D Realisation

Realization of Digital Filters
Discrete Time Systems:Overview

The difference equation, the impulse response and the
system function are equivalent characterization of the
input/output relation of a LTI Discrete-time systems.
LTI system can be modeled using :
1. A Difference/Differential equation, y(n) = x[n] + x[n-1] +
2. Impulse Response, h(n)
3.Transfer Function, H(z)
The systems that are described by the difference equations,

can be represented by structures consisting of an
interconnection of the basic operations of addition,
multiplication by a constant or signal multiplication, delay and
advance.
The Adder, Multiplier, Delay & Advance is
shown below:
1. Adder :
2. Multiplier : Modulator:
3. Delay :
4. Advance :
Consider a first-order causal LTI IIR digital
filter described by
y[n] = -d1y[n-1] + p0x[n] + p1x[n-1]
The block diagram representation is
Example 1 :
Given an LTI system is described by the
difference equation below:
y(n) 0.25y(n-1) = 0.5x(n) + 0.5x(n-1)
Draw the block diagram representation

The implementation of LTI system can
be realized in terms of Block Diagram
and Signal Flow Graph.
The LTI system can be represented in 2
manner :
a. Block Diagram
b. Mathematical Model
Example of Block diagram is shown below:
Block Diagrams
Equivalent Structures
The Transfer Function of LTI system can be
connected in 2 ways :
a. Parallel Connection :
The overall transfer function,

H(z) = H1(z) + H2(z) + + HL(z)
b. Cascade connection :
The overall transfer function :

H(z) = H1(z).H2(z). HL(z)
Each one of them can be implemented using any of

the Direct Forms
Canonic
number of delays in the block diagram

representation is equal to the order of the
difference equation
Non-canonic
otherwise
FIR FILTER STRUCTURES
FIR FILTERS
These are realized using only two Forms:
(as it only has the Numerator part i.e. ALL
ZERO SYSTEMS)
1. Direct Form 1 or Tapped delay Line or

Transversal delay Line Filter.
2. Cascade form
FIR Filter Structures
Direct form
An FIR filter of order N requires N + 1
multipliers, N adders and N delays.
An FIR filter of order 4
y[n] = h[0]
[0]x
x[n] + h[1]
[1]xx[n-1] + h[2]
[2]x
x[n-2] +
h[3]
[3]x
x[n-3]+ h[4]
[4]xx[n-4]
FIR Filter Structures
Cascade form
Transfer function H(z) of a causal FIR filter
of order N
N
H ( z ) h[k ]z k
k 0
Factorized form
k
H ( z ) h[0] (1 1k z 1 2 k z 2 )
k 1
Where k = N/2 if N is even and k = (N + 1)/2 if N is

odd, with 2k = 0
Example
Determine the Direct Form & Cascade

Form Realization for the transfer Function
of an FIR Digital filter which is given by
H(z)= (1-1/4 Z +3/8 Z^2)(1-1/8Z-1/2Z^2)

Direct Form
We Simply Expand the equation to get this
form as
Cascade Form
H(z)=H1(z)* H2(z) & hence

Equivalent Structures
IIR FILTER STRUCTURES
IIR system/filter can be realized in
several structures:
1. DIRECT FORM I
2. DIRECT FORM II (CANONIC)
3. CASCADE FORM
4. PARALLEL FORM
IIR System Function
Bifurcation of H(z) into
H1(z) & H2(z)
Block Diagram of Direct Form I & II
IIR Filter Structures
IIR Filter Structures
Direct Form I Realization
Direct Form II Realization
Canonic Direct Form II Realization
Parallel Form Realization
Example..
Direct Form I
Direct Form II & Cascade Form
Parallel Form
To get this we use PFE method :
H(z)= Y(z)/X(z)
Giving us A1=-7/3 & A2= 10/3 so

implementing it we have -----
Parallel Form

Direct Form I
Consider a third order IIR described by transfer function
P ( z ) p0 p1 z 1 p3 z 3
H ( z)
D( z ) 1 d1 z 1 d 3 z 3
Implement as a cascade of two filter section

W ( z)
H1 ( z ) P( z ) p0 p1 z 1 p2 z 2 p3 z 3
Where X ( z)
and Y ( z) 1 1
H 2 ( z)
W ( z ) D ( z ) 1 d1 z 1 d 2 z 2 d 3 z 3
Resulting in realization indicated below
Direct Form I
Direct Form II (Canonic)
The two top delays can be shared

Cascade Form
1 1k z1 2k z2
H (z) p0 1

2
k 1 1k z 2k z
A third order transfer function
1 11 z 1 1 12 z 1 22 z 2
H ( z ) p0
1 1

1
1 11 z 1 12 z 22 z
Cascade Form
Parallel Form: Use Partial Fraction Expansion
Form to realize them
1
0 k 1k z
H ( z ) 0 1 2

k 1 1k z 2k z
Parallel Form: used in High Speed Filtering
applications(as operated parallely)
Parallel IIR Structures
Parallel IIR Structures

D Realisation

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Realization of Digital Filters

Discrete Time Systems:Overview

LTI system can be modeled using :

1. A Difference/Differential equation, y(n) = x[n] + x[n-1] +

2. Impulse Response, h(n)

3.Transfer Function, H(z)

The systems that are described by the difference equations,

y(n) 0.25y(n-1) = 0.5x(n) + 0.5x(n-1)

Draw the block diagram representation

The overall transfer function,

The overall transfer function :

Each one of them can be implemented using any of

number of delays in the block diagram

1. Direct Form 1 or Tapped delay Line or

Where k = N/2 if N is even and k = (N + 1)/2 if N is

Determine the Direct Form & Cascade

H(z)= (1-1/4 Z +3/8 Z^2)(1-1/8Z-1/2Z^2)

H(z)=H1(z)* H2(z) & hence

Giving us A1=-7/3 & A2= 10/3 so

Implement as a cascade of two filter section

The two top delays can be shared

A third order transfer function

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