)

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. By varying load, the readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter are noted.
4. Armature resistance in Ohms is calculated as R a = (Vx1.5) /I for each
loading. Finally average of the above values are taken as armature
resistance.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No. Voltage Current Armature Resistance

V (Volts) I (Amps) Ra (Ohms)

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FORMULA USED:

Input Power = VI1 watts

Motor armature cu loss = (I1+ I2)2 Ra watts
Generator armature cu loss = I22 Ra watts
Total Stray losses W = V I1 ( (I1+I2)2 Ra + I22 Ra) watts.
Stray loss per machine = W/2 watts.

As MOTOR:
Input Power = Armature input + Shunt field input
= (I1+ I2) V + I3V = (I1+I2+I3) V
Total Losses = Armature Cu loss + Field loss + stray loss
= (I1 + I2)2 Ra + VI3 + W/2 watts
Input power Total Losses
Efficiency % = ------------------------------------- x 100%
Input Power
As GENERATOR:
Output Power = VI2 watts
Total Losses = Armature Cu loss+ Field Loss + Stray loss
= I22 Ra + VI4 + W/2 watts
Output power
Efficiency % = ------------------------------------ x 100%
Output Power+ Total Losses
MODEL GRAPH:

Generator

Motor

OUTPUT POWER P0 (W)

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus Hopkinsons test is conducted on a pair of identical DC machines. The efficiency of the
DC machine as generator and as motor were found.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

Ex.No:8

Date:
PREDETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS OF AC STATIC MACHINE

AIM :
To conduct open circuit and short circuit test on single phase transformer and hence to

i. Determine the equivalent circuit parameters

ii. Predetermine the percentage efficiency and the regulation at any desired load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

(0-300)V MI 1
1. Voltmeter
(0-75) V MI 1
(0-5) A MI 1
2. Ammeter
(0-10) A MI 1
150V, 10A UPF 1
3. Wattmeter
300 V, 5A LPF 1
4. Auto transformer 1

FORMULA USED:
I. To determine the equivalent circuit parameters:
1. No load power factor Coso = Wo/VoIo
Where Vo = Open circuit voltage in Volts
Io = Open circuit current in Amps
Wo = No load power in Watts (Iron loss)
2. Working component of no load current Iw = IoCoso
3. Magnetizing component of no load current I = IoSino
4. Ro = Vo/Iw
5. Xo = Vo/ I
6. Equivalent impedance of transformer w.r.t HV side Z02=Vsc/Isc
7. Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t HV side R02 = Wsc/Isc2

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

8. Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t HV side X02 = Zo22- Ro22

9. Transformation ratio K = V2/V1
10. Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t LV side R01 = R02/K2
11. Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t LV side X01 = X02/K2

II. To Predetermine Percentage Efficiency:

Q = KVA of the given transformer

x = Fraction of load
Total losses = x2*Wsc + Wo
Output = x*Q*Cos
Input = Output+ Losses
Percentage Efficiency = (Output/Input)*100

III. To Calculate Percentage Regulation:

For lagging power factor,

Percentage Regulation = (x*Isc/Vo)*(Ro2 Cos + Xo2 Sin) * 100
For leading power factor,
Percentage Regulation = (x*Isc/Vo)*(Ro2 Cos- Xo2 Sin) * 100

MODEL GRAPH:

CIRCUIT

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
DIAGRAM:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
PROCEDURE

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify whether the autotransformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3. To conduct no load test, high voltage windings must be open circuited and the rated voltage should
be applied to the low voltage winding.
4. By closing the DPST switch, 230V, 1, 50Hz, AC supply is given to the transformer.
5. By adjusting the auto transformer, apply the rated voltage across the primary windings and the
corresponding readings from ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
6. Bring the autotransformer to the minimum position and remove the supply.
7. From the noted values, the exciting branch parameters (R0 & X0) of the equivalent circuit are
calculated.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify whether the autotransformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3. To conduct short circuit test, low voltage windings must be short-circuited.
4. By closing DPST switch, 230V, 1, 50HZ AC supply is given to the autotransformer.
5. By adjusting the auto transformer, apply the rated current across the primary windings and the
corresponding readings from ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
6. Bring the autotransformer to the minimum position and remove the supply.
7. From the noted values, the exciting branch parameters (R01 & X01) of the equivalent circuit
are calculated.
Predetermination of Efficiency and Regulation:
From the calculated values of equivalent circuit parameters, the regulation is calculated for
various values of assumed power factor.
For various values of assumed power factor the efficiency is calculated and the graph is
plotted.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
OBSERVATION TABULATION:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

No load Voltage No Load Current Wattmeter Reading

Vo in V Io in A Wo in W

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Primary Voltage Primary Current Wattmeter Reading

Vsc in V Isc in A Wsc in W

CALCULATION TABULATION:

Determination of Percentage Regulation

Cos Sin = Percentage Regulation

1-Cos2 Lagging (+) Leading (-)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

Predetermination of Efficiency For power factors of 0.8 and 1.0

Input
Output Power
Fraction Copper Loss Total Loss Power=
S.No Po Efficiency
of Load Wcu=x2Wsc Wc=Wo+x2Wsc Output+
(x Q cos)
losses
x Watts Watts Watts Watts %

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the open circuit test and short circuit test is conducted on a single-phase transformer and,
i. The equivalent circuit parameters are found out. The equivalent circuit parameters of the
given transformer are

Ro = Xo=

R01= R02=

ii. The performance curves of the transformer are drawn for various loads and power factors.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

Ex.No :9
Date :
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To conduct load test on the given single phase transformer and to draw the performance characteristics
curves.

1. Efficiency Vs Output Power

2. Regulation Vs Output Power.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

(0-150)V MI 1
1. Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1

(0-10)A MI
1
(0-20) A MI
2. Ammeter 1
150V,20A UPF 1
3. Wattmeter
300V,10A UPF 1

4. Auto transformer 1

FORMULA USED:

1 .Percentage Regulation = (Vo2-V2) /Vo2*100

Where Vo2 = Secondary voltage on no load
Vo = Secondary voltage at a particular load

2. Power factor = Pout/V2*I2

Where Pout = Secondary wattmeter readings in Watts
V2 = Secondary voltage in Volts
I2 = Secondary current in Amps

3. Percentage efficiency = Pout/Pin*100

Where Pout = Secondary wattmeter readings in Watts
Pin = Primary wattmeter readings in Watts.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Verify whether the autotransformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3. By closing the DPST switch, 230V, 1, 50HZ AC supply is given to the transformer.
4. At no load, the readings from the meters are noted down.
5. The load is applied to the transformer in steps up to 125% of the rated value of the primary
current by using rheostatic load.
6. The corresponding values from the meters are tabulated for different loads.
7. Then the load is removed gradually, auto transformer is brought to its minimum position and
supply is switched off.
8. From the recorded values, the regulation, power factor and efficiency are calculated.

TABULATION:

Seconda
Primary Seconda Seconda
Primary Primary ry Power
S. Wattmet ry ry
Voltage Current Wattmet Factor Regulation %
No er Voltage Current
V1 (V) I1 (A) er Cos %
W1 (W) V2 (V) I2 (A)
W2 (W)

MODEL CALCULATION

RESULT
Thus the load test on the single phase transformer is conducted and the characteristic curves are drawn. The
tested transformer attains maximum overall efficiency of______________ at an output power of
.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
Ex.No :10

Date :
LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct load test on DC compound motor and find its efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Rheostat 1250, 0.8A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-1500) rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS:
1. DC compound motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
3. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat position, DPST switch is closed
and starter resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
4. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted under no load condition.
5. The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load, voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance
readings and speed of the motor are noted.
6. The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum position, then DPST
switch is opened.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

OBSERVATION CALCULATION

Input Input Spring Balance Input Output Efficiency,

Speed Torque
Voltage Current Reading Power Power
=Pout /Pin X
S.No N T
Vin Iin S1 S2 Pin Pout 100
S1~S2

V A kg kg kg RPM Nm W W %

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
Formula Used:

Circumference
(i) R = ------------------- m
100 x2

(ii) Torque T = (S1 S2) x R x 9.81 Nm

(iii)Input Power Pi = VI Watts

2NT
(iv) Output Power Pm = ------------ Watts
60

Output Power
(v) Efficiency % = -------------------- x 100%
Input Power

MODEL GRAPH:

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus load test on DC compound motor is conducted and its efficiency is determined.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

Ex No:11
DATE:

PARALLEL OPERATION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Aim: To realize the load sharing in two similar transformers operating in parallel.

Apparatus Required:

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE/RATING QUANTITY

1 Two similar Single phase 1kVA 2
transformers of identical
ratings
2 Voltmeters MI (0-300)V 2
3 Ammeters MI (0-10)A 2
4 SPST Switch
5 Autotransformer Single Phase 5A/10A,240V 1

Theory
The parallel operations of transformers are indicated that the two or more transformers are connected to
the same supply bus bars on the primary side and to a common bus bar/load on the secondary side.
Such requirement is frequently encountered in practice. The reasons that necessitate parallel operation
are as follows.

1. Non-availability of a single large transformer to meet the total load requirement.

2. The power demand might have increased over a time necessitating augmentation of the capacity.
More transformers connected in parallel will then be pressed into service.
3. To ensure improved reliability. Even if one of the transformers gets into a fault or is taken out for
maintenance/repair the load can continued to be serviced.

Certain conditions have to be met before two or more transformers are connected in parallel and share a
common load satisfactorily. They are,

CONDITIONS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION:

1. The voltage ratio must be the same.

2. The per unit impedance of each machine on its own base must be the same.
3. The polarity must be the same, so that there is no circulating current between the transformers.
4. The phase sequence must be the same and no phase difference must exist between the voltages of the two
transformers.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Precautions:

1. The loads on the secondary of transformers should be fully switched off.

2. The single phase autotransformer should be kept in the minimum voltage position.

Procedure:

1. Check the conditions mentioned for parallel operation of transformers.

2. Adjust the autotransformer to read the rated primary voltage on Voltmeter 1.
3. When the secondary windings are connected with correct polarity the voltmeter V3 reads zero.
4. Close the SPST switch S1 otherwise interchange the terminals of the secondary windings with
supply switched off.
5. Close the DPST (Double Pole Single Throw switch) on the secondary and increase the electrical
load in steps.
6. Note down the readings of the load current and currents shared by both the transformers.
7. Check the current sharing according to the current division rule.
8. Verify that current shared by transformer 1 I1=IZ2/(Z1+Z2) and transformer 2, I2=IZ1/(Z1+Z2)

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO V1 V2 I1 I2 I

Result:
Thus the load sharing on transformers operating in parallel were verified by conducting a
suitable experiment.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
Ex No:12
DATE:
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE TRANSFOMER

Aim: To conduct load test on three phase transformer by direct loading and to find its efficiency and
regulation.

Apparatus Required:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 THREE PHASE
AUTO
TRANSFORMER
2 THREE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
3 AMMETERS (0-20)A MI 2
4 VOLTMETERS (0-600)V MI 2
5 WATTMETERS 600V,20A,UPF ELECTRODYNAMOMETER 2
5 TPST SWITCH
6 RESISTIVE
LOAD

Precautions:
1. The three phase autotransformer should be kept in the minimum position at the time of starting the
load test.
2. The electrical load should be switched off at the time of starting.

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the main TPST switch. Adjust the three phase auto transformer and set the rated primary
voltage.
3. Note down the primary no load ammeter voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
4. Close the TPST switch on the secondary side so that the three phase resistive load is connected to the
transformer.
5. Increase the load in steps from no load to full load till the rated line current is reached. Tabulate the
readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter both in the primary and secondary.
6. Remove the load gradually. Bring the autotransformer to minimum position and switch off the three
phase AC supply.

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Formula Used:

Input Power Supplied to the three phase transformer=W1+W2(Sum of the wattmeter readings) watts;
Ouput Power Absorbed by the Electrical load =W3+W4 Watts:
%Efficiency =Output Power /Input Power *100;
%Voltage Regulation = E (No load)- V(Full Load)/V(Full load) *100

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 EEE114 DC MACHINES & TRANSFORMERS - LAB MANUAL
Model Graphs:

Result :
Thus the load test on three phase transformer was conducted and its performance curves were drawn.

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