CATIA

Instruction Manual
 PREFACE

This instruction manual was brought out in the best interest of students aiding the easy learning of the
software tools. In an attempt to make it simple and yet qualitative we at ENCADD have pooled in our
best resources from the knowledge community involved in various fields of mechanical design,
manufacturing & analysis.

Each concept has been explained with great importance to detail at every possible point. With neat
describing diagrams explaining snapshots of various tabs in the software, icons, the environments etc.
a student can know what can be expected once he tries the same on the practical front using the
software.

With great emphasis to training it can be said knowledge is incomplete without the questions that arise
and the adequate answers. Hence a questionnaire has been provided relating to each concept. This also
helps the students to answer quite efficiently at job interviews and discussions.

This being the first attempt in bringing an instruction manual it can be expected that the future editions
be improved further. Any advices and suggestions in that direction are welcome.

LAKSHMISHA S. RAJ
Managing Director
ENCADD PVT. LTD.
CAD/CAM/CAE

INDEX

1 INTRODUCTION TO CAD 1-18

.
2 SKETCH WORK BENCH 19-26
.
3. PART DESIGN 27-60

4. ASSEMBLY DESIGN 61-71

5. DRAFTING WORKBENCH 72-89

6. SHEET METAL 90-111

7. WIREFRAME AND SURFACE DESIGN 112-129

8. SHAPE DESIGN 130-134

9. DRAWINGS 135-184
 INTRODUCTION TO CAD
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Computer Graphics and Modeling are being increasingly used in everyday engineering Practice.
Computer graphics is used in almost all Engineering disciplines. In order to Understand and visualize
an object, a simulated model of the same is created on the computer. For example in order to
understand the behavior of a structure under loads, it is used in Display the results of a finite element
analysis in terms of the deformation and stresses. In Computational fluid dynamics it is used for
visualizing the flow of fluid over an object and for displaying the pressure distribution on the object.
For all these applications the use of Computer graphics with multi-colors has helped in the case with
which it is possible to Analyze and design. Computer graphics and modeling also called here as CAD
(Computer Aided Design) has applications in Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Architecture and Engineering construction, mapping, piping and many other areas.

1.2 CAD AND ITS NEED

Computer Aided Design or CAD has a very broad meaning and can be defined as the use of computers
to assist in the creation, modification, analysis and optimization of a design. The need for CAD is
increasingly being felt because it is a competitive world, with shorter product design cycle. There is a
need to develop a new and improved product design cycle. There is a need to develop a new and
improved product to stay in business. CAD helps to obtain increased design and manufacturing
productivity. Hence it helps to lower costs. CAD helps to give greater flexibility in design and
engineering changes. The use of CAD hence builds quality from concept to the final product. Instead
of bringing in quality control during the final inspection it helps to develop a process in which quality
is there throughout the life cycle of the product.
Consider the traditional approach to product development. The product considered here is a production
of a new aircraft. However it could be applied to any product development. The design and
development life cycle consists of a conceptual stage, the preliminary stage and the detailed stage. The
development activities include aerodynamics, propulsion, structures, controls, manufacturing, and
supportability. The knowledge about the design increases as the time into the design process increases,
that is it nearly becomes 100% during the detailed design stage. However the freedom to change a
design decreases from 100% at the conceptual stage to about 10% at the end of the detailed design
stage. Hence the design can be changed very little during the detailed design stage and moreover the
cost of change is very high since most of the expenditure has been incurred or committed. However in
the CAD route it would be possible to alter the two curves-the knowledge about design and the
freedom curves such that it leads to a shorter product development cycle and also with decreased cost.
Changes can be Anticipated during the conceptual stage itself when the cost committed are less. The
costs incurred during the conceptual stage will be only about 10% while any change occurring during
the detailed design stage will be costly as more than 60% of the costs would have been incurred.

1.3 THE DESIGN PROCESS

Shirleys Model for the conceptual design process is given in Fig. 1.1. The design process starts with
the recognition of a need. This results in the definition of the problem. The designer then
conceptualizes the system, its subsystem and the basic components. This process is called synthesis.

Design Avenue. Page 1

Then analysis is done to study the behavior of the product. Then an optimization is carried out to
customize the material usage. Analysis, optimization and synthesis is an iterative process. Then the
process of evaluation takes place. Evaluation requires fabrication and testing of the prototype model.
On evaluation the model may undergo change and hence synthesis. Finally the presentation includes
documentation of results in the form of drawings for purpose of production. The complete synthesis,
analysis, optimization and evaluation process being done repetitively generates knowledge, which is
stored in the knowledge database of the designer and that is his brain. Hence any future problem that
has similar characteristics will require less time as the designer has the required experience and can
have a starting design using the knowledge that he had gained earlier.

The modified Shirleys model of the design process incorporating the CAD process is shown in Fig.
1.2. The synthesis process is in fact the geometric modeling of the product. This involves
conceptualizing the product or part and generating the 3D mathematical geometry of the same.
Geometric modeling implies the generation of a computer compatible mathematical description of the
geometry of the object. The mathematical description allows the image to be displayed on the screen
in 3D form and allows the object to be evaluated and manipulated.

Analysis and optimization part is called Engineering analysis. It includes stress-strain analysis, heat
transfer analysis, and fluid dynamic analysis (CFD). The geometric data for this would come from the
geometry model. Engineering analysis is called Computer Aided Engineering (CAE).

Evaluation is called Design Review and Evaluation. This involves semi-automatic Tolerance, analysis
of mass properties, zooms into part, prototyping and fabrication, blank model on top of the part,
interference checking and kinematics. Finally presentation of design is drafting, generation of bill of
materials and technical documents. This involves the conversion of 3D models into 20 drawings.
1.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Early CAD systems were basically automated drafting board systems, which displayed a two-
dimensional representation of the object being designed. Operators could use these graphics systems to
develop the line drawing the way they wanted it and then obtain a very high quality paper plot of the
drawing. By using these systems, the drafting process could be accomplished in less time, and the
productivity of the designers could be improved.

However, there was a fundamental shortcoming of these early systems. Although they were able to
reproduce high quality engineering drawings efficiently and quickly, these systems stored in their data
files a two-dimensional record of the drawings. The drawings were usually of three-dimensional
objects and it was left to the human beings who read these drawings to interpret the three dimensional
shape from the two'-dimensional representation. The early CAD systems were not capable of
interpreting the three -dimensionality of the object. It was left to the user of the systems to make
certain that two dimensional representation was correct (e.g. hidden lines removed or dashed, etc.) as
stored in the data files.

More recent computer -aided design systems possess the capability to define objects in three
dimensions. This is a powerful feature because it allows the designer to develop a full three-
dimensional model of an object in the computer rather than a two-dimensional illustration. The
computer can then generate the orthogonal, perspective drawings, and close-ups of details in the object

Design Avenue. Page 3

The importance of this three-dimensional capability in interactive computer graphics should not be
underestimated. Even a three-dimensional perspective drawing does not always uniquely define the
solid shape of the object. A basic requirement is that a geometric mode I should be unambiguous
representation of its corresponding object. That is to say, the model should be unique and complete to
all engineering functions from documentation to engineering analysis to manufacture. It is important
that the graphics system work with three-dimensional shapes in developing the model of an object.

1.5 GEOMETRIC MODEL AND TYPES OF GEOMETRIC MODEL

Geometric modeling is concerned with the computer-compatible mathematical description of the
geometry of an object. The mathematical description allows the image of the object to be displayed
and manipulated on a graphics terminal through signals from the CPU of the CAD system. The
software that provides geometric modeling capabilities must be designed for efficient use both by the
computer and the human designer.

The geometric modeling involves:

1. Creation of geometric entities

2. Transformation of these entities
3. Creation of the required shapes

The three types geometric models are:

1. Wire frame model

2. Surface Model
3. Solid model

1.6 WIRE FRAME MODELS

A wire frame model of an object is the simplest, but most verbose, geometric model that can be used
to represent it mathematically in the computer. It is sometimes referred to as a stick figure or an edge
representation of the object. The word "wire frame" is related to the fact that one may imagine a wire
that is bent to follow the object edges to generate the model. Typically, a wire frame model consists of
points, lines, arcs and circles, conics, and curves. Wire-frame modeling is the most commonly used
technique and all commercial CAD/CAM systems are wire-frame based.

ADVANTAGES OF WIRE FRAME MODELS ARE:

1. Simple to construct
2. Less computer time and memory requirement
3. Does not require extensive training of users
4. Time required retrieving; editing, or update is usually small
5. They are required to generate surface models

DIS-ADVANTAGES OF WIRE FRAME MODELS ARE:

1. They are ambiguous and rely heavily on human interpretation

2. Models having many edges become very confusing and perhaps even impossible to
Interpret.
3. Lack of visual coherence and information to determine the object profile
1.7 WIRE FRAME ENTITIES
Wire frame entities can be divided into

1. Analytic Entities
a. Lines
b. Points
c. Arcs
d. Circles
e. Fillets
f. Chamfers
g. Conics (Ellipse, parabola, hyperbola)

2. Synthetic Entities
a. Splines (Cubic spline, B-spline. f3-spline, u -spline)
b. Bezier Curves
that results in a division by zero while calculating the curve slope causes overflow and errors in
calculations. Considering that most design data of objects are available in a discrete form, mainly key
points, the curve equation should be able to accept points and/or tangent values as input from the
designer.

1.8 SURFACE MODELS

Shape design and representation of complex objects such as car, ship, and airplane bodies as well as
castings cannot be achieved utilizing wire frame modeling. In such cases, surface modeling must be
utilized to describe objects precisely and accurately. Due to the richness in information of surface
models. Their use in engineering and design environments can be extended beyond just geometric
design and representation. They are used in various applications such as calculating mass properties,
checking for interference between mating parts, generating cross-sectioned views, generating finite
element meshes, and generating NC tool paths for continuous path machining.

Creating surfaces in general has some quantitative data, such as a set of points and Tangents, and some
qualitative data, such as intuition of the desired shape and smoothness. Quantitative and qualitative
data can be thought of as hard and soft data respectively. Surface formulation must provide the
designer with the flexibility to use both data types in a simple form that is suitable for interactive use.
Similar to curves, available techniques can interpolate or approximate the given hard data. The Bezier
surface is a form of approximation and the B-spline surface is a form of interpolation.

In addition to using surface model geometric objects, they can also be used to fit Experimental data,
tables of numbers, and discredited solution of differential equation. In all these cases, the
multidimensional surface problem arises. Surface creation on existing CAD/CAM system usually
requires wire frame entities as a start. A system might request two boundary entities to create a ruled
surface or might require one entity to create a surface of revolution. All analytic and synthetic wire
frame entities discussed earlier can be used to generate surfaces. In order to visualize surfaces on a
graphics display, a mesh, say m x n in size is usually displayed. The mesh size is controllable by the
user.

Surface models take the modeling of an object one step beyond wire frame models by providing
information on surfaces connecting the object edges. Typically, a surface model consists of wire frame
entities that form the basis to create surface entities. Surface description is usually tackled as an
extension to the wire frame representation. Analytic and synthetic surface entities are available and
provided by most CAD/CAM systems.

Though the surface models and solid models look similar, there is a fundamental difference between
surface and solid models. Surface models define only the geometry of their corresponding objects.
They store no information regarding the topology of these objects. To create a surface model, the user
begins by constructing wire frame entities and then connecting them appropriately with the surface
entities. For solid based boundary representation, either faces, edges, and vertices are created or solid
primitives are input which are converted internally by the software to faces, edges, and vertices.

ADVANTAGES OF SURFACE MODELS OVER WIRE FRAME MODELS:

Surface models have considerable advantages over wire frame models. They are less ambiguous. They
provide hidden line and surface algorithms to add realism to the displayed geometry. Shading
algorithms are available for surfaces and solid models. From an application point of view, surface
models can be utilized in volume and mass property calculations, finite element modeling, NC path
generation, cross sectioning, interference detections.

DIS-ADVANTAGES OF SURFACE MODELS

Surface modeling does not lend itself to drafting background. They are complex; they require more
storage and CPU time. They are still ambiguous in some applications.
Sometimes difficult to create.

1.9 SURFACE ENTITIES

Surface entities can be Analytic and Synthetic entities.
Analytic entities include:
1. Plane surface
2. Ruled surface
3 Surface of revolution
4. Tabulated Cylinder

Synthetic entities include:

1. Bicubic Hermite Spline Surface
2. B-spline Surface
3. Rectangular and Triangular Bezier Patches
4. Rectangular and Triangular Coons Patches
5. Gordon surface

1.10 SOLID MODELING

The use of solid modeling in design and manufacturing is increasing rapidly because of the reduced
computing costs, fast computing hardware, improved user interfaces, increased capabilities of solid
modeling itself, and software improvements. Solid modeling has been acknowledged as the
technological solution to automating and integrating design and manufacturing functions.
Solid modeling techniques are based on informationally complete, valid, and unambiguous
representations of objects. Simply stated, a complete geometric data representation of an object is one
that enables points in space to be classified relative to the object, if it is inside, outside, or on the
object.

In all, A solid model of an object is a more complete representation than its surface model. It is unique
from the latter in the topological information it stores which potentially permits functional automation
and integration. For example, the mass property calculations or finite element mesh generation of an
object can be performed fully automatically, at least in theory, without any user intervention.
Typically, a solid model consists of both the topological and geometric data of its corresponding
object.

1.11 SOLID ENTITIES

Most commercially available solid modeling packages have a CSG-compatible user input and
therefore provide users with a certain set of building blocks, often called primitives. Primitives are
simple basic shapes and are considered the solid modeling entities, which can be combined by a
mathematical set of Boolean operations to create the solid. Primitives themselves are considered valid"
off-the-shelf' solids. In addition, some packages, especially those that support sweeping operations,
permit users to utilize wire frame entities to create faces that are swept later to create solids. The user
usually positions primitives as required before applying Boolean operations to construct the final
solid. The most commonly used primitives are:
1. Solid
2. Cylinder
3. Cone
4. Sphere
5. Wedge
6. Torus

1.12.1 ANALYTICAL SOLID MODELING

The historical development of ASM is closely related to FE modeling. ASM is developed to aid
designers and engineers in the arduous task of modeling complex geometry commonly found in design
applications. ASM can be viewed as more of a representation scheme for design than for
manufacturing purposes due to its formulation, which does not involve orientable surfaces, as does B-
rep or CSG.

While ASM originated from the need to solve the problem of finite element modeling, it has now a
wide range of application such as mass property calculations, composite material modeling, and
computer animation. The widespread acceptance of ASM in the finite element and finite difference
communities has been due to the efficiency and flexibility of mesh generation algorithms that operate
on hyperpatches. A uniform transition or non-uniform mesh can be generated with in a hyper patch
and, consequently, within the entire model.

1.12.2 OTHER REPRESENTATION

As mentioned earlier, the other representation like primitve instancing, cell decomposition, spatial
occupancy enumeration, and Octree encoding do exist but they are less popular because of their
limited modeling domain.
1.13 FEATURE MODELING
Solid modelers include a library of features to help the designer to create detailed design geometry.
The features can be positioned on a part using. variety of intelligent positioning relationship and the
size or position of a feature can be modified by changing a dimension.

Typical Features include:

Extrude, Revolve, Sweep, Blend

Solid, Thin, Surface

Protrusion Tweak
Hole Draft
Shaft Offset
Flange Push
Neck Ear
Round Lip
Chamfer Dome
Rib Cut
Shell Pipe

1.14 SOLID MANIPULATIONS

Solid manipulations are useful during the design phase of a given part or object.
The various manipulations are;
1. Displaying
2. Evaluating Points, curves, and surfaces on solids
3. Segmentations
4. Trimming and intersection
5. Transformation
6. Editing

1.15 SOLID MODELING BASED APPLICATION

Applications based on solid modeling have been increasing rapidly. The underlying characteristics of
all these applications are full automation. The current application can be divided into four groups:

1. Graphics: It includes generating line drawings with or without hidden line removal,
Shading and animation.
2. Design: The mass property calculations are a well-understood application. Other applications
include: interference analysis, finite element modeling, kinematics and mechanism analysis.
3. Manufacturing: The most active application in this group is tool path generation and verification.
Other application include process planning, dimension Inspection, implementing form features needed
for manufacturing into solid modelers, and representing geometric features such as tolerances and
surface finish.
4. Assembly: This is a useful group of applications to robotics and flexible manufacturing.
Applications include assembly planning, vision algorithms Based on solid modeling, and robotic
kinematics and dynamics driven by Solid modelS
LIMTS, FITS, TOLERANCE and SURFACE FINISH

2.1 Tolerance:
Tolerance is the total amount a dimension may vary (the difference between the maximum
and minimum limits)

Representing Tolerance

General tolerance

Note: all decimals .02

Limit dimensions

Plus and minus dimensions

unilateral
bilateral
Terms

Nominal size (common reference)

Basic size (theoretical size)
Actual size (measured)
Limits
Tolerance
Maximum material condition (MMC)
Least material condition (LMC)

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerance (GD&T)

What Is GD&T?
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerance (GD&T), when made an integral part of the Product
Development/Delivery Process through drawing previews/reviews, is the tool that can have the
greatest impact on improving quality, cost and delivery of your product. GD&T is not new, but there
is newness about it. Recent developments in CAD and CMM technology, ISO Standards and
Statistical Process Control have brought GD&T once again to the forefront of design, quality and
manufacturing. GD&T is a common language that may be used to improve communication between
design, quality, manufacturing, suppliers and customers.

For nearly two hundred years, industry has been struggling with the problem of clear part definition.
The latest and most successful approach has been to employ Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing (GD&T). After nearly sixty years of refinement, industry now has a Standard which will
handle virtually every situation. The Standard is published by the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers and is designated ASME Y14.5M-1994.
Some of the advantages of using GD&T on engineering drawings and product data sheets are
that it:

Uses datums and datum systems to define dimensional requirements with respect to part interfaces.
Specifies dimensions and related tolerances based on functional relationships.
Removes ambiguity by applying universally accepted symbols and syntax.
Provides information that can be used to control tooling and assembly interfaces.
Expresses dimensional tolerance requirements using methods that decrease tolerance accumulation.

Why Do I Need GD&T?

The craftsmen of old could fashion parts in a way that would allow them to slide together and give the
impression that the parts fit "perfectly." Today, with the concept of interchangeable parts, credited to
Eli Whitney, it is expected that parts will assemble the first time and perform their intended function.
Interchangeability does not apply only to mass produced parts. Whenever two parts are expected to fit
together and function without rework or adjustment, the parts must be clearly defined. Parts that have
been made in other departments, plants, cities or even countries must consistently fit and function even
though slight variation from the intended shape and size will exist in every part.

All parts go through a manufacturing process. There is variation in all manufacturing processes. These
variations are reflected in the parts. In addition, there must be a way to inspect a part to assure that it
was made to the required Specifications. As Bob Trader says:

"You can't make what you can't measure because you don't know when you've got it made!"

Most importantly, the part must perform its intended task or function. To accomplish all of this, the
part must be clearly and totally defined. In most cases this definition is accomplished on a detail
drawing or within a CAD file.

When used properly, GD&T will get the right questions asked early in the program, simplify the
engineering drawing, and directly relate customer requirements to product specifications and process
control.

"Datums" are edges, surfaces or features that are considered accurate for locating other
features or surfaces.
"Datums" are labeled with a rectangle .375" high by .75" long that contains a letter preceded
by a dash (-) and followed by a dash (-).
"Datums" are attached to edges and surfaces by extension lines and to features by a leader.
 I ENC ADD PVT. LTD.
CAD/CAM/CAE

C7 .004

.004
C7 Dimension Line Leader
Extension Line
B c
A

Figure 3-5 Feature control frames attached to features.

-$- .040@ A B:@] -$- .040@ A B C]

-$- .005@ D ..l.. .005@ A

A. Composite B. Two Single Segments C. Perpendicularity Refined

Figure 3-6 Composite, two single segments, and refined feature control frames.

0 3.000-3.030
1-$10.014@1A@cJ
0.014@ MMC
Cylindrical Tolerance Zone

- -

2.000
-~ --

The rectangular tolerance zone is

.005 in the horizontal and vertical
directions.

Actual feature size 3.020

Minus the maximum material condition -3.000
Bonus tolerance .020
Plus the geometric tolerance + .014
Total tolerance .034

The maximum material condition modifier allows the designer to capture all of
the available tolerance.

Design Avenue. Page 11

2.3 GD&T Symbols and Terms:
No Symbol Description
Straightness - a condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a
1
straight line.
2 Flatness - is the condition of a surface having all elements in one plane.
Roundness - describes the condition on a surface of revolution (cylinder,
3 cone, and sphere) where all points of the surface intersected by any
plane.
Cylindricity - describes a condition of a surface of revolution in which
4
all points of a surface are equidistant from a common axis.
Profile of a Line - is the condition permitting a uniform amount of
5 profile variation, ether unilaterally or bilaterally, along a line element of a
feature.
Profile of a Surface - is the condition permitting a uniform amount of
6
profile variation, ether unilaterally or bilaterally, on a surface.
All Around Symbol - indicating that a tolerance applies to surfaces all
7
around the part.
Angularity - is the condition of a surface, axis, or center plane, which is
8
at a specified angle from a datum plane or axis.
Perpendicularity - is the condition of a surface, axis, or line, which is 90
9
deg. From a datum plane or a datum axis.
Parallelism - is the condition of a surface, line, or axis, which is
10
equidistant at all points from a datum plane or axis.
Position Tolerance - defines a zone within which the axis or center plane
11
of a feature is permitted to vary from true (theoretically exact) position.

Concentricity - describes a condition in which two or more features , in any

12 combination, have a common axis.

Symmetry - is a condition in which a feature (or features) is symmetrically

13
disposed about the center plane of a datum feature.
Runout - is the composite deviation from the desired form of a part surface of
14
revolution through on full rotation (360 deg) of the part on a datum axis.
Total Run out - is the simultaneous composite control of all elements of a
15 surface at all circular and profile measuring positions as the part is rotated
through 360.
Maximum Material Condition (MMC) - is that condition of a part feature
wherein it contains the maximum amount of
16
material within the stated limits of size. That is: minimum hole size and
maximum shaft size.
Least Material Condition (LMC) - implies that condition of a part feature of
size wherein it contains the least (minimum) amount of material, examples,
17
largest hole size and smallest shaft size. It is
Opposite to maximum material condition.
Regardless Of Feature Size (RFS) - the condition where the tolerance of
18 form, runout or location must be met irrespective of where the feature lies
within its size tolerance.

Design Avenue. Page 12

 Projected Tolerance Zone - applies to a hole in which a pin, stud, screw,
etc., is to be inserted. It controls the perpendicularity of the hole to the extent
of the projection from the hole and as it relates to the mating part clearance.
19 The projected tolerance zone extends above the surface of the part to the
functional length of the pin, stud, and screw relative to its assembly with the
mating part.
Tangent Plane - indicating a tangent plane is shown. The symbol is placed in
20
the feature control frame following the stated tolerance.
Free State Variations - is a term used to describe distortion of a part after
21
removal of forces applied during manufacture.
Diameter - indicates a circular feature when used on the field of a drawing or
22 indicates that the tolerance is diametrical when used in a feature control
frame.
Basic Dimension - used to describe the exact size, profile, orientation or
23 location of a feature. A basic dimension is always associated with a feature
control frame or datum target. (Theoretically exact dimension in ISO)
Reference Dimension - a dimension usually without tolerance, used for
24 information purposes only. It does not govern production or inspection
operations. (Auxiliary dimension in ISO)
Datum Feature - is the actual component feature used to establish a datum.

25

Dimension Origin - Signifies that the dimension originates from the plane
26 established by the shorter surface and dimensional limits apply to the other
surface.
Feature Control Frame - is a rectangular box containing the geometric
characteristics symbol, and the form, run out or location tolerance. If
27
necessary, datum references and modifiers applicable to the feature or the
datums are also contained in the box.
Conical Taper - is used to indicate taper for conical tapers. This symbol is
28
always shown with the vertical leg to the left.
Slope - is used to indicate slope for flat tapers. This symbol is always shown
29
with the vertical leg to the left.
Counter bore/Spot face - is used to indicate a counter bore or a spot face.
30 The symbol precedes the dimension of the counter bore or spot face, with no
space
Countersink - is used to indicate a countersink. The symbol precedes the
30
dimensions of the countersink with no space.
Depth/Deep - is used to indicate that a dimension applies to the depth of a
32
feature. This symbol precedes the depth value with no space in between.
Square - is used to indicate that a single dimension applies to a square shape.
33
The symbol precedes the dimension with no space between.
34 Number of Places - the X is used along with a value to indicate the number

Design Avenue. Page 13

 of times a dimension or feature is repeated on the drawing.
Arc Length - indicating that a dimension is an arc length measured on a
35
curved outline. The symbol is placed above the dimension.
Radius - creates a zone defined by two arcs (the minimum and maximum
36
radii). The part surface must lie within this zone.
37 Spherical Radius - precedes the value of a dimension or tolerance.
Spherical Diameter - shall precede the tolerance value where the specified
tolerance value represents spherical zone. Also, a positional tolerance may be
used to control the location of a spherical feature relative to other features of
38
a part. The symbol for spherical diameter precedes the size dimension of the
feature and the positional tolerance value, to indicate a spherical tolerance
zone.
Controlled Radius - creates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs (the
minimum and maximum radii) that are tangent to the adjacent surfaces.
Where a controlled radius is specified, the part contour within the crescent-
39
shaped tolerance zone must be a fair curve without flats or reversals.
Additionally, radii taken at all points on the part contour shall neither be
smaller than the specified minimum limit nor larger than the maximum limit.
Between - to indicate that a profile tolerance applies to several contiguous
features, letters may designate where the profile tolerance begins and ends.
40
These letters are referenced using the between symbol (since 1994) or the
word between on drawings made to earlier versions of the Standard.
Statistical Tolerance - is the assigning of tolerances to related components
of an assembly on the basis of sound statistics (such as the assembly
tolerance is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the
individual tolerances). By applying statistical Tolerancing, tolerances of
individual components may be increased or clearances between mating parts
41
may be reduced. The increased tolerance or improved fit may reduce
manufacturing cost or improve the product's performance, but shall only be
employed where the appropriate statistical process control will be used.
Therefore, consideration should be given to specifying the required Cp and
/or Cpk or other process performance indices.
Datum Target - is a specified point, line, or area on a part that is used to
42 establish the Datum Reference Plane for manufacturing and inspection
operations.
Target Point - indicates where the datum target point is dimensionally
43
located on the direct view of the surface.

2.4 Fits of Mating Parts

o Consider a shaft and hole as a system of mating parts
o Clearance fit - hole larger than shaft
o Interference fit - shaft larger than hole
o Transition fit - either possible

Design Avenue. Page 14

1.Standard Precision Fits

o ANSI Standard B4.1 (tables)

o Running and sliding fit (RC)
o Clearance locational fit (LC)
o Transition locational fit (LT)
o Interference locational fit (LN)
o Force and shrink fit (FN)
o (Based in ISO standards)

Terms
o Tolerance of hole - difference between largest and smallest hole
o Tolerance of shaft - difference between largest and smallest shaft
o Allowance - difference between smallest hole and largest shaft (negative for interference)
(minimum clearance)

2.5 Hole Basis System

o Smallest possible hole (MMC) is the basic size
o Hole tolerance added to basic size for largest hole
o Allowance subtracted from basic size for largest shaft
o Tolerance of shaft subtracted from largest shaft for smallest shaft

Example - Hole Basis System

o Nominal size - 2
o Basic size - 2.000
o Hole tolerance - .004
o Shaft tolerance - .003
o Allowance - .006

2.6 SURFACE FINISH TEXTURE

Surface finish is an apparent witness of tool marks or - lack of same - on the machined surface of
a work piece.

Surface finish is a characteristic of any machined surface. It is sometimes called surface texture or
roughness. The design engineer is usually the person that decides what the surface finish of a work
piece should be. They base their reasoning on what the work piece is supposed to do. Here are a few
examples that the engineer considers when applying a surface finish spec:

o Good surface finishes achieve high efficiency. High quality surface finishes coupled with
millionths of inch fit will produce less friction. For example a 75HP piston engine can loose
up to 5HP to the friction of the connecting rods, crank, and piston unless high quality finishes
are applied..
o Good surface finishes increase the wear resistance of two work pieces in an assembly
o Good surface finishes reduce the friction between two work pieces in an assembly
 o Good surface finishes have a cosmetic effect and make your parts "look good".
o Good surface finishes are the norm in several industries, as in the micro processor industry.
o Good surface finished permits the proper function of static, and dynamic o-ring seals in
hydraulic and pneumatic equipment.

2.7 Surface Finish Terminology

1. Roughness:
Roughness consists of surface irregularities which result from the various machining process. These
irregularities combine to form surface texture.

2. Roughness
Height:
It is the height of the irregularities with respect to a reference line. It is measured in millimeters or
microns or micro inches. It is also known as the height of unevenness.

3. Roughness
Width:
The roughness width is the distance parallel to the nominal surface between successive peaks or ridges
which constitute the predominate pattern of the roughness. It is measured in millimeters.

4. Roughness Width Cut Off:

Roughness width cut off is the greatest spacing of respective surface irregularities to be included in the
measurement of the average roughness height. It should always be greater than the roughness width in
order to obtain the total roughness height rating.

5. Lay:
Lay represents the direction of predominant surface pattern produced and it reflects the machining
operation used to produce it.

6. Waviness:
This refers to the irregularities which are outside the roughness width cut off values. Waviness is the
widely spaced component of the surface texture. This may be the result of work piece or tool
deflection during machining, vibrations or tool run out.

7. Waviness Width:
Waviness height is the peak to valley distance of the surface profile, measured in millimeters.

8. Arithmetic Average (AA):

A close approximation of the arithmetic average roughness-height can be calculated from the profile
chart of the surface. Averaging from a mean centerline may also be automatically performed by
electronic instruments using appropriate circuitry through a meter or chart recorder. If X is the
measured value from the profile meter, then the AA value can be calculated as shown below.
2.8 General indication of surface texture on drawings:

2.9 Requirement for machining:

2.10 Direction of lay:

2.11 SURFACE FINISH IN MACHINING

The resultant roughness produced by a machining process can be thought of as the combination of two
independent quantities:

1. Ideal roughness, and

2. Natural roughness
1. Ideal Roughness
Ideal surface roughness is a function of only feed and geometry. It represents the best possible finish
which can be obtained for a given tool shape and feed. It can be achieved only if the built-up-edge,
chatter and inaccuracies in the machine tool movements are eliminated completely.

2. Natural Roughness
In practice, it is not usually possible to achieve conditions such as those described above, and normally
the natural surface roughness forms a large proportion of the actual roughness. One of the main factors
contributing to natural roughness is the occurrence of a built-up edge. Thus, larger the built up edge,
the rougher would be the surface produced, and factors tending to reduce chip-tool friction and to
eliminate or reduce the built-up edge would give improved surface finish.

2.12 Factors Affecting the Surface Finish

Whenever two machined surfaces come in contact with one another the quality of the mating parts
plays an important role in the performance and wear of the mating parts. The height, shape,
arrangement and direction of these surface irregularities on the work piece depend upon a number of
factors such as:

1) The machining variables which include

a) Cutting speed
b) Feed, and
c) Depth of cut.

2) The tool geometry

The design and geometry of the cutting tool also plays a vital role in determining the quality of the
surface. Some geometric factors which affect achieved surface finish include:

a) Nose radius
b) Rake angle
c) Side cutting edge angle, and
d) Cutting edge.

3) Work piece and tool material combination and their mechanical properties

4) Quality and type of the machine tool used,

5) Auxiliary tooling, and lubricant used, and

6) Vibrations between the work piece, machine tool and cutting tool.
 CATIA V5

Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application, CATIA V5, developed by Dassault
Systems from France. CATIA is a completely re-engineered next- generation CAD/CAM/CAE
software solution for product Life-cycle management. CATIA V5 delivers innovative technologies for
maximum productivity and creativity from the inception concept to the final product. CATIA V5
reduces the learning curves as it allows the flexibility of using feature based and parametric design.

APPLICATIONS
1. Aerospace Domain
2. Automobile
3. Defence
4. Ship building
5. Human sciences
6. Architecture and other.

SYLLABUS
a) Mechanical design
1. Introduction to Sketcher work bench
2. Part design
3. Drafting
4. Assembly Design
5. Generative sheet metal Design
6. Wire frame and surface modeling

b) Shape Design
1. Generative shape Design

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Avenue. 19
Sketcher Workbench
The different ways of entering the Sketcher workbench before you start sketching. They are

1. Create a new geometry using the Start Command.

2. Create a new geometry using the File Command.

Creating a New Geometry Using the Start Command

1. Select Start > Mechanical Design > Sketcher from the menu bar.
2. Select the reference plane From Absolute Axis system in Graphical area.

OR Select the reference plane from the specification tree.

Creating a New Geometry Using the File Command

1. Select File - New from the menu bar. Then New dialog box is displayed.
2. Select Part from the new dialog box .
Click on OK button. Then we entered to part design. In part workbench
Select sketch in tool bar.
Insert sketcher sketch.
select any one plane from Absolute Axis system.
We have enter into sketch workbench.

Important tool bar in sketcher workbench. They are

1. Sketch Toolbar
2. Constraints Toolbar
3. Profile Toolbar
4. Operation Toolbar
5. Tools Toolbar.

Understanding the functions of the mouse buttons

1. The left mouse button (MB1) is used to make a selection.

2. The Right mouse button(MB3) is used to invoke the short cut menu
3. Press and hold middle mouse button (MB2) and drag the mouse to pan or move the
view of the model.
4. Press and hold the middle mouse button (MB2) and click the right mouse button
(MB3) once to invoke the zoom mode.
5. Press and hold the middle mouse button (MB2) then Press and hold the Right mouse
button (MB3) to invoke the rotate mode.
Sketch Toolbar

The sketcher option in the sketcher toolbar is used to invoke the sketcher workbench. You can also
invoke it from the mail menu bar by choosing Start > Mechanical Design > Sketcher.
After choosing the sketcher option, select a plane or planar face to invoke the sketcher workbench.
The sketcher toolbar as shown in figure.

Constraints Toolbar

There are times when simple sketches are adequate for your design process, but you will often need to
work on more complex sketches requiring a rich set of geometrical or dimensional constraints. The
Sketcher workbench provides constraint commands which will allow you to fully sketch your profiles.
Use of constrain: there are six types DOF (3 rotations and 3 translations). Used to arrest or limit the
sketch, not to move in any Degree of Freedom.
Types of constraints
1. Geometrical constraints: Constraining by geometry is called Geometrical
constraint.
2. Dimensional constraints: Constraining by dimension is called dimension
constraint.

Why Constraints?

1. To arrest all DOF (Degrees of Freedom).

2. To create the parametric model.
3. To modify easily.

Color indications,

1. White color-------Under constraints.

2. Green color------- ISO constraints.
3. Purple color------- Over constraints.
To check the created sketch whether constrained or not. Click on sketch solving status .

Profile Toolbar

This task shows how to create a closed profile. A profile may also be open (if you click the profile end
point in the free space). Profiles may be composed of lines and arcs which you create either by
clicking or using the Sketch tools toolbar.

Operation Toolbar

The Sketcher workbench provides a set of functionalities for performing operations on profiles. Note
that you can either click on a profile or use the Sketch tools toolbar.
 CATIA V5 - QUESTIONS/ANSWERS
1) Expand CATIA?
Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application
2) What is the save extension of sketcher file?
CAT Part
3) Does CATIA V5 work on UNIX platform?
Yes
4) Is it possible to increase the size of plane boundary representation & how?
Yes, go for Tools - Options-infrastructure -Part structure-Display
5) Is it possible to directly enter into Sketcher workbench?
No., it is not possible to enter into sketcher workbench directly. We have
To go for any workbench & from there we can enter the sketcher workbench.
6) Which is the tool used to exit from sketcher workbench to part design workbench?
Exit sketcher.
7) What are the default units of LMT (Length, Mass and Time)
Mm, kg, second
8) What is use of construction elements?
Construction elements assist in sketching the required profile in sketcher.
9) What is SKETCH TOOLS in sketcher work bench & explain the Importance of it?
SKETCH TOOLS in sketcher workbench are the commands, which find their very use in creating
sketches. SKETCH TOOLS are namely geometric and dimensional constraints, construction
elements/standard elements and Grid option. They play a very important role in sketching, whenever
we want to constrain a sketch we use these options and if we want to convert any element into a
construction element once again these options come into picture.
10) Is it possible to hide specification tree?
Yes, with help of F3 button, but the option in Tools command must be checked to allow this.
11) What is SHOW/HIDE option?
Show mode enable us to see all the components presently opened and in Hide mode we can hide the
desired elements from the view for time being.
12) What is the use of Cut Part by Sketch Plane?
This task shows how to make some edges visible. In other words, We are going to simplify the sketch
plane by hiding the portion of the material that is not needed for sketching.
13) How do you measure arc length?
We can measure arc length by using MEASURE ITEM command. Sometimes we need to customize
the option for arc length if it is not checked earlier using customization in MEASURE ITEM
command.
14) What is meaning of true dimension.
True dimension is the dimension desired after the machining. In other Words, this is the value that
should be attained after the machining.

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Avenue. 24
15) What do you mean by ISO-Constraints?
If all of the degrees of freedom of geometry have been taken up by a consistent combination of
dimensions & fixed geometry, that geometry is said to be ISO-CONSTRAINED. Geometry that still
has some degrees of freedom is said to be UNDER constrained.
16) Mention the color code for ISO-Constrained, under, and over constrained elements.
The color code for these elements is Green, White, Magenta respectively.
17) what for animated constraint command is used?
This task shows how constrained sketched element reacts when we decide to vary one constraint.
18) How many dimensions are required to constrain the ellipse?
Three dimensions are required namely major axis, minor axis and the distance from the origin.
19) What are different conic sections?
Ellipse, Hyperbola and Parabola.
20) What is RHO value for ellipse, parabola and hyperbola?
Parabola has RHO value of 0.5, Ellipse has RHO value b/w 0&0.5, and Hyperbola has RHO value b/w
0.5 & 1
21) What is NURBS?
Nurbs are the type of curves (Non uniform rational B-splines)
22) How many types of co-ordinate systems are there?
Three, namely, Cartesian, Polar and Spherical co-ordinates system.
23) What are project 3D silhouette edges?
Project 3D silhouette edges in sketcher will shows how to create silhouette edges to be used in as
geometry or reference elements
24) What is use of sketch analysis?
To check whether the sketch is fully closed or not so that the sketch can be used or not so that sketch
can be used for further operations in part design.
25) Where do we use axis?
Axis is used in creating shaft (revolved) feature
26) Can we redefine the sketches?
Yes
27) Can axis be converted into line or vice versa?
We can convert line into axis but axis cannot converted into line.
28) How many axes can be created in a single sketch?
Only one axis can be created in a sketch, if more than one axes are drawn then only one of them, the
latest one, will be axis and others will be converted into reference elements.
29) How do we change, sketchs reference plane?
Right click on the sketch whose reference plane is to be changed and select the change reference
plane and then select new references.
30) What is the function of mirror command in sketch?
Mirror command in sketch will create a copy of the sketch about a reference plane.
31) If I dont want the relation b/w original and mirrored elements what should I do?
Explore and the relation b/w the original and mirror element doesnt exit.
32) What is use of isolate in sketcher workbench?
Isolated is used when 3d geometry is projected on to a sketch in order to be modified and used as part
of the sketchs profile.
33) Can we select non-planer surface as sketch plane?
No, we cannot select a non-planar surface as sketch.
34) What are the different options available in quick trim command?
BREAK & RUBBER in removes part of the element, which is clicked.
BREAK & RUBBER out removes part of the element which is not clicked.
BREAK & KEEP keeps both parts of elements after breaking.
35) What do CATIA P1, CATIA P2 and CATIA P3 mean?
P1, P2and P3 will indicate the different types of platforms of CATIA .Higher the number,
sophisticated will be the software.
36) What is kernel?
The kernel is the basic indispensable part of an operating system that allocates resources, such as low-
level hardware interfaces & security.
37) What is the Kernel of CATIA?
C NEXT
38) Is it possible to directly enter the part design workbench, when we start the CATIA session,
instead of assembly design workbench?
No, we cannot enter directly into the part design
39) What is the importance of sketch tools?
This tool bar only appears when u r in sketcher workbench, the four tools found in this tool bar are
toggle tools. When tool is highlighted the tool is on: This particular tool bar changes depending on
what other sketcher workbench tool is currently selected.
40) How many degrees of freedom are there for points, lines, circles & ellipse in 2 dimensions?
Degree of freedom for points &lines is 2 for circles it is 3 & for ellipses it is 5 in two dimensions.
41) What is the meaning of mean dimension?
Mean dimension is the dimension that should be mean of all the dimensions, which are toleranced
42) What is hlr & ntr? What is their purpose?
Hlr=hidden line removal
Nhr=no hidden line removal
Their purpose to visualize the solids in different modes.
43) What are Master W/S and Detail W/S?
Each model can have one Master Workspace, in which the model is created & manipulated. A model
can have zero or more workspaces called detail workspaces. These are auxiliary workspaces. Contain
elements that are to be duplicated to several locations in the Master Workspace. In addition, Detail
workspace can also be organized into separate library files using the LIBRARY FUNCTION. These
can be shared with models to allow organizational standardization
 PART DESIGN
The Version 5 Part Design application makes it possible to design precise 3D mechanical parts with
an intuitive and flexible user interface, from sketching in an assembly context to iterative detailed
design. Version 5 Part Design application will enable you to accommodate design requirements for
parts of various complexities, from simple to advance. This application, which combines the power of
feature-based design with the flexibility of a Boolean approach, offers a highly productive and
intuitive design environment with multiple design methodologies, such as post-design and local 3D
parameterization.

Entering the Part Design Workbench

There are two different ways of entering the Part workbench.

1. By using the Start Command.

2. By using the File Command.

Entering the Part Design Workbench using the Start Command.

Select Start---> Mechanical Design---> Part Design,

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Avenue. 27
Entering the Part Design Workbench using the File Command.

Select File--->New (dialog box is displayed) --->Part--->OK.

The commands for creating and editing features are available in the workbench toolbar.
Important tool bar in Part workbench. They are
1. Sketch-Based Features Toolbar
2. Dress-Up Features Toolbar
3. Surface-Based Features Toolbar
4. Transformation Features Toolbar
5. Reference Elements Toolbar
6. Boolean Operations Toolbar

Sketch-Based Features Toolbar

As the name sketch based tools can be used based on the sketches. Using this feature we can create 3d
models from 2d sketches.

Creating Pad
The pad tool is used to create the base feature. The Pad Definition dialog box appears and the
application previews the pad to be created. You will notice that by default, the application specifies the
length of your pad. You can increase or decrease length values by dragging LIM1 or LIM2
manipulators Enter 40 in the Length field to increase the length value. Clicking the icon opens

the Sketcher. You can then edit the profile. Once you have done your modifications, you just need to
quit the Sketcher. The Pad dialog box then reappears to let you finish your design and you also use the
following options too:
 1. Up to Plane
2. Up to Surface
3. Up to Last
4. Up to Next

Creating Pocket
Pocket is a material removing tool. You can define a specific depth for your pocket or set one of these
options: To define a specific depth, set the Type parameter to Dimension, and enter 30mm. If you wish
to use the Up to plane or Up to surface option, you can then define an offset between the limit plane
(or surface) and the bottom of the pocket. For more information, refer to up to Surface Pad If you are
not satisfied with the profile you selected, note that you can click the Selection field and select another
sketch and also use the following options too:

1. Up to surface
2. Up to next
3. Up to last
4. Up to plane

Creating Shaft

Shaft is revolved features that create material. This task shows you how to create a shaft that is how to
revolve a profile about an axis. Choose the shaft option from the sketch based features toolbar. Then
the shaft dialog box will displayed as shown in figure. The first angle value is by default 360 degrees.
The option Reverse side lets you choose between creating material between the axis and the profile
The below figure shows the sketch and the axis around which the which sketch will be resolved.

Design Avenue.
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Creating Groove
Grooves are revolved features that remove material from existing features. This task shows you how to
create a groove that is how to revolve a profile about an axis (or construction line).

Creating Hole
Creating a hole consists in removing material from a body. Various shapes of standard holes can be
created. The application previews the constraints you are creating. To access the constraint values,
double-click the constraint of interest. This displays the Constraint Definition dialog box in which you
can edit the value. Click OK to create the hole.

Whatever hole you choose, you need to specify the limit you want. There is a variety of limits

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Avenue. 3131
Types of holes

Counter bored hole: the counter bore diameter must be greater than the hole diameter and the
hole depth must be greater than the counter bore depth.

Countersunk hole: the countersink diameter must be greater than the hole diameter and the
countersink angle must be greater than 0 and less than 180 degrees

Counter drilled hole: the counter drill diameter must be greater than the hole diameter, the hole
depth must be greater than the counter drill depth and the counter drill angle must be greater than 0
and less than 180 degrees.

Rib

One of the most important advanced modeling tools is the rib tool. This tool is used to sweep an open
or a closed profile along an open or closed center curve. A profile is the cross diction for the rib
feature and the center curve is the course taken by the profile while creating the rib feature.
Center Curves
Moreover, before using center curves, the following rules should be kept in mind center curves must
not be composed of several geometric elements. If the center curve is planar, it can be discontinuous in
tangency 3D center curves must be continuous in tangency

Slot
To create a slot, that is how to sweep a profile along a center curve to remove material to define a slot,
you need a center curve, a planar profile, a reference element and optionally a pulling direction. Center
curves must not be composed of several geometric elements Moreover, the following rules should be
kept in mind3D center curves must be continuous in tangency. if the center curve is planar, it can be
discontinuous in tangency

Center curve: Center curves must be continuous in tangency. The profile has been designed in a
plane normal to the plane used to define the center curve. It is closed.
Keep angle:
Keeps the angle value between the sketch plane used for the profile and the tangent of the center
curve.

Reference surface:
The angle value between axis h and the reference surface is constant.

Pulling direction:
Sweeps the profile with respect to a specified direction. For example, you need to use this option if
your center curve is a helix. In this case, you will select the helix axis as the pulling direction. To go
on with our scenario, let's maintain the Keep angle option. Now, select the center curve along which
the application will sweep the profile. The center curve is open. To create a slot you can use open
profiles and closed center curves too. Center curves can be discontinuous in tangency. The application
previews the slot.

Stiffener
Stiffeners are generally added to increase the strength of components. To add a stiffener, choose the
stiffener option from sketch-Based Features Toolbar .there is two types of stiffener, From side and
From top. The stiffener definition dialog box will be displayed as shown in fig.
 1. FROM SIDE:
For create stiffener profile/sketch must be open. Boolean operation is not applicable to stiffener
definition. If neutral fiber is in OFF mode the stiffener will create only one side of the sketch. if it is
ON mode stiffener will create both side of the sketch

2. FROM TOP :
After stiffener definition dialog box will be displayed then switch on From top. While creating
stiffener by using this method, the end point of the sketched entities need not be merged with the
edges of the model. On doing so, the edges will be automatically extended to the nearest intersecting
surface. Below fig shows the resulting stiffener created with the From top option.
Multi Section solid
You can generate a loft feature by sweeping one or more planar section curves along a computed or
user-defined spine. The feature can be made to respect one or more guide curves. The resulting feature
is a closed volume. Choose the multi section solid option from sketch-Based Features Toolbar. The
multi section solid definition dialog box will be displayed as shown in fig. Some important condition,
we need to follow while creating multi section solid.

1. Its need minimum two profiles.

2. If profiles are different, we need to draw the guide curve. If profiles are same no need to draw the
guide curve.

The closing points of the profile should be aligning and the closing points direction should be same
side.

Created multi section solid with two same profile:

Created multi section solid with two different profiles:

Removed multi section solid

The removed multi sections solid tool removes material by blending two are more than two than two
sections. The procedure of creating this feature is the same as that discussed while multi section solid.

Solid combine
The solid combine tool is used to generate a solid that will result from two extruded profiles. Choose
the Solid combine option from sketch-Based Features Toolbar. The Solid combine definition dialog
box will be displayed as shown in fig.
Select first and second profile then OK.

Multi Pad
The multi pad tool is used to create an extruded feature in which you can specify different extrusion
depths to each closed loop in the sketch. For Example.

Multi pocket
The multi pocket tool is used to create a multi depth cut feature using multiple closed loops from the
sketch. The procedure of creating this feature is the same as that discussed while creating multi pad.
Dress-Up Features

Fillets:

Edge Fillet:
Edge fillets are smooth transitional surfaces between two adjacent faces. A fillet is a curved face of a
constant or variable radius that is tangent to, and that joins, two surfaces. Together, these three
surfaces form either an inside corner or an outside corner.
To chamfer all edges tangent to the selected edges, select the tangency option from the propagation
drop down list. To chamfer only selected edges select the minimal option from the propagation drop
down list

Limiting element
You can also set the limit of the fillet along the selected edge up to which the fillet will be created.
Select the plane or points up to which you need to create the fillet.fig shows the edge to be filleted and
the limiting element to be selected.

Keeping Edges: When filleting an edge, the fillet may sometimes affect other edges of the part,
depending on the radius value you specified. In this case, the application detects these edges and stops
the fillet to these edges, as illustrated in the example below.

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Trimming Ribbons
If you choose to use the Tangency propagation mode, you can also trim overlapping fillets. To do so,
simply check the option "Trim ribbons".

Variable Radius Fillet:

You can create a fillet by specifying different radii along the length of the selected edge using the
Variable Radius Fillet tool. The model after creating the Variable Radius Fillet is shown in fig. Select
the edge that you need to fillet, two radius callouts will be attached to the end points of the selected
edge. The model after creating the Variable Radius Fillet is shown in fig A. You can also define
additional control points on the selected edge are shown in fig B.
Face-Face Fillet:
You generally use the Face-face fillet
command when there is no intersection
between the faces or when there are more than
two sharp edges between the faces. This task
shows how to create a basic face-face fillet
then a face-face fillet using a curve. The Face-
Face Fillet Definition dialog box appears.

Chordal Fillet:

The Chordal fillet tool is used to fillet the

selected edge by specifying the Chord length
between the two side edges of the fillet as
shown in fig.

Tritangent Fillet:

The Tritangent fillet tool is used to create the

fillet feature that is tangent to three selected
faces.
Chamfer:

Chamfering is defined as a process by which the sharp edges are beveled in order to reduced the stress
concentration in the model. To chamfer the edges of a model, choose thee chamfer option from dress
up features toolbar, the chamfer definition dialog box will be displayed as shown in fig.

To chamfer all edges tangent to the selected edges, select the tangency option from the propagation
drop down list. To chamfer only selected edges select the minimal option from the propagation drop
down list.

Draft
A draft is defined as the process of adding a taper angle to the faces of the model. Adding a draft to the
faces of the model is one of the most important operations especially while creating the components
that need to be cast or molded.
The characteristic elements are:

Pulling direction: this direction corresponds to the reference from which the draft faces are
defined.

Draft angle: this is the angle that the draft faces make with the pulling direction. This angle may be
defined for each face

Parting element: this plane, face or surface cuts the part in two and each portion is drafted
according to its previously defined direction. For an example, please refer to Draft with Parting
Element.

Neutral element: this element defines a neutral curve on which the drafted face will lie. This
element will remain the same during the draft. The neutral element and parting element may be the
same element, as shown in Draft with Parting Element
This task shows you how to create a basic draft by selecting the neutral element.

Variable draft angle

Select the face on which you want to add the Variable draft angle . You can select only one face for
adding a draft using this tool. You can also define additional points to specify other variable angles.
Note that points should only be selected on the edge from which the angle will be measured.
Shell
The shell tool is used to scoop out the material from the model and remove the selected faces thereby
resulting in a thin walled structure.

Reference elements

Reference elements are the features which are used only to assist you in the creation of the models,
They acts as a reference for drawing sketches for features, defining the sketch plane, placing the
features assembling components, creating sketch based feature and so on.
Creating new planes
Offset from plane
Toolbar: Reference elements > Planes
Here plane is created parallel to reference plane at an offset distance.

Create a plane at an angle/normal to a plane

This feature is used to create a plane at an angle to a reference plane or face.

Create a plane through three points

This feature is used to create a plane that passes through two selected lines.
Creating a plane through two points
This feature is used to create a plane that passes through two points.

Creating points

Sometimes you need to define reference points it create a plane, features or surfaces. As discussed
earlier, you can create these points in the sketcher work bench.

Create a Point using coordinates

The coordinates option is used to create a point by specifying the values of its coordinates.
Create a Point on a curve
The on curve option is used to create a point on the selected curve.
Create a Point on a plane
The on plane option is used to create a point on the selected plane.
Creating a point on a surface
The on surface option is used to create a point on the selected surface.
Create a Point at the center of circle/Sphere/ellipse
The circle/Sphere/ellipse center option is used to create a point on the center of the selected
circle/Sphere/ellipse.

Creating lines:
You also create reference lines using the line tool in the references element toolbar. The options in
this dialog box are similar to those discussed earlier.

Transformation features

Rotation
This task shows you how to rotate geometry about an axis. Select an edge as the rotation axis. Enter a
value for the rotation angle. The element is rotated. You can drag it by using the graphic manipulator
to adjust the rotation.

Symmetry
Symmetry tool is used to flip the position of the body about the symmetry plane without creating its
instance.

Mirror

The mirror tool always used to mirror the selected feature or whole model about a mirror plane.
Pattern:

Rectangular Pattern

Click the Rectangular Pattern icon. The Rectangular Pattern Definition dialog box that appears
displays the name of the geometry to pattern if you click the Rectangular Pattern icon prior to
selecting any geometry, by default, the object to be patterned is the current solid. You will first set
your specifications for the first direction. The Rectangular Pattern definition dialog box will be
displayed as shown in below.
Now, click the Second Direction tab to define other parameters. Note that defining a second direction
is not compulsory. Creating a rectangular defining only one direction is possible. Click the Reference
element field and select the edge to the left to define the second direction. Check the Reverse option to
make the arrow point in the opposite direction. Let the Instances & Spacing option:

Circular Pattern

Make sure the item you wish to duplicate is correctly located in relation to the circular rotation axis.
You will be prompted to select the reference direction and specify the required parameters. Click once
in the object display box and select the feature to be patterned from the geometry area. Now click in
the reference element display box of the reference direction area and select a directional reference,
which will be used as the axis of the pattern. You can select the sketch line, an edge or a circular face
as the reference element. The circular Pattern definition dialog box will be displayed as shown in
below.
You can also create a crown shaped Circular Pattern using the Circular Pattern definition dialog box.
Choose the crown definition tab in this dialog box as shown in below figures.
User Pattern
The user pattern tool is used to place the instances of the selected feature in a sequence defined by
reference points. These points can be defined in the sketch in the sketcher workbench. The user pattern
definition dialog box will be displayed as shown in below.
Working with additional bodies

Inserting a New Body

This task shows you how to insert a new body into the part. When your part includes several bodies,
you can then associate these bodies in different ways. To insert a new body choose the button from the
insert toolbar.

You will notice that the newly created body is underlined. Indicating that the current body is active. If
you add feature to the current model that feature will be automatically added to the active body. To
add feature to an inactive body select it from specification tree and invoke the contextual menu. Then
choose the define work object option from it, the selected inactive body will be activated.
Inserting Features into a New Body

The insert in new body tool is used to place the selected feature inside a new body
and then assemble the newly created body with the current body. To assemble a
feature, select it and then choose the insert in new body button from the insert
toolbar, the selected feature will be placed in a new body and newly created body
will be assembled with the current body, as shown in fig.

Applying Boolean Operation to Bodies

After inserting the bodies, you can apply Boolean operation, such as Addition of two bodies,
Subtraction of one body from the other, retaining the Intersected portion of two bodies.
These operations are called as Boolean operation because they are based on Boolean algebra.

Assembling Bodies

The assemble tool is used to assemble two selected bodies. The resulting bodies are
combined to form a single body. To assemble two bodies together choose the assemble
button from the Boolean operation toolbar. The assemble dialog box will be displayed as
shown in fig.

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You can also create a body as a pocket feature by drawing a sketch and extruding it by using
the pocket tool. Although the body looks like a protruded feature, it will remove the material
when assembled with another body.

Adding Bodies
The add tool is used to add the selected bodies together. Choose the add option from Boolean
operation toolbar. Then add dialog box will be displayed as shown in below. Also you will be
prompted to select the body to be operated. Select the body to be added to the parent body
and then select the parent body. Below shows the bodies to be added.
Removing Bodies
The remove tool is used to subtract the selected body from another body. Choose the Remove
option from Boolean operation toolbar. Then Remove dialog box will be displayed as shown
in below. Select the body that you need to remove from the parent body.

Intersecting Bodies
The intersection tool is used to retain the common portion of the intersecting bodies and
remove the other portions of the selected bodies. You can create complex geometries very
sassily by using this option. Choose the Intersect option from Boolean operation toolbar.
Then intersect dialog box will be displayed as shown in below.
Design Avenue.
Page 57
 PART DESIGN
1. Expand CAD/CAM/CAE/PLM/PDM/VPM/VPDM/CED
Computer Aided (Design/Manufacturing/Engineering), Product Life cycle Management/Product Data
Management/ Virtual Product Module/ Virtual Product data management/Computational Fluid
Dynamics.
2. Is it possible to create pocket or groove as first features?
Yes, it is possible.
3. How to give tolerance to particular dimension.
First, give the dimension & using right click select ADD TOLERANCE from the contextual menu &
specify the tolerance.
4. What is use of create datum?
Deactivates the link b/w parts
5. Can u pad open & intersecting profile?
Possible for open profile with thin pad option. Not possible with intersecting profile.
6. Can I take portion of the one sketch for creating pad?
Yes, using the MULTIPAD option OR using simple PAD and in simple PAD select GO TO PROFILE
option.
7. What is DRAFTED FILLETTED POCKET?
It performs drafting, pocket & filleting simultaneously.
8. Can we use arc as axis for creating shaft feature?
No, We cannot use a an arc as axis for creating shaft feature
9. What kind of profile should be there for creating stiffener?
We can use Wire frame geometry or sub elements of a sketch. Profile may be open or closed but
condition is that closed profiles extrusion must be normal to sketch.
10. Can we give two different angles for same face of solid by using draft option?
No, it is not possible to give 2 different angles for same face of solid by using draft option but it is
possible if we use ADVANCED DRAFT
11. What is power copy?
Power copy is a set of features that are grouped under to use in different context & having the
capability to adapt changes when pasted.
12. What is user feature creation (UFC)?
Create hybrid feature, intended to be stored in catalogues and can be instantiated later on.
13. What is the use of the option Duplicate data in CATIA model in design table?
Check this box whenever u intend to reuse your document on an operating system different from the
one, which is used to create the design table.
14. Is it possible to add some more parameters to pre-exiting design table?
Yes, we can add parameter to the exiting design table with of ASSOCIATE option.

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15. What are the different options in PASTE SPECIAL?
As result: - In this option the copied feature will be having neither link nor the design specification of
the original one
As result with link: - In this option the copied feature will be having link with the original one but not
the design specification of the original one.
As specified in part document:-in this option, the copied feature will be having both the link and the
design specification of the original one.
16.Is it possible to create negative body?
Yes, using INSERT menu & INSERT BODY option
17. What is use of REMOVE LUMP?
Removing of material that is not physically connected to any body.
18. What is Reframe on & center graph?
REFRAME:-Zooms on particulars object selected .CENTER GRAPH:-Brings the selected features to
the centre screen in the specification tree.
19. What is use the of Reorder?
The capability of REORDER command allows us to rectify design mistakes by reordering operations.
20. What is the use of PULLING DIRECTION in Rib option?
It sweeps the profile with respect to a specified direction. To select this direction, select a plane or an
edge.
21. How do I create a plane at angles to another plane?
Using the option Angle / Normal to plane in PLANE command.
22. What are different types of coupling modes are there in loft?
Ratio, Verticles, Tangency Discontinuity, Curvature then tangency Discontinuity.
23. What is significance of simplified representations in PATTERN?
With this we can make any object invisible.
24. How I can place the instances on both sides of original feature?
Using Row1 & Row2 options.
25. Is it possible to pattern the two or more features at a time?
Yes (by multi selecting the features & then selecting the pattern command)
26. What is meaning of explode in pattern?
Deactivating the link b/w patterns & makes them as independent entities.
27. What are all the limitations of User features Creations (UFC) as compared with the power
copy?
1) In UFC datums cannot be used as inputs of the features.
2) Sub-elements cannot be used as inputs of the features.Ex:-The face of a pad cannot be used as input
3) When creating a user features , it is not possible to edit (add/remove)inputs once u leave the
DEFINITION Dialog tab. Click the CANCEL button & create the new user feature creation.
28. What is Keep angle in rib & slot?
Keep angle option in ribs & slots lets us to keep angle value b/w the sketch plane used for the profile
& the tangent of the center curve
29. Which is the better option to split a solid;-a) surface b) plane c) face?
Plane is the best option to split the solid.
30. Is it possible to split using the SEW operation?
Yes.
31. What is a FUNCTIONAL SURFACE?
A FUNCTIONAL SURFACE is the element that defines the face on a solid.
32. What is IUA? What is its purpose?
IUA=Interactive User Application Its purpose is to customize the CATIA user command.
33. What is use the of MERGE END option?
MERGE END option when checked, will limit the extrusion to the exiting material.
34. What is the use of LAW function?
The usage of law function involves the creation of geometry to control the differing aspects of a
surface.
35. What are solid primitives?
Solid primitives are the readymade features available in a particular for use. One just needed to enter
the dimensions & can have solid readymade. Ex: - box, cylinder, cone, sphere, etc ..,
36. What is reference surface option in ribs & slots?
It sweeps the profile while keeping the angle value b/w the axis h & the references surfaces constant.
37. Explain the signification of the options from side & from top in creating stiffeners?
From side: - The extrusion is performed in the profiles plane & the thickness is added normal to the
plane.
From top: - The extrusion is performed normal to the profiles plane & the thickness is added in the
profile plane.
38. What is Keeping specification in pattern?
By checking this option we can have instances same as that of the original & any change made in the
original will be observed in the instances.
39. What is simplified representation in pattern?
By checking this we can make desired objects invisible just by clicking on them.
 Assembly Design

Assembly modeling is process of creating designs that consist of two or more components assembled
together at their respective work positions. The components brought together and assembled in the
Assembly work bench. Explode view of the blower assembly is shown in below figure.

Types of assembly
1. Bottom-up Assembly
2. Top-down Assembly

Bottom-up Assembly:

The bottom-up assembly design approach is the most preferred approach for creating creation
assembly models. In this approach the components are created in the part design work bench then
those components are import in assembly workbench then assemble them.

Top-down assembly:

In this top-down assembly design approach components are created inside the assembly design
workbench. Therefore there is no need to create separate part of the components in part workbench.

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Entering Assembly Design Workbench
There are two methods
1. By selecting File > New
2. Start > Mechanical design> assembly design from the menu bar.

Inserting an Existing Component

Menu: Insert > Existing component
Toolbar: Product structure tool > Existing component
This task shows you how to insert an existing component into the assembly workbench.
After inserting the component, you need to fix it by using the FIX Constraint.

Constraints:
After placing the components in the product workbench, you need to assemble them. By assembling
the components, you will constrain their Degree Of Freedom.

Fix Constraint

Menu : Insert > Fix

Toolbar: Constraints> Fix Component

The fix components constraint is used to fix the location of the selected components. Once the
orientation of the components is fixed, it cannot be changed. Choose Fix constraint from the
constraints tool bar. You will be prompted to select the component to be fixed. You can select the
component from the geometry area or from Specification Tree.
 Coincidence constraint
Menu : Insert > Coincidence
Toolbar: Constraints>Coincidence constraint
The coincidence constraint is applied to
coincident the central axis of the cylindrical
feature that selected from two different
components.

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Contact Constraint
Menu : Insert > Contact
Toolbar: Constraints> Contact constraint
The contact constraint is applied to make a surface to surface contact between two selected elements
from two different components. The element to be selected can be planes, planer faces, cylindrical
faces, spherical faces, conic faces, or circular edges.

Offset constraint

Menu : Insert > Offset

Toolbar: Constraints> Offset constraint
The offset constraint is used to place the selected elements at an offset distance from each other. It also
makes the two planar faces parallel to each other.
Angle constraint

Menu : Insert > Angle

Toolbar: Constraints> Angle constraint
The angle constraint is used to position two geometric elements at a particular angle with respect to
each other. You can also use this tool to make two selected elements parallel or perpendicular to each
other. Now the two planar faces from the two different components that you need to place at some
angle from each other.

Reuse pattern
Menu : Insert > Reuse pattern
Toolbar: Constraints> Reuse pattern

While assembling components you may need to assemble more than one instance of the components
in the specified arrangement. Consider a flange coupling where you need to assemble six instances of
nuts and bolts to fasten the coupling. This is a very tedious and time consuming process. Therefore to
reduce the time in the assembly design cycle, CATIA V5 provides you with the Reuse pattern tool to
insert and constraint multiple copies of a component over an existing pattern. The pattern can be
rectangular, circular or user pattern.
The first step of using this tool is to insert the first instance of the component and constrain it with any
instance of the pattern in the other component. The below fig shows reuse definition dialog box and a
plate with holes created by using the circular pattern and bolt that need to be placed in each instance of
the hole. After inserting plate and bolt in product workbench, constraint the bolt to any one hole in the
plate. Apply the coincidence, contact and angle.
Pattern definition: this option cannot carry the constraints from parent instance.

Generated definition: this option the constraints applied to the parent instance are also applied in
individually to all pattern instances.
Defining a Multi-Instantiation

Menu : Insert >Define Multi-Instantiation

Toolbar: Product structure tool> Define Multi-Instantiation

This task shows you how to repeat components as many times as you wish in the direction of your
choice The option "Automatic switch to Design mode" is now available for this command. The
procedure of Define Multi-Instantiation as fallows

1. Select the Define Multi-Instantiation from insert toolbar or Product structure tool.
2. The Parameters option lets you choose between the following categories of parameters to
define: Keep the Instances & Spacing parameters option. For example, enter 13 as the number
of instances and 50mm as the value for the spacing between each component. Or select
different option in parameter.
Instances & Spacing
Instances & Length
Spacing & Length
3. To define the direction of creation, check x axis. There is another way of defining a direction.
You can select a line, axis or edge in the geometry.

The Define Multi-Instantiation dialog box with example as shown in fig.

Fast Multi-Instantiation

Menu : Insert >Fast Multi-Instantiation

Toolbar: Product structure tool> Fast Multi-Instantiation

This task shows you how to repeat components using the parameters previously set in the Define
Multi Instantiation command. You will use the Fast Multi-Instantiation command to quickly repeat the
component of your choice. The operation is very simple.

1. Select the Fast Multi-Instantiation from insert toolbar or Product structure tool.
2. Select the component you wish to instantiate as shown in below fig

Exploding the Assembly

Menu : Move> Explode in assembly design

Toolbar: Move> Explode

Generally an assembly is consists of a large number of parts. some of the parts are assembled inside
the other parts. Therefore, these parts are not visible and the user is unable to see all components
present in the assembly. To resolve this problem, the assembly is exploded such that all components
are moved from their original position to a location where they are clearly visible. Exploding the view
of an assembly means separating the components of this assembly to see their relationships. The
procedure of Exploding the Assembly as fallows.
1. Make sure Product 1 is selected.
2. Click the Explode icon in the Move toolbar. The Explode dialog box is displayed.

Product 1 is the assembly to be exploded. The Depth parameter lets you choose between a
total (All levels) or partial (First level) exploded view.
 3. Set all levels if not already set.
4. Set 3D to define the explode type.
5. Click Apply to perform the operation. The Scroll Explode field gradually displays the
progress of the operation. The application assigns directions and distance. Once complete,
the assembly looks like this.

The usefulness of this operation lies in the ability of viewing all components separately. Note that you
can move products within the exploded view using the 3D compass.

6. Click OK to validate the operation and then click Yes at the prompt or click Cancel to
restore the original view.
 ASSEMBLY DESIGN WORK BENCH
1. What is PLM?
Product Life Cycle Management .Product Life Cycle Management is the succession of strategies used
by management as a product goes through its life cycle.

2. What is different b/w product & component?

Product is a collection of components, whereas component is a collection of features.

3. What is save extension of assembly file?

CAT product

4. What is visualization mode?

In this mode, only partial data is loaded to the memory of the hard disk, the data will be in the
tessellated form & we cannot give constraints to the components in this mode.

5. What is design mode?

In this mode the data is fully loaded to the memory & we can work on the components. The
components in visualization mode can be brought into design mode by just double clicking on the
components but vice versa is not possible by just double clicking.

6. When we use propagate directory?

In save management, when we want to save the component files in the same file in which product is
saved then we use PROPAGATE DIRECTORY. Then automatically the entire child files will be
propagated to that particular directory.

7. What is scene? Where we use it give any one example.

Scenes enable capturing & restoring the state of components in an assembly in a saved view point

8. How many degrees of freedom will be there for any component in an assembly?
SIX degrees of freedom will be there for any constrained component in an assembly

9. In an assembly how do I measure degree of freedom of component?

Activate the component & then go for ANALYZE-Degrees of Freedom.

10. What is use of stop manipulated on clash command?

It will stop the movement of component when clashed, in compass assisted movement.

11. What is the function of overload properties, in contextual menu?

It gives away us the option not to copy a particular component into the drafting from assembly by just
selecting it (the particular component) using the contextual menu with overload Properties.
12. What is DESK command?
This command shows us how to view the relationship b/w different documents & to obtain
information about their properties. (Uncheck Tools >options >general >load reference document)
Various document types
WHITE-loaded.
BLACK- not loaded in the current session.
RED not been found

13. Different types of CACHE.

LOCAL CACHE- A read or writes directory located locally on your machine & used to store CGR
files. The first time a component is inserted it is tessellated. This means that the corresponding CGR
file is computed & saved in the local cache as well as displayed in the document window. The next
time this components is required, the CGR file which already exists (& not the original document) is
automatically loaded from the local CACHE. The user is normally responsible for the local cache.
RELEASED CACHE- A read only cache that can be located any where on your network, several
directories can be defined for RELEASED CACHE if a CGR file cannot be found in the local
CACHE ,the software browses the released cache directories in their listed order to see if the CGR
file is located in any of them. If the CGR file is still not found , the component is tessellated & the
resulting CGR file is saved in the local CACHE .The site administrator is normally responsible for
the released CACHE .The default maximum CACHE size is 500MB. When the maximum size is
exceeded, the automatic deletion of CGR files( on first in /first out basis) is triggered.

14. About EDIT-LINKS

This task shows how to display the document links. Only direct links i.e., external documents directly
pointed to by the active document can be displayed using the Edit-Links Command .This activated
inactive document must be activate before displaying their links. Note that u can also select an element
from the graph to display its links.

15. What is CSG tree?

CSG= Constructive Solid Geometry it is equivalent to specification tree in CATIA V4

16. What CGR stands for?

CGR= Catia Graphic Representation.
 Drafting workbench

After creating parts and assembling them, you need to generate their drawing views. A 2D drawing is
the life of all the manufacturing systems because on the shop floor or tool room, a machinist mostly
needs the 2D drawings for manufacturing. There are two types of drafting methods. They are
1. Generative drafting
2. interacting drafting

Generative drafting is a method of generating the drawing views by using a solid model or assembly
model.

Interactive drafting is a method, in which the sketcher tools are used to draw the 2D drawing views in
drafting workbench.

Entering To the Drafting Workbench

There are two methods

1. Starting a new file in the drafting workbench using the new tool

Standard

The options in the standard drop down list are used to define the dimensioning standard that you need
to select. By default, the ISO standard is selected as dimensioning standard. You can also select other
standard such as ANSI, ASME, ASME_3D and so on.

Sheet Style

The Sheet Style drop down list is used to define the sheet format, which changes with the change in
the drawing standards.
After setting all the parameters in the NEW DRAWING dialog box. Choose ok button, a new file will
start in the drawing workbench as shown in fig.

2. Starting a new file in the drafting workbench using the start menu

You can also start a new file in the drafting workbench using the start menu. Note that this option is
recommended only if the part or assembly file is already open in a separate wind window and you
want to generate drawing views fix that part or assembly.

Start >Mechanical Design> Drafting> New drawing creation dialog box will displayed.
Empty sheet: The Empty sheet option is used to start an empty sheet without any view. After
starting a new file using this option, you need to manually generate the views.
All views: The all view option is used to generate the front, right, left, top bottom, rear and
isometric views automatically after starting a new file in the drafting workbench.
Front, Bottom and Right: The Front, Bottom and Right option is used to generate the Front,
Bottom and Right views automatically after starting a new file in the drafting workbench.
Front, Top and Left: The Front, Top and Left option is used to generate the Front, Top and
Left views automatically after starting a new file in the drafting workbench.

Types of Drawing Views in drafting Workbench

Taking Example of the following model, in this session we shall generate the different views.

Generating individual Drawing views

In this section, you will learn how to generate the drawing views individually. For example first you
will generate the front view. Next you will generate the other projected views with respect to the front
view. You can also generate the section views, detail views, broken views and so on.
Generating the Front view
Menu : Insert> Views> Projection> front view
Toolbar: Views> front view

The Front view is the main view for generating any other views in the drafting workbench. To
generate the front view, first you need to make sure that the model from which the view needs to be
generated is opened in the other window. You can set the orientation of the front view using the
Drafting compass. Choose the front view option then you will be prompted to select a reference plane
on a 3D geometry.

Generating the Front view

Menu : Insert> Views> Projections> Projection
Toolbar: Views> Projection view
After generating the front view, you need to generate the Projected views. The projected views are
generated by projecting lines horizontally or vertically from the existing view. The projected views
will be generated using the front view as the parent view because it is set active by default. Below fig
shows the projected views generated from the parent view.
Generating the Auxiliary view
Menu : Insert> Views> Projections> Auxiliary
Toolbar: Views> Auxiliary view

This tool is used to generate an Auxiliary view by projecting lines normal to the specified edge of an
existing view.

Generating the Isometric view

Menu : Insert> Views> Projections> Isometric
Toolbar: Views> Isometric view

The Isometric view tool is used to generate an Isometric view. Choose the Isometric view option and
select a reference plane on a 3D geometry. Select the reference planar face or a plane from the model.
Its orientation depends on the orientation of the view of the model in the part or assembly file.
Generating the Advanced Front view

Menu : Insert> Views> Projections> Advanced Front view

Toolbar: Views> Advanced Front view

The Advanced Front view option is used to generate the front view. The only difference Advanced
Front view and Front view tool is that in this tool, you can specify the name and the scale of the front
view while generating it.

Generating the offset section view

Menu : Insert> Views> Sections > offset section view

Toolbar: Views> offset section view

The section views are generated by chopping a portion of the existing view using a cutting plane
defined by sketched lines and then viewing the parent view in a direction normal to the cutting plane.
Generating Aligned section view

Menu : Insert> Views> Sections > Aligned section view

Toolbar: Views> Aligned section view

The Aligned section view tool is used to generate a section view of the component, in which at least
one of the features is at an angle. Entities of the view, other than those sectioned, are not displayed in
it.

Generating offset section cut

Menu : Insert> Views> Sections > offset section cut
Toolbar: Views> offset section cut

The offset section cut tool is used to generate the section view in which only the section surface is
displayed. The procedure of generating the offset section cut is the same as that of generating the
offset section view.
Generating Aligned section cut

Menu : Insert> Views> Sections> Aligned section cut

Toolbar: Views> Aligned section cut

The Aligned section cut tool is used to generate the Aligned section cut, in which only the sectioned
surface is displayed. Entities of the view, other than those sectioned, are not displayed in it. The
procedure of generating the aligned section cut is the same as that of generating the aligned section
view.

Generating Detail view

Menu : Insert> Views> Details> Detail view

Toolbar: Views> Detail view

A detail view is used to display the details of a portion of an existing view. The portion that you have
selected will be magnified and placed as a separate view. You can control the magnification of the
detail view.
Generating Detail view Profiles
Menu : Insert> Views> Details> Sketched detail profile
Toolbar: Views> Detail view profile

The Detail view profile tool is used to generate the magnified portion of the view defined by a sketch
profile. The procedure of generating the detail view profile is the same as that of generating the detail
view.

Generating Clipping view

Menu : Insert> Views> Clippings> Clipping
Toolbar: Views> Clipping view

The clipping view tool is used to crop an existing view by using a circular profile. The portion of the
view that lies inside it is retained and the remaining portion is removed.
Generating Clipping view profiles
Menu : Insert> Views> Clippings> sketched Clipping Profile
Toolbar: Views> Clipping view profile

The Clipping view profile tool is used to crop an existing view using a sketch profile. The portion of
the view that lies inside the profile is retained and the remaining portion is removed.

Generating Broken view

Menu : Insert> Views> Break view> Broken view
Toolbar: Views> Broken view

The Broken view tool is used to display a component by removing a portion of it while keeping the
ends of the view intact. This type of view is used to display the components whose length to width
ratio is very high. This means that either the length is very large as the compared to the width, or the
width is very large as compared to the length. The broken view will break the view along the
horizontal or vertical direction, such that the drawing view fit the area you require.
Generating Breakout view
Menu : Insert> Views> Break view> Breakout view
Toolbar: Views> Breakout view

The Breakout view tool is used to remove a part of the existing view and display the area of the model
or the assembly that lies behind the removed portion. This type if view is generated by using the
closed polygonal sketch drawn on the view.

Generating Views Automatically

You can generate the drawing views automatically using the tools from the Wizards toolbar in the
Drafting workbench. To generate the view automatically, open the part or the assembly whose
drawing views you want to generate in a separate window. The wizard toolbar is used automatically
generate the views.
Generating views using the view creation wizard
Menu : Insert> Views> Wizard> Wizard
Toolbar: Views> View Creation Wizard

Before generating views using the View Creation Wizard tool, you need to make sure that the part or
the assembly for which the views need to be generated is open in the other window. Choose the view
creation wizard option from toolbar. The view wizard dialog box will be displayed as shown in below
fig. this dialog box provides you with various options to generate drawing views, depending on the
predefined configurations.

After selecting the configuration type, you need to choose the Next button from the view wizard
dialog box to invoke the second step of view generation and to arrange the view in preview area. After
setting all parameters, choose the Finish button from the view wizard dialog box. you wiil be select a
reference plane on a 3D geometry, then automatically it will generate the views in drafting workbench.

Inserting Sheets in the Current File

Menu : Insert> Drawing> Sheets> New Sheet
Toolbar: Drawing> New Sheet

You can insert additional sheet to the current drafting file by using the new sheet tool. This is good practice
when you need to generate the drawing views of all components of an assembly and also its other views such as
the isometric view or a view with the Bill of the material and balloons in a single drawing file. To insert new
drawing sheet, choose the new sheet option from the sheets drop down in the drawing toolbar as shown in
Figure 1 and a new sheet is added to the current drawing file as shown in figure.2
The newly inserted sheet is active. To activate the previous sheet, choose sheet.1 tab from the top the
drawing sheet or double click on sheet.1 in the specification tree.

Adding Datum Features

Menu : Insert> Dimensioning> Tolerancing> Datum Feature
Toolbar: Dimensioning > Tolerancing drop down> Datum Feature

You can add the datum feature symbol to the drawing views using the datum feature tool. The datum
feature symbols are used as the datum reference while adding geometric tolerance to the drawing
views. To add the datum feature symbol choose the datum feature option the Tolerancing drop down
in the dimensioning toolbar. The datum feature creation dialog box will be displayed as shown in the
figure.

Adding Geometric Tolerance to the Drawing Views

Menu : Insert> Dimensioning> Tolerancing> Geometric Tolerance
Toolbar: Dimensioning > Tolerancing drop down> Geometric Tolerance

In shop floor drawings, you need to provide various other parameters along with the dimensions and
the dimensional tolerance. This parameter can be Geometric condition, material condition and so on.
All this type of parameters is defined using the geometric tolerance. . To add the geometric tolerance
to the drawing views choose the geometric tolerance option from the Tolerancing drop down in the
dimensioning toolbar.
The geometric tolerance dialog box will be displayed as shown in figure.

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 The options in the tolerance area are used to specify the geometrical condition foe the tolerance and
the valve of tolerance. The options in the reference area of the geometrical tolerance dialog box are
used to define the reference for applying the tolerance. After specifying the geometric condition and
the valve of tolerance, define the primary reference for applying the tolerance in the primary datum
feature edit box.The upper text edit box is used to specify the text above the geometrical tolerance
valve. Similarly the lower text edit box is used to specify the text below the geometrical tolerance
valve.
Generating the Bill of Material
After generating the drawing views of an assembly, it is very necessary to generate the bill of material
(BOM). The BOM is a table that provides you information related to the number of components in an
assembly, their name, Quantity and so on. You can add the BOM to the drawing sheet to display the
part list of the components used in the assembly. The BOM played on the drawing sheet is parametric
in nature. Therefore if you add or delete a part from the assembly, the change will be reflected in the
BOM on the drawing sheet. Before generating BOM you need to apply numbers to the components of
assembly. This will help in providing the serial number to the components, which will, in turn, help to
the components whiling generation the balloons.
To number the component, switch to the assembly file from which the drawing views are generated.
Choose the generate numbering option from the product structure tools toolbar. Now, select product
from the specification tree, the generate numbering dialog box will be displayed as shown in figure.

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After generating the number you need to edit the format of the BOM in the assembly workbench.
To edit the BOM format, Choose analyze > Bill of Material from the menu bar. After setting the
properties, choose the OK button from the Bill of Material dialog box.
To generate bill of material in Drafting workbench
Choose Insert> Generation> Bill of Material> bill of material. Below figure shows the drawing
sheet after generating the bill of material.
 DIFFERENCES
1. Difference between new file and new from file?
If you save an exiting file in another directory without changing the file name, you will only be able to
open one of these files at any given time. If one of them is already open u will not be able to open the
others. This is because both files have same UUID. To avoid this happening each file must have its
own UUID .This can be done by means of the File New from. To create a new document whose basic
Characteristics are same as an exiting document To do this close document u want to copy if not
already closed & select file New from, After selecting the exiting document from which u want
to create a new one & Click open. An exact copy of existing document is displayed with a default
name. The only difference b/w this document and already exiting one is that the new document is new
UUID by File---new from
2. Difference between geometrical & dimensional constraints?
Geometric constraint is a relationship that forces a limitation b/w one or more geometric elements.
Dimensional constraint is a constraint, whose value determines the geometric object measurement.
3. Difference between stacked dimension & chained dimension mode while using auto
constraint option?
In stacked dimension all the dimensions will be measured w.r.t the reference. In chained dimension the
dimensions will be measured one w.r.t other.
4. What is the difference between symmetry command and mirror command?
In symmetry command, the original sketch is deleted and the new one is created about the reference
plane but with the help of mirror command We can retain both the new one and the original sketch
about the reference plane.
5. Difference between trim and quick trim?
In trim option, we can extend a line along with trimming of other unwanted elements. In quick trim we
can only trim we can only trim a line or curve and we cannot extend or shorten it.
6. Difference b/w axis and construction elements?

Axis is visible in part design mode and can be selected but construction elements are invisible in part
design mode and are not selectable.

7. What is the difference b/w spine & spline?

(1)Spine: Creates a curve passing through a point on a plane & normal to one or more other planes.
(2) Spine: Creates a curve passing thro several points having tangential Curvature continuity
8. What is the different between ISOLATE &SEPARATE?

ISOLATE: Deletes logical link b/w the elements.

SEPARATE: Separates lines, curves & faces from their links with other elements. EX:-A curve is
considered as separate when it is linked to only one surface.
9. What is the different b/w PARAMETRIC SOLID& NON- PARAMETRIC SOLID?

PARAMETRIC SOLID: - Relational model is parametric. Ie.., one to one relation. If any change in
dimension that may reflects on other dimensions.
NON- PARAMETRIC SOLID: - Developing a solid by using surface, face, solid primitives etc.,
there is no one to one relation.

10. Difference b/w PAD & and MULTI PAD

A PAD is used for single profile & MULTIPAD is used for multi profile sketch.

11. What is the difference b/w creating design table from current parameters & from pre-exiting
file?
1) Create design table from current parameter values:-Check this option when u want to create a
design table from a subset of the document parameters.U just have to select among all the document
parameter values.
2) Create design table from pre-exiting file:- Check this option when u want to create a design table
from the values of an external file.
12. Difference b/w PASTE & PASTE SPECIAL?

PASTE option in contextual menu enable us to simply copy & paste one location to the other but
PASTE SPECIAL option let us to maintain the link b/w the pasted feature & the original one. Any
changes made to the original features, will be seen in the copied 1 if we want & we have liberty to
delink the original & copied feature.

13. How do u differentiate positive & negative body?

A positive body is the one which when assembled with another body it gets added & negative body is
the one which when ASSEMBLED with a positive body will get subtracted & it will get added if
BOOLEAN OPEARTION, ADD is used instead of ASSEMBLE.

14. What is the difference b/w assembled & add/remove?

In ASSEMBLE the nature of the bodies to be assembled are taken into a/c. It means, if a negative
body is assembled with a positive body it gets subtracted. But if we use ADD command for the same
two bodies then they will get added irrespective of their nature (+ve or ve ) nature REMOVE
command is same as that of the ADD and thus it will not respect the nature of the bodies.

15. What is the difference b/w Affinity and Scaling?

SCALING:Resizing the body to the scale that u specify, in all the directions equally.
AFFINITY: - Resizing the body to the scale which u specify, in a particular directions only, specified
by u.
16. What is the difference b/w join & heel?

Using join command we can join the surfaces, & using the Heal command we can fill the small gap
b/w the surfaces.

17. What is difference between save, save as, save all & save management?
Save: Using this option we save all the currently opened / modified files by old name.
Save As: Using this option we can save all the files which are currently opened / modified by different
name other than the earlier one.
Save All: Using this option we can save all the files, even those which are not opened.
Save Management: The flexibility of the option save management lies in the saving of the all files
under different names and in different directories simultaneously.
18. What is difference between coincidence & contact constraint?
Coincide type constraint are used to align Elements, Depending upon selected elements u may obtain
CONCENTRICITY, COAXIALITY, OR COPLANARITY., to create coincidence constraint b/w axis
system, they must have the same direction & same orientation in product.
Contact type constraint can be created b/w two planar faces (directed planes) The common area b/w
two planar faces can be plane (plane contact), a line (line contact) or a point (point contact)..
19. What is the differences b/w parametric & non- parametric modeling?
1) Relational model is parametric i.e., one to one relation .If any change in dimension that may
reflects on other dimensions.
2).Developing a solid by using surfaces, face, and solid primitives etc..., There is no one to one
relation is called non-parametric modeling.
20 what is the difference between Part, Component and Product
Part:- Within the Assembly workbench, it is either a part of the Part Design workbench, or a 3D entity
whose geometry is contained in a model.
Component:-A reference integrated in an assembly. A component possesses characteristics related to
how it is integrated in an assembly (for example, its relative location in an assembly).
Product:-A 3D entity which contains several components.
21. What is the difference b/w POWER COPY & UFC?
Parameters can be edited in power copy, which is not possible in UFC.
ORTHOGRAPHIC OR INTERPRETATION VIEWS
 SKETCHER EXERCISE
SK E T C H 1

SK E T C H 2
SK E T C H 3

SK E T C H 4
SK E T C H 5

SK E T C H 6
SK E T C H 7

SKETCH 8
SK E T C H 9

SKETCH 10

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SKETCH 11

SKETCH 12 AND 13
SKETCH 14 AND 15
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 PART DESIGN
ADVANCED EXERCISE

EXERCISE 1

EXERCISE 2

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EXERCISE 3

EXERCISE 4
EXERCISE 5

EXERCISE 6
EXERCISE 7

EXERCISE 8
EXERCISE 9

EXERCISE 10
EXERCISE 11 EXERCISE 12
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EXERCISE 13

EXERCISE 14

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EXERCISE 15

EXERCISE 16

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EXERCISE 17
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EXERCISE 18

EXERCISE 19

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EXERCISE 20

EXERCISE 21
EXERCISE 22
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EXERCISES 23 and 24
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EXERCISE 25
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 ASSEMBLY DESIGN
1. V-BLOCK ASSEMBLY
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2. RADIAL ENGINE ASSEMBLY
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3. The Blower assembly
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4. Shaper Tool Head Assembly
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