Math 2 All

Mathematics 2
Mathematics Department
Phillips Exeter Academy
Exeter, NH
July 2016
To the Student
Contents: Members of the PEA Mathematics Department have written the material in this
book. As you work through it, you will discover that algebra, geometry, and trigonometry
have been integrated into a mathematical whole. There is no Chapter 5, nor is there a section
on tangents to circles. The curriculum is problem-centered, rather than topic-centered.
Techniques and theorems will become apparent as you work through the problems, and
you will need to keep appropriate notes for your records there are no boxes containing
important theorems. There is no index as such, but the reference section that starts on page
201 should help you recall the meanings of key words that are defined in the problems (where
they usually appear italicized).
Problem solving: Approach each problem as an exploration. Reading each question care-
fully is essential, especially since definitions, highlighted in italics, are routinely inserted
into the problem texts. It is important to make accurate diagrams. Here are a few useful
strategies to keep in mind: create an easier problem, use the guess-and-check technique as a
starting point, work backwards, recall work on a similar problem. It is important that you
work on each problem when assigned, since the questions you may have about a problem will
likely motivate class discussion the next day. Problem solving requires persistence as much
as it requires ingenuity. When you get stuck, or solve a problem incorrectly, back up and
start over. Keep in mind that youre probably not the only one who is stuck, and that may
even include your teacher. If you have taken the time to think about a problem, you should
bring to class a written record of your efforts, not just a blank space in your notebook. The
methods that you use to solve a problem, the corrections that you make in your approach,
the means by which you test the validity of your solutions, and your ability to communicate
ideas are just as important as getting the correct answer.
Technology: Many of the problems in this book require the use of technology (graphing
calculators, computer software, or tablet applications) in order to solve them. You are
encouraged to use technology to explore, and to formulate and test conjectures. Keep the
following guidelines in mind: write before you calculate, so that you will have a clear record
of what you have done; be wary of rounding mid-calculation; pay attention to the degree of
accuracy requested; and be prepared to explain your method to your classmates. If you dont
know how to perform a needed action, there are many resources available online. Also, if
you are asked to graph y = (2x 3)/(x + 1), for instance, the expectation is that, although
you might use a graphing tool to generate a picture of the curve, you should sketch that
picture in your notebook or on the board, with correctly scaled axes.
Standardized testing: Standardized tests like the SAT, ACT, and Advanced Placement
tests require calculators for certain problems, but do not allow devices with typewriter-like
keyboards or internet access. For this reason, though the PEA Mathematics Department
promotes the use of a variety of tools, it is still essential that students know how to use a
hand-held graphing calculator to perform certain tasks. Among others, these tasks include:
graphing, finding minima and maxima, creating scatter plots, regression analysis, and general
numerical calculations.
Phillips Exeter Academy
Introductory Math Guide for New Students
(For students, by students!)
Introduction
Annually, approximately 300 new students take up studies in the Mathematics Depart-
ment. Coming from various styles of teaching, as a new student you will quickly come to
realize the distinct methods and philosophies of teaching at Exeter. One aspect of Exeter
that often catches students unaware is the math curriculum. I encourage all new students
to come to the math table with a clear mind. You may not grasp, understand, or even like
math at first, but you will have to be prepared for anything that comes before you.
During the fall of 2000, the new students avidly voiced a concern about the math cur-
riculum. Our concern ranged from grading, to math policies, and even to the very different
teaching styles utilized in the mathematics department. The guide that you have begun
reading was written solely by students, with the intent of preparing you for the task that
you have embarked upon. This guide includes tips for survival, testimonials of how we felt
when entering the math classroom, and aspects of math that we would have liked to have
known, before we felt overwhelmed. Hopefully, this guide will ease your transition into math
at Exeter. Remember, Anything worth doing, is hard to do. Mr. Higgins 36.
Anthony L. Riley 04
I learned a lot more by teaching myself than by being taught by someone else.
One learns many ways to do different problems. Since each problem is different,
you are forced to use all aspects of math.
It takes longer for new concepts to sink in . . . you understand,
but because it didnt sink in, its very hard to expand with that concept.
It makes me think more. The way the math books are setup
(i.e. simple problems progressing to harder ones on a concept)
really helps me understand the mathematical concepts.
When you discover or formulate a concept yourself, you remember it better
and understand the concept better than if we memorized it
or the teacher just told us that the formula was xyz.
Homework
Math homework = no explanations and eight problems a night. For the most part, it
has become standard among most math teachers to give about eight problems a night; but
I have even had a teacher who gave ten though two problems may not seem like a big
deal, it can be. Since all the problems are scenarios, and often have topics that vary, they
also range in complexity, from a simple, one-sentence question, to a full-fledged paragraph
with an eight-part answer! Dont fret though, transition to homework will come with time,
similar to how you gain wisdom, as you get older. Homework can vary greatly from night to
night, so be flexible with your time this leads to another part of doing your homework.
IN ALL CLASSES THAT MEET FIVE TIMES A WEEK, INCLUDING MATHEMATICS,
YOU SHOULD SPEND 50 MINUTES AT THE MAXIMUM, DOING HOMEWORK! No
teacher should ever expect you to spend more time, with the large workload Exonians carry.
Try your hardest to concentrate, and utilize those 50 minutes as much as possible.
i
Without any explanations showing you exactly how to do your homework, how are you
supposed to do a problem that you have absolutely no clue about? (This WILL happen!)
Ask somebody in your dorm. Another person in your dorm might be in the same class, or
the same level, and it is always helpful to seek the assistance of someone in a higher level
of math. Also remember, there is a difference between homework and studying; after youre
through with the eight problems assigned to you, go back over your work from the last few
days.
. . . with homework, you wouldnt get marked down if you didnt do a problem.
Going to the Board

It is very important to go to the board to put up homework problems. Usually, every
homework problem is put up on the board at the beginning of class, and then they are
discussed in class. If you regularly put problems up on the board, your teacher will have a
good feel of where you stand in the class; a confident student will most likely be more active
in participating in the class.
Plagiarism
One thing to keep in mind is plagiarism. You can get help from almost anywhere, but
make sure that you cite your help, and that all work shown or turned in is your own, even if
someone else showed you how to do it. Teachers do occasionally give problems/quizzes/tests
to be completed at home. You may not receive help on these assessments, unless instructed
to by your teacher; it is imperative that all the work is yours.
Math Extra-Help
Getting help is an integral part of staying on top of the math program here at Exeter.
It can be rather frustrating to be lost and feel you have nowhere to turn. There are a few
tricks of the trade however, which ensure your safety, with this possibly overwhelming
word problem extravaganza.
Teachers and Meetings

The very first place to turn for help should be your teacher. Since teachers at Exeter
have many fewer students than teachers at other schools, they are never less than eager to
help you succeed in any way they can. There is actually one designated time slot a week for
students to meet with teachers, which is meetings period on Saturday. You can always call
or ask a teacher for help. If there is no time during the day, it is always possible to check
out of the dorm after your check-in time, to meet with your teacher at their apartment, or
house. It is easiest to do this on the nights that your teacher is on duty in his/her dorm.
Getting help from your teacher is the first and most reliable source to turn to, for extra help.
You could meet with the teacher for extra help anytime.
Extra help sessions one-on-one with the teacher. My old math text.
ii
7-9 Math Help
Along with help from your teacher, there are several other places to get help. From 7-9
PM every night, except Saturday, there is a Math and Science help group in the Science
Center. Each evening, the lab is filled with students in a broad range of math levels, which
should be able to help you with problems you have. Also, remember that your homework
is not graded everyday, and your teacher will usually tell you when he/she will be grading
a particular assignment. This means that you can always find someone in your dorm that
will help you catch up or simply help you with a tough problem. If you are a day student, I
would definitely recommend going to Science and Math Help.
. . . harder to understand concepts if you dont understand a problem because each
problem is trying to teach you something different that leads to a new concept.
Hard to separate different math concepts. Not sure what kind of math it is Im learning.
More difficult to review.
Different Teachers Teach Differently

The teachers at Exeter usually develop their own style of teaching, fitted to their philos-
ophy of the subject they teach; it is no different in the math department. Teachers vary at
all levels: they grade differently, assess your knowledge differently, teach differently, and go
over homework differently. They offer help differently, too. This simply means that it is es-
sential that you be prepared each term to adapt to a particular teaching style. For instance,
my teacher tests me about every two weeks, gives hand-in problems every couple of days,
and also gives a few quizzes. However, my friend, who is in the same level math as I am,
has a teacher who doesnt give any tests or quizzes; he only grades on class participation,
and assigns a single hand-in problem, each assignment. Dont be afraid to ask your teacher
how they grade, because this can become very crucial; various teachers put more weight on
class participation in grading while others do the opposite. You must learn to be flexible to
teaching styles and even your teachers personality. This is a necessity for all departments
at Exeter, including math.
The tests are the hardest part between terms to adapt to,
but if you prepare well, there shouldnt be a problem.
Tests are hard. Cant go at your own pace.
My other teacher taught and pointed out which problems
are related when they are six pages apart.
It took a few days adjusting to, but if you pay attention to what the teacher says
and ask him/her questions about their expectations, transitions should be smooth.
Inconsistent. Every teacher gave different amounts of homework and tests. Class work
varied too. My fall term teacher made us put every problem on the board,
whereas my winter term teacher only concentrated on a few.
Jonathan Barbee 04
Ryan Levihn-Coon 04
iii
New Student Testimonials
There was not a foundation to build on. There were no example problems.
After eight years of math textbooks and lecture-style math classes, math at Exeter was
a lot to get used to. My entire elementary math education was based on reading how to
do problems from the textbook, then practicing monotonous problems that had no real-life
relevance, one after the other. This method is fine for some people, but it wasnt for me. By
the time I came to Exeter, I was ready for a change of pace, and I certainly got one.
Having somewhat of a background in algebra, I thought the Transition 1 course was just
right for me. It went over basic algebra and problem-solving techniques. The math books
at Exeter are very different from traditional books. They are compiled by the teachers, and
consist of pages upon pages of word problems that lead you to find your own methods of
solving problems. The problems are not very instructional, they lay the information down
for you, most times introducing new vocabulary, (there is an index in the back of the book),
and allow you to think about the problem, and solve it any way that you can. When I first
used this booklet, I was a little thrown back; it was so different from everything I had done
before but by the time the term was over, I had the new method down.
The actual math classes at Exeter were hard to get used to as well. Teachers usually
assign about eight problems a night, leaving you time to explore the problems and give
each one some thought. Then, next class, students put all the homework problems on the
board. The class goes over each problem; everyone shares their method and even difficulties
that they ran into while solving it. I think the hardest thing to get used to, is being able to
openly ask questions. No one wants to be wrong, I guess it is human nature, but in the world
of Exeter math, you cant be afraid to ask questions. You have to seize the opportunity to
speak up and say I dont understand, or How did you get that answer? If you dont ask
questions, you will never get the answers you need to thrive.
Something that my current math teacher always says is to make all your mistakes on the
board, because when a test comes around, you dont want to make mistakes on paper. This
is so true, class time is practice time, and its hard to get used to not feeling embarrassed
after you answer problems incorrectly. You need to go out on a limb and try your best. If
you get a problem wrong on the board, its one new thing learned in class, not to mention,
one less thing to worry about messing up on, on the next test.
Math at Exeter is really based on cooperation, you, your classmates, and your teacher. It
takes a while to get used to, but in the end, it is worth the effort.
Hazel Cipolle 04
iv
At first, I was very shy and had a hard time asking questions.
Sometimes other students didnt explain problems clearly.
Solutions to certain problems by other students are sometimes not the fastest or easiest.
Some students might know tricks and special techniques that arent covered.
I entered my second math class of Fall Term as a ninth grader, with a feeling of dread.
Though I had understood the homework the night before, I looked down at my paper with
a blank mind, unsure how I had done any of the problems. The class sat nervously around
the table until we were prompted by the teacher to put the homework on the board. One
boy stood up and picked up some chalk. Soon others followed suit. I stayed glued to my
seat with the same question running through my mind, what if I get it wrong?
I was convinced that everyone would make fun of me, that they would tear my work apart,
that each person around that table was smarter than I was. I soon found that I was the only
one still seated and hurried to the board. The only available problem was one I was slightly
unsure of. I wrote my work quickly and reclaimed my seat.
We reviewed the different problems, and everyone was successful. I explained my work
and awaited the class response. My classmates agreed with the bulk of my work, though
there was a question on one part. They suggested different ways to find the answer and we
were able to work through the problem, together.
I returned to my seat feeling much more confident. Not only were my questions cleared
up, but my classmates questions were answered as well. Everyone benefited.
I learned one of the more important lessons about math at Exeter that day; it doesnt
matter if you are right or wrong. Your classmates will be supportive of you, and tolerant of
your questions. Chances are, if you had trouble with a problem, someone else in the class
did too. Another thing to keep in mind is that the teacher expects nothing more than that
you try to do a problem to the best of your ability. If you explain a problem that turns
out to be incorrect, the teacher will not judge you harshly. They understand that no one is
always correct, and will not be angry or upset with you.
Elisabeth Ramsey 04
v
My background in math was a little weaker than most peoples, therefore
I was unsure how to do many of the problems. I never thoroughly understood
how to do a problem before I saw it in the book.
I never thought math would be a problem. That is, until I came to Exeter. I entered
into Math T1B, clueless as to what the curriculum would be. The day I bought the Math
One book from the Bookstore Annex, I stared at the problems in disbelief. ALL WORD
PROBLEMS. Why word problems? I thought. I had dreaded word problems ever since I
was a second grader, and on my comments it always read, Charly is a good math student,
but she needs to work on word problems. I was in shock. I would have to learn math in an
entirely new language. I began to dread my B format math class.
My first math test at Exeter was horrible. I had never seen a D on a math test. Never. I
was upset and I felt dumb, especially since others in my class got better grades, and because
my roommate was extremely good in math. I cried. I said I wanted to go home where things
were easier. But finally I realized, I was being given a challenge. I had to at least try.
I went to my math teacher for extra help. I asked questions more often (though not as
much as I should have), and slowly I began to understand the problems better. My grades
gradually got better, by going from a D to a C+ to a B and eventually I got an A. It
was hard, but that is Exeter. You just have to get passed that first hump, though little ones
will follow. As long as you dont compare yourself to others, and you ask for help when you
need it, you should get used to the math curriculum. I still struggle, but as long as I dont
get intimidated and dont give up, I am able to bring my grades up.
Charly Simpson 04
The above quotes in italics were taken from a survey of new students
in the spring of 2001.
vi
Mathematics 2
1. A 5 5 square and a 3 3 square can be cut into pieces

A B
that will fit together to form a third square.
(a) Find the length of a side of the third square.
F
(b) In the diagram at right, mark P on segment DC so that G
5
P D = 3, then draw segments P A and P F . Calculate the
3
lengths of these segments.
(c) Segments P A and P F divide the squares into pieces. Ar- 5 3
D C E
range the pieces to form the third square.
2. (Continuation) Change the sizes of the squares to AD = 8 and EF = 4, and redraw

the diagram. Where should point P be marked this time? Form the third square again.
3. (Continuation) Will the preceding method always produce pieces that form a new
square? If your answer is yes, prepare a written explanation. If your answer is no, pro-
vide a counterexample two specific squares that can not be converted to a single square.
4. Instead of walking along two sides of a rectangular field, Fran took a shortcut along the
diagonal, thus saving distance equal to half the length of the longer side. Find the length of
the long side of the field, given that the the length of the short side is 156 meters.
5. Let A = (0, 0), B = (7, 1), C = (12, 6), and D = (5, 5). Plot these points and connect
the dots to form the quadrilateral ABCD. Verify that all four sides have the same length.
Such a figure is called equilateral.
6. The main use of the Pythagorean Theorem is to find distances. Originally (6th century
BC), however, it was regarded as a statement about areas. Explain this interpretation.
7. Two iron rails, each 50 feet long, are laid end to end with no space between them. During
the summer, the heat causes each rail to increase in length by 0.04 percent. Although this is
a small increase, the lack of space at the joint makes the joint buckle upward. What distance
upward will the joint be forced to rise? [Assume that each rail remains straight, and that
the other ends of the rails are anchored.]
D
. ......
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8. In the diagram, AEB is straight and angles A and B are ...
...
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C
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right. Calculate the total distance DE + EC. 15
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....... 10
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9. (Continuation) If AE = 20 and EB = 10 instead, would ...
... ..............
...........
.
.
.............................................................................................................................................
DE + EC be the same? A 10 E 20 B
10. (Continuation) You have seen that the value chosen for AE determines the value of
DE + EC. One also says that DE + EC is a function of AE. Letting x stand for AE (and
30 x for EB), write a formula for this function. Graph this formula using a graphing tool.
Locate the point on the graph that represents the shortest path from D to C through E.
Draw an accurate picture of this path, and make a conjecture about angles AED and BEC.
Consider the slopes or use a protractor to test your conjecture.
July 2016 1 Phillips Exeter Academy

Mathematics 2
11. Two different points on the line y = 2 are each exactly 13 units from the point (7, 14).
Draw a picture of this situation, and then find the coordinates of these points.
12. Give an example of a point that is the same distance from (3, 0) as it is from (7, 0).
Find lots of examples. Describe the configuration of all such points. In particular, how does
this configuration relate to the two given points?
13. Verify that the hexagon formed by A = (0, 0), B = (2, 1), C = (3, 3), D = (2, 5),
E = (0, 4), and F = (1, 2) is equilateral. Is it also equiangular?
14. Draw a 20-by-20 square ABCD. Mark P on AB so that AP = 8, Q on BC so that

BQ = 5, R on CD so that CR = 8, and S on DA so that DS = 5. Find the lengths of the
sides of quadrilateral P QRS. Is there anything special about this quadrilateral? Explain.
15. Verify that P = (1, 1) is the same distance from A = (5, 1) as it is from B = (1, 3).
It is customary to say that P is equidistant from A and B. Find three more points that are
equidistant from A and B. By the way, to find a point means to find its coordinates. Can
points equidistant from A and B be found in every quadrant?
16. The two-part diagram below, which shows two different dissections of the same square,
was designed to help prove the Pythagorean Theorem. Provide the missing details.
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17. Inside a 5-by-5 square, it is possible to place four 3-4-5 triangles so that they do not
overlap. Show how. Then explain why you can be sure that it is impossible to squeeze in a
fifth triangle of the same size.
18. If you were writing a geometry book, and you had to define a mathematical figure called
a kite, how would you word your definition? .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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19. Find both points on the line y = 3 that are 10 units from (2, 3). ..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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20. On a number line, where is 12 (p + q) in relation to p and q? ..............................
......................................................................................................................................................
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21. Some terminology: Figures that have exactly the same shape and ..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
size are called congruent. Dissect the region shown at right into two ..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
congruent parts. How many different ways of doing this can you find? ..................................................................................................................................................................
........................................

Mathematics 2
22. Let A = (2, 4), B = (4, 5), C = (6, 1), T = (7, 3), U = (9, 4), and V = (11, 0).
Triangles ABC and T U V are specially related to each other. Make calculations to clarify
this statement, and write a few words to describe what you discover.
23. A triangle that has two sides of equal length is called isosceles. Make up an example of
an isosceles triangle, one of whose vertices is (3, 5). If you can, find a triangle that does not
have any horizontal or vertical sides.
24. Una recently purchased two boxes of ten-inch candles one box from a discount store,
and the other from an expensive boutique. It so happens that the inexpensive candles last
only three hours each, while the expensive candles last five hours each. One evening, Una
hosted a dinner party and lighted two candles one from each box at 7:30 pm. During
dessert, a guest noticed that one candle was twice as long as the other. At what time was
this observation made?
25. Let A = (1, 5) and B = (3, 1). Verify that P = (8, 4) is equidistant from A and B.
Find at least two more points that are equidistant from A and B. Describe all such points.
26. Find two points on the y-axis that are 9 units from (7, 5).
27. A lattice point is a point whose coordinates are integers. Find two lattice
points that
are exactly 13 units apart. Is it possible to find lattice points that are 15 units apart?
Is it possible to form a square whose area is 18 by connecting four lattice points? Explain.
Some terminology: When two angles fit together to form a straight angle (a 180-degree angle,
in other words), they are called supplementary angles, and either angle is the supplement
of the other. When an angle is the same size as its supplement (a 90-degree angle), it is
called a right angle. When two angles fit together to form a right angle, they are called
complementary angles, and either angle is the complement of the other. Two lines that form
a right angle are said to be perpendicular.
28. The three angles of a triangle fit together to form a straight angle. In one form or
another, this statement is a fundamental postulate of Euclidean geometry accepted as
true, without proof. Taking this for granted, then, what can be said about the two non-right
angles in a right triangle?
29. Let P = (a, b), Q = (0, 0), and R = (b, a), where a and b are positive numbers. Prove
that angle P QR is right, by introducing two congruent right triangles into your diagram.
Verify that the slope of segment QP is the negative reciprocal of the slope of segment QR.

30. Find an example of an equilateral hexagon whose sides are all 13 units long. Give
coordinates for all six points.

Mathematics 2
31. I have been observing the motion of a bug that is crawling on my graph paper. When
I started watching, it was at the point (1, 2). Ten seconds later it was at (3, 5). Another ten
seconds later it was at (5, 8). After another ten seconds it was at (7, 11).
(a) Draw a picture that illustrates what is happening. What did you assume?
(b) Where was the bug 25 seconds after I started watching it? What did you assume?
(c) Where was the bug 26 seconds after I started watching it? What did you assume?
32. The point on segment AB that is equidistant from A and B is called the midpoint of
AB. For each of the following, find coordinates for the midpoint of AB:
(a) A = (1, 5) and B = (3, 7) (b) A = (m, n) and B = (k, l)
33. Write a formula for the distance from A = (1, 5) to P = (x, y), and another formula
for the distance from P = (x, y) to B = (5, 2). Then write an equation that says that P
is equidistant from A and B. Simplify your equation to linear form. This line is called the
perpendicular bisector of AB. Verify this by calculating two slopes and one midpoint.
34. Find the slope of the line through

(a) (3, 1) and (3 + 4t, 1 + 3t) (b) (m 5, n) and (5 + m, n2 )
35. Is it possible for a line ax + by = c to lack a y-intercept? y .......

.............
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To lack an x-intercept? Explain. ........
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.
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36. The sides of the triangle at right are formed by the graphs .
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.
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of 3x + 2y = 1, y = x 2, and 4x + 9y = 22. Is the triangle ...
...
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.
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..
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isosceles? How do you know? ...
...
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........
.
x
37. Pat races at 10 miles per hour, while Kim races at 9 miles
per hour. When they both ran in the same long-distance race
last week, Pat finished 8 minutes ahead of Kim. What was the length of the race, in miles?
Briefly describe your reasoning.
38. (Continuation) Assume that Pat and Kim run at p and k miles per hour, respectively,
and that Pat finishes m minutes before Kim. Find the length of the race, in miles.
39. A bug moves linearly with constant speed across my graph paper. I first notice the bug
when it is at (3, 4). It reaches (9, 8) after two seconds and (15, 12) after four seconds.
(a) Predict the position of the bug after six seconds; after nine seconds; after t seconds.
(b) Is there a time when the bug is equidistant from the x- and y-axes? If so, where is it?
40. What is the relation between the lines described by the equations 20x + 12y = 36 and
35x + 21y = 63? Find a third equation in the form ax + by = 90 that fits this pattern.
41. Rewrite the equation 3x 5y = 30 in the form ax + by = 1. Are there lines whose
equations cannot be rewritten in this form?

Mathematics 2
42. Consider the linear equation y = 3.62(x 1.35) + 2.74.

(a) What is the slope of this line?
(b) What is the value of y when x = 1.35?
(c) This equation is written in point-slope form. Explain the terminology.
(d) Use a graphing tool to graph this line.
(e) Find an equation for the line through (4.23, 2.58) that is parallel to this line.
(f ) Use point-slope form to write the equation of a line that has slope 1.25 and that goes
through the point (3.75, 8.64).
43. The dimensions of rectangular piece of paper ABCD are A D
AB = 10 and BC = 9. It is folded so that corner D is matched G.....................

. .
.........................
with a point F on edge BC. Given that length DE = 6, find H.............................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................
.................................................................................
EF , EC, F C, and the area of EF C. ..............................................................
..........................................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................................................
...........................................................................
..................................................................................................
...............................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................. E
44. (Continuation) The lengths EF , EC, and F C are all func- ............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
.................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................
tions of the length DE. The area of triangle EF C is also a ...................................................................
...........................................
....................................................
.................................
function of DE. Using x to stand for DE, write formulas for .........................................
.......................
.......................
............
......
these four functions. B F C
45. (Continuation) Find the value of x that maximizes the area of triangle EF C.
46. The x- and y-coordinates of a point are given by the equations shown below. The
(
position of the point depends on the value assigned to t. Use your graph x = 2 + 2t
paper to plot points corresponding to the values t = 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1,
y =5t
2, 3, and 4. Do you recognize any patterns? Describe them.
47. Plot the following points on the coordinate plane: (1, 2), (2, 5), (3, 8). Write equa-
tions, similar to those in the preceding exercise, that produce these points when t-values are
assigned. There is more than one correct answer.
48. Given that 2x3y = 17 and 4x+3y = 7, and without using paper, pencil, or calculator,
find the value of x.
49. A slope can be considered to be a rate. Explain this interpretation.
50. Find a and b so that ax + by = 1 has x-intercept 5 and y-intercept 8.
51. Given points A = (2, 7) and B = (3, 3), find two points P that are on the perpendicular
bisector of AB. In each case, what can you say about segments P A and P B?
52. Explain the difference between a line that has no slope and a line whose slope is zero.

Mathematics 2
C
53. Three squares are placed next to each other as shown.
The vertices A, B, and C are collinear. Find the dimension n.
B
54. (Continuation) Replace the lengths 4 and 7 by m and A
k, respectively. Express k in terms of m and n.
4 7 n
55. A five-foot prep casts a shadow that is 40 feet long while
standing 200 feet from a streetlight. How high above the ground is the lamp?
56. (Continuation) How far from the streetlight should the prep stand, in order to cast a
shadow that is exactly as long as the prep is tall?
57. An airplane 27 000 feet above the ground begins descending at the rate of 1500 feet per
minute. Assuming the plane continues at the same rate of descent, how long will it be before
it is on the ground?
58. (Continuation) Using an appropriate window, graph the line y = 27 000 1500x. With
the preceding problem in mind, explain the significance of the slope of this line and its two
intercepts.
59. An airplane is flying at 36000 feet directly above Lincoln, Nebraska. A little later the
plane is flying at 28000 feet directly above Des Moines, Iowa, which is 160 miles from Lincoln.
Assuming a constant rate of descent, predict how far from Des Moines the airplane will be
when it lands.
60. In a dream, Blair is confined to a coordinate plane, moving along a line with a constant
speed. Blairs position at 4 am is (2, 5) and at 6 am it is (6, 3). What is Blairs position at
8:15 am when the alarm goes off?
61. Find a way to show that points A = (4, 1), B = (4, 3), and C = (8, 5) are collinear.
..........................
........................... .....................
.....................
62. Find as many ways as you can to dissect each figure ..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
...........................
..........................
........................... .....................
.....................
.....................
at right into two congruent parts. ..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
................................ ..
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
.....................
......................
...................... ..
................................
................................
................................ ........................
........................
....................... .....
................................
................................ . . .
......................
.
......................
. .....
................................
................................ ...........................
...................... .....
................................
................................
................................
................................ .... ........................
........................
......................
...................... ........
.
................................
................................ ........................
........................ ....
63. Let A = (4, 2), B = (11, 6), C = (7, 13), and D = ................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
................................
...........................
..........................
........................
.........................
........................
........................
.......................
........................
...........................
....................... .........
.....
.....
...........................
..........................
........................... .......................
.......................
.......................
..................... .....
(0, 9). Show that ABCD is a square. ..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
.........................
.......................
.......................
........................
.......................
.......................
.......................
.......................
.....
.....
.....
.....
...........................
..........................
........................... .......................
.......................
....................... .....
..........................
...........................
.......................... .......................
.....................
.......................... .....
.....
...........................
.......................... .......................
.....................
.....................
64. Lynn takes a step, measures its length and obtains

3 feet. Lynn uses this measurement in attempting to pace off a 1-mile course, but the result
is 98 feet too long. What is the actual length of Lynns stride, and how could Lynn have
done a more accurate job?
65. One of the legs of a right triangle is 12 units long. The other leg is b units long and the
hypotenuse c units long, where b and c are both integers. Find b and c. Hint: Both sides of
the equation c2 b2 = 144 can be factored.

Mathematics 2
66. Is there anything wrong with the figure shown at right? ...
... ..........
... ...........
.......... .. ........
.
.... .................... ...............
.... ... ...
... ............. ... ............. ............
..... ... .......... ........... ... .........
... .......... ......... .. ........ .. .......
67. Show that a 9-by-16 rectangle can be transformed into a ....... ................... ................ .... ................. ..... .............
. ... .... ...
... ............. ... ............ ............... ............. .... ......
. ... . ...
........ ... .......... ... ........... ........... ... ........ ...
square by dissection. In other words, the rectangle can be cut ..
. .....
... ......... ... ......... ........ ... ........ ... ........
....... .................... .................... ................ ..... ............... .....
. .... . .... . ... . .....
... ........ ... ........ ... ......... .......... ... ...
...... ... ......... ... .......... ......... ... ......... ...
into pieces that can be reassembled to form the square. Do it ... ......... ... .......... .......... ... ......... ... ........
......... ..................... .................... ............... ..... ............... .....
........ ... .......... ......... .. ........ ... .......
....... .. ........ .. .......... ... ........ ...
with as few pieces as possible. ....... .. ........ ... ......... .......... ..
......... .. ...... . .
....... .. ......... .... ............... .....
........ ... ........ ... ..........
..
........ ... ....... .. ...
....... .. ........ ..
........ ... ........
......... ..
....... ..
......
68. At noon one day, Corey decided to follow a straight course
in a motor boat. After one hour of making no turns and traveling
at a steady rate, the boat was 6 miles east and 8 miles north of its
point of departure. What was Coreys position at two oclock?
How far had Corey traveled? What was Coreys speed?
69. (Continuation) Assume that the fuel tank initially held 12 gallons, and that the boat
gets 4 miles to the gallon. How far did Corey get before running out of fuel? When did this
happen? When radioing the Coast Guard for help, how should Corey describe the boats
position?
70. Suppose that numbers a, b, and c fit the equation a2 + b2 = c2 , with a = b. Express c
in terms of a. Draw a good picture of such a triangle. What can be said about its angles?
71. The Krakow airport is 3 km west and 5 km north of the city center. At 1 pm, Zuza
took off in a Cessna 730. Every six minutes, the planes position changed by 9 km east and
7 km north. At 2:30 pm, Zuza was flying over the town of Jozefow. In relation to the center
of Krakow, (a) where is Jozefow? (b) where was Zuza after t hours of flying?
72. Golf balls cost $0.90 each at Jerzys Club, which has an annual $25 membership fee. At
Rick & Toms sporting-goods store, the price is $1.35 per ball for the same brand. Where
you buy your golf balls depends on how many you wish to buy. Explain, and illustrate your
reasoning by drawing a graph.
73. Draw the following segments. What do they have in common?

from (3, 1) to (10, 3); from (1.3, 0.8) to (8.3, 4.8); from , 2 to 7 + , 4 + 2 .
74. (Continuation) The directed segments have the same length and the same direction.
Each represents the vector [7, 4]. The components of the vector are the numbers 7 and 4.
(a) Find another example of a directed segment that represents this vector. The initial point
of your segment is called the tail of the vector, and the final point is called the head.
(b) Which of the following directed segments represents [7, 4]? from (2, 3) to (5, 1);
from (3, 2) to (11, 6); from (10, 5) to (3, 1); from (7, 4) to (0, 0).
75. Is it possible for a positive number to exceed its reciprocal by exactly 1? One number
that comes close is 85 , because 85 85 is 39
40
. Is there a fraction that comes closer?
76. Points (x, y) described by the equations x = 1 + 2t and y = 3 + t form a line. Is the
point (7, 6) on this line? How about (3, 1)? How about (6, 5.5)? How about (11, 7)?

Mathematics 2
77. The perimeter of an isosceles right triangle is 24 cm. How long are its sides?
78. The x- and y-coordinates of a point are given by the equations shown below. Use your
graph paper to plot points corresponding to t = 1, 0, and 2. These points should appear
to be collinear. Convince yourself that this is the case, and calculate the x = 4 + 3t
(
slope of this line. The displayed equations are called parametric, and t is
y = 1 + 2t
called a parameter. How is the slope of a line determined from its parametric
equations?
79. Find parametric equations to describe the line that goes through the points A = (5, 3)
and B = (7, 1). There is more than one correct answer to this question.
80. Show that the triangle formed by the lines y = 2x 7, x + 2y = 16, and 3x + y = 13
is isosceles. Show also that the lengths of the sides of this triangle fit the Pythagorean
equation. Can you identify the right angle just by looking at the equations?
81. Leaving home on a recent business trip, Kyle drove 10 miles south to reach the airport,
then boarded a plane that flew a straight course 6 miles east and 3 miles north each
minute. What was the airspeed of the plane? After two minutes of flight, Kyle was directly
above the town of Greenup. How far is Greenup from Kyles home? A little later, the plane
flew over Kyles birthplace, which is 50 miles from home. When did this occur?
82. A triangle has vertices A = (1, 2), B = (3, 5), and C = (6, 1). Image triangle A0 B 0 C 0
is obtained by sliding triangle ABC 5 units to the right (in the positive x-direction, in other
words) and 3 units up (in the positive y-direction). It is also customary to say that vector
[5, 3] has been used to translate triangle ABC. What are the coordinates of image points A0 ,
B 0 , and C 0 ? By the way, C prime is the usual way of reading C 0 .
83. (Continuation) When vector [h, k] is used to translate trian-

gle ABC, it is found that the image of vertex A is (3, 7). What
are the images of vertices B and C?
84. It is a simple matter to divide a square into four smaller

squares, and as the figure at right shows it is also possible
to divide a square into seventeen smaller squares. In addition to
four and seventeen, what numbers of smaller squares are possible?
The smaller squares can be of any size whatsoever, as long as they
fit neatly together to form one large square.
85. Caught in another nightmare, Blair is moving along the line y = 3x + 2. At midnight,
Blairs position is (1, 5), the x-coordinate increasing by 4 units every hour. Write parametric
equations that describe Blairs position t hours after midnight. What was Blairs position
at 10:15 pm when the nightmare started? Find Blairs speed, in units per hour.

Mathematics 2
86. The parametric equations x = 2 3t and y = 6 + 4t describe the position of a particle,

in meters and seconds. How does the particles position change each second? each minute?
What is the speed of the particle, in meters per second? Write parametric equations that
describe the particles position, using meters and minutes as units.
87. Let A = (1, 2), B = (5, 1), C = (6, 3), and D = (2, 5). Let
P = (1, 1). Q = (3, 2), R = (4, 0), and S = (0, 2). Use a vec- D..............
.. . .....
.............................
.........................................
tor to describe how quadrilateral ABCD is related to quadrilateral .
................................................
.................................................................................
.
..........................................................................
P QRS. ...............................................................................................................
........................................................... C
...............................................................................................................
.
A .....................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
S .......
................
...................................................
....................................................
...............................................
88. Let K = (3, 8), L = (7, 5), and M = (4, 1). Find coordinates .
...............................
.
.......................................................................
..............................
............. .....
.........
.
........................................................................................ B
for the vertices of the triangle that is obtained by using the vector .
.
................................................................................
....................................................................................... .
.................................................................................................................
[2, 5] to slide triangle KLM . How far does each vertex slide? P
....................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
........................................................
.............................................................
R
................ ..................
.........................
.............

89. Find parametric equations that describe the following lines: Q
(a) through (3, 1) and (7, 3) (b) through (7, 1) and (7, 3)
90. Find all points on the y-axis that are twice as far from (5, 0) as they are from (1, 0).
Begin by making a drawing and estimating. Find all such points on the x-axis. In each case,
how many points did you find? How do you know that you have found them all?
91. Let A = (5, 0), B = (5, 0), and C = (2, 6); let K = (5, 2), L = (13, 4), and
M = (7, 7). Verify that the length of each side of triangle ABC matches the length of a side
of triangle KLM . Because of this data, it is natural to regard the triangles as being in some
sense equivalent. It is customary to call the triangles congruent. The basis used for this
judgment is called the side-side-side criterion. What can you say about the sizes of angles
ACB and KM L? What is your reasoning? What about the other angles?
92. (Continuation) Are the triangles related by a vector translation? Why or why not?
93. Let A = (2, 4), B = (4, 5), and C = (6, 1). Triangle ABC is
shown at right. Draw three new triangles as follows: y
(a) P QR has P = (11, 1), Q = (10, 1), and R = (6, 1);
(b) KLM has K = (8, 10), L = (7, 8), and M = (11, 6); .......
....... .....
B
.......
(c) T U V has T = (2, 6), U = (0, 5), and V = (2, 9). A ...................... ...
...
...
...... ...
...... ...
......
These triangles are not obtained from ABC by applying vector trans- ......
......
......
......
...
...
...
.
...... .....
lations. Instead, each of the appropriate transformations is described ...... ...
...... ..
...... ...
.........
by one of the suggestive names reflection, rotation, or glide-reflection.
.. C
Decide which is which, with justification. x
94. In baseball, the bases are placed at the corners of a square whose sides are 90 feet long.
Home plate and second base are at opposite corners. To the nearest eighth of an inch, how
far is it from home plate to second base?

Mathematics 2
95. A bug is moving along the line 3x + 4y = 12 with constant speed 5 units per second.
The bug crosses the x-axis when t = 0 seconds. It crosses the y-axis later. When? Where is
the bug when t = 2? when t = 1? when t = 1.5? What does a negative t-value mean?
96. Give the components of the vector whose length is 10 and whose direction opposes the
direction of [4, 3].
97. Find the coordinates for the point that is three fifths of the way from (4, 0) to (0, 3).
Start by writing parametric equations to describe the line joining those two points.
98. A 9-by-12 rectangular picture is framed by a border of uniform width. Given that the
combined area of picture plus frame is 180 square units, find the width of the border.
99. Let A = (0, 0), B = (2, 1), C = (1, 3), P = (8, 2), Q = (10, 3), and R = (5, 3). Plot
these points. Angles BAC and QP R should look like they are the same size. Find evidence
to support this conclusion.
100. An equilateral quadrilateral is called a rhombus. A square is a simple example of a

rhombus. Find a non-square rhombus whose diagonals and sides are not parallel to the rulings
on your graph paper. Use coordinates to describe its vertices. Write a brief description of
the process you used to find your example.
101. Using a ruler and protractor, draw a triangle that has an 8-cm side and a 6-cm side,
which make a 30-degree angle. This is a side-angle-side description. Cut out the figure so
that you can compare triangles with your classmates. Will your triangles be congruent?
102. Compare the two figures shown below. Is there anything wrong with what you see?
...
...
5 ...
... 3
...
... 5 8 ..
... .........
3 ...
... .........
.........
.........
5 ...
... ...
...
...........
...
.. ...
3 .........
......
.
.
. ... .........
.......
...
.. .........
..
... ... .........
..
........
.
.
. ...
.
...
...........
......
.
.
...
........
.
.
. ...
... 8 5 .........
.
...
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.
5
......
...
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.
...
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.
.. ...
...
...
........... 3
... ........
5 ...
... .........
.........
.........
... .........
... .........
3 ...
...
...
...
8 5
5 3 ...
.
103. Tracy and Kelly are running laps on the indoor track at steady speeds, but in opposite
directions. They meet every 20 seconds. It takes Tracy 45 seconds to complete each lap.
How many seconds does it take for each of Kellys laps? Check your answer.
104. Instead of saying that Remy moves 3 units left and 2 units up, you can say that Remys
position is displaced by the vector [3, 2]. Identify the following displacement vectors:
(a) Forrest starts at (2, 3) at 1 pm, and has moved to (5, 9) by 6 am the next morning;
(b) at noon, Eugene is at (3, 4); two hours earlier Eugene was at (6, 2);
(c) during a single hour, a small airplane flew 40 miles north and 100 miles west.

Mathematics 2
105. Kirby moves with constant speed 5 units per hour along the line y = 34 x + 6, crossing
the y-axis at midnight and the x-axis later. When is the x-axis crossing made? What does it
mean to say that Kirbys position is a function of time? What is Kirbys position 1.5 hours
after midnight? What is Kirbys position t hours after midnight?
106. A bug is initially at (3, 7). Where is the bug after being displaced by vector [7, 8]?
107. With the aid of a ruler and protractor, draw a triangle that has an 8-cm side, a 6-cm
side, and a 45-degree angle that is not formed by the two given sides. This is a side-side-angle
description. Cut out the figure so that you can compare triangles with your classmates. Do
you expect your triangles to be congruent?
108. Plot points K = (0, 0), L = (7, 1), M = (9, 3), P = (6, 7), Q = (10, 5), and R = (1, 2).
Show that the triangles KLM and RP Q are congruent. Show also that neither triangle is
a vector translation of the other. Describe how one triangle has been transformed into the
other.
109. (Continuation) If two figures are congruent, then their parts correspond. In other words,
each part of one figure has been matched with a definite part of the other figure. In the
triangle P QR, which angle corresponds to angle M ? Which side corresponds to KL? In
general, what can be said about corresponding parts of congruent figures? How might you
confirm your hunch experimentally?
110. What is the slope of the line ax + by = c? Find an equation for the line through the
origin that is perpendicular to the line ax + by = c.
111. A debt of $450 is to be shared equally among the members of the Outing Club. When
five of the members refuse to pay, the other members shares each go up by $3. How many
members does the Outing Club have?
112. Choose a point P on the line 2x + 3y = 7, and draw the vector [2, 3] with its tail at P
and its head at Q. Confirm that the vector is perpendicular to the line. What is the distance
from Q to the line? Repeat the preceding, with a different choice for point P .
113. Let A = (3, 2) and B = (7, 10). What is the displacement vector that moves point A
onto point B? What vector moves B onto A?
114. Let M = (a, b), N = (c, d), M 0 = (a + h, b + k), and N 0 = (c + h, d + k). Show that
segments M N and M 0 N 0 have the same length. Explain why this could be expected.
115. The position of a bug is described by the parametric equation (x, y) = (2 12t, 1 + 5t).
Explain why the speed of the bug is 13 cm/sec. Change the equation to obtain the description
of a bug moving along the same line with speed 26 cm/second.

Mathematics 2
116. Given the vector [5, 12], find the following vectors:
(a) same direction, twice as long (b) same direction, length 1
(c) opposite direction, length 10 (d) opposite direction, length c
117. Some terminology: When the components of the vector [5, 7] are multiplied by a given
number t, the result may be written either as [5t, 7t] or as t[5, 7]. This is called the scalar
multiple of vector [5, 7] by the scalar t. Find components for the following scalar multiples:

(a) [12, 3] by scalar 5 (b) 5, 10 by scalar 5
(c) 34 , 32 by scalar 12 + 26 (d) [p, q] by scalar pq

118. Find the lengths of the following vectors:

(a) [3, 4] (b) 1998 [3, 4] (c) 1998
5
[3, 4] (d) 2 [3, 4] (e) t[3, 4] (f ) t[a, b]
119. With the aid of a ruler and protractor, cut out three non-congruent triangles, each of
which has a 40-degree angle, a 60-degree angle, and an 8-cm side. One of your triangles
has an angle-side-angle description, while the other two have angle-angle-side descriptions.
What happens when you compare your triangles with those of your classmates?
120. A triangle has six principal parts three sides and three angles. The SSS criterion
states that three of these items (the sides) determine the other three (the angles). Are there
other combinations of three parts that determine the remaining three? In other words, if the
class is given three measurements with which to draw and cut out a triangle, which three
measurements will guarantee that everyones triangles will be congruent?
121. The initial position of an object is P0 = (7, 2). Its position after being displaced by
the vector t[8, 7] is Pt = (7, 2) + t[8, 7]. Notice that the meaning of + is to apply a
vector translation to P0 . Notice also that the position is a function of t. Calculate P3 , P2 ,
and P2 . Describe the configuration of all possible positions Pt . By the way, Pt and P2 are
usually read P sub t and P sub two.
A
122. Alex the geologist is in the desert, 10 km from
a long, straight road. On the road, Alexs jeep can 10 desert
do 50 kph, but in the desert sands, it can manage P
................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................
only 30 kph. Alex is very thirsty, and knows that N 25
there is a gas station 25 km down the road (from
the nearest point N on the road) that has ice-cold Pepsi.
(a) How many minutes will it take for Alex to drive to P through the desert?
(b) Would it be faster if Alex first drove to N and then used the road to P ?
(c) Find an even faster route for Alex to follow. Is your route the fastest possible?
123. Let A = (1, 4), B = (0, 9), C = (7, 2), and D = (6, 9). Prove that angles DAB and
DCB are the same size. Can anything be said about the angles ABC and ADC?
124. A puzzle: Cut out four copies of the quadrilateral ABCD formed by points A = (0, 0),
B = (5, 0), C = (6, 2), and D = (0, 5). Show that it is possible to arrange these four pieces
to form a square. Explain why you are sure that the pieces fit exactly.

Mathematics 2

125. Two of the sides of a right triangle have lengths 360 1994 and 480 1994. Find the
possible lengths for the third side. ..... y
......
......
......
......
......
126. The diagram at right shows the graph of 3x + ......
......
......
......
......
4y = 12. The shaded figure is a square, three of whose ......
......
......
......
......
vertices are on the coordinate axes. The fourth vertex ......
....
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. ......
is on the line. Find ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
......
......
......
.............................................................................................................. ......
......
(a) the x- and y-intercepts of the line; ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
......
......
......
......
.............................................................................................................. ......
(b) the length of a side of the square. ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
......
......
......
.............................................................................................................. ......
......
....................................................... ......
......
......
x .
127. (Continuation) Draw a rectangle that is twice as
wide as it is tall, and that fits snugly into the triangular region formed by the line 3x+4y = 12
and the positive coordinate axes, with one corner at the origin and the opposite corner on
the line. Find the dimensions of this rectangle.
128. Plot the three points P = (1, 3), Q = (5, 6), and R = (11.4, 10.8). Verify that P Q = 5,
QR = 8, and P R = 13. What is special about these points?
129. Sidney calculated three distances and reported them as T U = 29, U V = 23, and
T V = 54. What do you think of Sidneys data, and why?
130. Find the number that is two thirds of the way (a) from 7 to 17; (b) from m to n.
131. The diagonal of a rectangle is 15 cm, and the perimeter is 38 cm. What is the area? It
is possible to find the answer without finding the dimensions of the rectangle try it.
132. After drawing the line y = 2x 1 and marking the point A = (2, 7), Kendall is trying
to decide which point on the line is closest to A. The point P = (3, 5) looks promising. To
check that P really is the point on y = 2x 1 that is closest to A, what should Kendall do?
Is P closest to A?
133. Dissect a 1-by-3 rectangle into three pieces that can be reassembled into a square.
134. Let K = (2, 1) and M = (3, 4). Find coordinates for the two points that divide
segment KM into three congruent segments.
135. The components of vector [24, 7] are 24 and 7. Find the components of a vector that is
three fifths as long as [24, 7].
136. Let A = (5, 2) and B = (19, 9). Find coordinates for the point P between A and B
that is three fifths of the way from A to B. Find coordinates for the point Q between A and
B that is three fifths of the way from B to A.
137. Given the points K = (2, 1) and M = (3, 4), find coordinates for a point J that makes
angle JKM a right angle.

Mathematics 2
138. When two lines intersect, four angles are formed. It is not hard to believe that the
nonadjacent angles in this arrangement are congruent. If you had to prove this to a skeptic,
what reasons would you offer?
139. One of the legs of a right triangle is twice as long as the other, and the perimeter of the
triangle is 28. Find the lengths of all three sides, to three decimal places.
140. A car traveling east at 45 miles per hour passes a certain intersection at 3 pm. Another
car traveling north at 60 miles per hour passes the same intersection 25 minutes later. To
the nearest minute, figure out when the cars are exactly 40 miles apart.
141. Find a point on the line y = 2x 3 that is 5 units from the x-axis.
142. Find a point on the line 2x + y = 8 that is equidistant from the coordinate axes. How
many such points are there?
143. A line goes through the points (2, 5) and (6, 1). Let P be the point on this line that
is closest to the origin. Calculate the coordinates of P .
144. If I were to increase the length of my stride by one inch, it would take me 60 fewer
strides to cover a mile. What was the length of my original stride?
145. The lines defined by Pt = (4 + 5t, 1 + 2t) and Qu = (4 2u, 1 + 5u) intersect per-
pendicularly. Justify this statement. What are the coordinates of the point of intersection?

146. What number is exactly midway
between 23 17 and 23 + 17? What number is
b b2 4ac b + b2 4ac
exactly midway between and ?
2a 2a
147. Given that P = (1, 1), Q = (4, 3), A = (1, 2), and B = (7, k), find the value of k
that makes the line AB (a) parallel to line P Q; (b) perpendicular to line P Q.
148. Let A = (6, 4), B = (1, 1), C = (0, 4), and D = (7, 7). Show that the
opposite sides of quadrilateral ABCD are parallel. A quadrilateral that has this property is
called a parallelogram.
149. Ashley saved a distance equal to 80% of the length of the shortest side of a rectangular
field by cutting across the diagonal of the field instead of along two of the sides. Find the
ratio of the length of the shortest side to the length of the longest. ........................................
...............
..........
..........
....... ........
.......
......
......
.....

.....
150. A circular Harkness table is placed in a corner of a room so .....
.....
...
...
...
that it touches both walls. A mark is made on the edge of the table, ...
...
...
...
exactly 18 inches from one wall and 25 inches from the other. What ...
...
...
...
is the radius of the table? ...
...
...
.
...
...
....
151. If a line intersects the x-axis at (a, 0) and intersects the y-axis ...
...
..
...
at (0, b), at what point does it intersect the line y = x? ...
..

Mathematics 2
152. Given A = (1, 5), B = (x, 2), and C = (4, 6) and the sum of AB + BC is to be a
minimum, find the value of x.
153. On the same coordinate-axis system, graph the line defined by Pt = (3t 4, 2t 1) and
the line defined by 4x + 3y = 18. The graphs should intersect in the first quadrant.
(a) Calculate P2 , and show that it is not the point of intersection.
(b) Find the value of t for which Pt is on the line 4x + 3y = 18.
154. The sides of a right triangle are x y, x, and x + y, where x and y are positive numbers,
and y < x. Find the ratio of x to y.
155. After taking the Metro to Dupont Circle in Washington, DC, Jess reached
street level by walking up the escalator at a brisk rate, taking 42 steps during
the trip to the top. Suddenly curious about the length of the escalator,
Jess returned to the bottom and walked up the same escalator at a
leisurely rate, taking steps one half as often as on the first
trip, taking 24 steps in all. How many steps can be
seen on the visible part of the escalator?
156. Find a vector that translates the line 2x 3y = 18 onto the line 2x 3y = 24. (There
is more than one correct answer.)
157. Let A = (0, 0), B = (4, 2), and C = (1, 3), find the size of angle CAB. Justify your
answer.
158. Let A = (3, 2), B = (1, 5), and P = (x, y). Find x- and y-values that make ABP a
right angle.
159. (Continuation) Describe the configuration of all such points P .
160. Find coordinates for the vertices of a lattice rectangle that is three times as long as it
is wide, with none of the sides horizontal.

161. The vector that is defined by a directed segment AB is often denoted AB. Find com-

ponents for the following vectors AB:
(a) A = (1, 2) and B = (3, 7) (b) A = (2, 3) and B = (2 + 3t, 3 4t)
162. If A = (2, 5) and B = (3, 9), find components for the vector that points
(a) from A to B (b) from B to A

163. If M is the midpoint of segment AB, how are vectors AM , AB, M B, and BM related?
164. Choose positive integers m and n, with m < n. Let x = 2mn, y = n2 m2 , and
z = m2 + n2 . It so happens that these three positive integers x, y, and z have a special
property. What is the property? Can you prove a general result?

Mathematics 2
165. Show that the lines 3x 4y = 8, x = 0, 3x 4y = 12, and x = 4 form the sides of a
rhombus.
166. Suppose that triangle ACT has been shown to be congruent to triangle ION , with
vertices A, C, and T corresponding to vertices I , O, and N , respectively. It is customary to
record this result by writing ACT = ION . Notice that corresponding
A.......................................................... C
vertices occupy corresponding positions in the equation. ...
...
...
...
...
... ...
... ..
Let B = (5, 2), A = (1, 3), G = (5, 2), E = (1, 3), and L = (0, 0). ...
...
... ...
.
...
... ...
..
Using only these five labels, find as many pairs of congruent triangles as you ...
... ...
... ...
.....
.
can, and express the congruences accurately. ...

T
.......... I ..
167. (Continuation) How many ways are there of arranging the six letters of .......
........
....... ....
..
........ ..
ACT ...... .
.
= ION to express the two-triangle congruence? N .......
...............
....... ...
...
..........
.......... ...
.......... ....
.......... .
.......... ...
.... O
168. What can be concluded about triangle ABC if it is given that
(a) ABC = ACB? (b) ABC = BCA?
169. Plot points K = (4, 3), L = (3, 4), M = (6, 3), X = (0, 5), Y = (6, 3),
and Z = (5, 0). Show that triangle KLM is congruent to triangle XZY . Describe a
transformation that transforms KLM onto XZY . Where does this transformation send the
point (5, 0)?
170. Positions of three objects are described by the following three pairs of equations
( ( (
x = 2 2t x = 4 2t x = 2 2(t + 1)
(a) (b) (c)
y = 5 + 7t y = 2 + 7t y = 5 + 7(t + 1)
How do the positions of these objects compare at any given moment?
171. Brooks and Avery are running laps around the outdoor track, in the same direction.
Brooks completes a lap every 78 seconds while Avery needs 91 seconds for every tour of the
track. Brooks (the faster runner) has just passed Avery. How much time will it take for
Brooks to overtake Avery again?
172. Alex the geologist is in the desert, 10 km from the nearest point N on a long, straight
road. Alexs jeep can do 50 kph on the road, and 30 kph in the desert. Find the shortest
time for Alex to reach an oasis that is on the road (a) 20 km from N ; (b) 30 km from N .
173. Robin is moving on the xy-plane according to the rule (x, y) = (3 + 8t, 5 + 6t), with
distance measured in km and time in hours. Casey is following 20 km behind on the same
path at the same speed. Write parametric equations describing Caseys position.
174. Is it possible for a line to go through (a) no lattice points? (b) exactly one lattice point?
(c) exactly two lattice points? For each answer, either give an example or else explain the
impossibility.

Mathematics 2
175. Describe a transformation that carries the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (13, 0), and (3, 2)
onto the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (12, 5), and (2, 3). Where does your transformation
send the point (6, 0)?

176. Given A = (6, 1), B = (1, 3), and C = (4, 3), find a lattice point P that makes CP

perpendicular to AB.

177. (Continuation) Describe the set of points P for which AB and CP are perpendicular.
178. The triangle with vertices (0, 0), (2, 1), and (0, 5) can be cut into pieces that are each
congruent to the triangle with vertices (2, 0), (3, 0), and (3, 2). Show how.
179. Let A = (0, 0), B = (1, 2), C = (6, 2), D = (2, 1), and E = (1, 3). Show that angle
CAB is the same size as angle EAD.
180. Let A = (2, 4) and B = (7, 2). Find the point Q on the line y = 2 that makes the
total distance AQ + BQ as small as possible.
181. Let A = (2, 4) and B = (7, 6). Find the point P on the line y = 2 that makes the
total distance AP + BP as small as possible.
182. An ant is sitting at F , one of the eight vertices of a solid cube. It needs .......E
................ .....
to crawl to vertex D as fast as possible. Find one of the shortest routes. F....................................... ... .............................. H
... ...... ....... ...
... ..........G .......................
.
..
............. .
.. ..
How many are there? ...
...
...
...
... ..
... .
..
...
..
...
...
... . . . . ......
A ... ..
.. . . . ..
..
.
.
...
..
..... . . . ....
B ...
183. A particle moves according to (x, y) = (6 t, 1 + 3t). For what value ......
......
...... ....
...... ...
..
.
.........
..
...
..
..
......
. D
........ .................
of t is the particle closest to the point (2, 0)? ...
C
184. Two automobiles each travel 60 km at steady rates. One car goes 6 kph faster than the
other, thereby taking 20 minutes less time for the trip. Find the rate of the slower car.
185. What do the descriptions of position defined by equations Pt = (2 + t, 3 + 2t) and

Qu = (4 + 3u, 1 + 6u) have in common? How do they differ?

Mathematics 2
Here are some examples of proofs that do not use coordinates. They
all show how specific given information can be used to logically
...........
......... .....
A
deduce new information. Each example concerns a kite ABCD, for .... ............
..........
.......... .... .....
..
.
.. ....
.
.......... ... ...
.........
which AB = AD and BC = DC is the given information. The first B ........ .
............
...
..
.
...
... ...
...
...
.... ............. .
..
. ...
two proofs show that diagonal AC creates angles BAC and DAC ...
...
...
.......
.......
....... E
....... ....
....
.. ...
...
...
......... ...
... . ..........
of the same size. The first proof consists of simple text; the second ...
...
...
.
.
.
..
. .......
..
. .......
...
...
...
... . . .......
....... ....
.
... .
proof is written symbolically as an outline; this statement-reason ...
... .
.. ....
. ....... ..
.. . .
. ......
D
.
.. ... .....
.. .....
form is sometimes called a two-column proof. ....
...
...
....
...
...
.. .
......
.....
.....
.
.. ...
. .....
... ... .....
.....
... .. .....
... .....
Proof A: Because AB = AD and BC = DC, and because the ....
.. ...
...
.....
.....
...
...
... ... .....
... ... .....
segment AC is shared by the triangles ABC and ADC, it follows ....
.. ...
. . . ..
.....
.............
... .... .....
.....
from the SSS criterion that these triangles are congruent. Thus it is ... ....
.... .... ..........
.. ... ......
.....
... ... ........

safe to conclude that the corresponding parts of these triangles are .............
..........

also congruent (often abbreviated to CPCTC, as in proof B below). C
In particular, angles BAC and DAC are the same size.

Proof B: AB = AD given
BC = DC given
AC = AC shared side
ABC = ADC SSS
BAC = DAC CPCTC
186. In the fourth line, why would writing ABC

= ACD have been incorrect?
187. Refer to the kite data above and prove that angles ABC and ADC are the same size.
Now let E be the intersection of diagonals AC and BD. The diagram makes it look like the
diagonals intersect perpendicularly. Here are two proofs of this conjecture, each building on
the result just proved.
Proof C: It is known that angles BAC and DAC are the same size (proof A). Because
AB = AD is given, and because edge AE is common to triangles BEA and DEA, it follows
from the SAS criterion that these triangles are congruent. Their corresponding angles BEA
and DEA must therefore be the same size. They are also supplementary, which makes them
right angles, by definition.
Proof D: AB = AD given
BAE = DAE proof B
AE = AE shared side
ABE = ADE SAS
BEA = DEA CPCTC
BEA and DEA supplementary E is on BD
BEA is right definition of right angle
188. Using all of the above information, prove that AC bisects BD.

Mathematics 2
189. An altitude of a triangle is a segment that joins one of the three vertices to a point on
the line that contains the opposite side, the intersection being perpendicular. For example,
consider the triangle whose vertices are A = (0, 0), B = (8, 0), and C = (4, 12).
(a) Find the length of the altitude from C to side AB. What is the area of ABC?
(b) Find an equation for the line that contains the altitude from A to side BC.
(c) Find an equation for the line BC.
(d) Find coordinates for the point F where the altitude from A meets side BC. It is
customary to call F the foot of the altitude from A.
(e) Find the length of the altitude from A to side BC.
(f ) As a check on your work, calculate BC and multiply it by your answer to part (e). You
should be able to predict the result.
(g) It is possible to deduce the length of the altitude from B to side AC from what you
have already calculated. Show how.
190. If I were to increase my cycling speed by 3 mph, I calculate that it would take me 40
seconds less time to cover each mile. What is my current cycling speed?
191. Let A = (0, 0), B = (8, 1), C = (5, 5), P = (0, 3), Q = (7, 7), and R = (1, 10). Prove
that angles ABC and P QR have the same size.
192. (Continuation) Let D be the point on segment AB that is exactly 3 units from B, and
let T be the point on segment P Q that is exactly 3 units from Q. What evidence can you
give for the congruence of triangles BCD and QRT ?
193. Find a point on the line x + 2y = 8 that is equidistant from the points (3, 8) and (9, 6).
194. Graph the line that is described parametrically by (x, y) = (2t, 5 t), then
(a) confirm that the point corresponding to t = 0 is exactly 5 units from (3, 9);
(b) write a formula in terms of t for the distance from (3, 9) to (2t, 5 t);
(c) find the other point on the line that is 5 units from (3, 9);
(d) find the point on the line that minimizes the distance to (3, 9).
195. How large a square can be put inside a right triangle whose legs are 5 cm and 12 cm?
196. You are one mile from the railroad station, and your train is due to leave in ten minutes.
You have been walking at a steady rate of 3 mph, and you can run at 8 mph if you have to.
For how many more minutes can you continue walking, until it becomes necessary for you
to run the rest of the way to the station?
197. If a quadrilateral is equilateral, its diagonals are perpendicular. True or false? Why?
198. The diagonals AC and BD of quadrilateral ABCD intersect at O. Given the informa-
tion AO = BO and CO = DO, what can you deduce about the lengths of the sides of the
quadrilateral? Prove your response.

Mathematics 2
199. Let A = (7, 7), B = (5, 1), and Pt = (6 + 3t, 4 t). Plot A and B. Choose two values
for t and plot the resulting points Pt , which should look equidistant from A and B. Make
calculations to confirm the equidistance.

200. Make up a geometry problem to go with the equation x + 3x + x 10 = 42.
201. Let A = (2, 3), B = (6, 7), and C = (1, 6).

(a) Find an equation for the perpendicular bisector of AB.
(b) Find an equation for the perpendicular bisector of BC.
(c) Find coordinates for a point K that is equidistant from A, B, and C.
202. A segment from one of the vertices of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side is
called a median. Consider the triangle defined by A = (2, 0), B = (6, 0), and C = (4, 6).
(a) Find an equation for the line that contains the median drawn from A to BC.
(b) Find an equation for the line that contains the median drawn from B to AC.
(c) Find coordinates for G, the intersection of the medians from A and B.
(d) Let M be the midpoint of AB. Determine whether or not M , G, and C are collinear.
203. The transformation defined by T (x, y) = (y + 2, x 2) is a reflection. Verify this by

calculating the effect of T on the triangle formed by P = (1, 3), Q = (2, 5), and R = (6, 5).
Sketch triangle P QR, find coordinates for the image points P 0 , Q0 , and R0 , and sketch the
image triangle P 0 Q0 R0 . Then identify the mirror line and add it to your sketch. Notice that
triangle P QR is labeled in a clockwise sense; what about the labels on triangle P 0 Q0 R0 ?
204. In quadrilateral ABCD, it is given that AB = CD and BC = DA. Prove that angles
ACD and CAB are the same size. N.B. If a polygon has more than three vertices, the
labeling convention is to place the letters around the polygon in the order that they are
listed. Thus AC should be one of the diagonals of ABCD.
205. Maintaining constant speed and direction for an hour, Whitney traveled from (2, 3)
to (10, 8). Where was Whitney after 35 minutes? What distance did Whitney cover in those
35 minutes?
206. A direction vector for a line is any vector that joins two points on that line. Find a
direction vector for 2x + 5y = 8. It is not certain that you and your classmates will get
exactly the same answer. How should your answers be related, however?
207. (Continuation) Show that [b, a] is a direction vector for the line ax + by = c.
208. (Continuation) Show that any direction vector for the line ax + by = c must be perpen-
dicular to [a, b].
209. A particle moves according to the equation (x, y) = (1, 2) + t[4, 3]. Let P be the point
where the path of this particle intersects the line 4x + 3y = 16. Find coordinates for P , then
explain why P is the point on 4x + 3y = 16 that is closest to (1, 2).

210. True or false? 4x + 9x = 13x

Mathematics 2
211. The line 3x+2y = 16 is the perpendicular bisector of the segment AB. Find coordinates
of point B, given that (a) A = (1, 3); (b) A = (0, 3).
212. (Continuation) Point B is called the reflection of A across the line 3x + 2y = 16;
sometimes B is simply called the image of A. Explain this terminology. Using the same line,
find another point C and its image C 0 . Explain your method for finding your pair of points.
213. A cube has 8 vertices, 12 edges, and 6 square faces. A soccer ball ....
......................................
..............................................................................................
...... ......................................... ................
....
(also known as a buckyball or truncated icosahedron) has 12 pentagonal ...
.....
... .
....
..
.....
.
..
. . . .. . . . .. . ... .
. ........
...
............
...........
.............
..... ....
...
... ............
..........................................
faces and 20 hexagonal faces. How many vertices and how many edges ....................................
........................................ . ... . . .
....
...................... ............................
.
.....................
..
.. ..
..............
.......
............................................................................................................................... ..
does a soccer ball have? ..
.. .......................
......................................
..... ...
. .......................................
...................................
......................................... ..
.
...
...
.................................
... ...
........... ... ...
...
...
...
... ... ... .................
... .. ... .........
.......................
...... ......................................
214. A rhombus has 25-cm sides, and one diagonal is 14 cm long. How ...... ................................
.......................................
.........................................................................
. .
.....
..............
.......................................
........
long is the other diagonal?
215. Let A = (0, 0) and B = (12, 5), and let C be the point on segment AB that is 8 units
from A. Find coordinates for C.
216. Let A = (0, 0) and B = (12, 5). There are points on the y-axis that are twice as far
from B as they are from A. Make a diagram that shows these points, and use it to estimate
their coordinates. Then use algebra to find them exactly.
217. Let A = (1, 4), B = (8, 0), and C = (7, 8). Find the area of triangle ABC.
218. Sketch triangle P QR, where P = (1, 1), Q = (1, 2), and R = (3, 1). For each of the
following, apply the given transformation T to the vertices of triangle P QR, sketch the
image triangle P 0 Q0 R0 , then decide which of the terms reflection, rotation, translation, or
glide-reflection accurately describes the action of T . Provide appropriate detail to justify
your choices.
(a) T (x, y) = (x + 3, y 2) (b) T (x, y) = (y, x)
(c) T (x, y) = (x + 2, y + 4) (d) T (x, y) = (x + 3, y)
219. Prove that one of the diagonals of a kite bisects two of the angles of the kite. What
about the other diagonal must it also be an angle bisector? Explain your response.
220. Let A = (2, 9), B = (6, 2), and C = (10, 10). Verify that segments AB and AC have
the same length. Measure angles ABC and ACB. On the basis of your work, propose a
general statement that applies to any triangle that has two sides of equal length. Prove your
assertion, which might be called the Isosceles-Triangle Theorem.
221. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then any two nonadjacent sides of
the figure must have the same length. Prove that this is so.

Mathematics 2
222. Robin is mowing a rectangular field that measures 24 yards by 32 yards, .......................
.....................................................................
..............................................
.......................
......................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
by pushing the mower around and around the outside of the plot. This creates . . . . ............................. . . .
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
. . . . ............................ . . .
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
a widening border that surrounds the unmowed grass in the center. During a ..............................................................................................................................
....
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
....
.... ....
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
brief rest, Robin wonders whether the job is half done yet. How wide is the .... ....
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................
. . . . ............................. . . .
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
uniform mowed border when Robin is half done? ...................................................................................................
. . . . ............................ . . .
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
.... ....
.....................................................................
..............................................
.......................
..............................................
223. A geometric transformation is called an isometry if it preserves distances,
in the following sense: The distance from M to N must be the same as the distance from
M 0 to N 0 , for any two points M and N and their respective images M 0 and N 0 . You have
already shown in a previous exercise that any translation is an isometry. Now let M = (a, b),
N = (c, d), M 0 = (a, b), and N 0 = (c, d). Confirm that segments M N and M 0 N 0 have the
same length, thereby showing that a certain transformation T is an isometry. What type of
transformation is T ?
224. Use the distance formula to show that T (x, y) = (y, x) is an isometry.
225. Triangle ABC is isosceles, with AB = BC, and angle BAC is 56 degrees. Find the
remaining two angles of this triangle.
226. Triangle ABC is isosceles, with AB = BC, and angle ABC is 56

E
degrees. Find the remaining two angles of this triangle. ..............
..............
............
............. .. .................
.
.........
......
.................. . ......... . H
.. ......... . ...................... ....
F ...................... ............. .
... ........ ..
........ ..
....... ..
227. An ant is sitting at F , one of the vertices of a solid rectangular ...
... G
.......
....... .............
........
.
...
........ .
.
.
.
.
...
...
...
...
... . . ..
.
. . . ...
..
A
block. Edges AD and AE are each half the length of edge AB. The ...
...
...
...
... . . . .
... . .
. . ... . . . . ..
. ...
..
.
.
.........
.
... . . . .... ......... D
ant needs to crawl to vertex D as fast as possible. Find one of the B
. ..
...........
......
...
.
...
................. ...
...........
...... . ....
...... .... .........
...... .. ..................
shortest routes. How many are there? ............
C
228. Suppose that vectors [a, b] and [c, d] are perpendicular. Show that ac + bd = 0.
229. Suppose that ac + bd = 0. Show that vectors [a, b] and [c, d] are perpendicular. The
number ac + bd is called the dot product of the vectors [a, b] and [c, d].
230. Let A = (0, 0), B = (4, 3), C = (2, 4), P = (0, 4), and Q = (2, 4). Decide whether
angles BAC and P AQ are the same size (congruent, that is), and give your reasons.
231. Let A = (4, 0), B = (0, 6), and C = (6, 0).

(a) Find equations for the three lines that contain the altitudes of triangle ABC.
(b) Show that the three altitudes are concurrent, by finding coordinates for their common
point. The point of concurrence is called the orthocenter of triangle ABC.
232. The equation y 5 = m(x 2) represents a line, no matter what value m has.
(a) What do all these lines have in common?
(b) When m = 2, what are the x- and y-intercepts of the line?
(c) When m = 1/3, what are the x- and y-intercepts of the line?
(d) When m = 2, what are the x- and y-intercepts of the line?
(e) For what values of m are the axis intercepts both positive?

Mathematics 2
233. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A = (2, 3), B = (6, 7), and C = (0, 6).
234. If triangle ABC is isosceles, with AB = AC, then the medians drawn from vertices B
and C must have the same length. Write a two-column proof of this result.
235. Let A = (4, 0), B = (0, 6), and C = (6, 0).

(a) Find equations for the three medians of triangle ABC.
(b) Show that the three medians are concurrent, by finding coordinates for their common
point. The point of concurrence is called the centroid of triangle ABC.
236. Given points A = (0, 0) and B = (2, 7), find coordinates for points C and D so that
ABCD is a square.
237. Given the transformation F(x, y) = (0.6x 0.8y, 0.8x 0.6y), Shane calculated the
image of the isosceles right triangle formed by S = (0, 0), H = (0, 5), and A = (5, 0), and
declared that F is a reflection. Morgan instead calculated the image of the scalene (non-
isosceles) triangle formed by M = (7, 4), O = (0, 0), and R = (7, 1), and concluded that F
is a rotation. Who was correct? Explain your choice, and account for the disagreement.
238. Let A = (0, 12) and B = (25, 12). If possible, find coordinates for a point P on the
x-axis that makes angle AP B a right angle.
239. Brett and Jordan are out driving in the coordinate plane, each on a separate straight
road. The equations Bt = (3, 4) + t[1, 2] and Jt = (5, 2) + t[1, 1] describe their respective
travels, where t is the number of minutes after noon.
(a) Make a sketch of the two roads, with arrows to indicate direction of travel.
(b) Where do the two roads intersect?
(c) How fast is Brett going? How fast is Jordan going? .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d) Do they collide? If not, who gets to the intersection first? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
240. A castle is surrounded by a rectangular moat, which is of uniform .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................ ........................................
........................................................................................................................ dry land ........................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
width 12 feet. A corner is shown in the top view at right. The problem ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
is to get across the moat to dry land on the other side, without using ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the drawbridge. To work with, you have only two rectangular planks, ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
whose lengths are 11 feet and 11 feet, 9 inches. Show how the planks ............................
moat
............................
.........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
can get you across. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
.....................................................................
.................. ....................................................................
...................................................................................................
241. Find k so that the vectors [4, 3] and [k, 6] ..... ........
(a) point in the same direction; (b) are perpendicular.
242. The lines 3x + 4y = 12 and 3x + 4y = 72 are parallel. Explain why. Find the distance
that separates these lines. You will have to decide what distance means in this context.
243. Give an example of an equiangular polygon that is not equilateral.
244. Find coordinates for a point on the line 4y = 3x that is 8 units from (0, 0).

Mathematics 2
245. An object moves with constant velocity (which means constant speed and direction)
from (3, 1) to (5, 7), taking five seconds for the trip.
(a) What is the speed of the object?
(b) Where does the object cross the y-axis?
(c) Where is the object three seconds after it leaves (3, 1)?
246. A spider lived in a room that measured 30 feet long by 12 feet wide by 12 feet high. One
day, the spider spied an incapacitated fly across the room, and of course wanted to crawl to
it as quickly as possible. The spider was on an end wall, one foot from
........
the ceiling and six feet from each of the long walls. The fly was stuck ............
............
...........
............ .. ........................................
.. ..........
........ ...
.. ........... . ................ ...
one foot from the floor on the opposite wall, also midway between the .................................S...................................................................... ...
..
...
.
.. ...
.. ...
two long walls. Knowing some geometry, the spider cleverly took the .......... ...
...
... . .
.
.
... . . . . . . .F . . ..
.
...
..
... .. . . . . . . .
.......
shortest possible route to the fly and ate it for lunch. How far did the ......... ...................... .........
.........
.........
.... . . . .
. ..
....
. .........
................ . ..
spider crawl? ................ .... ................
.................
247. Told to investigate the transformation T (x, y) = (x + 3, 2y + 1), Morgan calculated the
images of P = (1, 5) and Q = (3, 5). Because P Q and P 0 Q0 are equal, Morgan declared
that T is an isometry. Shane disagreed with this conclusion. Who is correct, and why?
248. Find the area of the parallelogram whose vertices are (0, 0), (7, 2), (8, 5), and (1, 3).
249. Find the point on the y-axis that is equidistant from A = (0, 0) and B = (12, 5).
250. Given the points A = (0, 0), B = (7, 1), and D = (3, 4), find coordinates for the point
C that makes quadrilateral ABCD a parallelogram. What if the question had requested
ABDC instead?
251. Find a vector that is perpendicular to the line 3x 4y = 6.
252. Measurements are made on quadrilaterals ABCD and P QRS, and it is found that
angles A, B, and C are the same size as angles P , Q, and R, respectively, and that sides
AB and BC are the same length as P Q and QR, respectively. Is this enough evidence to
conclude that the quadrilaterals ABCD and P QRS are congruent? Explain.
253. Let P = (1, 3). Find the point Q for which the line 2x + y = 5 serves as the
perpendicular bisector of segment P Q.
254. Let A = (3, 4), B = (0, 5), and C = (4, 3). Find equations for the perpendicular
bisectors of segments AB and BC, and coordinates for their common point K. Calculate
lengths KA, KB, and KC. Why is K also on the perpendicular bisector of segment CA?
255. (Continuation) A circle centered at K can be drawn so that it goes through all three
vertices of triangle ABC. Explain. This is why K is called the circumcenter of the triangle.
In general, how do you locate the circumcenter of a triangle?

Mathematics 2
256. The equation y 5 = m(x 2) represents a line, no matter what value m has.
(a) What are the x- and y-intercepts of this line?
(b) For what value of m does this line form a triangle of area 36 with the positive axes?
(c) Show that the area of a first-quadrant triangle formed by this line must be at least 20.
257. The figure at right shows a parallelogram P QRS, three of

...................
R
.......................
..
whose vertices are P = (0, 0), Q = (a, b), and S = (c, d). S .............
.................................
...................
.
.
..
..
...... ...
... ...
(a) Find the coordinates of R. ...
..
.
...
..
.
... ...
(b) Find the area of P QRS, and simplify your formula. ...
...
..
...
...
..
. .
... ...
... ...
... ..
....
...................
258. Working against a 1-km-per-hour current, some members of P ..
..
Q ...................
....................
...................
..............
.
.....................
the Outing Club paddled 7 km up the Exeter River one Saturday
last spring and made camp. The next day, they returned downstream to their starting
point, aided by the same one-km-per-hour current. They paddled for a total of 6 hours and
40 minutes during the round trip. Use this information to figure out how much time the
group would have needed to make the trip if there had been no current.
259. Decide whether the transformation T (x, y) = 2x, 21 y is an isometry, and give your

reasons.
260. Find points on the line 3x + 5y = 15 that are equidistant from the coordinate axes.
261. Plot all points that are 3 units from the x-axis. Describe the configuration.
262. Plot all points that are 3 units from the x-axis and 3 units from (5, 4). How many did
you find?
263. In triangle ABC, it is given that CA = CB. Points P and Q are marked on segments
CA and CB, respectively, so that angles CBP and CAQ are the same size. Prove that
CP = CQ.
264. (Continuation) Segments BP and AQ intersect at K. Explain why you can be sure
that quadrilateral CP KQ is a kite. You might want to consider triangles AKP and BKQ.
265. A polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular is called regular. Prove ..........
...........
................
...
...
...
that all diagonals of a regular pentagon (five sides) have the same length. ...
...
...
....
...
.
........... ....
........... .
...............
266. Find coordinates for the point equidistant from (1, 5), (8, 2), and (6, 2).
267. Find coordinates for the point where line (x, y) = (3+2t, 1+3t) meets line y = 2x5.
268. Find an equation for the line that goes through (5, 2) and that forms a triangle in the
first quadrant that is just large enough to enclose the 4-by-4 square in the first quadrant
that has two of its sides on the coordinate axes.
269. Find the area of the parallelogram whose vertices are (2, 5), (7, 6), (10, 10), and (5, 9).

Mathematics 2
270. Let E = (2, 7) and F = (10, 1). On the line through E and F , there are two points
that are 3 units from E. Find coordinates for both of them.
271. Let A = (1, 3), B = (7, 5), and C = (5, 9). Answer the item
below that is determined by the first letter of your last name.
...
C
... ...
... ..
Find coordinates for the requested point. ..
.
.... .....
...
... ...
... ...
(a-e) Show that the three medians of triangle ABC are concur- .......
... ...
...
...
.. ...
..
rent at a point G. .
......
.
.. ...
...
...
..
. ......
.
.. .........
.
(f-m)Show that the three altitudes of triangle ABC are concur- ..
.
.
..
.
...........
...
. .
. .
..........
. .
. .
.
B
... ..........
... ..........
rent at a point H. ... ............
............

(n-z)Show that the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of tri- A
angle ABC are concurrent at a point K. What special property

does K have?
272. (Continuation for class discussion) It looks like G, H, and K are collinear. Are they?
273. Show that the following transformations are isometries, and identify their type:
(a) T (x, y) = (x, y + 2) (b) T (x, y) = (0.6x 0.8y, 0.8x + 0.6y)
274. Find coordinates for a point that is three times as far from the origin as (2, 3) is.
Describe the configuration of all such points.
275. What are the axis intercepts of the line described by Pt = (5 + 3t, 2 + 4t)?
p p
276. Simplify equation (x 3)2 + (y 5)2 = (x 7)2 + (y + 1)2 . Interpret your result.
277. How large an equilateral triangle can you fit inside a 2-by-2 square?
278. Plot the points K = (0, 0), L = (7, 1), M = (9, 3), P = (6, 7), Q = (10, 5), and
R = (1, 2). You will see that the triangles KLM and RP Q are congruent. Find coordinates
for the point in triangle KLM that corresponds to (3, 4) in triangle RP Q.
279. Given that ABCDEF GHI is a regular polygon, prove that AD and F I have the same
length.
280. Find a fourth-quadrant point that is equally distant from (4, 1) and the y-axis.
281. Use the diagram to help you explain why SSA evidence is not by ....
........
... ... ...
itself sufficient to justify the congruence of triangles. The tick marks .
..
.
... .. ..
.. .... .....
... ...
... ... ...
...
designate segments that have the same length. .
...
...
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
... ... ... .
....... ... ........
.
.... ...
... ...
...
.
.
282. The diagonals of a kite are 6 cm and 12 cm long. Is it possible for .
..
.
.
..
.
..
.
...
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
.. . ...
.. ...
the lengths of the sides of this kite to be in a 2-to-1 ratio? .
...
.
. ...
.
...
..
283. Translate the line 5x + 7y = 35 by vector [3, 10]. Find an equation for the new line.

Mathematics 2

284. Let A = 15, 11 , B = 11, 15 , C = (1, 2), and D = (7, 6). Is there an
isometry that transforms segment AB onto segment CD? Explain.
285. Consider the following process for bisecting an angle ABC: First mark M on BA and
P on BC so that M B = P B, then mark new points N on BA and Q on BC so that
N B = QB. Let E be the intersection of M Q and N P . Prove that segment BE is the
desired angle bisector.
286. You have recently seen that there is no completely reliable ...............................
.................. ...........
............. .........
.........
SSA criterion for congruence. If the angle part of such a cor- .... ..........................
...................
.............
................
....................
............. ....
................................... ................... ...
. .......................................... ....
respondence is a right angle, however, the criterion is reliable. .. .........................................................
.
...................
.. . ..
.
......................... ....................................................................................................................................................... .....
..................................................................................................
...... ............................................................ .................................
...
...
.....
Justify this so-called hypotenuse-leg criterion (which is abbrevi- .
.....
.
........
..........................................
.............................................
. . . . .
.......................... ..
....................
........................
..............
. . ..
.....
...
...
...
............ .................... ........ ...
ated HL). ........
........
..... .
.............
.
....
.
........... .
.
.
.
........... ....
.............. ..
......................... ...
.
. . . ..... . .
...... ................. ........................................
.... ............................ ................................
.......... .............................. ............................
.............. .......................................................... ..................................... .....
287. An icosidodecahedron has twelve pentagonal faces, as shown ........................ ...
.............
......................... ..............................................................................
...........................................................
.
. .....
............. ....
........
.............................. .......................................................... .................. ...
................... ........................................................................................ .....
at right. How many edges does this figure have? How many ..............
............
.....
...............................................
........................................
.................................. . .. ... .....
.
....
.......................... .....
....... .................... ........
vertices? How many triangular faces? .......
.......
.......
....... ..
.............. .....
.. .
.. . .....
.......... .....
.. . . . .
.... .. .
.......
................... ........................
..............
288. It is given that a + b = 6 and ab = 7.

(a) Find the value of a2 + b2 . Can you do this without finding values for a and b ?
(b) Make up a geometry word problem that corresponds to the question in part (a).
289. Avery can run at 10 uph. The bank of a river is represented by the line 4x + 3y = 12,
and Avery is at (7, 5). How much time does Avery need to reach the river?
290. Find an equation for the line through point (7, 9) that is perpendicular to vector [5, 2].
291. Describe a transformation that carries the triangle with vertices R = (1, 2), P = (6, 7),
and Q = (10, 5) onto the triangle with vertices K = (0, 0), L = (7, 1), and M = (9, 3).
Where does your transformation send (a) (4, 5)? (b) (7, 5)?
292. If the parts of two triangles are matched so that two angles of one triangle are congruent
to the corresponding angles of the other, and so that a side of one triangle is congruent to
the corresponding side of the other, then the triangles must be congruent. Justify this angle-
angle-corresponding side (AAS) criterion for congruence. Would AAS be a valid test for
congruence if the word corresponding were left out of the definition? Explain.
293. Suppose that triangle PAB is isosceles, with AP = P B, and that C is on side P B,
between P and B. Show that CB < AC.

294. Apply the transformation T (x, y) = 2 x + 2 y , 2 x + 23 y to the triangle whose
3 1 1
vertices are (0, 0), (4, 0), and (0, 8). Is T an isometry?
295. A triangle that has a 13-inch side, a 14-inch side, and a 15-inch side has an area of 84
square inches. Accepting this fact, find the lengths of all three altitudes of this triangle.

Mathematics 2
296. Draw the lines y = 0, y = 12 x, and y = 43 x. Use your protractor to measure the angles,
then make calculations to confirm what you observe.
297. Find the point of intersection of the lines Pt = (1 + 3t, 3 + 2t) and Qr = (4 r, 1 + 2r).
298. Find the area of the triangle having sides 10, 10, and 5.
299. Apply the transformation T (x, y) = (2x + 3y, x + y) to the unit square, whose vertices
are (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), and (1, 1). Even though T is not a reflection, it is customary to call
the resulting figure the image of the square. What kind of figure is it?
300. Explain why an isometry always transforms a right triangle onto a right triangle.
301. (Continuation) Consider a transformation T for which the image of the x-axis is the
line 2x + 3y = 6 and the image of the y-axis is the line x + 7y = 7. What must be the image
of the origin? Could T be an isometry?
302. (Continuation) Consider a transformation T for which the image of the x-axis is the
line 3x 2y = 12 and the image of the y-axis is the line 2x + 3y = 6. What must be the
image of the origin? Could T be an isometry?
......
303. Find the lengths of all the altitudes of the triangle whose vertices ... ....
... .....
.... ...
are (0, 0), (3, 0), and (1, 4). ....
..
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
... ...
.
. ...
...
....
304. Form a triangle using three lattice points of your choosing. Verify ...
...
...
...
...
...
.
.
.. ..
that the medians of your triangle are concurrent.

305. Let P = (2, 7), B = (6, 11), and M = (5, 2). Find a point D that makes P B = DM .
What can you say about quadrilateral P BM D?
306. When translation by vector [2, 5] is followed by translation by vector [5, 7], the net result
can be achieved by applying a single translation; what is its vector?
307. Given that (1, 4) is the reflected image of (5, 2), find an equation for the line of
reflection.
308. Draw a parallelogram whose adjacent edges are determined by vectors [2, 5] and [7, 1],
placed so that they have a common initial point. This is called placing vectors tail-to-tail.
Find the area of the parallelogram.
309. Point (0, 1) is reflected across the line 2x + 3y = 6. Find coordinates for its image.
310. A stop sign a regular octagon can be formed from a 12-inch square sheet of metal
by making four straight cuts that snip off the corners. How long, to the nearest 0.01 inch,
are the sides of the resulting polygon?

Mathematics 2
311. The diagram shows a rectangular box named ABCDEF GH.

z.
Notice that A = (0, 0, 0), and that B, D, and E are on ..
...
..
..
the coordinate axes. Given that G = (6, 3, 2), find E..............
.
.
............ .. ...............................................
.............
............
.. ........ H
............ .......... ....
(a) coordinates for the other six vertices; ............
.
.............
..
...
...... .. ..........
.........
.. ...................
.
...
F.... ..............................
. .
..
..
.
.
..
.. .
........ .
.. ..
..
(b) the lengths AH, AC, AF , and AG. ...
...
.
................. G ............ .
.....................
..
...
...
..
..
.. ...
.
.
...
... ... .. .. .. .. ..
... ... ..... .. .. .. ...
... ..... A .. .. ........
... ..................
... .... .... .......
D y . . .
...
312. The edges of a rectangular solid are parallel to ...
...
... ....
....
.. . .
...
...
... .......
..
.......
.......
.
..
. .... .......
................ ... .......
the coordinate axes, and it has the points (0, 0, 0) and B .........
.........
.
.........
...
. . ............
............
............
.
...
............ .... ..............
.. .......
.
.......
..
...
..
x .............
(8, 4, 4) as diagonally opposite vertices. Make a sketch, C
labeling each vertex with its coordinates, then find (a) the distance from (8, 4, 4) to (0, 0, 0)
and (b) the distance from (8, 4, 4) to the z-axis.
313. Find components for the vector that points from (1, 1, 1) to (2, 3, 4). Then find the
distance from (1, 1, 1) to (2, 3, 4) by finding the length of this vector.
314. There are many points in the first quadrant (of the xy-plane) that are the same distance
from the x-axis as they are from the point (0, 2). Make a sketch that shows several of them.
Use your ruler to check that the points you plotted satisfy the required equidistance property.
315. Find the distance from the origin to (a) (3, 2, 2); (b) (a, b, c).
316. Find the area of a triangle formed by placing the vectors [3, 6] and [7, 1] tail-to-tail.
317. (Continuation) Describe your triangle using a different pair of vectors.
318. (Continuation) Find the length of the longest altitude of your triangle.
319. The diagonals of quadrilateral ABCD intersect perpendicularly at O. What can be

said about quadrilateral ABCD?
320. The sum of two vectors [a, b] and [p, q] is defined as [a + p, b + q]. Find the components
of the vectors (a) [2, 3] + [7, 5]; (b) [3, 4, 8] + [4, 2, 5].
321. Find x so that the distance from (x, 3, 6) to the origin is 9 units.
322. Write an equation that says the point (x, y, z) is 3 units from the origin. Describe the
configuration of all such points.
323. Choose coordinates for three non-collinear points A, B, and C. Calculate components

for the vectors AB, AC, and AB + AC, and then translate point A by vector AB + AC.
Call the new point D. What kind of quadrilateral is ABDC?
324. What do you call (a) an equiangular quadrilateral? (b) an equilateral quadrilateral?
325. Let A = (5, 3, 6), B = (0, 0, 0), and C = (3, 7, 1). Show that ABC is a right angle.
326. Find components for a vector of length 21 that points in the same direction as [2, 3, 6].

Mathematics 2
327. Find coordinates for the point on segment KL that is 5 units from K, where
(a) K = (0, 0, 0) and L = (4, 7, 4); (b) K = (3, 2, 1) and L = (7, 9, 5).

328. Simplify the sum of vectors AB + BC + CD.

329. In quadrilateral ABCD, it is given that AB = DC. What kind of a quadrilateral is

ABCD? What can be said about the vectors AD and BC?
330. Let u = [5, 2] and v = [1, 3]. On a single set of axes, starting at a lattice point of
your choice, draw the vectors u, v, u + v, u v, u + 2v, and 2u 3v. All vectors should
originate at your chosen lattice point.
331. Draw a parallelogram. Choose one of its vertices and let u and v be the vectors defined
by the sides that originate at that vertex. Draw u + v and u v. The vectors u and v
represent the sides of the parallelogram; what do u + v and u v represent?
332. Let F = (0, 2) and N = (3, 0). Find coordinates for the point
P where the perpendicular bisector of segment F N intersects the ..
...
...
line x = 3. .
..
...
.
...
Q ...
...
....

.
..
333. (Continuation) Choose a new N 6= (3, 0) on the x-axis, and re- ...
...
...
.
....
.
peat the calculation of P : Draw the line through N that is parallel ...
...
...
.
P
....
to the y-axis, and find the intersection of this line with the perpen- ...
...
...
..
....
dicular bisector of F N . Explain why there is always an intersection F ..........
......
...... ...
.
...
..
...... ...
...... .....
point P , no matter what N is chosen. ...... ..
........
. ..
... ............
... ......
..... ......
......
.... ......
334. (Continuation) Given Q 6= P on the perpendicular bisector of ........
.
...
N
.
.
...
F N , show that the distance from Q to F exceeds the distance from ...
...
Q to the x-axis. Why was it necessary to exclude the case Q = P ?
335. The edges of a rectangular solid are parallel to the coordinate axes, and it has the points
(2, 4, 4) and (6, 9, 1) as diagonally opposite vertices. Make a sketch, labeling each vertex with
its coordinates, then find (a) the dimensions of the solid and (b) the length of its diagonal.
336. Show that the vectors [5, 3, 6] and [3, 7, 1] are perpendicular.
337. Asked to reflect the point P = (4, 0) across the mirror line y = 2x, Aubrey reasoned
this way: First mark the point A = (1, 2) on the line, then use the vector [3, 2] from P to
A to reach from A to P 0 = (2, 4), which is the requested image. Does this make sense to
you? Explain.

Mathematics 2
338. The diagram at right shows lines AP B and CQD intersected by line M P QT , which is
called a transversal. There are two groups of angles: one group of four angles with vertex
at P , and another group with vertex at Q. There is special terminology to describe pairs of
angles, one from each group. If the angles are on different sides of the transversal, they are
called alternate, for example AP M and P QD. Angle BP Q is
an interior angle because it is between the lines AB and CD, M
....
.. B
and angle CQT is exterior. Thus angles AP Q and P QD ...
...
... ...........
...........
.......
...........
... . . .
...
...
.
.. ..............
are called alternate interior, while angles M P B and CQT ...........
...........
..............
...
... P
.................... ...
are called alternate exterior. On the other hand, the pair ...........................
...
...
...
A ...
of angles M P B and P QD which are non-alternate angles, ...
...
...
...
one interior, and the other exterior is called corresponding. ...
...
...
...
Refer to the diagram and name C ....................................
...
...
...
................. .
................. .... Q
(a) the other pair of alternate interior angles; .................
... ......................
... .................
... .................
(b) the other pair of alternate exterior angles; ...
...
...
............
D

(c) the angles that correspond to CQT and to T QD. T
339. Mark points A = (1, 7) and B = (6, 4) on your graph paper. Use your protractor to
draw two lines of positive slope that make 40-degree angles with line AB one through A
and one through B. What can you say about these two lines, and how can you be sure?
340. If one pair of alternate interior angles is equal, what can you say about the two lines
that are crossed by the transversal? If one pair of corresponding angles is equal, what can
you say about the two lines that are crossed by the transversal?
341. If it is known that one pair of alternate interior angles is equal, what can be said about
(a) the other pair of alternate interior angles? (b) either pair of alternate exterior angles?
(c) any pair of corresponding angles? (d) either pair of non-alternate interior angles?
342. You probably know that the sum of the angles of a triangle is a straight angle. One
way to confirm this is to draw a line through one of the vertices, parallel to the opposite
side. This creates some alternate interior angles. Finish the demonstration.
343. Suppose that two of the angles of triangle ABC are known to be congruent to two of
the angles of triangle P QR. What can be said about the third angles?
344. Suppose that ABCD is a square, and that CDP is an equilateral triangle, with P
outside the square. What is the size of angle P AD?
345. Write an equation that says that points (0, 0, 0), (a, b, c), and (m, n, p) form a right
triangle, the right angle being at the origin. Simplify your equation as much as you can.
346. Write an equation that says that vectors [a, b, c] and [m, n, p] are perpendicular.
347. Write an equation that says that vectors [a, b] and [m, n] are perpendicular.
348. Give an example of a nonzero vector that is perpendicular to [5, 7, 4].

Mathematics 2
349. Triangle ABC is isosceles, with AB congruent to AC. Extend segment BA to a point
T (in other words, A should be between B and T ). Prove that angle T AC must be twice
the size of angle ABC. Angle T AC is called one of the exterior angles of triangle ABC.
350. If ABC is any triangle, and T AC is one of its exterior angles, then what can be said
about the size of angle T AC, in relation to the other angles of the figure?
351. Given triangle ABC, with AB = AC, extend segment AB to a point P so that BP =
BC. In the resulting triangle AP C, show that angle ACP is exactly three times the size of
angle AP C. (By the way, notice that extending segment AB does not mean the same thing
as extending segment BA.)
352. Given an arbitrary triangle, what can you say about the sum of the .....
three exterior angles,
..... ..... ...
one for each vertex of the triangle? .
.
. ..
... ...
... ..
..
.....
.....42
.....
. .
.. ..............
... y ..............
... ....
... ..... . .......
... 52 ... ..... ... ...........
.. ... .....
...
... ........
... ..... ... ........
... ... .... .... ... .......
x .. ... ... ... .......
353. In the diagrams shown at right, ...
.
....
27 ...
...
... .
....
...
.....
... ....
... ....
...
...
...
.....
.......... ... .. ... .... ... ..

. ... ............. .
the goal is to find the sizes of the an- .
.
...
. .......
. 46 ......
......
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
..
................
..
. ......
...... ... .
..
. ... ... ...
... ...... ... ... .. .. .
gles marked with letters, using the 31
.
..
..
.
. ...... ....
....... ...
. ...... ...
.
...
...
...
....
...
.............. .
.
................
61 n .
... 56 .....
...
.......
. .
.. ... ...
given numerical information. An- .....
..
gles are measured in degrees. Notice the custom of marking arrows on lines to indicate that
they are known to be parallel.
354. Triangle ABC has a 34-degree angle at A. The bisectors of angles B and C meet at
point I. What is the size of angle BIC? Answer this question (a) assuming that ABC is
right; (b) assuming that ABC is isosceles; (c) choosing sizes for angles B and C. Hmm . . .
355. Recall that a quadrilateral that has two pairs of parallel opposite sides is called a
parallelogram. What can be said about the angles of such a figure?

356. Let ABCD be a parallelogram. (a) Express AC in terms of AB and BC. (b) Express

AC in terms of AB and AD. (c) Express BD in terms of AB and AD.
357. Alex the geologist is in the desert again,

desert
10 km from a long, straight road and 45 km A B
45
from base camp. The base camp is also 10
10 10
km from the road, on the same side of the
road as Alex is. On the road, the jeep can
N road P
do 50 kph, but in the desert sands, it can
manage only 30 kph. Alex wants to return to base camp as quickly as possible. How long
will the trip take?
358. Find an equation that says that P = (x, y) is equidistant from F = (2, 0) and the y-axis.
Plot four points that fit this equation. The configuration of all such points P is called a
parabola.

Mathematics 2
359. Prove that the sum of the angles of any quadrilateral is 360 degrees. What about the
sum of the angles of a pentagon? a hexagon? a 57-sided polygon?
360. Sketch the rectangular box that has one corner at A = (0, 0, 0) and adjacent corners at
B = (12, 0, 0), D = (0, 4, 0), and E = (0, 0, 3). Find coordinates for G, the corner furthest
from A. Find coordinates for P , the point on segment AG that is 5 units from A.
361. In the figures at right, find the sizes of the ......

......
x
......
..
...... ...
..
......
..
...... ..
...
......
...... w
.... 72 ...
angles indicated by letters: ......
......
......
...... ..
.
.
... ...
..
..
.
...... .. ..
...... ...... ......
......
...... ............. .............
...... ......
71 ..... ............. .............
362. Given parallelogram P QRS, let T be the ..
..
.
....
.....
.....
.
...
.. .
...
..
..
.....
..... ..
........ 98 ..
..
intersection of the bisectors of angles P and ..
.....
.....
..... .......
.......
.......
.... .......
.....
Q. Without knowing the sizes of the angles of .....
.....
.....
.......
.......
.......
.......
..
......
. .......
.. .......
P QRS, calculate the size of angle P T Q. .....
.....
..... 38 ......
..
......
......
......
. .
u .......
.......
363. Let F = (3, 2). There is a point P on the y-axis for which the distance from P to the
x-axis equals the distance P F . Find the coordinates of P .
364. In the figure at right, it is given that BDC is straight, A

..
.............
..... .. ...........
..... .. ......
...... ....
BD = DA, and AB = AC = DC. Find the size of angle ............
............
.
..
......
..
.
.
..
......
......
......
......
.... . ..
....... ..........
.... ...............
C. ...
.......
........
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ......
......
......
...
..... .
.. ......
.
.... . .. . . ....
..............................................................................................................................................................
... . . . .
. ..
B D C
365. Mark the point P inside square ABCD that makes
triangle CDP equilateral. Calculate the size of angle P AD.
366. The converse of a statement of the form If A then B is the statement If B then A .
(a) Write the converse of the statement If point P is equidistant from the coordinate axes,
then point P is on the line y = x .
(b) Give an example of a true statement whose converse is false.
(c) Give an example of a true statement whose converse is also true.
367. If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then both pairs of opposite angles are congruent.
What is the converse of this statement? If the converse is a true statement, then prove it; if
it is not, then explain why not.
368. By making a straight cut through one vertex of an isosceles triangle, Dylan dissected
the triangle into two smaller isosceles triangles. Find the angle sizes of the original triangle.
There is more than one possibility. How can you be sure that you have found them all?
369. In regular pentagon ABCDE, draw diagonal AC. What are the sizes of the angles of
triangle ABC? Prove that segments AC and DE are parallel.
370. Given square ABCD, let P and Q be the points outside the square that make triangles
CDP and BCQ equilateral. Prove that triangle AP Q is also equilateral.

Mathematics 2
371. The sides of an equilateral triangle are 12 cm long. How long is an altitude of this
triangle? What are the angles of a right triangle created by drawing an altitude? How does
the short side of this right triangle compare with the other two sides?
372. If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then both pairs of opposite sides are congruent.
Explain. What is the converse of this statement? Is it true?
373. Although you have used the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem, it has not yet been
proved in this book. State and prove the converse.
374. In triangle ABC, it is given that angle A is 59 degrees and angle B is 53 degrees. The
altitude from B to line AC is extended until it intersects the line through A that is parallel
to segment BC; they meet at K. Calculate the size of angle AKB.
375. Given square ABCD, let P and Q be the points outside the square that make triangles
CDP and BCQ equilateral. Segments AQ and BP intersect at T . Find angle AT P .
376. Give an example of a vector perpendicular to [6, 2, 3] that has the same length.
377. Make an accurate drawing of an acute-angled, non-equilateral triangle ABC and its
circumcenter K. Use your protractor to measure (a) angles A and BKC; (b) angles B and
CKA; (c) angles C and AKB. Do you notice anything?
378. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the figure is a parallelogram.
Prove that this is so. What about the converse statement?
379. Suppose that one of the medians of a triangle happens to be exactly half the length of
the side to which it is drawn. What can be said about the angles of this triangle? Justify
your response.
380. (Continuation) Prove that the midpoint of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equidis-
tant from all three vertices of the triangle. How does this statement relate to the preceding?
381. Tate walks along the boundary of a four-sided plot of land, writing down the number
of degrees turned at each corner. What is the sum of these four numbers?
382. How can one tell whether a given quadrilateral is a parallelogram? In other words, how
much evidence is needed to be sure of such a conclusion?
383. In what sense is a transformation a function?

Mathematics 2
384. Two of the corners of rectangular box ABCDEF GH are A = (2, 1, 3) and G = (9, 5, 7).
Edges AB and AD are parallel to the x-and y-axes, respectively. Add the coordinate axes
to the diagram, which also illustrates questions #385 through #391.
385. Find
E
(a) coordinates for the other six vertices; .................
.................
.
.............................................................
......................
.
. .......
...................... ..
. ............
..............
.. H
(b) the lengths AH, AC, AF , F D, and AG; F..............................
... ...
.............
..
.
.............. .
.
.. .........................
.
............. ...
...
.............. ............. ..
... .............. ............ .. ..
.................................
(c) the distance from G to the xy-plane; ...
... ... .
..
.
.
...
...
...
... G
...
... .. ...
...
(d) the distance from G to the z-axis; ...
...
...
...
...
... .
..
.
...
... ... .. ...
.. . ..
(e) what C, D, H, and G have in common. ...
...
...
...
...
...
A ....
. . . . . .....
.....
..
.
.
...
... . .... ..... ..
. . . . . ....
... .......
... . . . .... .... .
........
... ... ... ........ D
.... ... .......
386. Is angle F CH a right angle? Explain. B
...
... .......
........
........
...
...
... ..
..
........
........
.......
...
.
........ ... ........
........
........ ... ........
........ .......
........ .. ........
........ .... .............
387. Find the areas of quadrilaterals CDEF and CAEG. ........ ... ........
......
C
388. Show that segments F D and CE bisect each other.
389. How many rectangles can be formed by joining four of the eight vertices?
390. A bug crawls linearly, with constant speed, from C to F , taking an hour for the trip.
What are the coordinates of the bug after 24 minutes of crawling?
391. A fly flies linearly, with constant speed, from C to E, taking one minute for the flight.
What are the coordinates of the fly after 24 seconds of flying?
392. Jackie walks along the boundary of a five-sided plot of land, writing down the number
of degrees turned at each corner. What is the sum of these five numbers?
393. Marty walks along the boundary of a seventy-sided plot of land, writing down the
number of degrees turned at each corner. What is the sum of these seventy numbers?
394. The preceding two questions illustrate the Sentry Theorem. What does this theorem
say, and why has it been given this name?
395. A right triangle has a 24-cm perimeter, and its hypotenuse is twice as long as its shorter
leg. To the nearest tenth of a cm, find the lengths of all three sides of this triangle.
396. Preparing to go on a fishing trip to Alaska, Sam wants to know whether a collapsible
fishing rod will fit into a rectangular box that measures 40 inches by 20 inches by 3 inches.
The longest section of the rod is 44.75 inches long. Will the rod fit in the box?
397. Alex the geologist is in the desert, 10 km from a long, straight road. Alexs jeep does
50 kph on the road and 30 kph in the desert. Alex must return immediately to base camp,
which is on the same side of the road, 10 km from the road, and d km from Alex. It so
happens that the quickest possible trip will take the same amount of time, whether Alex
uses the road or drives all the way in the desert. Find d.

Mathematics 2
398. Let A = (0, 0), B = (8, 0),

and C = (x, x). Find x, given that
(a) BC = 7; (b) BC = 4 2 ; (c) BC = 10 and CAB is a 45-degree angle.
399. Show that all the interior diagonals of a cube with 8-inch edges
(a) have equal length, (b) bisect each other, and (c) are not per- ...............
.......
............... .. ................
.........
.............. . .........
.............. ..
...................... .........
pendicular to each other. ... .........
... .......
..
.
.
.........
........
............
... ........
....... ... ....................... ....
... ....... . ....
...... ......... ...
....... ..
...
... ....... ......................... ...
.........
.. ..
400. Given A = (7, 1, 3) and C = (4, 2, 3), find the coordinates of ...
...
...
...
...
...
.
.
..
..
.
.
...
... ... .. ...
the midpoint of segment AC. ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
.
...
...
..
... .. . . . . . . ... ...
... . ..... . ... ..
...
. . . . . . . .... ... ..
.
.
... .. ... . ...
... . . . . . . . ..
401. (Continuation) Given B = (5, 1, 2) and D = (6, m, n), find m ......
......
......
...
...
...
...
... ...
.. ...
..
...... ... .......

...
and n so that segments BD and AC have a common midpoint. Is ......
......
......
......
...
...
.. .........
.........
.........
.........
...... .... .. ..
..........
ABCD a parallelogram? Explain. ...... .. ............
.........
..
.
402. Let A = (1, 1), B = (3, 5), and C = (7, 2). Explain how to cover the whole plane with
non-overlapping triangles, each of which is congruent to triangle ABC.
403. (Continuation) In the pattern of lines produced by your tesselation, you should see
triangles of many different sizes. What can you say about their sizes and shapes?
404. Midline Theorem. Draw a triangle ABC, and let M and N be the midpoints of sides

AB and AC, respectively. Express BC and M N in terms of u = AB and v = AC.
405. Give coordinates for a point that is 8 units from the line y = 5. Then find both points
on the line 3x + 2y = 4 that are 8 units from the line y = 5.
406. Let F = (0, 4). Find coordinates for three points that are equidistant from F and the
x-axis. Write an equation that says that P = (x, y) is equidistant from F and the x-axis.
407. Draw an 8-by-9-by-12 box ABCDEF GH. How many right triangles can be formed by
connecting three of the eight vertices?
408. Given rectangle ABCD, let P be the point outside ABCD that makes triangle CDP
equilateral, and let Q be the point outside ABCD that makes triangle BCQ equilateral.
Prove that triangle AP Q is also equilateral.
409. A regular, n-sided polygon has 18-degree exterior angles. Find the integer n.
410. Let A = (0, 0), B = (7, 2), C = (3, 4), D = (3, 7), and E = (1, 5). Cameron walks
the polygonal path ABCDEA, writing down the number of degrees turned at each corner.
What is the sum of these five numbers? Notice that ABCDE is not a convex pentagon.
411. Is it possible for a pentagon to have interior angles 120 , 120 , 120 , 90 , and 90 , in
this order? What about 120 , 120 , 90 , 120 , and 90 ? Are there other arrangements of the
five angles that could have been considered? Do any of these pentagons tesselate?

Mathematics 2
412. Draw a triangle ABC, and let AM and BN be two of its medians, which intersect at G.
Extend AM to the point P that makes GM = M P . Prove that P BGC is a parallelogram.
413. In the figure at right, it is given that ABCD and P BQD Q....................
. ....
... 14 .......... .
... ......... C
are parallelograms. Which of the numbered angles must be ...
...
.... .....
.....
..... .......
.......
...... .....
2 ...
..
.
.....
..... ............ ...
...
...
the same size as the angle numbered 1? ..
...
...
15 .
.....
.. ..
..... .............
..
....
.... ........ 1
...
...
...
. ...... .....
.. ..
.. .. ...
...
.
.... ...... . 16 .
.....
..
. ...
. .. ...
....... .....
...
...
.. ..... ..... ...
414. Given parallelogram ABCD, with diagonals AC and ..
...
.
.
... .... .
.............. .
.......
..
......
.
...
...
...
. 13 .
.. ............
.. ......
.....
..... .....
BD intersecting at O, let P OQ be any line with P on AB D
. .. ..........
..............
.
12
. 3
..... ..
..... ..
........
.......... ....
... ....... 4 B ........
and Q on CD. Prove that AP = CQ. ... .......
11... .....
.
..... ............. ....
....... ..
... ...... 5 ...
... .....
..... .......
... ..... ....... ...
..... ....... ..
...
... .....
..... ..
... .......
. . ...
415. Triangle P QR has a right angle at P . Let M be the ...
...
...
.....
.....
.....
8..... ............
.......
......
.....
..
...
...
... 9 ......... ..
midpoint of QR, and let F be the point where the altitude ...
...
.......
......
.... ...
..... ......... 7 .....
.....
...
...
..
... ....... ..... ...
10 ... ...... .....
... ............
through P meets QR. Given that angle F P M is 18 degrees, ............
.....
.....
.....
.....
...
...
..
.
..... 6
A ..... ....
find the sizes of angles Q and R. .......
..
P
416. Given that ABCDEF G is a regular n-sided polygon, in which angle CAB = 12
degrees, find n.
417. An Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) moving along a line with constant speed was
sighted at (8, 9, 10) at noon and at (13, 19, 20) at 1:00 pm. Where was the UFO at 12:20
pm? When, and from where, did it leave the ground (z = 0)? What was the UFOs speed?
418. Find the image of the point (m, n) after it is reflected across the line y = 2x. After
you are done, you should check your formulas. For example, they should confirm that (4, 3)
and (0, 5) are images of each other. Your formulas should also confirm those points that are
equal to their images what points are these?
419. In triangle P QR, it is given that angle R measures r degrees. The bisectors of angles
P and Q are drawn, creating two acute angles where they intersect. In terms of r, express
the number of degrees in these acute angles.
420. Can two of the angle bisectors of a triangle intersect perpendicularly? Explain.
421. Draw triangle ABC so that angles A and B are both 42 degrees. Why should AB be
longer than BC? Extend CB to E, so that CB = BE. Mark D on AB so that DB = BC,
then draw the line ED, which intersects AC at F . Find the size of angle CF D.
422. Draw a triangle ABC and two of its medians AM and BN . Let G be the point where
AM intersects BN . Extend AM to the point P that makes GM = M P . Extend BN to the
point Q that makes GN = N Q.
(a) Explain why BG must be parallel to P C, and AG must be parallel to QC.
(b) What kind of a quadrilateral is P CQG? How do you know?
(c) Find two segments in your diagram that must have the same length as BG.
(d) How do the lengths of segments BG and GN compare?

Mathematics 2
423. The diagram at right shows three congruent regular . ...

... ...
...
pentagons that share a common vertex P . The three poly- ..
.
...
...
...
...
...
..
. ...
gons do not quite surround P . Find the size of the uncovered ..
.
..
.
..
. ...
...
...
.. ...
acute angle at P . . .
.....
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.... .........
...... . .. . .
..
.........................
.........................................
..
.. .
. . . ... .
..
......
. ......
..
....... . . .... ..................................................................
. .................. .
...... ...... ...................................................
..... ...... ............................................................................................................................................
..... ..........................................................................................................
424. If the shaded pentagon were removed, it could be re- ........
... .
................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
P .
... ... ..............................................................................................................................
... ... ............................................................................................................................
placed by a regular n-sided polygon that would exactly fill ...
...
... .
... ...................................................................................................................................................
.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
... ... ................................................................................
the remaining space. Find the value of n that makes the ...
...
... .
...
...
..
....................................................................................................
..........................................................................
......................................................................
.. .. ..................................................................
three polygons fit perfectly.
425. You are given a square ABCD, and midpoints M and N are marked on BC and CD,
respectively. Draw AM and BN , which meet at Q. Find the size of angle AQB.
426. Mark Y inside regular pentagon P QRST , so that P QY is equilateral. Is RY T straight?

Explain.
427. An airplane that took off from its airport at noon (t = 0 hrs) moved according to the
formula (x, y, z) = (15, 20, 0) + t[450, 600, 20]. What is the meaning of the coordinate
0 in the equation? After twelve minutes, the airplane flew over Bethlehem. Where is the
airport in relation to Bethlehem, and how high (in km) was the airplane above the town?
428. Suppose that triangle ABC has a right angle at B, that BF is the altitude drawn from
B to AC, and that BN is the median drawn from B to AC. Find angles ANB and NBF ,
given that (a) angle C is 42 degrees; (b) angle C is 48 degrees.
429. Draw a parallelogram ABCD, then attach equilateral triangles CDP and BCQ to the
outside of the figure. Decide whether or not triangle AP Q is equilateral. Explain.
430. Suppose that ABCD is a rhombus and that the bisector of angle BDC meets side BC
at F . Prove that angle DF C is three times the size of angle F DC.
431. The midpoints of the sides of a triangle are (3, 1), (4, 3), and (0, 5). Find coordinates
for the vertices of the triangle.
432. In the diagram at right, a rectangular sheet of paper A0

D ...... C
ABCD has been creased so that corner A is now placed on .. . ...
...............
.........................
..........................................................
. .............
.....................................................
edge CD, at A0 . Find the size of angle DEA0 , given that the ..............................................................
.......................................................................
........................................................
.. . ...................................................................................................................................................
................................. .
size of angle ABE is (a) 30 degrees; (b) 27 degrees; (c) n E
..........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...........................................................................
.......................................................................................................
degrees. ...................................................................
...............................................................................................
........................................................................................
.........................................................
...............................................................................
....................................................
.....................................................................
.............................................
.............................................................
......................................................
433. Suppose that quadrilateral ABCD has the property that ...................................
............................................
..........................................
..................................
........................
AB and CD are congruent and parallel. Is this enough infor- ..........................
.................
...........
..........
...
mation to prove that ABCD is a parallelogram? Explain. A B

Mathematics 2
434. Suppose that square P QRS has 15-cm sides, and that G and H are on QR and P Q,
respectively, so that P H and QG are both 8 cm long. Let T be the point where P G meets
SH. Find the size of angle ST G, with justification.
435. (Continuation) Find the lengths of P G and P T .
436. There are four special types of lines associated with triangles: Medians, perpendicular
bisectors, altitudes, and angle bisectors.
(a) Which of these lines must go through the vertices of the triangle?
(b) Is it possible for a median to also be an altitude? Explain.
(c) Is it possible for an altitude to also be an angle bisector? Explain.
437. The diagonals of a rhombus have lengths 18 and 24. How long are the sides of the
rhombus?
438. A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. If the non-parallel
sides have the same length, the trapezoid is isosceles. Make a diagram of an isosceles
trapezoid whose sides have lengths 7 in, 10 in, 19 in, and 10 in. Find the altitude of this
trapezoid (the distance that separates the parallel sides), then find the enclosed area.
439. Find three specific points that are equidistant from F = (4, 0) and the line y = x.

440. Draw a triangle ABC and let N be the midpoint of segment AC. Express BN in terms

of u = AB and v = AC.

441. (Continuation) Let M be the midpoint of BC. Write AM in terms of u and v.

442. (Continuation) Express AB + 32 BN in terms of u and v. Express 23 AM in terms of u
and v. Hmm . . .
443. If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, then its diagonals have the same length. What is the
converse of this true statement? Is the converse true? Explain.
444. The diagonals of a parallelogram always bisect each other. Is it possible for the diagonals
of a trapezoid to bisect each other? Explain.
445. A trapezoid has a 60-degree angle and a 45-degree angle. What are the other angles?
446. A trapezoid has a 60-degree angle and a 120-degree angle. What are the other angles?
447. The sides of a triangle have lengths 9, 12, and 15. (This is a special triangle!)
(a) Find the lengths of the medians of the triangle.
(b) The medians intersect at the centroid of the triangle. How far is the centroid from each
of the vertices of the triangle?
448. (Continuation) Apply the same questions to the equilateral triangle of side 6.

Mathematics 2
449. Find the vertices and the area of the triangle formed by y = |x 3| and x + 2y = 5.
450. Trapezoid ABCD has parallel sides AB and CD, a right angle at D, and the lengths
AB = 15, BC = 10, and CD = 7. Find the length DA.
451. Equilateral triangles BCP and CDQ are attached to the outside of regular pentagon
ABCDE. Is quadrilateral BP QD a parallelogram? Justify your answer.
452. A line of positive slope is drawn so that it makes a 60-degree angle where it intersects
the x-axis. What is the slope of this line?
453. Mark P inside square ABCD, so that triangle ABP is equilateral. Let Q be the
intersection of BP with diagonal AC. Triangle CP Q looks isosceles. Is this actually true?
454. What can be said about a quadrilateral, if it is known that every one of its adjacent-
angle pairs is supplementary?
455. If M N P QRST U V is a regular polygon, then how large is each of its interior angles? If
M N and QP are extended to meet at A, then how large is angle P AN ?
456. Is it possible for the sides of a triangle to be 23, 19, and 44? Explain.
457. Suppose that ABCD is a square, with AB = 6. Let N be the midpoint of CD and F
be the intersection of AN and BD. What is the length of AF ?
458. Prove that an isosceles trapezoid must have two pairs of equal adjacent angles.
459. (Continuation) The converse question: If a trapezoid has two pairs of equal adjacent
angles, is it necessary that its non-parallel sides have the same length? Explain.
460. Let F = (2, 3). Find coordinates for three points that are equidistant from F and the
y-axis. Write an equation that says P = (x, y) is equidistant from F and the y-axis.
461. Write an equation for the line that is equidistant from 5x + 3y = 15 and 5x + 3y = 27.
462. The parallel sides of trapezoid ABCD are AD and BC. Given that sides AB, BC, and
CD are each half as long as side AD, find the size of angle D.
463. Squares OP AL and KEP T are attached to the outside of equilateral triangle P EA.
(a) Draw segment T O, then find the size of angle T OP .
(b) Decide whether segments EO and AK have the same length, and give your reasons.
464. The lengths of the sides of triangle ABC are AB = 15 = AC and BC = 18. Find the
distance from A to (a) the centroid of ABC; (b) the circumcenter of ABC.

Mathematics 2
465. The diagram shows rectangular box ABCDEF GH, with

E
A = (2, 3, 1), G = (10, 7, 5), and edges parallel to the coordi- ...............
...............
..
................................................................
..
...
............ H
................ ........... ....
........................... ............. . ...........
nate axes. F ................
. ...........
................ ...
... ...
................... G ...
. ... . ...
... .......................... .. ..
... ... . ..
.
(a) Write parametric equations for line F D. ...
...
...
...
...
...
.
..
.. ...
.
...
... ... ...
... ..
(b)Let M be the midpoint of segment CD and draw segment ...
...
...
...
...
.. ......
.. . . . . . .
..... ..
.
..
... ...... A . . . . . ....
....
... .... ...
EM . Find coordinates for the point P that is two thirds of the ...
...
... ...
...
. .
...
... ......
.
.......
....
D
... ...... ... .......
.......
way from E to M . B
........
.........
.........
.........
...
.
... ..
.......
...
.........
.
......... .. ......
......... .... ............
(c) Show that P is also on segment F D. Why was it predictable ......... ........
.....
C
that segments F D and EM would intersect?
466. A parallelogram has two 19-inch sides and two 23-inch sides. What is the range of
possible lengths for the diagonals of this parallelogram?
467. Is it possible for a trapezoid to have sides of lengths 3, 7, 5, and 11?
468. The altitudes of an equilateral triangle all have length 12 cm. How long are its sides?
469. It is given that the sides of an isosceles trapezoid have lengths 3 in, 15 in, 21 in, and 15
in. Make a diagram. Show that the diagonals intersect perpendicularly.
470. Triangle ABC has AB = AC. The bisector of angle B meets AC at D. Extend side
BC to E so that CE = CD. Triangle BDE should look isosceles. Is it? Explain.
471. If ABCD is a quadrilateral, and BD bisects both angle ABC and angle CDA, then
what sort of quadrilateral must ABCD be?
472. In quadrilateral ABCD, angles ABC and CDA are both bisected by BD, and angles
DAB and BCD are both bisected by AC. What sort of quadrilateral must ABCD be?
473. Given a triangle, you have proved the following result: The point where two medians
intersect (the centroid) is twice as far from one end of a median as it is from the other end of
the same median. Improve the statement of the preceding theorem so that the reader knows
which end of the median is which. This theorem indirectly shows that the three medians of
any triangle must be concurrent. Explain the reasoning.
474. Find coordinates for the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are
(a) (2, 7), (8, 1), and (14, 11); (b) (a, p), (b, q), and (c, r).
475. Let ABCD be a parallelogram, with M the midpoint of DA, and diagonal AC of length
36. Let G be the intersection of M B and AC. What is the length of AG?
476. The diagonals of a square have length 10. How long are the sides of the square?
477. Triangle P QR is isosceles, with P Q = 13 = P R and QR = 10. Find the distance from
P to the centroid of P QR. Find the distance from Q to the centroid of P QR.
478. (Continuation) Find the distance from P to the circumcenter of triangle P QR.

Mathematics 2
479. For what triangles is it true that the circumcenter and the centroid are the same point?
480. Is it possible for the diagonals of a parallelogram to have the same length? How about
the diagonals of a trapezoid? How about the diagonals of a non-isosceles trapezoid?
481. Calculate the effect of the transformation T (x, y) = 35 x + 45 y , 54 x 53 y on a triangle

of your choosing. Is T an isometry? If so, what kind?
482. How many diagonals can be drawn inside a pentagon? a hexagon? a decagon? a
twenty-sided polygon? an n-sided polygon?
483. Suppose that P is twice as far from (0, 0) as P is from (6, 0). Find such a point on the
x-axis. Find another such point that is not on the x-axis.
484. Let A = (1.43, 10.91), B = (3.77, 7.33), and C = (8.15, 2.55). Find coordinates for G,
the centroid of triangle ABC. Find an equation for the line through G parallel to AC.
485. Let A = (0, 0), B = (6, 2), C = (5, 2), D = (7, 6), E = (1, 7), and F = (5, 9). Draw
lines AB, CD, and EF . Verify that they are parallel.
(a) Draw the transversal of slope 1 that goes through E. This transversal intersects line
AB at G and line CD at H. Use your ruler to measure EH and HG.
(b) Draw any transversal whose slope is 2 (it need not go through E), intersecting line AB
at P , line CD at Q, and line EF at R. Use your ruler to measure P Q and QR.
(c) On the basis of your findings, propose a theorem. A proof is not requested.
486. In triangle ABC, let M be the midpoint of AB and N be the midpoint of AC. Suppose
that you measure M N and find it to be 7.3 cm long. How long would BC be, if you measured
it? If you were to measure angles AM N and ABC, what would you find?
487. In triangle T OM , let P and Q be the midpoints of segments T O and T M , respectively.

Draw the line through P parallel to segment T M , and the line through Q parallel to segment
T O; these lines intersect at J. What can you say about the location of point J?

488. Let G be the centroid of triangle ABC. Simplify the vector sum GA + GB + GC.
489. Which of these quadrilaterals can be used to tesselate a plane? Justify your choices.
(a) ................................................................................................ (b) ...............
...
............ (c) .................... (d) ............................................
...........................
................................................
.
.
.
.................................................
(e) .............................................. ..
............. (f )
.....................
............ .......................... ................ ............... ...................
............................................................ ...................... ................................................................................ .............................................................................. .................................... .......................
................................................ .. ... ............................................................. ................................................................ .............................................................. ........................................... ...............................................
................................................ .......................................... ................................................................ .............................................................. .............................................. ..................................................
........................................... . ................................................................................. .........................................................
................................................ ............................................ ................................................................ ...............................................................
. . .
...................
................................................ ....................................... ................................................ ....................................... ........................................................................ ...................................................
................................................ ............................................... ...................................................................................
.........................
......................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................
......................... .
................................................ .................................
................. ...............
........
.......................................
.................... .......................
........................ ......... . . ... .........

Mathematics 2
490. Mark A = (0, 0) and B = (10, 0) on your graph paper, and use your protractor to draw
the line of positive slope through A that makes a 25-degree angle with AB. By making
suitable measurements, calculate (approximately) the slope of this line.
491. (Continuation) With your calculator in degree mode, find a decimal approximation for
the expression tan (25).
492. (Continuation) Repeat the preceding construction and tan verification for several more
angles of your chosing.
493. Find coordinates for a point that is 5 units from the line 3x + 4y = 10.
494. The diagram at right shows rectangular box ABCDEF GH,

with A = (0, 0, 0), G = (4, 3, 2), and the sides par- z..
.
allel to the coordinate axes. The midpoint of F G is ...
...
.... E
..............
..........................
M. ..............
...............
............... ..
..
..............
..............
..............
F .........................
.
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
........
............ ....
H
(a) Find coordinates for M . ... ...............
... ...........M
..
.
. .................
.
....................... ..
..
... ............
.
.... G .
. .
...
. .
.......... . ..
.
(b)Find coordinates for the point P on segment AC ...
...
...
........... ............
....
...
...
. .
..
.. A ...
..
.
...
... ... . .. . . . ..
that is 2 units from A. ...
...
... ....
. . . .....
... . . . . . . . .
..
. . ....
....
....
. . . . ....
.
.
..
..
... ....
... ..
... . . . . . . . ... .. . ........
(c) Decide whether angle AP M is a right angle, and ....
........... ................
........ .
.
...
... ..
. .
.........
.........
..............
D ........y
...........
....
........... B ...................... ... .. .........
give your reasons. x . ........
... .
. . ..
...
...
.......
...
....
........ ....... .................
.....................
..
(d) Find the point on segment AC that is closest to M . C
495. Find coordinates for the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (2, 1, 3), (4, 5, 6),
and (0, 3, 1).
496. Let A = (0, 0), B = (12, 4), C = (2, 3), D = (8, 5), E = (5, 3), and F = (11, 1).
Draw lines AB, CD, and EF . Verify that they are parallel.
(a) Draw the transversal of slope 1 that goes through F . This transversal intersects line
AB at G and line CD at H. Use your ruler to measure F G and GH.
(b) Draw any transversal whose slope is 3, and let P , Q, and R be its intersections with
lines AB, CD, and EF , respectively. Use your ruler to measure P Q and P R.
(c) On the basis of your findings, formulate the Three Parallels Theorem.
497. A line drawn parallel to the side BC of triangle ABC intersects side AB at P and side
AC at Q. The measurements AP = 3.8 in, P B = 7.6 in, and AQ = 5.6 in are made. If
segment QC were now measured, how long would it be?
498. Draw an acute-angled triangle ABC, and mark points P and Q on sides AB and AC,

respectively, so that AB = 3AP and AC = 3AQ. Express P Q and BC in terms of v = AP

and w = AQ.
499. Let A = (7, 1, 1) and B = (3, 2, 7). Find all the points P on the z-axis that make
angle AP B right.

Mathematics 2
500. Let F = (3, 3). The points P = (x, y) that are equidistant from F and the line y = 5
form a parabola.
.
........
(a) Find the points where this parabola meets the x-axis.
(b) Find the coordinates of the vertex.
501. (Continuation) Find an equation for the parabola. ...

...
... ...
...
.... ...
.... ....
.... ......
.... ...
....
F ....
502. Given a line (Greek lambda) and a point F not on , let ....
.....
.....
.....

..
.....
.
....
.....
...... ...
......
P be on the parabola of all points that are equidistant from F .......
........
...........
.......
........
..................................................
....
....
.
and from . Let N be the point on closest to P . Explain why

any other point Q on the parabola must be closer to F than to
N . What does this tell you about the perpendicular bisector of
F N?
503. Is it possible for a scalene triangle to have two medians of the same length? Explain.
504. Standing 50 meters from the base of a fir tree, Rory used a protractor to measure an
angle of elevation of 33 to the top of the tree. How tall was the tree?
505. Given A = (0, 6), B = (8, 0), and C = (8, 0), find the circumcenter of triangle ABC.
506. Given regular hexagon BAGELS, show that SEA is an equilateral triangle.
507. Let A = (0, 0), B = (0, 3), and C = (4, 0). Let F be the point where the bisector of
angle BAC meets side BC. Find exact coordinates for F . Notice that F is not the midpoint
of BC. Finally, calculate the distances BF and CF . Do you notice anything?
508. (Continuation) Draw an acute-angled, scalene, lattice triangle

ABC of your choosing, then use your protractor to carefully draw ......
..................... A
............... .............
...............
the bisector of angle BAC. Let F be the intersection of the bisector B ...............
.
.......
. ..... ...............
....
.
....... ...
. .
.
................. ..... ....
.....
with BC. Measure the lengths AB, AC, F B, and F C. Do you notice ...
...
... .
....
.
.......
.....
.
.
.
..
..
...
... ..... ...
..... ...
anything? ...
...
... .........
.....
.
.
..
..
... .... ...
... .....
... .......... ...
.......
. ....
. .
509. Choose four lattice points for the vertices of a non-isosceles .....
.
.
..... .....
F
.
.... ...
...
.
...
...
..... ..
..... ... ..
trapezoid ABCD, with AB longer than CD and parallel to CD. ..
.....
.....
...
. .....
...
...
...
...
.
.
... ..
..
Extend AD and BC until they meet at E. Verify that the ratios ...
...
...
.
...
.
...
AD and BC are equal, by measurement or calculation. ...
... ...
... ...
... ..
...
DE CE C
510. Segments AC and BD intersect at E, so as to make AE twice EC and BE twice ED.

Prove that segment AB is twice as long as segment CD, and parallel to it.
511. A rectangular box is 2 by 3 by h, and two of its internal diagonals are perpendicular.
Find possible values for h.
512. When the sun has risen 32 degrees above the horizon, a lower casts a shadow that is 9
feet 2 inches long. How tall is the lower, to the nearest inch?

Mathematics 2
513. In the following list of true statements, find (a) the statements whose converses are also
in the list; (b) the statement that is a definition; (c) a statement whose converse is false;
(d) the Sentry Theorem; and (e) the Midline Theorem.
1. If a quadrilateral has two pairs of parallel sides, then its diagonals bisect each other.
2. If both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral
must be a parallelogram.
3. If a quadrilateral is equilateral, then it is a rhombus. ......
..........
... ......
... .......
... .....
.....
4. If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then ...
...
...
.....
........
............
... .....
the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. ...
...
...
.....
.....
.....
.....
... ......
... ..
... ... .....
... ... .........
. .....
5. If a quadrilateral has two pairs of equal adjacent sides, then its ...
...
... ..
...
.
.. .....
.....
......
... . .... ............
diagonals are perpendicular. ...
...
... ..
.
.......
.
.
.....
.....
.....
.....
... ... .....
... ...
. .....
.....
... ...
... ... ..... .
. ......... .............
.
6. If one of the medians of a triangle is half the length of the side to ... ...
....... ..............................
... .
. . ...
...
...
...
... .............
. .
which it is drawn, then the triangle is a right triangle.

7. If a segment joins two of the midpoints of the sides of a triangle, then it is parallel to the
third side, and is half the length of the third side.
8. Both pairs of opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.
9. The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon one at each vertex is 360 degrees.
10. The median drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is half the length of the hy-
potenuse.
11. If two lines are intersected by a transversal so that alternate interior angles are equal,
then the lines must be parallel.
12. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is in fact a
parallelogram.
13. If two opposite sides of a quadrilateral are both parallel and equal in length, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
14. If three parallel lines intercept equal segments on one transversal, then they intercept
equal segments on every transversal.
15. Both pairs of opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
16. The medians of any triangle are concurrent, at a point that is two thirds of the way from
any vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
17. An exterior angle of a triangle is the sum of the two nonadjacent interior angles.

Mathematics 2
514. The position of an airplane that is approaching its airport is described parametrically
by Pt = (1000, 500, 900) + t[100, 50, 90]. For what value of t is the airplane closest to
the traffic control center located at (34,68,16)?
515. Triangle ABC has AB = 10 = AC and BC = 12. Find the distance from A to
(a) the centroid of ABC; (b) the circumcenter of ABC.
516. Suppose that a quadrilateral is measured and found to have a pair of equal nonadjacent
sides and a pair of equal nonadjacent angles. Is this enough evidence to conclude that the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram? Explain.
517. Suppose that AN GEL is a regular pentagon, and that CAN T , HALF , ROLE, KEGS,
and P IN G are squares attached to the outside of the pentagon. Show that decagon
P IT CHF ORKS is equiangular. Is this decagon equilateral?
518. Let P = (15, 0), Q = (5, 0), R = (8, 21), and S = (0, 15). Draw quadrilateral P QRS
and measure its sides and angles. Is there anything remarkable about this figure?
519. Rearrange the letters of doctrine to spell a familiar mathematical word.
520. Given triangle ABC, let F be the point where segment BC meets the bisector of angle
BAC. Draw the line through B that is parallel to segment AF , and let E be the point where
this parallel meets the extension of segment CA.
(a) Find the four congruent angles in your diagram.
(b) How are the lengths EA, AC, BF , and F C related?
(c) The Angle-Bisector Theorem: How are the lengths AB, AC, BF , and F C related?
521. Standing on a cliff 380 meters above the sea, Pat sees an approaching ship and measures
its angle of depression, obtaining 9 degrees. How far from shore is the ship?
522. (Continuation) Now Pat sights a second ship beyond the first. The angle of depression
of the second ship is 5 degrees. How far apart are the ships?
523. Let RICK be a parallelogram, with M the midpoint of RI. Draw the line through R
that is parallel to M C; it meets the extension of IC at P . Prove that CP = KR.
524. Suppose that ABCD is a trapezoid, with AB parallel to CD. Let M and N be the
midpoints of DA and BC, respectively. What can be said about segment M N ? Explain.
525. What is the radius of the smallest circle that encloses an equilateral triangle with 12-inch
sides? What is the radius of the largest circle that will fit inside the same triangle?
526. Suppose that ASCEN T is a regular hexagon, and that ARM S, BAT H, LIN T ,
F EN D, COV E, and CU P S are squares attached to the outside of the hexagon. Decide
whether or not dodecagon LIDF V OU P M RBH is regular, and give your reasons.

Mathematics 2
527. In acute triangle ABC, the bisector of angle ABC meets side AC at D. Mark points P
and Q on sides BA and BC, respectively, so that segment DP is perpendicular to BA and
segment DQ is perpendicular to BC. Prove that triangles BDP and BDQ are congruent.
What about triangles P AD and QCD?
528. Let A = (0, 0), B = (4, 0), and C = (4, 3). Measure angle CAB. What is the slope of
AC? Use this slope and the tan function to check your angle measurement. Use a calculator
to come as close as you can to the theoretically correct size of angle CAB.
529. (Continuation) On a calculator, enter the expression tan1 (0.75). Hmm . . .
530. Find coordinates for the point P where the line y = x intersects the line 2x + 3y = 24.
Then calculate the distances from P to the axis intercepts of 2x + 3y = 24. The Angle-
Bisector Theorem makes a prediction about these distances what is the prediction?
531. A five-foot upper casts an eight-foot shadow. How high is the sun in the sky? This
question is not asking for a distance, by the way.
532. Are the points (2, 5, 7), (12, 25, 37), and (27, 55, 81) collinear?
533. Find coordinates for the point where the line (x, y, z) = (7 + 2r, 5 3r, 4 + r) intersects
the xz-plane.
534. Inside regular pentagon JERZY is marked point P so that triangle JEP is equilateral.
Decide whether or not quadrilateral JERP is a parallelogram, and give your reasons.
535. Suppose that ABCD is a parallelogram, in which AB = 2BC. Let M be the midpoint of
segment AB. Prove that segments CM and DM bisect angles BCD and CDA, respectively.
What is the size of angle CM D? Justify your response.
536. If M and N are the midpoints of the non-parallel sides of .. .....

... .. ..
a trapezoid, it makes sense to call the segment M N the mid- .
...
...
..
...
.. ....
...
...
... .. ...
.. ..
line of the trapezoid. Why? (It actually should be called the .
.
...
..
.
...
... ...
...
...
... ... ...
..
midsegment, of course. Strange to say, some textbooks call it .
...
.
.
.
..
.
...
... ...
...
...
... ... ...
the median). Suppose that the parallel sides of a trapezoid have M .
.
...
..
.
..
...
... ...
...
... N
. . ...
... ..
lengths 7 and 15. What is the length of the midline of the trape- .
..
.
.
..
.. ...
. ...
...
...
..
. ... ...
... ..
zoid? Notice that the midline is divided into two pieces by a .
.
..
.. ....
. ..
. ...
...
...
. ...
.. ...
diagonal of the trapezoid. What are the lengths of these pieces? .
.
. ..
.
... ...
.
...
...
...
...... ...
...
Does it matter which diagonal is drawn? .
..
. ...
.
537. An isosceles trapezoid has sides of lengths 9, 10, 21, and 10. Find the distance that
separates the parallel sides, then find the length of the diagonals. Finally, find the angles of
the trapezoid, to the nearest tenth of a degree.
538. Find the angle formed by the diagonal of a cube and a diagonal of a face of the cube.

Mathematics 2
539. One day at the beach, Kelly flies a kite, whose string makes a 37-degree elevation angle
with the ground. Kelly is 130 feet from the point directly below the kite. How high above
the ground is the kite, to the nearest foot?
540. Think of the ground you are standing on as the xy-plane. The vector [12, 5, 10] points
from you toward the sun. How high is the sun in the sky?
541. Hexagon ABCDEF is regular. Prove that segments AE and ED are perpendicular.
542. Suppose that P QRS is a rhombus, with P Q = 12 and a 60-degree angle at Q. How
long are the diagonals P R and QS?
543. A triangle, whose sides are 6, 8, and 10, and a circle, whose radius is r, are drawn so
that no part of the triangle lies outside the circle. How small can r be?
544. Let ABCD be a square. Mark midpoints M , N , O, and P on AB, BC, CD, and DA,
respectively. Draw AN , BO, CP , and DM . Let Q and R be the intersections of AN with
DM and BO, respectively, and let S and T be the intersections of CP with BO and DM ,
respectively. Prove as much as you can about this figure, especially quadrilateral QRST .
545. (Continuation) Segment AB is 10 cm long. How long is QR, to the nearest 0.1 cm?
546. Diagonals AC and BD of regular pentagon ABCDE intersect at H. Decide whether

or not AHDE is a rhombus, and give your reasons.
547. Do the lines (x, y, z) = (5 + 2t, 3 + 2t, 1 t) and (x, y, z) = (13 3r, 13 4r, 4 2r)
intersect? If so, at what point? If not, how do you know? Why are different parameters
used?
548. The Doppler Shift. While driving a car, AJ honks the horn every 5 seconds. Hitch is
standing by the side of the road, and hears the honks of the oncoming car every 4.6 seconds.
The speed of sound is 330 meters per second. Calculate the speed of AJs car. Describe
what Hitch hears after the car passes.
549. Let A = (3, 1), B = (9, 5), and C = (4, 6). Your protractor should tell you that angle
CAB is about 45 degrees. Explain why angle CAB is in fact exactly 45 degrees.
550. Draw a regular pentagon and all five of its diagonals. How many isosceles triangles can
you find in your picture? How many scalene triangles can you find?
551. The sides of a triangle are 6 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm long. Find the distances from the
centroid of this triangle to the three vertices.
552. The diagonals of a non-isosceles trapezoid divide the midline into three segments, whose
lengths are 8 cm, 3 cm, and 8 cm. How long are the parallel sides? From this information,
is it possible to infer anything about the distance that separates the parallel sides? Explain.

Mathematics 2
553. The sides of a polygon are cyclically extended to form rays, creating one exterior angle
at each vertex. Viewed from a great distance, what theorem does this figure illustrate?
..
...
554. The diagram at right shows one corner of a triangular ...
...
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... .....
... .....
billiards table. A ball leaves point B and follows the indicated .
....
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path, striking the edge of the table at E. Thereafter, at each ...
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impact, the ball obeys the law of reflection, which says that ...
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the incoming angle equals the outgoing angle. Given that ...
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there is a 34-degree angle at corner P , and that the initial ...
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impact makes a 25-degree angle at E, how many bounces will P
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the ball make before its path leaves this page?
555. Given a rectangular card that is 5 inches long and 3 inches wide, what does it mean for
another rectangular card to have the same shape? Describe a couple of examples.
556. A rectangle is 2 inches wide, and more than 2 inches long. It so happens that this
rectangle can be divided, by a single cut, into a 2-inch square and a small rectangle that has
exactly the same shape as the large rectangle. What is the length of the large rectangle?
557. Let A = (1, 2, 3), B = (3, 7, 9), and D = (2, 3, 1). Find coordinates for vertex C
of parallelogram ABCD. How many parallelograms can you find that have the three given
vertices among their four vertices?
558. The Orthocenter . Given an acute-angled triangle ABC, draw the line through A parallel
to BC, the line through B parallel to AC, and the line through C parallel to AB. These
lines form triangle P QR. The altitudes of triangle ABC are also special lines for triangle
P QR. Explain.
559. In trapezoid ABCD, AB is parallel to CD, and AB = 10, BC = 9, CD = 22, and

DA = 15. Points P and Q are marked on BC so that BP = P Q = QC = 3, and points R
and S are marked on DA so that DR = RS = SA = 5. Find the lengths P S and QR.
560. The Varignon quadrilateral . A quadrilateral has diagonals of lengths 8 and 10. The
midpoints of the sides of this figure are joined to form a new quadrilateral. What is the
perimeter of the new quadrilateral? What is special about it?
.........
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561. In the figure at right, there are two x-degree angles, .
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562. The parallel bases of a trapezoid have lengths 12 and .
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18 cm. Find the lengths of the two segments into which ...... .
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the midline of the trapezoid is divided by a diagonal. ...... ...................
..................

Mathematics 2
563. In triangle ABC, points M and N are marked on sides AB and AC, respectively, so
that AM : AB = 17 : 100 = AN : AC. Show that segments M N and BC are parallel.
564. (Continuation) In triangle ABC, points M and N are marked on sides AB and AC,
respectively, so that the ratios AM : AB and AN : AC are both equal to r, where r is some
number between 0 and 1. Show that segments M N and BC are parallel.
565. A cheetah can run at 105 feet per second, but only for 7 seconds, at which time the
animal must stop and rest. A fully rested cheetah at (0, 0) notices a nearby antelope, which
is moving according to the parametric equation (x, y) = (39 + 40t, 228 + 30t), where t is
measured in seconds and x and y are measured in feet. If it started to run at t = 0, the
cheetah could catch the antelope. For how many more seconds can the cheetah afford to
wait before starting? Assume that the cheetah does not change direction when it runs.
566. The diagonals of rhombus ABCD meet at M . Angle DAB measures 60 degrees. Let P
be the midpoint of AD, and let G be the intersection of P C and M D. Given that AP = 8,
find M D, M C, M G, CG, and GP .
567. Rectangle ABCD has dimensions AB = 5 and BC = 12. Let M be the midpoint of
BC, and let G be the intersection of AM and diagonal BD. Find BG and AG.
568. Show that a regular dodecagon can be cut into pieces that are all regular polygons,
which need not all have the same number of sides.
.........
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569. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is three times the ...
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length of the shortest leg. What is the ratio of the larger leg ......
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570. What is the smallest amount of ribbon that is needed to ............
............ ......
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wrap around a 200 1000 2000 gift box in the way shown in ..........
the figure at right? You could experiment with some string and a book.
571. What are the angle sizes in a trapezoid whose sides have lengths 6, 20, 6, and 26?
572. Given square ABCD, choose a point O that is not outside the square and form the

vector v = OA + OB + OC + OD. By trying various possible positions for O, find the
shortest and longest possible v.
573. Alden, a passenger on a yacht moored 15 miles due north of a straight, east-west
coastline, has become ill and has to be taken ashore in a small motorboat, which will meet
an ambulance at some point on the shore. The ambulance will then take Alden to the
hospital, which is 60 miles east of the shore point closest to the yacht. The motorboat can
travel at 20 mph and the ambulance at 90 mph. In what direction should the motorboat
head, to minimize the travel time to the hospital? Express your answer using an angle.
574. Find the angle formed by two face diagonals that intersect at a vertex of the cube.

Mathematics 2
575. Let A = (0, 0), B = (4, 3), C = (6, 3), P = (2, 7), Q = (9, 5), and R = (7, 19).
Measure the angles of triangles ABC and P QR. Calculate the lengths of the sides of these
triangles. Find justification for any conclusions you make.
576. Find components for the vector that points from A to B when
(a) A = (2, 5, 6) and B = (x, y, z); (b) A = (4, 1 + 2t, 3 t) and B = (1, 5, 0).
577. Find coordinates for a point that is 7 units from the line 4x + y = 11.
578. While the Woods Hole-Marthas Vineyard ferryboat steamed along at 8 mph through
calm seas, passenger Casey exercised by walking the perimeter of the rectangular deck, at a
steady 4 mph. Discuss the variations in Caseys speed relative to the water.
579. Brett and Jordan are cruising, according to the equations Bt = (27 + 4t, 68 7t, 70 + 4t)
and Jt = (23 + 4t, 11 + t, 34 + 8t), where t represents elapsed time. Show that their paths
intersect, but that there is no collision. To answer this, you will need to make a parameter
change; why? Who reaches the intersection first? Who is moving faster?
580. Let A = (4, 0, 0), B = (0, 3, 0), and C = (0, 0, 5).

(a) Draw a diagram, then find coordinates for the point closest to C on segment AB.
(b) Find the area of triangle ABC.
(c) Find the length of the altitude drawn from A to BC.
581. In triangle ABC, it is given that AB = 4, AC = 6, and BC = 5. The bisector of angle

BAC meets BC at D. Find lengths BD and CD.
582. Let A = (1, 2), B = (8, 2), and C = (7, 10). Find an equation for the line that bisects
angle BAC.
583. Atiba wants to measure the width of the Squamscott River. Standing under a tree T
on the river bank, Atiba sights a rock at the nearest point R on the opposite bank. Then
Atiba walks to a point P on the river bank that is 50.0 meters from T , and makes RT P a
right angle. Atiba then measures RP T and obtains 76.8 degrees. How wide is the river?
584. Let P be the circumcenter and G be the centroid of a triangle formed by placing two

perpendicular vectors v and w tail to tail. Express GP in terms of vectors v and w.
585. A regular n-sided polygon has exterior angles of m degrees each. Express m in terms
of n. For how many of these regular examples is m a whole number?
586. Out for a walk in Chicago, Morgan measures the angle of elevation to the distant Willis
Tower, and gets 3.6 degrees. After walking one km directly toward the building, Morgan finds
that the angle of elevation has increased to 4.2 degrees. Use this information to calculate
the height of the Willis Tower, and how far Morgan is from it now.
587. How tall is an isosceles triangle, given that its base is 30 cm long and that both of its
base angles are 72 degrees?

Mathematics 2
588. Alex the geologist is in the desert, 18 km from a long, straight road and 72 km from
base camp, which is also 18 km from the road, on the same side of the road as Alex is. On
the road, the jeep can do 60 kph, but in the desert sands, it can manage only 32 kph.
(a) Describe the path that Alex should follow, to return to base camp most quickly.
(b) If the jeep were capable of 40 kph in the desert, how would your answer be affected?
589. Triangle ABC has AB = 12 = AC and angle A is 120 degrees. Let F and D be the
midpoints of sides AC and BC, respectively, and G be the intersection of segments AD and
BF . Find the lengths F D, AD, AG, BG, and BF .

590. Simplify the vector expression AB AC, and illustrate with a diagram.
591. Find the side of the largest square that can be drawn inside a 12-inch equilateral triangle,
one side of the square aligned with one side of the triangle. D....................................... ... C
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592. In the figure at right, ABCD is a parallelogram, with .
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593. Rectangle ABCD has AB = 16 and BC = 6. Let M be the midpoint of side AD and
N be the midpoint of side CD. Segments CM and AN intersect at G. Find the length AG.
594. The parallel sides of a trapezoid have lengths m and n. The diagonals of the trapezoid
divide the midline into three pieces. In terms of m and n, how long are the pieces?
595. To the nearest tenth of a degree, find the sizes of the acute angles in the 5-12-13 triangle
and in the 9-12-15 triangle. This enables you to calculate the sizes of the angles in the 13-
14-15 triangle. Show how to do it, then invent another example of this sort.
596. A triangle has a 60-degree angle and a 45-degree angle, and the side opposite the 45-
degree angle is 240 mm long. To the nearest mm, how long is the side opposite the 60-degree
angle?
597. Explain how two congruent trapezoids can be combined without overlapping to form a
parallelogram. What does this tell you about the length of the midline of the trapezoid?
598. The diameter of the earths orbit around the sun is approximately 186 million miles.
Looking at a star from the two points on the orbit which are furthest apart, the lines of sight
to the star form an angle of 4.269 104 degrees. How many light-years away is this star
from the earth? Note that one light-year is approximately 5.879 1012 miles.

Mathematics 2
599. In both of the figures below, find the lengths of the segments indicated by letters.
Parallel lines are indicated by arrows.
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3
600. In 1983, there were 975 students at P.E.A, and the girl:boy ratio was 2:3.
(a) How many students were girls?
(b) How many boys would you expect to find in a class of fifteen students? Explain.
601. Rory, Leo, and Joey win $362 880 in a lottery. They decide to divide the winnings so
that Rory gets two parts, Leo three parts, and Joey four parts. Exactly how much money
does each person receive?
602. Given that P is three fifths of the way from A to B, and that Q is one third of the way
from P to B, describe the location of Q in relation to A and B.
603. Suppose that the points A, P , Q, and B appear in this order on a line, such that
AP : AB = 3 : 5 and P Q : QB = 1 : 2. Evaluate the ratios AQ : AB and AQ : QB.
604. Apply the transformation T (x, y) = (3x, 3y) to the triangle P QR whose vertices are
P = (3, 1), Q = (1, 2), and R = (4, 3). Compare the sides and angles of the image
triangle P 0 Q0 R0 with the corresponding parts of P QR. This transformation is an example
of a dilation, also called a radial expansion. Is T an isometry?
605. In the figure at right, the shaded triangle has area 15. ....
...............
............ ....
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Find the area of the unshaded triangle. ..
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606. In a triangle whose sides have lengths 3, 4, and 5, .. .
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(a)how long is the bisector of the larger of the two acute . .
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(b) how long is the bisector of the right angle? ..
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.......................................... ...
6 4
607. Show that the altitude drawn to the hypotenuse of any right triangle divides the triangle
into two triangles that have the same angles as the original.
608. To the nearest tenth of a degree, find the sizes of the acute angles in the 7-24-25 right
triangle and in the 8-15-17 right triangle. This information then allows you to calculate the
sizes of all the angles in the 25-51-52 triangle. Show how to do it.

Mathematics 2
609. Compare the quadrilateral whose vertices are A = (0, 0), B = (6, 2), C = (5, 5), D =
(1, 3) with the quadrilateral whose vertices are P = (9, 0), Q = (9, 2), R = (8, 2), and
S = (8, 0). Calculate lengths and angles, and look for patterns.
610. Draw a right triangle that has a 15-cm hypotenuse and a 27-degree angle. To the nearest
tenth of a cm, measure the side opposite the 27-degree angle, and then express your answer
as a fraction of the length of the hypotenuse. Compare your answer with the value obtained
from a calculator when you enter sin (27) in degree mode.
611. (Continuation) Repeat the process on a right triangle that has a 10-cm hypotenuse and
a 65-degree angle. Try an example of your choosing. Write a summary of your findings.
612. If you were to drop a ball from a height of 50 feet, how high would it bounce? To make
such a prediction, you could gather data by experimenting with smaller heights, where it is
easier to measure the rebound. Gather several data points (drop, rebound), using a meter
stick and a sufficiently bouncy ball. If you use the top of the ball for your measurements,
remember to take the diameter of the ball into account when recording your data.
613. Apply T (x, y) = (2x/3 , 2y/3) to the following pentagons: .

.....
..... .........
..... .....
..... .....
.....
(a) vertices (3, 3), (3, 3), (0, 6), (3, 3), and (3, 3); ....
.
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.
...

.
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..... .........
.....
(b) vertices (15, 0), (15, 6), (12, 9), (9, 6), and (9, 0).
.
....
.
......
.....
.....
...
Are the results what you expected?

614. The area of a parallelogram can be found by multiplying the
distance between two parallel sides by the length of either of those

sides. Explain why this formula works.
615. The area of a trapezoid can be found by multiplying its altitude (the distance between
the parallel sides) by the length of its midline. Explain why this formula works. One
approach is to find a suitable rectangle that has the same area as the trapezoid.
616. The parallel sides of a trapezoid have lengths 9 cm and 12 cm. Draw one diagonal,
dividing the trapezoid into two triangles. What is the ratio of their areas? If the other
diagonal had been drawn instead, would this have affected your answer?
617. If triangle ABC has a right angle at C, the ratio AC : AB is called the sine ratio of
angle B, or simply the sine of B, and is usually written sin B. What should the ratio BC : AB
be called? Determine by hand the sine ratio for a 30-degree angle and for a 60-degree angle?
618. Find a vector of length 3 that is perpendicular to (a) [2, 1, 2]; (b) [4, 4, 7].
619. Let C = (1, 4), P = (5, 2), and P 0 = (13, 2). There is a dilation that leaves C where
it is and transforms P into P 0 . The point C is called the dilation center. Explain why the
magnitude of this dilation is 3. Calculate Q0 , given that Q = (3, 5). Calculate R, given that
R0 = (6, 7).

Mathematics 2
620. Given A = (4, 1, 3) and B = (6, 2, 1), find coordinates for points C and D that make
ABCD a square. There are many possible answers.
621. Apply the transformation T (x, y) = (0.8x 0.6y, 0.6x + 0.8y) to the scalene triangle
whose vertices are (0, 0), (5, 0), and (0, 10). What kind of isometry does T seem to be? Be
as specific as you can, and provide numerical evidence for your conclusion.
622. Consider the dilation T (x, y) = (mx, my), where m is a positive number. If m > 1,
then T is a radial expansion; if m < 1, then T is a radial contraction. Regardless of the
value of m, show that T transforms any segment with endpoints P = (a, b) and Q = (c, d)
onto an image segment that is parallel and m times as long. Hint: vectors might prove easier
than the Pythagorean Theorem.
623. To draw a right triangle that has a 1-degree angle and measure its sides accurately is
difficult. To get the sine ratio for a 1-degree angle, however, there is an easy way just use
a calculator. Is the ratio a small or large number? How large can a sine ratio be?
624. Draw a right triangle that has an 18-cm hypotenuse and a 70-degree angle. To within
0.1 cm, measure the leg adjacent to the 70-degree angle, and express your answer as a fraction
of the hypotenuse. Compare your answer with the value obtained from a calculator when
you enter cos (70) in degree mode. This is an example of the cosine ratio.
625. One figure is similar to a second figure if the points of the first figure Q...... ... P
...
can be matched with the points of the second figure in such a way that ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
M
corresponding distances are proportional. In other words, there is a num- .............
... ....... ......
... .....
...
.
.
...
...
...
... ..... ..... ...
ber m the ratio of similarity with the following property: If A and B ...
... L
..... ..
... ...
.
..
.. ...
...
...
...
...
... .. . ...
are any two points whatsoever of the first figure, and A0 and B 0 are their .. ...
... .... .... ....
... ... . .... ...
... ... . ... ....
.. ....
corresponding images in the second figure, then the distance from A0 to
... ..
... .... ......
....
.... .....
.......
B 0 is m times the distance from A to B. ...... R
K
The triangle defined by K = (1, 3), L = (4, 1), and M = (2, 3) is similar to the triangle
defined by P = (6, 5), Q = (2, 5), and R = (7, 2). Confirm the proportionality of lengths
for four segments (include a non-edge) and their images.
626. Show that any dilation transforms any figure into a similar figure.
627. Given two similar figures, it might not be possible to transform one into the other using
only a dilation. Explain this remark, using the triangles KLM and RP Q shown above.
628. (Continuation) A carefully chosen rotation followed by a carefully chosen dilation can
be used to transform triangle KLM into triangle RP Q. Explain this remark.
629. A rhombus has four 6-inch sides and two 120-degree angles. From one of the vertices of
the obtuse angles, the two altitudes are drawn, dividing the rhombus into three pieces. Find
the areas of these pieces.

Mathematics 2
630. When triangle ABC is similar to triangle P QR, with A, B, and C corresponding to
P , Q, and R, respectively, it is customary to write ABC P QR. Suppose that AB = 4,
BC = 5, CA = 6, and RP = 9. Find P Q and QR.
631. What is the size of the acute angle formed by the x-axis and the line 3x + 2y = 12?
632. To the nearest tenth of a degree, find the sizes of the acute angles in the right triangle
whose long leg is 2.5 times as long as its short leg.
633. Draw a large acute-angled triangle ABC. Carefully add the altitudes AE and BF to
your drawing. Measure the lengths of AE, BF , BC, and AC. Where have you seen the
equation (AE)(BC) = (BF )(AC) before? What can you say about the right triangles AEC
and BF C? Justify your response.
634. Let A = (0, 0), B = (15, 0), C = (5, 8), D = (9, 0), and P = (6, 6). Draw triangle ABC,
segments CD, P A, and P B, and notice that P is on segment CD. There are now three
pairs of triangles in the figure whose areas are in a 3:2 ratio. Find them, and justify your
choices.
635. The transformation T (x, y) = (ax + by, cx + dy) sends (13, 0) to (12, 5) and it also sends
5
, 12

(0, 1) to 13 13
. Find a, b, c, and d, then describe the nature of this transformation.
636. Let A = (0, 5), B = (2, 1), C = (6, 1), and P = (12, 9). Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be the
midpoints of segments P A, P B, and P C, respectively. After you make a diagram, identify
the center and the magnitude of the dilation that transforms triangle ABC onto A0 B 0 C 0 .
637. One triangle has sides that are 5 cm, 7 cm, and 8 cm long; the longest side of a similar
triangle is 6 cm long. How long are the other two sides?
638. Skylar is driving along a highway that is climbing a steady 9-degree slope. After driving
for two miles along this road, how much altitude has Skylar gained? (One mile = 5280 feet.)
639. (Continuation) How far must Skylar travel in order to gain a mile of altitude?
640. Show that P = (3.2, 6.3) is not on the line 4xy = 7. Explain how you can tell whether
P is above or below the line.
641. Explain why corresponding angles of similar polygons are necessarily the same size.
642. (Continuation) If all the angles of a triangle are equal in size to the angles of another
triangle, the triangles are similar. Justify this statement. Is this the converse of the preced-
ing?
643. Pat has $48 and Kim has $24, so the ratio of Pats money to Kims money is 2 : 1. If
they both spend $5, is the ratio still 2 : 1? Explain how they could spend their money so
that the ratio of Pats money to Kims money remains 2 : 1.

Mathematics 2
644. Suppose that ABCD is a trapezoid, with AB parallel to CD, and

diagonals AC and BD intersecting at P . Explain why D........................... .......
....... .... C
........
.... ..... ....... ...
...
...... .....
..... ..
........... ...
..... ........ ...
.....
(a) triangles ABC and ABD have the same area; ..
.
.
....
..
......
.......... ..
..........
.
. ........
. .....
..
...
...
...
... ..... . ......
.
.. . .... P .. ...
(b) triangles BCP and DAP have the same area; .
...
.
.
.
.
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.
.
....
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.. .
.......
.......
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.
.......
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(c) triangles ABP and CDP are similar; ...
.
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.
.
....
..
.
... ........... ....
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........
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........
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...
...
..... ........... .
.
. ....... ....
(d) triangles BCP and DAP need not be similar. .
..
.
A ......
.............
. .......
.
B
645. Find the size of the acute angle formed by the intersecting lines 3x + 2y = 12 and
x 2y = 2, to the nearest tenth of a degree. Do you need to find the intersection point?
646. Let A = (0, 5, 0), B = (2, 1, 0), C = (6, 1, 0), and P = (2, 3, 8). Let A0 , B 0 , C 0 be
the midpoints of segments P A, P B, and P C, respectively. Make a diagram, and describe
the relationship between triangle ABC and its image A0 B 0 C 0 .
647. Write an equation that says that P = (x, y) is 5 units from (0, 0). Plot several such
points. What is the configuration of all such points called? How many are lattice points?
648. The sides of a triangle are 12 cm, 35 cm, and 37 cm long.

(a) Show that this is a right triangle.
(b) Show that tan1 , sin1 , and cos1 can all be used to find the size of the smallest angle
of this triangle.
649. The midpoints of the sides of a quadrilateral are joined to form a new quadrilateral.
For the new quadrilateral to be a rectangle, what must be true of the original quadrilateral?
650. Given the line whose equation is y = 2x + 3 and the points A = (0, 0), B = (1, 9),
C = (2, 8), D = (3, 3), and E = (4, 10), do the following:
(a) Plot the line and the points on the same axes.
(b) Let A0 be the point on the line that has the same x-coordinate as A. Subtract the
y-coordinate of A0 from the y-coordinate of A. The result is called the residual of A.
(c) Calculate the other four residuals.
(d) What does a residual tell you about the relation between a point and the line?
651. The area of an equilateral triangle with m-inch sides is 8 square inches. What is the
area of a regular hexagon that has m-inch sides?
652. A parallelogram has 10-inch and 18-inch sides and an area of 144 square inches.
(a) How far apart are the 18-inch sides? (b) How far apart are the 10-inch sides?
(c) What are the angles of the parallelogram? (d) How long are the diagonals?

Mathematics 2
653. Let P = (1.35, 4.26), Q = (5.81, 5.76), R = (19.63, 9.71), and R0 = (19.63, y), where R0
is on the line through P and Q. Calculate the residual value 9.71 y.
654. (Continuation)
(a) Given that Q0 = (5.81, y) is on the line through P and R, find y. Calculate 5.76 y.
(b) Given that P 0 = (1.35, y) is on the line through Q and R, find y. Calculate 4.26 y.
(c) Which of the three lines best fits the given data? Why do you think so?
655. Write an equation that describes all the points on the circle whose center is at the origin
and whose radius is (a) 13; (b) 6; (c) r.
656. Campbell is about to attempt a 30-foot putt on a level surface. The hole is 4 inches in
diameter. Remembering the advice of a golf pro, Campbell aims for a mark that is 6 inches
from the ball and on the line from the center of the hole to the center of the ball. Campbell
misses the mark by a sixteenth of an inch. Does the ball go in the hole?
657. A trapezoid has 11-inch and 25-inch parallel sides, and an area of 216 square inches.
(a) How far apart are the parallel sides?
(b) If one of the non-parallel sides is 13 inches long, how long is the other one? (N.B. There
are two answers to this question. It is best to make a separate diagram for each.)
658. Graph the circle whose equation is x2 + y 2 = 64. What is its radius? What do the
equations x2 + y 2 = 1, x2 + y 2 = 40, and x2 + y 2 = k all have in common? How do they
differ?
659. Taylor lets out 120 meters of kite string, then wonders how high the kite has risen.
Taylor is able to calculate the answer, after using a protractor to measure the 63-degree
angle of elevation that the string makes with the ground. How high is the kite, to the
nearest meter? What (unrealistic) assumptions did you make in answering this question?
660. Find the sine of a 45-degree angle. Use a calculator only to check your answer.
661. A triangle that has a 5-inch and a 6-inch side can be similar to a triangle that has a
4-inch and an 8-inch side. Find an example. Check that your example really is a triangle.
662. Let A = (1, 5), B = (3, 1), C = (5, 4), A0 = (5, 9), B 0 = (11, 3), and C 0 = (17, 6).
Show that there is a dilation that transforms triangle ABC onto triangle A0 B 0 C 0 . In other
words, find the dilation center and the magnification factor.
663. (Continuation) Calculate the areas of triangles ABC and A0 B 0 C 0 . Are your answers
related in a predictable way?
664. The vectors [12, 0] and [3, 4] form a parallelogram. Find the lengths of its altitudes.
665. The vertices of triangle ABC are A = (5, 12), B = (5, 12), and C = (5, 12).
Confirm that the circumcenter of ABC lies at the origin. What is an equation for the
circumcircle?

Mathematics 2
666. If the sides of a triangle are 13, 14, and 15 cm long, then the altitude drawn to the
14-cm side is 12 cm long. How long are the other two altitudes? Which side has the longest
altitude?
667. (Continuation) How long are the altitudes of a triangle whose sides are 26, 28, and 30
cm long? What happens to the area of a triangle if its dimensions are doubled?
668. Find the length of the bisector of the smallest angle of a 3-4-5 triangle.
669. Show the lines (x, y, z) = (5 + 2t, 3 + 2t, 1 t) and (x, y, z) = (13 3r, 13 + 2r, 4 + 4r)
are not parallel, and that they do not intersect. Such lines are called skew.
670. Let A = (6, 0), B = (0, 8), C = (0, 0). In triangle ABC, let F be the foot of the altitude
drawn from C to side AB.
(a) Explain why the angles of triangles ABC, CBF , and ACF are the same.
(b) Find coordinates for F , and use them to calculate the exact lengths F A, F B, and F C.
(c) Compare the sides of triangle ABC with the sides of triangle ACF . What do you notice?
671. A similarity transformation is a geometric transformation that uniformly multiplies dis-

tances, in the following sense: For some positive number m, and any two points A and B and
their respective images A0 and B 0 , the distance from A0 to B 0 is m times the distance from A
to B. You have recently shown that any dilation T (x, y) = (mx, my) is a similarity transfor-
mation. Is it true that the transformation T (x, y) = (3x, 2y) is a similarity transformation?
Explain.
672. The area of the triangle determined by the vectors v and w is 5. What is the area of
the triangle determined by the vectors 2v and 3w? Justify your answer. Do not assume that
v and w are perpendicular.
673. Decide whether the transformation T (x, y) = (4x 3y, 3x + 4y) is a similarity transfor-
mation. If so, what is the multiplier m?
674. A rectangular sheet of paper is 21 cm wide. When it is folded in half, with the crease
running parallel to the 21-cm sides, the resulting rectangle is the same shape as the unfolded
sheet. Find the length of the sheet, to the nearest tenth of a cm. Note: in many places
outside of the United States, such as Europe, the shape of notebook paper is determined by
this similarity property.
675. How much evidence is needed to be sure that two triangles are similar?
676. Use a calculator to find the sine of a 56-degree angle and the cosine of a 34-degree angle.
Now find the sine of a 23-degree angle and the cosine of a 67-degree angle. The word cosine
abbreviates sine of the complement. Explain the terminology. The cosine function seems
to be unnecessary. Explain.
1
677. A line of slope 2
intersects a line of slope 3. Find the size of the acute angle that these
lines form.

Mathematics 2
678. Square ABCD has 8-inch sides, M is the midpoint of BC, and N is the intersection of
AM and diagonal BD. Find the lengths of N B, N M , N A, and N D.
679. Parallelogram P QRS has P Q = 8 cm, QR = 9 cm, and diagonal QS = 10 cm. Mark
F on RS, exactly 5 cm from S. Let T be the intersection of P F and QS. Find the lengths
T S and T Q.
680. The parallel sides of a trapezoid are 12 inches and 18 inches long. The non-parallel
sides meet when one is extended 9 inches and the other is extended 16 inches. How long are
the non-parallel sides of this trapezoid?
681. The lengths of the sides of triangle ABC are often abbreviated by writing a = BC,
b = CA, and c = AB. Notice that lower-case sides oppose upper-case vertices. Suppose now
that angle BCA is right, so that a2 + b2 = c2 . Let F be the foot of the perpendicular drawn
from C to the hypotenuse AB. If a = 5, b = 12 and c = 13, what are the lengths of F A,
F B, and F C? Does c = F A + F B?
682. Verify that P = (2, 1), Q = (5, 7), and R = (20, 10) are not collinear.
(a) Let Q0 = (5, y) be the point on the line through P and R that has the same x-coordinate
as Q has. Find y, then calculate the residual value 7 y.
(b) Because the segment P R seems to provide the most accurate slope, one might regard
P R as the line that best fits the given data. The point Q has as yet played no part in this
decision, however. Find an equation for the line that is parallel to P R and that makes the
sum of the three residuals zero. Based on these criteria, this is a line of best fit.
683. Apply the Angle-Bisector

Theorem to the smallest angle of the right triangle whose
sides are 1, 2, and 3. The side of length 1 is divided by the bisector into segments of what
lengths? Using a calculator, check your answer for the tangent of a 15-degree angle.
684. Sketch the circle whose equation is x2 + y 2 = 100. Using the same system of coordinate
axes, graph the line x + 3y = 10, which should intersect the circle twice at A = (10, 0)
and at another point B in the second quadrant. Estimate the coordinates of B. Now use
algebra to find them exactly. Segment AB is called a chord of the circle.
685. (Continuation) What percentage of the circumference of the circle lies above the chord
AB? First estimate the percentage, then find a way of calculating it precisely.
686. (Continuation) Find coordinates for a point C on the circle that makes chords AB and
AC have equal length. What percentage of the circumference lies below chord AC?
687. What is the radius of the smallest circle that surrounds a 5-by-12 rectangle?
688. A triangle is defined by placing vectors [5, 7] and [21, 15] tail to tail. Find its angles.
689. Without doing any calculation, what can you say about the tangent of a k-degree angle,
when k is a number between 90 and 180? Explain your response, then check with a calculator.

Mathematics 2
690. What is the radius of the largest circle that you can draw on graph paper that encloses
(a) no lattice points? (b) exactly one lattice point?
(c) exactly two lattice points? (d) exactly three lattice points?
691. Let be the line y = 1 and F be the point (1, 2). Verify that the point (2, 6) is
equidistant from and F . Sketch the configuration of all points P that are equidistant from
F and . Recall that this curve is called a parabola. Point F is called its focus, and line
is called its directrix. Find an equation that says that P = (x, y) is on the parabola.
692. (Continuation) Let N = (2, 1), and find an equation for the perpendicular bisector of
F N . As a check, verify that P = (2, 6) is on this line. (Why could this have been predicted?)
Explain why this line intersects the parabola only at P .
693. Suppose that one of the angles of a triangle is exactly twice the size of another angle of
the triangle. Show that any such triangle can be dissected, by a single straight cut, into two
triangles, one of which is isosceles, the other of which is similar to the original.
694. The line y = x + 2 intersects the circle x2 + y 2 = 10 in two points. Call the third-
quadrant point R and the first-quadrant point E, and find their coordinates. Let D be the
point where the line through R and the center of the circle intersects the circle again. The
chord DR is an example of a diameter. Show that triangle RED is a right triangle.
695. (Continuation) The portion of the circle that lies above chord RE is called an arc. Find
a way of calculating and describing its size. The portion of the circle that lies below line RE
is also an arc. The first arc is called a minor arc because it is less than half the circle, and the
second arc is called a major arc because it is more than half the circle. It is straightforward
to find the size of major arc RE once you know the size of minor arc RE. Explain how to
do it.
696. Given T = (1.20, 7.48), U = (4.40, 6.12), and V = (8.80, 2.54), find an equation for the
line that is parallel to the line T V and that makes the sum of the three residuals zero. This
line is called the zero-residual line determined by T , U , and V .
697. For their students who turn the steering wheel too often while on the freeway, driving
instructors suggest that it is better to focus on a point that is about 100 yards ahead of the
car than to focus on a point only 10 yards ahead of the car. Comment on this advice.
698. Calculate the residual of P = (1.2, 2.4) with respect to the line 3x + 4y = 12.
699. Transformation T is defined by T (x, y) = (5, 1) + 3[x + 5, y 1]. An equivalent

definition is T (x, y) = (3x + 10, 3y 2). Use the first definition to help you explain what
kind of transformation T is.
700. Show that the area of a square is half the product of its diagonals. Then consider the
possibility that there might be other quadrilaterals with the same property.

Mathematics 2
701. Let A and B be the positive x-intercept and the positive y-intercept, respectively, of
the circle x2 + y 2 = 18. Let P and Q be the positive x-intercept and the positive y-intercept,
respectively, of the circle x2 + y 2 = 64. Verify that the ratio of chords AB : P Q matches the
ratio of the corresponding diameters. What does this data suggest to you?
702. To the nearest tenth of a degree, find the angles of the triangle with vertices (0, 0),
(6, 3), and (1, 8). Use your protractor to check your calculations, and explain your method.
703. In a right triangle, the 58-cm hypotenuse makes a 51-degree angle with one of the legs.
To the nearest tenth of a cm, how long is that leg? Once you have the answer, find two ways
to calculate the length of the other leg. They should both give the same answer.
704. Make an accurate drawing of a regular hexagon ABCDEF . Be prepared to report on

the method you used to draw this figure. Measure the length of diagonal AC and the length
of side AB. Form the ratio of the diagonal measurement to the side measurement. When
you compare answers with your classmates, on which of these three numbers do you expect
to find agreement?
705. (Continuation) Calculate AC : AB. One way to do it is to use trigonometry.
706. (Continuation) The diagonals AC, BD, CE, DF , EA, and F B form the familiar six-
pointed Star of David. Their intersections inside ABCDEF are the vertices of a smaller
hexagon. Explain why the small hexagon is similar to ABCDEF . In particular, explain
why the small hexagon is regular. Make measurements and use them to approximate the
ratio of similarity. Then calculate an exact value for this ratio.
707. The sides of a square are parallel to the coordinate axes. Its vertices lie on the circle of
radius 5 whose center is at the origin. Find coordinates for the four vertices of this square.
708. Find the lengths of both altitudes in the parallelogram determined by [2, 3] and [5, 7].
709. Let A = (0, 1), B = (7, 0), C = (3, 7), and D = (0, 6). Find the areas of triangles ABC
and ADC, which share side AC. Calculate the ratio of areas ABC : ADC. If you were to
calculate the distances from B and D to the line AC, how would they compare? Explain
your reasoning, or else calculate the two distances to confirm your prediction.
710. Draw a circle and label one of its diameters AB. Choose any E
...................................
...............
other point on the circle and call it C. What can you say about the F ..........................................
............... . .. ..............
.. .. .........
.........
.. .. ........
size of angle ACB? Does it depend on which C you chose? Justify ...... .......
... ... .......... ... ... ............
.............. H
... ... .......
....... . ............. .
..........
. ...
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...
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your response. ... ...
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.
.
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.
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.
.
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.
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711. The figure at right shows a cube ABCDEF GH. Square ...
...
... . . . . . . ......
...
... . . . ....... . .
.. . . ..
...
...
...
... .. ...
..
.. ...
..
.
....... ... ... ... .. ...
ABCD and rectangle EF CD form an angle that is called dihe- B ......
......
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. .......
..
...... ... ... ......... D
...... .. .
. ..............
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dral because it is formed by two intersecting planes. The line of ...... ... ...
...... ... ..
........... ..................
........
.
...
. .
..
..............
intersection here is CD. Calculate the size of this angle. C

Mathematics 2
712. Draw a large triangle ABC, and mark D on segment AC so that the ratio AD : DC is
equal to 3:4. Mark any point P on segment BD.
(a) Find the ratio of the area of triangle BAD to the area of triangle BCD.
(b) Find the ratio of the area of triangle P AD to the area of triangle P CD.
(c) Find the ratio of the area of triangle BAP to the area of triangle BCP .
713. Suppose that triangle ABC has a 30-degree angle at A and a 60-degree angle at B.
Let O be the midpoint of AB. Draw the circle centered at O that goes through A. Explain
why this circle also goes through B and C. Angle BOC is called a central angle of the circle
because its vertex is at the center. The minor arc BC is called a 60-degree arc because it
subtends a 60-degree angle at the center. What is the angular size of minor arc AC? of
major arc AC? How does the actual length of minor arc AC compare to the length of minor
arc BC?
714. A triangle has two k-inch sides that make a 36-degree angle, and the third side is one
inch long. Draw the bisector of one of the other angles. How long is it? There are several
ways to calculate the number k. Apply at least two of them.
715. Let A = (0, 0), B = (12, 0), C = (8, 6), and D = (2, 6). The diagonals AC and BD
of trapezoid ABCD intersect at P . Explain why triangle ABP is similar to triangle CDP .
What is the ratio of similarity? Which side of triangle CDP corresponds to side AP in
triangle ABP ? Why is it inaccurate to write 4ABP 4DCP ? Without finding the
coordinates of P , show how you can find the lengths AP and P C.
716. (Continuation) Find the ratio of the areas of triangles

(a) ADP to CDP ; (b) ADP to ABP ; (c) CDP to ABP .
717. Consider the points A = (0.5, 8), B = (0.5, 5), and C = (3, 4.5). Calculate the
residual for each of these points with respect to the line 4x y = 7.

Mathematics 2
718. Draw an accurate version of a regular pentagon. Be prepared to report on the method
you used to draw this figure. Measure the length of a diagonal and the length of a side.
Then divide the diagonal length by the side length. When you and your classmates compare
answers, on which of the preceding numbers should you agree the lengths or the ratio?
719. (Continuation) Calculate the ratio of the diagonal length to the side length in any
regular pentagon. One way to do it is to use trigonometry.
720. (Continuation) Label your pentagon ABCDE. Draw its diagonals. They intersect to
form a smaller pentagon A0 B 0 C 0 D0 E 0 that lies inside ABCDE.
(a) Explain why A0 B 0 C 0 D0 E 0 is regular, and why it is similar to ABCDE.
(b) Measure the length A0 B 0 , and divide it by AB. Then use trigonometry to find an exact
value for A0 B 0 : AB, which is called the ratio of similarity.
(c) Consider the ways of assigning the labels A0 , B 0 , C 0 , D0 , and E 0 to the vertices of the
small pentagon. How many ways are there? Is there one that stands out from the rest?
721. (Continuation) It should be possible to circumscribe a circle around your pentagon

ABCDE, meaning that a circle can be drawn that goes through all five of its vertices. Find
the center of this circle, and describe your method. Then measure the radius of the circle,
and express your answer as a multiple of the length AB. Which of these numbers will be
more useful to bring to class the radius or the ratio?
722. If two chords of a circle have the same length, then their minor arcs have the same
length too. True or false? Explain. What about the converse statement? Is it true? Why?
723. The figure at right shows a cube ABCDEF GH, where P the
E ................
midpoint of F E. P ...............
............... .....
............... .. ................
.
..
.........
F .....................
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..
.........
.........
(a)Calculate the size of the dihedral angle formed by square ABCD ... ........
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and triangle P CD. ...
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(b)What happens to the angle if P is a different point on F E? ...
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.
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... .. ... . . . .. . ..
... .. .... . . ... . ...
... . . . ... ..... ... ... ...
... .... .. .. ... .. ..
.... . . . . . ..
724. Draw a line in your notebook, and mark a point F approxi- B ......
......
......
.. ... .
.. ....
. . .
..... ..
.......
....
.
.
..... .........
D ......
...... .........
mately an inch away from . Sketch the parabola that has as its ......
......
...... ......
...... ... .
........
...
.. .
.............
......... .................
.....
directrix and F as its focus. Locate the point V on the parabola, C
called the vertex, which is closest to the focus. Draw the line through F that is perpendicular
to . How is this line related to V and to the parabola?
725. Suppose that M P is a diameter of a circle centered at O, and Q is any other point on
the circle. Draw the line through O that is parallel to M Q, and let R be the point where it
meets minor arc P Q. Prove that R is the midpoint of minor arc P Q.
726. Line (Greek mu) intersects segment AB at D, forming a 57-degree angle. Suppose
that AD : DB = 2 : 3 is known. What can you say about the distances from A to and from
B to ? If 2 : 3 is replaced by another ratio m : n, how is your answer affected?

Mathematics 2
727. The circle x2 + y 2 = 25 goes through A = (5, 0) and B = (3, 4). To the nearest tenth of
a degree, find the size of the minor arc AB.
728. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in the circle of radius 1 centered at the origin (the
unit circle). If one of the vertices is (1, 0), what are the coordinates of the other two? The
three points divide the circle into three arcs; what are the angular sizes of these arcs?
729. On a circle whose center is O, mark points P and A so that minor arc PA is a 46-degree
arc. What does this tell you about angle P OA? Extend P O to meet the circle again at T .
What is the size of angle P T A? This angle is inscribed in the circle, because all three points
are on the circle. The arc PA is intercepted by the angle P T A.
730. (Continuation) If minor arc P A is a k-degree arc, what is the size of angle PT A?
731. The area of triangle ABC is 231 square inches, and point P is marked on side AB so
that AP : P B = 3 : 4. What are the areas of triangles AP C and BP C?
732. Show that the zero-residual line of the points P , Q, and R goes through their centroid.
733. (Continuation) The zero-residual line makes the sum of the residuals zero. What about
the sum of the absolute values of the residuals? Is it possible for this sum to be zero? If not,
does the zero-residual line make this sum as small as it can be?
734. Show that the medians of any triangle divide the triangle into six smaller triangles of
equal area. Are any of the small triangles necessarily congruent to each other?
735. A close look at a color television screen reveals an array of thousands of tiny red, green,
and blue dots. This is because any color can be obtained as a mixture of these three colors.
For example, if neighboring red, green, and blue dots are equally bright, the effect is white.
If a blue dot is unilluminated and its red and green neighbors are equally bright, the effect
is yellow. In other words, white corresponds to the red:green:blue ratio 31 : 13 : 31 and pure
yellow corresponds to 12 : 21 : 0. Notice that the sum of the three terms in each proportion is
1. A triangle RGB provides a simple model for this mixing of colors. The vertices represent
three neighboring dots. Each point C inside the triangle represents a precise color, defined
as follows: The intensities of the red dot, green dot, and blue dot are proportional to the
areas of the triangles CGB, CBR, and CRG, respectively. What color is represented by the
centroid of RGB? What color is represented by the midpoint of side RG?
736. (Continuation) Point C is 53 of the way from R to G. Give a numerical description for
the color mixture that corresponds to it. The color magenta is composed of equal intensities
of red and blue, with green absent. Where is this color in the triangle?
737. (Continuation) Given that color C is defined by the red:green:blue ratio 0.4 : g : b, where
g + b = 0.6, what are the possible positions for C in the triangle?

Mathematics 2
738. Triangle ABC has a 53-degree angle at A, and its circumcenter is at K. Draw a good
picture of this triangle, and measure the size of angle BKC. Be prepared to describe the
process you used to find K. Measure the angles B and AKC of your triangle. Measure
angles C and AKB. Make a conjecture about arcs intercepted by inscribed angles. Justify
your assertion.
739. The area of a trapezoidal cornfield IOW A is 18000 sq m. The 100-meter side IO is
parallel to the 150-meter side W A. This field is divided into four sections by diagonal roads
IW and OA. Find the areas of the triangular sections.
740. In triangle ABC, it is given that angle BCA is right. Let a = BC, b = CA, and
c = AB. Using a, b, and c, express the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios of acute angles A
and B.
741. The sine of a 38-degree angle is some number r. Without using a calculator, you should
be able to identify the angle size whose cosine is the same number r.
742. Given SSS information about an isosceles triangle, describe the process you would use
to calculate the sizes of its angles.
743. Draw non-parallel vectors u, v, and u + v emanating from a common point. In order
that u + v bisect the angle formed by u and v, what must be true of u and v?
744. If P and Q are points on a circle, then the center of the circle must be on the perpen-
dicular bisector of chord P Q. Explain. Which point on the chord is closest to the center?
Why?
745. Given that triangle ABC is similar to triangle P QR, write the three-term proportion
that describes how the six sides of these figures are related.
746. Draw a circle with a 2-inch radius, mark four points randomly (not evenly spaced) on
it, and label them consecutively G, E, O, and M . Measure angles GEO and GM O. Could
you have predicted the result? Name another pair of angles that would have produced the
same result. R ........... .... .....
... ... ........
... .... .........
.... .... .....
.....
747. In triangle RGB, mark P on side RB so that RP : P B equals .. ...
... .... 3m
.....
.....
.....
.... ...
...
.....
.....
...
3 : 2. Let C be the midpoint of GP . Calculate the ratio of areas ...
...
...
...
...
.....
.....
.....
.....
... ... P .....
CGB : CBR : CRG. Express your answer ...
...
...
...
...
...
.....
.
.......
.. ..........
... .. .....
... ..
. .....
(a) so that the sum of the three numbers is 1; ...
..
...
...
... ..
..
. . 2m .....
.....
.....
.... ... . .....
... ... ... .....
(b) so that the three numbers are all integers. ...
... C ......
..
.....
..
..............................................................................................
.
... .... .
. .
. ... .
.
.. ....... . .
... .
... ....... B
... ... ... .
.. .
.. .....
. ...........
... .... ...........
..... ...........
748. Mixtures of three quantities can be modeled geometrically by ... .......
.... ......... .....................
. .. ......
...........
...........
..............
using a triangle. What geometric figure would be suitable for de- G
scribing the mixing of two quantities? the mixing of four quantities? Give the details of your
models.

Mathematics 2
749. A circular park 80 meters in diameter has a straight path cutting across it. It is 24
meters from the center of the park to the closest point on this path. How long is the path?
750. Show that the lines y = 2x 5 and 2x + 11y = 25 create chords of equal length when
they intersect the circle x2 + y 2 = 25. Make a large diagram, and measure the inscribed
angle formed by these chords. Describe two ways of calculating its size to the nearest 0.1
degree. What is the angular size of the arc that is intercepted by this inscribed angle?
751. A triangle has a 3-inch side, a 4-inch side, and a 5-inch side. The altitude drawn to the
5-inch side cuts this side into segments of what lengths?
752. The parallel sides of a trapezoid are 8 inches and 12 inches long, while one of the non-
parallel sides is 6 inches long. How far must this side be extended to meet the extension of
the opposite side? What are the possible lengths for the opposite side?
753. The midline of a trapezoid is not concurrent with the diagonals. Explain why.
754. A chord 6 cm long is 2 cm from the center of a circle. How long is a chord that is 1 cm
from the center of the same circle?

755. By using the triangle whose sides have lengths 1, 3, and 2, express the sine, cosine,
and tangent of a 30-degree angle as ratios of these lengths. You can use a calculator to check
your answers, of course.
756. Triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle. Given that AB is a 40-degree arc and ABC is a
50-degree angle, find the sizes of the other arcs and angles in the figure.
757. Suppose that chords AB and BC have the same lengths as chords P Q and QR, respec-
tively, with all six points belonging to the same circle (they are concyclic). Is this enough
information to conclude that chords AC and P R have the same length? Explain.
758. The figure at right shows points C, A, and R marked on a

............................... A
circle centered at E, so that chords CA and AR have the same R................................................................................................................................
.. . ..... ......
...... ..... ..... .....
..... ..... .....
length, and so that major arc CR is a 260-degree arc. Find the .
.....
.....
...
...
.
.
..... .....
..... ....
..... ...
.... ...
... ..... ..
.. ..... ...
angles of quadrilateral CARE. What is special about the sizes of ..
.
.
.
..
....
....
.
........
......
.... C
....
...
... .... ......... ....
.
......
angles CAR and ACE? ...
...
...
...
... .
.............
. ..... .. ...... ...
...
...
.. ... .................. ...
..... ..... .
... ...
... E ....
759. The sides of a triangle are found to be 10 cm, 14 cm, and ...
...
...
...
...
...
.
.
..
... ..
16 cm long, while the sides of another triangle are found to be 15 ...
...
... ...
.
..
.
.... ...
..... ....
in, 21 in, and 24 in long. On the basis of this information, what .....
.....
...... ......
...
......
....... ......
........ ......
........
can you say about the angles of these triangles? Is it possible to ...........
............................................
calculate their sizes?

760. The points A, P , Q, and B appear in this order on a line, so that AP : P Q = 2 : 3 and
P Q : QB = 5 : 8. Find whole numbers that are proportional to AP : P Q : QB.

Mathematics 2
761. A trapezoid has two 65-degree angles, and also 8-inch and 12-inch parallel sides. How
long are the non-parallel sides? What is the area enclosed by this figure?
762. The dimensions of rectangle ABCD are AB = 12 and BC = 16. Point P is marked on
side BC, so that BP = 5, and the intersection of AP and BD is called T . Find the lengths
of the four segments T A, T P , T B, and T D.
763. Two circles of radius 10 cm are drawn so that their centers are 12 cm apart. The two
points of intersection determine a common chord. Find the length of this chord.
764. Let P = (2, 6), Q = (8, 10), and R = (11, 2). Find an equation for the zero-residual
line, as well as the line of slope 2 through the centroid G of triangle P QR. Find the sum of
the residuals of P , Q, and R with respect to the second line. Repeat the investigation using
the line of slope 1 through G. Use your results to formulate a conjecture.
765. What is the sine of the angle whose tangent is 2? First find an answer by hand (draw
a picture), then use a calculator to check.
766. Consider the line y = 1.8x + 0.7.

(a) Find a point whose residual with respect to this line is 1.
(b) Describe the configuration of points whose residuals are 1 with respect to this line.
767. The median of a set of numbers is the middle number, once the numbers have been
arranged in order from least to greatest. If there are two middle numbers, then the median
is half their sum. Find the median of (a) 5, 8, 3, 9, 5, 6, 8; (b) 4, 10, 8, 7.
768. A median-median point for a set of points is the point whose x-value is the median of
all the given x-values and whose y-value is the median of all the given y-values. Find the
median-median point for the following set of points: (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 5), (6, 4), and (10, 7).
769. True or false? The midline of a trapezoid divides the figure into two trapezoids, each
similar to the original. Explain.
770. Hilary and Dale leave camp and go for a long hike. After going 7 km due east, they
turn and go another 8 km in the direction 60 degrees north of east. They plan to return
along a straight path. How far from camp are they at this point? Use an angle to describe
the direction that Hilary and Dale should follow to reach their camp.
771. A right triangle has 6-inch, 8-inch, and 10-inch sides. A square can be inscribed in this
triangle, with one vertex on each leg and two vertices on the hypotenuse. How long are the
sides of the square?
772. Find a triangle two of whose angles have sizes tan1 (1.5) and tan1 (3). Answer this
question either by giving coordinates for the three vertices, or by giving the lengths of the
three sides. To the nearest 0.1 degree, find the size of the third angle in your triangle.

Mathematics 2
773. In triangle RGB, point X divides RG according to RX : XG = 3 : 5, and point Y

divides GB according to GY : Y B = 2 : 7. Let C be the intersection of BX and RY .
(a) Find a ratio of whole numbers that is equal to the area ratio CGB : CBR.
(b) Find a ratio of whole numbers that is equal to the area ratio CBR : CRG.
(c) Find a ratio of whole numbers that is equal to the area ratio CGB : CRG.
(d) Find whole numbers m, n, and p so that CGB : CBR : CRG = m : n : p.
(e) The line GC cuts the side BR into two segments. What is the ratio of their lengths?

774. The area of an equilateral triangle is 100 3 square inches. How long are its sides?
775. Points P , E, and A are marked on a circle whose center is R. In quadrilateral P EAR,
angles A and E are found to be 54 and 113 , respectively. What are the other two angles?
776. The diagram shows a rectangle that has been formed by bordering
........
an isosceles right triangle with three other right triangles, one of which ... .......
... ........
... .......
.......
... .......
...
has a 60-degree angle as shown. Find the sizes of the other angles in ...
...
...
.......
....... ..
...
..............
... .......
the figure. By assigning lengths to all the segments, you should be ...
...
...
.......
.......
.......
.......
... 60
.......
.......
able to work out values for the sine, cosine, and tangent of a 75-degree ...
...
...
.......
.
.............
.
... ...
angle, without using a calculators trigonometric functions (except to ...
...
... ..
...
.
...
... ...
...
check your formulas). ...
...
... ...
...
.
... ...
...
... ..........
... . ... .
.
... ...
777. The points A = (0, 13) and B = (12, 5) lie on a circle whose center ...
...
... ..
...
...
..
... ...
is at the origin. Write an equation for the perpendicular bisector of ...
...
...
...
...
..
... ....
segment AB. Notice that this bisector goes through the origin; why ... ....
... ...
......
.
was this expected?
778. (Continuation) Find center and radius for another circle to which A and B both belong,
and write an equation for it. How small can such a circle be? How large? What can be said
about the centers of all such circles?
779. The areas of two similar triangles are 24 square cm and 54 square cm. The smaller
triangle has a 6-cm side. How long is the corresponding side of the larger triangle?
780. When two circles have a common chord, their centers and the endpoints of the chord
form a quadrilateral. What kind of quadrilateral is it? What special property do its diagonals
have?
781. The area of triangle ABC is 75 square cm. Medians AN and CM intersect at G. What
is the area of quadrilateral GM BN ?
782. Given that (Greek theta) stands for the degree size of an acute angle, fill in the
blank space between the parentheses to create a true statement: sin = cos ( ).
783. If corresponding sides of two similar triangles are in a 3 : 5 ratio, then what is the ratio
of the areas of these triangles?

Mathematics 2
784. Let P = (25, 0), Q = (25, 0), and R = (24, 7).

(a) Find an equation for the circle that goes through P , Q, and R.
(b) Find at least two ways of showing that angle P RQ is right.
(c) Find coordinates for three other points R that would have made angle P RQ right.
..................................
................. ..........
......... ........
........ .......
.......
785. Show that (2, 10), (1, 11), (6, 10), and (9, 7) are concyclic. ..
.. .
............
......
......
.....
.....
....... .....
.
..... ....
...
...
. ...
... ...
786. Explain how to find the center of the circle shown, using ...
..
.
. ...
...
...
... ...
only a pencil and a rectangular sheet of paper. ...
...
.... ...
...
...
...
... ...
... ...
.... .
...
787. Trapezoid ABCD has parallel sides AB and CD, of ...
...
... .
....
.
... ...
lengths 8 and 16, respectively. Diagonals AC and BD in- ...
...
... ..
...
...
... .
... ...
tersect at E, and the length of AC is 15. Find the lengths of ...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
AE and EC. .....
.....
.....
..... .....
.....
.....
...... .
.........
...... .
....... ......
........ .......
........... ........
......................................................
788. (Continuation) Through E draw the line parallel to sides
AB and CD, and let P and Q be its intersections with DA and BC, respectively. Find the
length of P Q.
789. Plot the following nine non-collinear points:

(0.0, 1.0) (1.0, 2.0) (2.0, 2.7) (3.0, 4.0) (4.0, 3.0) (5.0, 4.6) (6.0, 6.2) (7.0, 8.0) (8.0, 8.5)
(a) Use your ruler (clear plastic is best) to draw the line that seems to best fit this data.
(b) Record the slope and the y-intercept of your line.
790. (Continuation) Extend the zero-residual-line technique to this data set as follows: First,
working left to right, separate the data into three groups of equal size (three points in
each group for this example). Next, select the summary point for each group by finding
its median-median point. Finally, calculate the zero-residual line defined by these three
summary points. This line is called the median-median line. Sketch this line, and compare
it with your estimated line of best fit.
791. (Continuation) If the number of data points is not divisible by three, the three groups
cannot have the same number of points. In such cases, it is customary to arrange the group
sizes in a symmetric fashion. For instance:
(a) Enlarge the data set to include a tenth point, (9.0, 9.5), and then separate the ten points
into groups, of sizes three, four, and three points, reading from left to right. Calculate the
summary points for these three groups.
(b) Enlarge the data set again to include an eleventh point, (10.0, 10.5). Separate the eleven
points into three groups and calculate the three summary points.
792. Let A = (0, 0), B = (4, 0), and C = (4, 3). Mark point D so that ACD is a right angle
and DAC is a 45-degree angle. Find coordinates for D. Find the tangent of angle DAB.
793. Find a point on the line y = x that lies on the parabola whose focus is (0, 2) and
directrix is the x-axis. Describe the relationship between the line y = x and the parabola.

Mathematics 2
794. Two circles have a 24-cm common chord, their centers are 14 cm apart, and the radius
of one of the circles is 13 cm. Make an accurate drawing, and find the radius for the second
circle in your diagram. There are two solutions; find both.
795. SAS Similarity. Use your protractor to carefully draw a triangle that has a 5-cm side,
a 9-cm side, and whose included angle is 40 degrees. Construct a second triangle that has
a 10-cm side, an 18-cm side, and whose included angle is also 40 degrees. Measure the
remaining parts of these triangles. Could you have anticipated the results? Explain.
796. Find the perimeter of a regular 36-sided polygon inscribed in a circle of radius 20 cm.
797. Find the area of a regular 36-sided polygon inscribed in a circle of radius 20 cm.
798. The position of a starship is given by the equation Pt = (18 + 3t, 24 + 4t, 110 5t). For
what values of t is the starship within 100 units of a space station placed at the origin?
799. Point P = (x, y) is 6 units from A = (0, 0) and 9 units from B = (9, 0). Find x and y.
.
C ........................
.....
800. Refer to the figure, in which angles ABE and CDE are ...
..
... 4
.....
.....
.....
.....
.... .....
equal in size, and various segments have been marked with their x
...
...
E .....
.....
....
..... .........
... ...... .....
... .
lengths. Find x. ...
.. .....
.....
.......
.
.
. .....
.....
.....
.....
.... ........ .....
.....
... .
.... .....
....................
... .......
8.....
.....
.....
801. Let A = (0, 0), B = (7, 0), and C = (7, 5). Point D is D .......
...
.....
.....
.....
.....
... .....
...
located so that angle ACD is a right angle and the tangent of 2 ...
...
.....
.....
.
..........
.. ... .....
angle DAC is 5/7. Find coordinates for D. A
B
802. A kite has an 8-inch side and a 15-inch side, which form a right angle. Find the length
of the diagonals of the kite.
803. Mark points A and C on a clean sheet of paper, then spend a minute or so drawing
rectangles ABCD. What do you notice about the configuration of points B and D?
804. What is the radius of the circumscribed circle for a triangle whose sides are 15, 15, and
24 cm long? What is the radius of the smallest circle that contains this triangle?
805. Find an equation for the circle of radius 5 whose center is at (3, 1).
806. Draw a cyclic quadrilateral SP AM in which the size of angle SP A is 110 degrees. What
is the size of angle AM S? Would your answer change if M were replaced by a different point
on major arc SA?
807. Let A0 B 0 C 0 be the midpoint triangle of triangle ABC. In other words, A0 , B 0 , and C 0
are the midpoints of segments BC, CA, and AB, respectively. Show that triangles A0 B 0 C 0
and ABC have the same centroid.
808. Does (1, 11) lie on the parabola defined by the focus (0, 4) and the directrix y = x?
Justify your answer.

Mathematics 2
809. The area of a trapezoid is 3440 square inches, and the lengths of its parallel sides are
in a 3:5 ratio. A diagonal divides the trapezoid into two triangles. What are their areas?
810. Let W ISH be a cyclic quadrilateral, and K be the intersection of its diagonals W S
and HI. Given that arc W I is 100 degrees and arc SH is 80 degrees, find the sizes of as
many angles in the figure as you can.
811. A regular dodecagon can be dissected into regular polygons (which do not all have the
same number of sides). Use this dissection (but not a calculator) to find the area of the
dodecagon, assuming that its edges are all 8 cm long.
812. Let A = (0, 0) and B = (0, 8). Plot several points P that make AP B a 30-degree
angle. Use a protractor, and be prepared to report coordinates for your points. Formulate a
conjecture about the configuration of all such points. .
...........
................ 5 .......
..............................
3
..............................
..............................................................
...............................
813. Triangle ABC has P on AC, Q on AB, and angle AP Q equal ................................................
......................................................
.............................................................
...............................................................................................................
to angle B. The lengths AP = 3, AQ = 4, and P C = 5 are given. .....................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
Find the length of AB. .
.................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................
.......................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
............................
...................................................................................................
.............................................................................................
814. The figure at right shows a rectangular sheet of paper that has .
...................................................................
....................................................................................................
....................
........................................................................
...................................................
been creased so that one of its corners matches a point on a non- .
...............................................
....................................................................
.........................
...................................
adjacent edge. Given the dimensions marked on the figure, you are .
.....................................
.....................
..................................
.....................
to determine the length of the crease. ..............
......
815. Draw the line y = 2x 5 and the circle x2 + y 2 = 5. Use algebra to show that these
graphs touch at only one point. Find the slope of the segment that joins this point to the
center of the circle, and compare your answer with the slope of the line y = 2x 5. It
is customary to say that a line and a circle are tangent if they have exactly one point in
common.
816. Point by point, the transformation T (x, y) = (4x y, 3x 2y) sends the line x + 2y = 6
onto an image line. What is the slope of the image?
817. The zero-residual line determined by (1, 2), (4, k), and (7, 8) is y = x 23 . Sketch the
line, plot the points, and find the value of k.
818. The length of segment AB is 20 cm. Find the distance from C to AB, given that C is
a point on the circle that has AB as a diameter, and that
(a) AC = CB; (b) AC = 10 cm; (c) AC = 12 cm.
819. Quadrilateral BAKE is cyclic. Extend BA to a point T outside the circle, thus pro-
ducing the exterior angle KAT . Why do angles KAT and KEB have the same size?
820. A kite has a 5-inch side and a 7-inch side. One of the diagonals is bisected by the other.
The bisecting diagonal has length 8 inches. Find the length of the bisected diagonal.

Mathematics 2
821. Drawn in a circle whose radius is 12 cm, chord AB is 16 cm long. Calculate the angular
size of minor arc AB.
822. The reflection property of parabolas. Consider the parabola whose focus is F = (1, 4)
and whose directrix is the line x = 3.
(a) Sketch the parabola, and make calculations that confirm that P = (7, 12) is on it.
(b) Find the slope of the line through P that is tangent to the parabola.
(c) Calculate the size of the angle that makes with the line y = 12.
(d) Calculate the size of the angle that makes with segment F P . Hmm . . .
823. The graph of x2 6x + 9 + y 2 + 2y + 1 = 25 is a circle. Where is the center of the circle?
What is the radius of the circle?
...
...
...
824. Show that the line y = 10 3x is tangent to the circle x2 + y 2 = 10. ...
...
...
...
Find an equation for the line perpendicular to the tangent line at the point of ...
...
...
...
tangency. Show that this line goes through the center of the circle. ...
...
...
..
..
............................... ....
...... ........
. .....
..
825. Let K = (0, 0), L = (12, 0), and M = (0, 9). Find equations for the .....
...
. ...
...
....
.
... ......
.. ...
three lines that bisect the angles of triangle KLM . Show that the lines are ...
...
....
...... ...
.
. .... ....
...
. ...
.......... ..............
concurrent at a point C, the incenter of KLM . Why is C called this? ........ ...
...
..
826. In triangle RGB, point X divides side RG according to RX : XG = m : n, and point

Y divides side GB according to GY : Y B = p : q. Let C be the intersection of segments BX
and RY . Find the area ratios
(a) CGB : CBR (b) CBR : CRG (c) CGB : CRG (d) CGB : CBR : CRG
(e) Find the ratio into which the line GC divides the side BR.
827. Hanging weights on a spring makes the spring stretch the greater mass stretch
the mass, the greater the stretch. Some PEA physics students studied 1.960 0.062
a spring in the laboratory. Their seven data points appear at right, 3.920 0.125
measured in kilograms and meters. Find the median-median line and 4.900 0.157
interpret the slope and the intercepts: 6.860 0.220
9.800 0.317
828. The altitude drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle divides
12.74 0.406
the hypotenuse into two segments, whose lengths are 8 inches and 18
14.70 0.469
inches. How long is the altitude?
829. Write an equation for the circle that is centered at (4, 5) and tangent to the x-axis.
830. Verify that the point A = 8, 25

3
lies on the parabola whose focus is (0, 6) and whose
directrix is the x-axis. Find an equation for the line that is tangent to the parabola at A.
831. Let A = (1, 3), B = (6, 0), and C = (9, 9). Find the size of angle BAC. There is more
than one way to do it.
832. For (a), find center and radius. For (b), explain why it has the same graph as (a).
(a) (x 5)2 + (y + 3)2 = 49 (b) x2 10x + y 2 + 6y = 15

Mathematics 2
833. For each of the following, fill in the blank to create a perfect-square trinomial:
(a) x2 6x + (b) y 2 + 7y + (c) x2 0.4x + (d) y 2 y + 42.25
834. Find the center and the radius of the following circles:
(a) x2 + y 2 6x + y = 3 (b) x2 + y 2 + 8x = 0 (c) x2 + y 2 + 2x 8y = 8
835. Let K = (5, 12), L = (14, 0), and M = (0, 0). The line x + 2y = 14 bisects angle M LK.
Find equations for the bisectors of angles KM L and M KL. Is the slope of segment M K
twice the slope of the bisector through M ? Should it have been? Show that the three lines
concur at a point C. Does C have any special significance?
A ................... ...
.......
..... .....
B
836. Trapezoid ABCD has parallel sides AB and CD, of lengths 12 ...
....
......
......
......
...... ....... .
..
.
.....
.... ...
...
...
.. ...........
.... ...
Q
and 18, respectively. Diagonals AC and BD intersect at E. Draw the P ...
... .......
E
.
...
. .
... .........
......
........
...
...
...
... ....... .
....... ...
...
line through E that is parallel to AB and CD, and let P and Q be its ...
... .........
... ......
.
..... .
........ .....
...... ..
...... ...
. .. ........
......
intersections with DA and BC, respectively. Find P Q. D
.....
C
837. The point P = (4, 3) lies on the circle x2 + y 2 = 25. Find an equation for the line that
is tangent to the circle at P . This line meets the x-axis at a point Q. Find an equation for
the other line through Q that is tangent to the circle, and identify its point of tangency.
838. Let P = (4, 4, 7), A = (0, 0, 0), B = (8, 0, 0), C = (8, 8, 0), and D = (0, 8, 0). These
points are the vertices of a regular square pyramid. Sketch it. To the nearest tenth of a
degree, find the size of the dihedral angle formed by lateral face P CD and base ABCD.
839. (Continuation) Find the size of the angle formed by the edge P B and the base plane
ABCD. First you will have to decide what this means.
840. (Continuation) Let Q = (5, 5, 7). The five points QABCD are the vertices of a square
pyramid. Explain why the pyramid is not regular. To the nearest tenth of a degree, find the
size of the dihedral angle formed by the lateral face QCD and the base ABCD.
841. How long is the common chord of the circles x2 + y 2 = 4 and x2 + y 2 = 4x?
842. Draw the circles x2 + y 2 = 5 and (x 2)2 + (y 6)2 = 25 on the same coordinate-axis
system. Subtract one equation from the other, and simplify the result. This should produce
a linear equation; graph it. Is there anything special about this line? Make a conjecture
about what happens when one circle equation is subtracted from another.
843. Prove that the arcs between any two parallel chords in a circle must be the same size.

Mathematics 2
844. Crossed Chords. Verify that A = (7, 4), B = (7, 4), C =

(1, 8), and D = (8, 1) all lie on a circle centered at the origin. ......
........
.........
................ .......................
.......
...... ......
..... .....
Let K be the intersection of chords AC and BD. Prove that tri- .
.......
...
.
..
. .....
...
...
B .
.
.. ...............
...
......
A
angles KAB and KDC are similar and find the ratio of similarity. ....
... ..........
............
..........
.......... ..
.
.... ...
.. ....
...
.. .......... K ... ...
... .......... ....
Then, show that KA KC = KB KD. ....
...
............
..... ................... ....
.....
...
... ..
.
...
... ...
...
... ..
.
.. .. . D
... ... ... ....
... ...
... ... .
845. (Continuation) Explain why triangle KAD is similar to trian- ...
...
.....
.
...
.
... ....
...
. .
.....
...
...
..... .. ..
.. .. .....
gle KBC. What is the ratio of similarity? Is it the same ratio as ......
......
........
... ..
... ..
............. ........ ...................
......
.....
..................
for the other pair of similar triangles? C
846. Two-Tangent Theorem. From any point P outside a given circle, there are two lines
through P that are tangent to the circle. Explain why the distance from P to one of the
points of tangency is the same as the distance from P to the other point of tangency. What
special quadrilateral is formed by the center of the circle, the points of tangency, and P ?
847. A 72-degree arc AB is drawn in a circle of radius 8 cm. How long is chord AB?
848. Find the perimeter of a regular 360-sided polygon that is inscribed in a circle of radius
5 inches. If someone did not remember the formula for the circumference of a circle, how
could that person use a calculators trigonometric functions to find the circumference of a
circle with a 5-inch radius?
849. The line drawn tangent to the circle x2 + y 2 = 169 at (12, 5) meets the y-axis where?
850. The segments GA and GB are tangent to a circle at A and B, and AGB is a 60-degree
angle. Given that GA = 12 cm, find the distance from G to the nearest point on the circle.
851. Through the point (13, 0), there are two lines that can be drawn tangent to the circle
x2 + y 2 = 25. Find an equation for one of them. To begin your solution, you could find the
common length of the tangent segments.
852. Peytons workout today is to run repeatedly up a steep C.

................................
...... .
grassy slope, represented by ADF C in the diagram. The ...
......
.
...... ...
..
...............
..................
..................
.................. G
...... .. ...........
....... B ...........................................F
workout loop is AGCA, in which AG requires exertion and .
....
.
...
.
....
.
... .......
.
. . . . .
.. ......
.
.
.
.
.
...... .....
......
. ..
......................... .. ... ... ........................
..... ..
.
.......
.... ... ................ ..... ..... ..
........... ...................... ..... ..... ....
..................................
GCA is for recovery. Point G was chosen on the ridge . ........
...
.....
..... .......
...
.
...
...
A ............................ .....
.....
..... ............
..
....... E
CF to make the slope of the climb equal 1/5. Given that ..
...
. .........
........
........ .....
....
..... ............
..
.. ....
........ ..... .......
..... .......
ADEB and BEF C are rectangles, ABC is a right angle, ........
........
........ ...
........ .................
.......
.................
AD = 240, DE = 150, and EF = 50, find the distance from D

point G to point C.
853. (Continuation) Peytons next workout loop is AHCA, where H is a point on the path
AG, chosen to make the slope of HC equal 1/5. Find the ratio AH/AG, and explain your
choice.
854. A circle goes through the points A, B, C, and D consecutively. The chords AC and
BD intersect at P . Given that AP = 6, BP = 8, and CP = 3, how long is DP ?

Mathematics 2
855. Write an equation that says that P = (x, y) is on the parabola whose focus is (2, 1) and
whose directrix is the line y = 1.
856. Crossed Chords Revisited. Suppose that A, B, D, and C lie (in that order) on a circle,
and that chords AC and BD intersect, when extended, at a point P that is outside the
circle. Explain why P A P C = P B P D.
857. When a regular polygon is inscribed in a circle, the circle is divided into arcs of equal
size. The angular size of these arcs is simply related to the size of the interior angles of the
polygon. Describe the relationship.
858. A piece of a broken circular gear is brought into a metal shop so that a replacement
can be built. A ruler is placed across two points on the rim, and the length of the chord is
found to be 14 inches. The distance from the midpoint of this chord to the nearest point on
the rim is found to be 4 inches. Find the radius of the original gear.
859. The intersecting circles x2 + y 2 = 100 and (x 21)2 + y 2 = 289 have a common chord.
Find its length.
860. (Continuation) The region that is inside both circles is called a lens. Find the angular
sizes of the two arcs that form the boundary of the lens. Does the common chord of the
circles serve as a line of symmetry of the lens?
861. A triangle has two 13-cm sides and a 10-cm side. The largest circle that fits inside this
triangle meets each side at a point of tangency. These points of tangency divide the sides of
the triangle into segments of what lengths? What is the radius of the circle?
862. A 20-inch chord is drawn in a circle with a 12-inch radius. What is the angular size of
the minor arc of the chord? What is the length of the arc, to the nearest tenth of an inch?
863. A triangle that has a 50-degree angle and a 60-degree angle is inscribed in a circle of
radius 25 inches. The circle is divided into three arcs by the vertices of the triangle. To the
nearest tenth of an inch, find the lengths of these three arcs.
E
................................
864. The figure at right shows a cube ABCDEF GH. Triangles ..............
..............
.............. . .........
.........
...................... .. .........
F ...
.........
ABC and AF C form a dihedral angle. Notice that the line of ....................
... ... ............
... ... ... ..........
.
.
. ...
.................... ....
....
............ H
... .... .. ........... ...................... ...
intersection is AC. Calculate the size of this angle, to the nearest ... ... .. G ..
.. ..................... ..
..... ...
... ... .. ..
... ...
. . .
...
. ..
.
..
.
.
... ... .. ... . ...
tenth of a degree. ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.....
... .. ..
.. ...
..
... ... ..... ..
...
... ...
... ... . . . .....
. . ...
A .
.
...
... ... . . . . . ...... . ... ...
... ... ... .. ... ..
... . . . . . . . .....
865. What graph is traced by the parametric equation (x, y) = B .......
......
...
...
.
.
... .
.. ..
. . . ... ..
... ...
..
.
.
...... ... .... .. .....
(t, 4 t2 )? ..........
......
...... .. . .
...... .... .... .. ....
............. D
...... ... ... .
...... .. .. . ..............
............. .................
.............

Mathematics 2
866. A circle with a 4-inch radius is centered at A, and a circle with ..................................... .........................
....... ...... ..... ...
...... ..... ....
a 9-inch radius is centered at B, where A and B are 13 inches apart. ......
..... ..... ..
......
...
...
..
.... ....
. ..
... ..
There is a segment that is tangent to the small circle at P and to the ..
...
.... ......
...........
... .......................
...
...
.
..
.... .. ..... P
large circle at Q. It is a common external tangent of the two circles. ...
...
... . .
..
.. .........
..
.....
... ... .....
........
What kind of quadrilateral is P ABQ? What are the lengths of its ...
....
.....
...... .
..
..
.......
.....
....... ...... Q
.............. ....................
sides? .......
867. Segment AB, which is 25 inches long, is the diameter of a circle. Chord P Q meets AB
perpendicularly at C, where AC = 16 in. Find the length of P Q.
868. The data points (2.0, 5.5), (8.0, k), and (10.0, 1.5) determine a median-median line,
whose equation is y = 6.0 0.5x. Find k.
869. Find the radius of the largest circle that can be drawn inside the right triangle that has
6-cm and 8-cm legs.
870. The segments GA and GB are tangent to a circle at A and B, ..

........
..... ...
and AGB is a 48-degree angle. Given that GA = 12 cm, find the ... .. .....
... .. ...
...
... .. ...
... .. ...
distance from G to the nearest point on the circle. .
... ...
.
.. ..
...
...
...
... .. ...
..
. .. ...
...
... .. ...
..
. .. ...
871. A regular tetrahedron is a triangular pyramid, all of whose edges .
.
.
.
..
..
..
.
.. ...
...
...
...
. .
... . ...
have the same length. If all the edges are 6-inch segments, how tall is ..
.
.
.. ....
. . . .
.........
. ........
.......
...
...
.
.
.. ...
. ............
...... ..
.......
such a pyramid, to the nearest hundredth of an inch?
.
..................................................... . .
...
...
......
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
872. The line x+2y = 5 divides the circle x2 +y 2 = 25 into two arcs. Calculate their lengths.
The interior of the circle is divided into two regions by the line. Calculate their areas. Give
three significant digits for your answers.
873. Within a given circle, is the length of a circular arc proportional to the length of its
chord? Explain your answer.
874. Find an equation for the circle that goes through the points (0, 0), (0, 8), and (6, 12).
Find an equation for the line that is tangent to this circle at (6, 12).
875. Can a circle always be drawn through three given points? If so, describe a procedure
for finding the center of the circle. If not, explain why not.
876. A dilation T sends A = (2, 3) to A0 = (5, 4), and it sends B = (3, 1) to B 0 = (7, 4).
Where does it send C = (4, 1)? Write a general formula for T (x, y).
877. Find an equation for the line that goes through the two intersection points of the circle
x2 + y 2 = 25 and the circle (x 8)2 + (y 4)2 = 65.
878. All triangles and rectangles have circumscribed circles. Is this true for all kites, trape-
zoids, and parallelograms? Which quadrilaterals have circumscribed circles? Explain.

Mathematics 2
879. Jamie is at the point J = (0, 8) offshore, needing to reach J .......

the destination D = (12, 3) on land as quickly as possible. ...
...
...
...
...
The lake shore is the x-axis. Jamie is in a boat that moves ...
...
8 ...
...
at 10 uph, with a motor bike on board that will move 20 uph ...
...
...
...
...
once the boat reaches land. Find the landing point P = (x, 0) ...
... P
...... N
.........
.........

that minimizes the total travel time from J to D. Assume O .........
.........
.........
......... 3
.........
that the trip from P to D is along a straight line. .........
D
.
.
880. (Continuation) Let O = (0, 0) and N = (12, 0). Calculate the sine of angle P JO and
the sine of angle P DN . These two sine values, together with the two given speeds, fit a
simple relationship: the ratio of speeds is equal to the ratio of the sines of the angles. Try to
predict what you would find if the boats speed were increased to 15 uph. To validate your
prediction, re-solve the preceding problem using the new speed. Write a general statement
of this principle, known as Snells Law, or the Law of Refraction.
881. Two of the tangents to a circle meet at Q, which is 25 cm from the center. The circle
has a 7-cm radius. To the nearest tenth of a degree, find the angle formed at Q by the
tangents.
882. To the nearest tenth of a degree, find the angle formed by placing the vectors [4, 3] and
[7, 1] tail to tail.
883. Four points on a circle divide it into four arcs, whose sizes are 52 degrees, 116 degrees,
100 degrees, and 92 degrees, in consecutive order. The four points determine two intersecting
chords. Find the sizes of the angles formed by the intersecting chords.
884. Let A = (3, 4) and B = (3, 4), which are both on the circle x2 + y 2 = 25. Let be the
line that is tangent to the circle at A. Find the angular size of minor arc AB, then find the
size of the acute angle formed by and chord AB. Is there a predictable relation between
the two numbers? Explain.
885. What is the radius of the largest circle that will fit inside a triangle that has two 15-inch
sides and an 18-inch side?
886. If a line cuts a triangle into two pieces of equal area, must that line go through the
centroid of the triangle? Explain your answer.
887. One stick is 3 ft long and another is 6 ft long. You break the longer stick into sections.
(a) If the sections are 2 ft and 4 ft long, will the sticks form a triangle?
(b) If the sections are 1 ft and 5 ft long, will the sticks form a triangle?
(c) If you break the longer stick at an arbitrary point, what is the probability that they
form a triangle?

Mathematics 2
888. Points D and E are marked on segments AB and BC, respectively. When segments CD
and AE are drawn, they intersect at point T inside triangle ABC. It is found that segment
AT is twice as long as segment T E, and that segment CT is twice as long as segment T D.
Must T be the centroid of triangle ABC?
889. An Apollonian circle. Let A = (5, 0) and B = (1, 0). Plot a few points P = (x, y) for
which P A = 2P B, including any that lie on the coordinate axes. Use the distance formula
to find an equation for the configuration of all such points. Simplify your equation. Does it
help you identify your graph?
890. Sam and Kirby were out in their rowboat one day, when Kirby spied a nearby water
lily. Knowing that Sam liked a mathematical challenge, Kirby announced that, with the
help of the plant, it was possible to calculate the depth of the water under the boat. While
Sam held the top of the plant, which remained rooted to the lake bottom during the entire
process, Kirby gently rowed the boat five feet. This forced Sams hand to the water surface.
When pulled taut, the top of the plant was originally 10 inches above the water surface. Use
this information to calculate the depth of the water under the boat.
891. One stick is three times as long as another. You break the longer stick at a random
point. Now you have three sticks. What is the probability that they form a triangle?
892. Two sticks have length a and b with a > b. You break the longer stick at a random
point. What is the probability that the resulting three sticks form a triangle?
893. Trapezoid ABCD has parallel sides AB and CD, of lengths a and b respectively. Diag-
onals AC and BD intersect at E. Draw the line through E that is parallel to AB and CD,
and let P and Q be its intersections with AD and BC respectively.
(a) Prove that E is the midpoint of P Q.
(b) Show that P Q = 1 . P Q is known as the harmonic mean of a and b.
1 1+1
2 a b
894. You have seen that the midline of a trapezoid does not divide the trapezoid into two
similar trapezoids. Is it possible that a different line (parallel to the midline) could divide
the trapezoid into two similar trapezoids?
F..............................................................................................................E .................
..
...........
............
895. The figure at right shows a rectangular prism ABCDEF GH, ...................................................................... ..
...
...........
...........
............ H
... ......G
...
... ... . ... . ....................................
... . . ...................................................................................
with lengths: CD = 8, DH = 5, and EH = 6. Triangles ...
...
...
...
....
.
. ... ..
. ... .. .
.
.
.
. ..
..
...
... ...
.
.....
. .
.
. ..
.
.
... ... ... ... .
ABC and AF C form a dihedral angle. To the nearest tenth ..
...
...
...
...
... ... ..
... ..............A
... .. ..
...
...
...
................... ... ........ .... ...
.
. . . .
of a degree, calculate the size of this dihedral angle. .......
.......
....
...
.
..
.. ..
.. . ....
....
.
...
B ............................................. .......... ....... ....
....
.... ....
. .
..
..
....... .... .. ..
............ . .......................................
...........................................................................
D
C

Mathematics 2
896. The data shown at right was generated by suspending weights (mea- mass stretch
sured in kilograms) from a rubber band (measured in meters). Find the 0.49 0.007
median-median line and interpret the results. How many meters will the 0.68 0.013
band be stretched by a 4.20-kg weight? 0.98 0.019
897. Four points on a circle divide it into four arcs, whose sizes are 52 1.19 0.023
degrees, 116 degrees, 100 degrees, and 92 degrees, in consecutive order. 1.47 0.033
When extended, the chord that belongs to the 52-degree arc intersects 1.67 0.039
the chord that belongs to the 100-degree arc, at a point P outside the 1.96 0.053
circle. Find the size of angle P . 2.94 0.110
3.43 0.144
898. A chord AB in a circle is extended to a point P outside the circle, 3.92 0.171
and then P T is drawn tangent to the circle at T . 4.41 0.195
(a) Show that angles T AB and P T B are the same size. 4.91 0.259
(b) Show that P T P T = P A P B. 5.39 0.273
899. Recall that the lengths of the sides of triangle ABC are often abbreviated by writing
a = BC, b = CA, and c = AB. Sketch triangle ABC where angle BCA is right and mark
F as the foot of the perpendicular drawn from C to the hypotenuse AB. In terms of a, b,
and c, express the lengths of F A, F B, and F C. The equation c = F A + F B can be used to
check your work.
900. In the Assembly Hall one day, Tyler spends some time trying to figure which row gives
the best view of the screen. The screen is 18 feet tall, and its bottom edge is 6 feet above
eye level. Tyler finds that sitting 36 feet from the plane of the screen is not satisfactory, for
the screen is far away and subtends only a 24.2-degree angle. Verify this. Sitting 4 feet from
the screen is just as bad, because the screen subtends the same 24.2-degree angle from this
position. Verify this also.
901. (Continuation)
(a) Intrigued by this surprising coincidence, Tyler now tries a few other distances and notices
that the angles subtended by the screen at both 8 feet and 18 feet from the screen are also
the same, though larger than 24.2 degrees. Find this new angle.
(b) If Tyler sits 9 feet from the screen, the angle subtended by the screen will increase, and
it will equal the angle subtended when sitting k feet from the screen. Find k. See if you
can determine the relationship between each of these pairs of distances that subtend equal
angles?
(c) Now find the optimal viewing distance, that distance that makes the angle subtended
by the screen as large as possible, and find that angle.

Mathematics 2
902. After rolling off the end of a ramp, a ball follows a curved ..............
......
.....
trajectory to the floor. To test a theory that says that the ....
....
.....
.....
trajectory can be described by an equation y = h ax2 , Sasha
....
....
....
....
ball
...
...
makes some measurements. The end of the ramp is 128 cm ...
...
...
...
...
above the floor, and the ball lands 80 cm downrange, as shown ...
..
..
..
in the figure. In order to catch the ball in mid-flight with a cup cup
...
...
...
...
...
that is 78 cm above the floor, where should Sasha place the cup? ...
...
128 ..
..
..
..
903. It is well known that a + c is not equivalent to a + c .

..
...
...
...
b d b+d ...
...
...
Suppose that a, b, c, and d are all positive. Making use of the 78 ...
...
..
vectors [b, a] and [d, c], show that a + c is in fact between the
..
..
..
..
...
b+d ...
...
numbers a and c , while a + c is not.

...
...
...
...
b d b d ...
...
.
904. Let A = (0, 0), B = (120, 160), and C = (75, 225), and
80
let the altitudes of triangle ABC be segments AD, BE, and
CF , where D, E, and F are on the sides of the triangle.
(a) Show that (AF )(BD)(CE) = (F B)(DC)(EA). H ........................
... .......
(b) Show that this equation is in fact valid for any acute triangle ABC. ...
...
...
.......
.......
.......
.......
... .......
(Hint: One way to proceed is to divide both sides of the proposed equation ...
...
...
.......
.......
.......
...
... ...... G
by (AB)(BC)(CA).) ...
...
... .. ..... . . .. .. ....... .......
.. .
... ....
I
... ............
. ....
........
...........
905. The figure at right is built by joining six equilateral triangles ABC, F
.. . .. . .
............... .....
....... ..
.
......... J
ACD, CDE, DEF , EF G, and F GH, all of whose edges are 1 unit long. ...........
... .........
... .........
... .......
.......
It is given that HIJKLM B is straight. ...
...
...
.......
.......
.....
...
......
....... E
(a)There are five triangles in the figure that are similar to CM B. List ...
...
... ....... ... . . ..... .. . . ..
.........
....... K
them, making sure that you match corresponding vertices. .. . . .. . ........
....... .....
...
....... ...
(b) Find the lengths of CM and EK. D ..............
.......
...
...
....... ...
....... ...
.......
....... ....
(c) List the five triangles that are similar to AM B. ..........
.. L
.........
... ........
... .........
(d) Find the lengths of CL, HI, IJ, and JK. ...
... ...........
.....
C
M . . . .....
...........
...
.
. .. .
...... ...
....... ...
....... ...
.......
.. .. .. ....... ...
...
. . . ...... ...
A .
...........
.......
...
...
....... ...
....... ...
.......
....... ...
....... ...
....... ..
.......
....... ....
..........
..
..
B

Mathematics 2 Reference
AAA similarity: Two triangles are sure to be similar if their angles are equal in size.
adjacent: Two vertices of a polygon that are connected by an edge. Two edges of a polygon
that intersect at a vertex. Two angles of a polygon that have a common side.
Alex in the desert: [122, 172, 357, 397, 588]
altitude: In a triangle, an altitude is a segment that joins one of the three vertices to a point
on the opposite side, the intersection being perpendicular. In some triangles,
it may be necessary to extend the side to meet the altitude. The length of this A.....
.. C..
segment is also called an altitude, as is the distance that separates the parallel ......... ......
......
.... ...
.......
sides of a trapezoid. [189, 371, 436, 438] ..
...
..
......
......
.....
.....
. ..
....... .....
.....
... ..............
..............
angles can often be identified by a single letter, but sometimes three letters B .....
.
are necessary. The angle shown can be called B, ABC, or CBA. [8]
angle of depression: Angle formed by a horizontal ray and a line-of-sight ray that is below
the horizontal. See the diagram below. [521]
................
..........
..........
..........
..........
.......... angle of depression
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
angle of elevation ..........
..........
..........
..........
..........

angle of elevation: Angle formed by a horizontal ray and a line-of-sight ray that is above
the horizontal. See the diagram above. [504]
Angle-Angle-Side (corresponding): When the parts of one triangle can be matched

with the parts of another triangle, so that two pairs of corresponding angles have the same
sizes, and so that one pair of corresponding sides has the same length, then the triangles are
congruent. This rule of evidence is abbreviated to AAS. [120, 292]
angle bisector: Given an angle, this ray divides the angle into two equal parts. [219, 221]
Angle-Bisector Theorem: The bisector of any angle of a triangle cuts the opposite side
into segments whose lengths are proportional to the sides that form the angle. [520]

Angle-Side-Angle: When the parts of one triangle can be matched with the parts of
another triangle, so that two pairs of corresponding angles have the same sizes, and so that
the (corresponding) shared sides have the same length, then the triangles are congruent.
This rule of evidence is abbreviated to ASA. [120]
angular size of an arc: This is the size of the central angle formed by the radii that meet
the endpoints of the arc. [713]
Apollonian circle: A curve consisting of those points whose distances from two fixed points
are in a constant ratio. [483, 889]The Greek geometer Apollonius of Perga, who flourished
about 2200 years ago, wrote many books, and gave the parabola its name.
arc: The portion of a circle that lies to one side of a chord is called an arc. [695]
arc length: Given a circle, the length of any arc is proportional to the size of its central
angle.
areas of similar figures: If two figures are similar, then the ratio of their areas equals the
square of the ratio of similarity. [663, 664, 779, 783]
arithmetic mean: For a set of numbers, the arithmetic mean is the sum of all the numbers
in the set divided by the quantity of numbers in the set. The arithmetic mean of a and b is
a+b
2
. Sometimes the arithmetic mean is simply referred to as the mean or average. Note
that the arithmetic mean is different from the geometric mean and the harmonic mean.
bagel: [166, 506]
bisect: Divide into two pieces that are, in some sense, equal. [32, 33, 51, 201, 285]
buckyball: Named in honor of R. Buckminster Fuller, this is just another name for the
truncated icosahedron. [213]
central angle: An angle formed by two radii of a circle. [713]
centroid: The medians of a triangle are concurrent at this point, which is the balance point
(also known as the center of gravity) of the triangle. [235, 447, 473]
chord: A segment whose endpoints lie on a circle is called a chord of the circle. [684]
circle: This curve consists of all points that are at a constant distance from a center. The
common distance is the radius of the circle. A segment joining the center to a point on the
circle is also called a radius. [647, 655]
circumcenter: The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent at this
point, which is equidistant from the vertices of the triangle. [254, 255]

circumcircle: When possible, the circle that goes through all the vertices of a polygon.
collinear: Three (or more) points that all lie on a single line are collinear. [53, 61]
common chord: The segment that joins the points where two circles intersect. [763]
complementary: Two angles that fit together to form a right angle are called complemen-
tary. Each angle is the complement of the other. [27]
completing the square: Applied to an equation, this is an algebraic process that is useful
for finding the center and the radius of a circle, or the vertex and focus of a parabola. [832,
833, 834]
components describe how to move from one unspecified point to another. They are obtained
by subtracting coordinates. [74]
concentric: Two figures that have the same center are called concentric.
concurrent: Three (or more) lines that go through a common point are concurrent. [231]
concyclic: Points that all lie on a single circle are called concyclic. [757]
congruent: When the points of one figure can be matched with the points of another figure,
so that corresponding parts have the same size, then the figures are called congruent, which
means that they are considered to be equivalent. [21, 91, 108, 109]
converse: The converse of a statement of the form if [something] then [something else] is
the statement if [something else] then [something]. [366]
convex: A polygon is called convex if every segment joining a pair of points within it lies
entirely within the polygon. [410]
coordinates: Numbers that describe the position of a point in relation to the origin of a
coordinate system.
corresponding: Describes parts of figures (such as angles or segments) that have been
matched by means of a transformation. [109]
cosine ratio: Given a right triangle, the cosine of one of the acute angles is the ratio of the
length of the side adjacent to the angle to the length of the hypotenuse. The word cosine is
a combination of complement and sine, so named because the cosine of an angle is the same
as the sine of the complementary angle. [624, 676]
CPCTC: Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are themselves Congruent. [page 18]

Crossed-Chords Theorem: When two chords intersect inside a circle, the product of the
lengths of the segments of one chord equals the product of the lengths of the segments of
the other chord. Thus the value of this product depends on only the location of the point of
intersection. [844, 856]
cyclic: A polygon, all of whose vertices lie on the same circle, is called cyclic. Also called
an inscribed polygon. [796, 797, 806, 819]
decagon: A polygon that has ten sides. [482]
diagonal: A segment that connects two nonadjacent vertices of a polygon.
dialation: There is no such word. See dilation.
diameter: A chord that goes through the center of its circle is called a diameter. [694]
dihedral: An angle that is formed by two intersecting planes. To measure its size, choose
a point that is common to both planes, then through this point draw the line in each plane
that is perpendicular to their line of intersection. [711, 723, 840, 864, 895]
dilation: A similarity transformation, with the special property that all lines obtained by
joining points to their images are concurrent at the same central point. [604, 613, 619, 626]
direction vector: A vector that describes a line, by pointing from a point on the line to
some other point on the line. [206]
directrix: See parabola.
displacement vector: The displacement vector from point (a, b) to point (c, d) is the vector
[c a, d b]. [104, 113]
p
distance formula: The distance from (x1 , y1p ) to (x2 , y2 ) is (x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 , and
the distance from (x1 , y1 , z1 ) to (x2 , y2 , z2 ) is (x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 + (z1 z2 )2 . These
formulas are consequences of the Pythagorean Theorem.
dodecagon: A polygon that has twelve sides. [526]
dodecahedron: A polyhedron formed by attaching twelve polygons edge to edge. If the

dodecagon is regular, each of its vertices belongs to three congruent regular pentagons.
Doppler shift: The change of frequency that results when the source of a signal is moving
relative to the observer. [548]
dot product: Given vectors [a, b] and [m, n], their dot product is the number am + bn.
Given vectors [a, b, c] and [p, q, r], their dot product is the number ap + bq + cr. In either
case, it is the sum of the products of corresponding components. When the value is zero,
the vectors are perpendicular, and conversely. [229, 345, 346, 347]

equiangular: A polygon all of whose angles are the same size. [13]
equidistant: A shortened form of equally distant. [15]
equilateral: A polygon all of whose sides have the same length. [5]
Euclidean geometry (also known as plane geometry) is characterized by its parallel pos-
tulate, which states that, given a line, exactly one line can be drawn parallel to it through a
point not on the given line. A more familiar version of this assumption states that the sum
of the angles of a triangle is a straight angle. [28, 342]The Greek mathematician Euclid, who
flourished about 2300 years ago, wrote many books, and established a firm logical foundation
for geometry.
Euler line: The centroid, the circumcenter, and the orthocenter of any triangle are collinear.
[272]The Swiss scientist Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) wrote copiously on both mathematics
and physics, and knew the Aeneid by heart.
exterior angle: An angle that is formed by a side of a polygon and the extension of an
adjacent side. It is supplementary to the adjacent interior angle. [338, 349, 350, 351, 352]
Exterior-Angle Theorem: An exterior angle of a triangle is the sum of the two nonadja-
cent interior angles. [352, 513]
focus: See parabola.
foot: The point where an altitude meets the base to which it is drawn. [189, 670, 899]
function: A function is a rule that describes how an input uniquely determines an output.
[10, 44, 105, 121]

geometric mean: If x and y are positive numbers, xy is their geometric mean. Note that
the geometric mean is different from the arithmetic mean and the harmonic mean. [894, 901]
glide-reflection: An isometric transformation of a plane that leaves no single point fixed,

but that does map a single line to itself. A glide-reflection thus maps points on either side
of this line to the other side. Think of the footprints left by a person walking in a straight
line. [93, 218]
Greek letters appear often in mathematics. Some of the common ones are (alpha),
(beta), or (delta), (theta), and (lambda), (mu), (pi), and or (omega).
[502, 782]
harmonic mean: The reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals. The harmonic
mean of a and b is 1 . Note that the harmonic mean is different from the arithmetic
1 1+1
2 a b
mean and the geometric mean. [788, 836, 893]

head: Vector terminology for the second vertex of a directed segment. [74]
hexagon: a polygon that has six sides. [13]
Hypotenuse-Leg: When the hypotenuses of two right triangles have the same length, and a
leg of one triangle has the same length as a leg of the other, then the triangles are congruent.
This rule of evidence is abbreviated to HL. [286]
icosahedron: A polyhedron formed by attaching twenty polygons edge to edge. If the

polyhedron is regular, each of its vertices belongs to five equilateral triangles. [213]
icosidodecahedron: A polyhedron formed by attaching the edges of twenty equilateral

triangles to the edges of twelve regular pentagons. Two triangles and two pentagons meet
at each vertex. [287]
image: The result of applying a transformation to a point P is called the image point of P
and is often denoted P 0 . One occasionally refers to an image segment or an image triangle.
[82, 83, 203]
incenter: The angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent at this point, which is equidistant
from the sides of the triangle. [825]
included angle: The angle formed by two designated segments. [795]
inscribed angle: An angle formed when two chords meet at a point on the circle. An
inscribed angle is half the angular size of the arc it intercepts. In particular, an angle that
intercepts a semicircle is a right angle. [729, 730]
inscribed polygon: A polygon whose vertices all lie on the same circle; also called a cyclic
polygon. [728, 756, 796, 797]
integer: Any whole number, whether it be positive, negative, or zero. [27]
intercepted arc: The part of an arc that is found inside a given angle. [729]
isometry: A geometric transformation that preserves distances. The best-known examples

of isometries are translations, rotations, and reflections. [223]
isosceles triangle: A triangle that has two sides of the same length. [23]The word is derived
from the Greek iso + skelos (equal + leg)
Isosceles-Triangle Theorem: If a triangle has two sides of equal length, then the angles
opposite those sides are also the same size. [220]
isosceles trapezoid: A trapezoid whose nonparallel sides have the same length. [438]

kite: A quadrilateral that has two disjoint pairs of congruent adjacent sides. [18, 187]
labeling convention: Given a polygon that has more than three vertices, place the letters
around the figure in the order that they are listed. [198, 204, 250]
lateral face: Any face of a pyramid or prism that is not a base. [838]
lattice point: A point whose coordinates are both integers. [27]
lattice rectangle: A rectangle whose vertices are all lattice points. [160]
leg: The perpendicular sides of a right triangle are called its legs. [65]
length of a vector: This is the length of any segment that represents the vector. [74, 96]
lens: A region enclosed by two intersecting, non-concentric circular arcs. [862]
linear equation: Any straight line can be described by an equation in the form ax + by = c.
[33, 40]
lower: A term used at Phillips Exeter Academy to refer to a tenth grader. Historically the
term lower middler has also been used. [512]
magenta: A shade of purple, named for a town in northern Italy. [736]
magnitude of a dilation: The nonnegative number obtained by dividing the length of any
segment into the length of its dilated image. See ratio of similarity. [619, 636]
major/minor arc: Two arcs are determined by a given chord. The smaller arc is called
minor, and the larger arc is called major. [695]
MasterCard: [812]
median of a triangle: A segment that joins a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the
opposite side. [202]
median-median line: Given a set of points, this is the zero-residual line determined by
the three summary points obtained by dividing the data into three groups of equal size and
applying the median-median procedure to each of them. [790]
median-median point: Given a set of points, this is the point whose x-coordinate is the
median of all the given x-coordinates and whose y-coordinate is the median of all the given
y-coordinates. [768]

midline of a trapezoid: This segment joins the midpoints of the non-parallel sides. Its
length is the average of the lengths of the parallel sides, to which it is also parallel. Also
known as the median in some books. [536]
Midline Theorem: A segment that joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel
to the third side, and is half as long. [404, 486]
midpoint: The point on a segment that is equidistant from the endpoints of the segment.
a + c b + d

If the endpoints are (a, b) and (c, d), the midpoint is , . [32]
2 2
mirror: See reflection.
negative reciprocal: One number is the negative reciprocal of another if the product of
the two numbers is 1. [29]
octagon: a polygon that has eight sides. [310]
opposite: Two numbers or vectors are opposite if they differ in sign. For example, 17.5 is
the opposite of 17.5, and [2, 11] is the opposite of [2, 11]. [96, 116]
opposite angles: In a quadrilateral, this means non-adjacent angles. [367]
opposite sides: In a quadrilateral, this means non-adjacent sides. [148]
orthocenter: The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent at this point. [231, 558]
parabola: A curve consisting of those points that are equidistant from a given line and a
given point form a curve called a parabola. The given point is called the focus and the given
line is called the directrix. The point on the parabola that is closest to the directrix (thus
closest to the focus) is the vertex. [358, 500, 501, 502, 691, 721]
parallel: Coplanar lines that do not intersect. When drawn in a coordinate plane, they are
found to have the same slope, or else no slope at all. The shorthand k is often used. [42]
parallelogram: A quadrilateral that has two pairs of parallel sides. [148]
parameter: See problems 46, 78, and 865.
pentagon: a polygon that has five sides. [213, 265]
perpendicular: Coplanar lines that intersect to form a right angle. If m1 and m2 are
the slopes of two lines in the xy-plane, neither line parallel to a coordinate axis, and if
m1 m2 = 1, then the lines are perpendicular. [27]

perpendicular bisector: Given a line segment, this is the line that is perpendicular to the
segment and that goes through its midpoint. The points on this line are all equidistant from
the endpoints of the segment. [33]
perpendicular vectors: Two vectors whose dot product is zero. [229, 584]
point-slope form: A non-vertical straight line can be described by y y0 = m(x x0 ) or

by y = m(x x0 ) + y0 . One of the points on the line is (x0 , y0 ) and the slope is m. [42]
postulate: A statement that is accepted as true, without proof. [28]
prep: A term used at Phillips Exeter Academy to refer to a ninth grader. Historically the
term juniors has also been used. [55]
prism: A three-dimensional figure that has two congruent and parallel bases, and parallel-
ograms for its remaining lateral faces. If the lateral faces are all rectangles, the prism is a
right prism. If the base is a regular polygon, the prism is also called regular. [311, 895]
probability: A number between 0 and 1, often expressed as a percent, that expresses the
likelihood that a given event will occur. For example, the probability of rolling a 2 with a
standard 6-sided die is 61 or approximately 16.67%. [887, 891, 892]
proportion: An equation that expresses the equality of two ratios. [603, 745]
pyramid: A three-dimensional figure that is obtained by joining all the points of a polygonal
base to a vertex. Thus all the lateral faces of a pyramid are triangles. If the base polygon is
regular, and the lateral edges are all congruent, then the pyramid is called regular. [838]
Pythagorean Theorem: The square on the hypotenuse of a right triangle equals the sum
of the squares on the legs. If a and b are the lengths of the legs of a right triangle, and if c is
the length of the hypotenuse, then these lengths fit the Pythagorean equation a2 + b2 = c2 .
[6, 16]Little is known about the Greek figure Pythagoras, who flourished about 2500 years
ago, except that he probably did not discover the theorem that bears his name.
quadrant: one of the four regions formed by the coordinate axes. Quadrant I is where both
coordinates are positive, and the other quadrants are numbered (using Roman numerals) in
a counterclockwise fashion. [15]

b + b2 4ac b b2 4ac
quadratic formula: x = and x = are the two solutions
2a 2a
2
to ax + bx + c = 0.
quadrilateral: a four-sided polygon. [5, 14, 87, 100]

radial expansion: See dilation.
ratio of similarity: The ratio of the lengths of any two corresponding segments of similar
figures. [625]
reflection: An isometric transformation of a plane that has a line of fixed points. A reflection
maps points on either side of this line (the mirror) to the other side. [93, 218]
reflection property of a parabola: Through any point on a parabola, draw the line that
is parallel to the axis of symmetry, the line that goes through the focus, and the tangent
line. The first two lines make equal angles with the third. [822]
regular: A polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular. [265]
regular pyramid: See pyramid.
residual: Given a line y = mx + b and a point (x1 , y1 ) not on the line, the difference
y1 (mx1 + b) is called a residual. Its magnitude is the vertical distance between the point
and the line. Its sign tells whether the point is above or below the line. [650]
Rhode Island School of Design. [210]
rhombus: An equilateral quadrilateral. [5, 100]
right angle: An angle that is its own supplement. [27, 188]
rotation: An isometric transformation of a plane that leaves a single point fixed. [93, 218]
SAS similarity: Two triangles are certain to be similar if two sides of one triangle are
proportional to two sides of the other, and if the included angles are equal in size. [795]
scalar: In the context of vectors, this is just another name for a number. [117]
scalene: A triangle no two of whose sides are the same length. [237]
segment: That part of a line that lies between two designated points. [1, 29, 32]
Sentry Theorem: The sum of the exterior angles (one at each vertex) of any polygon is
360 degrees. [352, 392, 393, 394, 513]
Shared-Altitude Theorem: If two triangles share an altitude, then the ratio of their areas
is proportional to the ratio of the corresponding bases. [605]
Shared-Base Theorem: If two triangles share a base, then the ratio of their areas is
proportional to the ratio of the corresponding altitudes. [634]

Side-Angle-Side: When the parts of one triangle can be matched with the parts of another
triangle, so that two pairs of corresponding sides have the same lengths, and so that the
(corresponding) angles they form are also the same size, then the triangles are congruent.
This rule of evidence is abbreviated to just SAS. [101]
Side-Side-Angle: This is insufficient evidence for congruence. [107, 281] See the item
Hypotenuse-Leg, however.
Side-Side-Side: When the parts of one triangle can be matched with the parts of another
triangle, so that all three pairs of corresponding sides have the same lengths, then the
triangles are congruent. This rule of evidence is abbreviated to just SSS. [91]
similar: Two figures are similar if their points can be matched in such a way that all ratios
of corresponding lengths are proportional to a fixed ratio of similarity. Corresponding angles
of similar figures must be equal in size. [625]
sine ratio: Given a right triangle, the sine of one of the acute angles is the ratio of the
length of the side opposite the angle to the length of the hypotenuse. [610, 617]
skew lines: Non-intersecting lines whose direction vectors are not parallel. [669]
y2 y1
slope: The slope of the segment that joins the points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is . [29,
x2 x1
34, 52]
slope-intercept form: Any non-vertical straight line can be described by an equation that
takes the form y = mx + b. The slope of the line is m, and the y-intercept is b.
....
Snells Law: Also known as the Law of Refraction, this de- ...
...
...
...
...
scribes the change in direction that occurs when light passes ...
...
...
...
from one medium to another. The ratio of speeds is equal to ...
...
...
...
...
the ratio of the sines of the angles formed by the rays and lines ...
...
...
......
perpendicular to the interface. The Dutch physicist Willebrod .........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
Snell (1580-1626) did not tell anyone of this discovery when .........
.........
.
.
he made it in 1621. [879, 880]

SSS similarity: Two triangles are similar if their sides are proportional. [675]
stop sign: [310]
subtended angle: Given a point O and a figure F, the angle subtended by F at O is the
smallest angle whose vertex is O and whose interior contains F. [713, 900, 901]
summary point: The median-median point of a (sub)set of points. [790]

supplementary: Two angles that fit together to form a straight line are called supplemen-
tary. Each angle is the supplement of the other. [27]
symmetry axis of a parabola: The line through the focus that is perpendicular to the
directrix. Except for the vertex, each point on the parabola is the reflected image of another
point on the parabola. [724]
tail: Vector terminology for the first vertex of a directed segment. [74]
tail-to-tail: Vector terminology for directed segments with a common first vertex. [308]
tangent ratio: Given a right triangle, the tangent of one of the acute angles is the ratio of
the side opposite the angle to the side adjacent to the angle. [490, 491, 492, 689]
tangent and slope: When an angle is formed by the positive x-axis and a ray through the
origin, the tangent of the angle is the slope of the ray. Angles are measured in a counter-
clockwise sense, so that rays in the second and fourth quadrants determine negative tangent
values. [490]
tangent to a circle: A line that touches a circle without crossing it. Such a line is
perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of tangency. [815]
tangent to a parabola: A line that intersects the curve without crossing it. To draw the
tangent line at a given point on a parabola, join the nearest point on the directrix to the
focus, then draw the perpendicular bisector of this segment. [332, 333, 334, 502, 692, 822]
tesselate: To fit non-overlapping tiles together to cover a planar region. [402, 403, 411, 489]
tetrahedron: A pyramid whose four faces are all triangles. [871]
Three-Parallels Theorem: Given three parallel lines, the segments they intercept on one
transversal are proportional to the segments they intercept on any transversal. [485, 496]
transformation: A function that maps points to points. [83, 87, 93, 108, 169, 175, 218]
translate: To slide a figure by applying a vector to each of its points. [82, 218]
transversal: A line that intersects two other lines in a diagram. [338, 340]
trapezoid: A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. If the non-parallel sides
have the same length, the trapezoid is called isosceles. [438]
triangle inequality: For any P , Q, and R, P Q P R + RQ. It says that any side of a
triangle is less than or equal to the sum of the other two sides. [129, 456]

truncated icosahedron: A polyhedron obtained by slicing off the vertices of an icosa-

hedron. The twelve icosahedral vertices are replaced by twelve pentagons, and the twenty
icosahedral triangles become twenty hexagons. [213]
two-column proof: A way of outlining a geometric deduction. Steps are in the left column,
and supporting reasons are in the right column. For example, here is how one might show that
an isosceles triangle ABC has two medians of the same length. It is given that AB = AC and
that M and N are the midpoints of sides AB and AC, respectively. The desired conclusion
.. A
is that medians CM and BN have the same length. [186] .
...
...
... ..
...
...
...
AB = AC given ...
...
...
...
AM = AN M and N are midpoints M .
....
....
..
... ..
... ..... .. N
... ......
M AC = N AB shared angle ...
.....
...
... .............
.........
.
....... ....
M AC .... .....
= N AB SAS ...
.
... .........
... ........
.......
... ...
...
...
.......... ...
B .................... ...
CM = BN CPCTC ..........
..........
..........
...
...
...
..........
.......... .....
............
C
Two-Tangent Theorem: From a point outside a circle, there are two segments that can
be drawn tangent to the circle. These segments have the same length. [846]
unit circle: This circle consists of all points that are 1 unit from the origin O of the xy-
plane. Given a point P on this circle, the coordinates of P are the cosine and the sine of
the counterclockwise angle formed by segment OP and the positive x-axis. [728]
unit square: Its vertices are (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), and (1, 1). [299]
upper: A term used at Phillips Exeter Academy to refer to an eleventh grader. Historically
the term upper middler has also been used. [531]
Varignon parallelogram: Given any quadrilateral, this is the figure formed by connecting
the midpoints of consecutive sides [560]. The French mathematician Pierre Varignon (1654-
1722) learned calculus when it was a new science, then taught it to others.
vectors have magnitude (size) and direction. Visualize them as directed segments (arrows).
Vectors are described by components, just as points are described by coordinates. The vector

from point A to point B is often denoted
AB, or abbreviated by a boldface letter such as u,
and its magnitude is often denoted AB or |u|. [74, 116, 117, 118, 161, 328, 329, 336]

vector triangles: Given vectors u = [a, b] and v = [c, d], a triangle is determined by
drawing u and v so that they have a common initial point (tail-to-tail ). No matter what
this initial point is, the triangles determined by u and v are all congruent. All have 21 |adbc|
as their area. [257]
velocity: A vector obtained by dividing a displacement vector by the elapsed time.[245]

vertex: A labeled point in a figure. The plural is vertices, but vertice is not a word. The
point on a parabola that is closest to the focus is also called the vertex. [23, 53, 82, 88, 500,
724]
vertical angles: Puzzling terminology that is often used to describe a pair of nonadjacent
angles formed by two intersecting lines. [138]
volume of a prism: This is the product of the base area and the height, which is the
distance between the parallel base planes.
volume of a pyramid: This is one third of the product of the base area and the height,
which is the distance from the vertex to the base plane.
volumes of similar figures: If two three-dimensional figures are similar, then the ratio of
their volumes equals the cube of the ratio of similarity.
zero-residual line: If it is suspected that three data points should conform to a linear
model, one possibility is the zero-residual line. This line is parallel to the line through the
leftmost and rightmost points, and it makes the sum of the three residuals zero. Unless the
three points are collinear, none of the three points is actually on the zero-residual line. [682,
696]

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Mathematics 2

Going to the Board

Teachers and Meetings

Different Teachers Teach Differently

1. A 5 5 square and a 3 3 square can be cut into pieces

2. (Continuation) Change the sizes of the squares to AD = 8 and EF = 4, and redraw

July 2016 1 Phillips Exeter Academy

14. Draw a 20-by-20 square ABCD. Mark P on AB so that AP = 8, Q on BC so that

July 2016 2 Phillips Exeter Academy

July 2016 3 Phillips Exeter Academy

34. Find the slope of the line through

35. Is it possible for a line ax + by = c to lack a y-intercept? y .......

July 2016 4 Phillips Exeter Academy

42. Consider the linear equation y = 3.62(x 1.35) + 2.74.

43. The dimensions of rectangular piece of paper ABCD are A D

AB = 10 and BC = 9. It is folded so that corner D is matched G.....................

49. A slope can be considered to be a rate. Explain this interpretation.

50. Find a and b so that ax + by = 1 has x-intercept 5 and y-intercept 8.

July 2016 5 Phillips Exeter Academy

64. Lynn takes a step, measures its length and obtains

July 2016 6 Phillips Exeter Academy

73. Draw the following segments. What do they have in common?

July 2016 7 Phillips Exeter Academy

83. (Continuation) When vector [h, k] is used to translate trian-

84. It is a simple matter to divide a square into four smaller

July 2016 8 Phillips Exeter Academy

86. The parametric equations x = 2 3t and y = 6 + 4t describe the position of a particle,

Decide which is which, with justification. x

July 2016 9 Phillips Exeter Academy

100. An equilateral quadrilateral is called a rhombus. A square is a simple example of a

July 2016 10 Phillips Exeter Academy

July 2016 11 Phillips Exeter Academy

118. Find the lengths of the following vectors:

July 2016 12 Phillips Exeter Academy

July 2016 13 Phillips Exeter Academy

July 2016 14 Phillips Exeter Academy

159. (Continuation) Describe the configuration of all such points P .

July 2016 15 Phillips Exeter Academy

can, and express the congruences accurately. ...

How do the positions of these objects compare at any given moment?

July 2016 16 Phillips Exeter Academy

185. What do the descriptions of position defined by equations Pt = (2 + t, 3 + 2t) and

July 2016 17 Phillips Exeter Academy

... ... ........

In particular, angles BAC and DAC are the same size.

186. In the fourth line, why would writing ABC

July 2016 18 Phillips Exeter Academy

July 2016 19 Phillips Exeter Academy

201. Let A = (2, 3), B = (6, 7), and C = (1, 6).

203. The transformation defined by T (x, y) = (y + 2, x 2) is a reflection. Verify this by

July 2016 20 Phillips Exeter Academy

July 2016 21 Phillips Exeter Academy

226. Triangle ABC is isosceles, with AB = BC, and angle ABC is 56

231. Let A = (4, 0), B = (0, 6), and C = (6, 0).

July 2016 22 Phillips Exeter Academy

235. Let A = (4, 0), B = (0, 6), and C = (6, 0).

(a) point in the same direction; (b) are perpendicular.

243. Give an example of an equiangular polygon that is not equilateral.