blocks in lease lines, pvt regions, rock types, entries in relative permeability table, entries in PVT table,

special variables in simulation results output file, sectors, lease lines,and the maximum faults, and the solver
dimensioning
Moreover when the solver dimensioning is enabled then the maximum orthogonalization, inter block
connections, off diagonal entries, block entries in LU factors, size solver vector, solver diagonal entries and
the maximum non zero L or U entries options are available.

In order to save time especially in cases where the simulation keeps hours and it is needed to stop, make
changes and continue the sim it is preferable to keep a record of the simulation up to a date. By this way it is
not needed to perform the simulation run from the beginning but
In cases where the simulation keeps hours it is preferable to keep a record up to a date. This record is useful
when it is needed to

In this tab the option of restarting the simulation by importing a file from a previous run is apparent.+

FREQUENCY OF SIMULATION RESULTS FILE WRITING

For the frequency of simulation results file writing a table is apparent constituted by four columns which are
the following:
Date/time
In this column the time from when the writing of each information to the output file starts is defined.
Information
The information that can be printed to this file concern the wells, the grid and the sector.
Writing frequency
The writing information can refer to well, grid or sector properties while the available options for the writing
frequency are:
Every time or date keywords
By using this option the results are written on the dates specified by the corresponding keyword in the well
section(Computer Modelling Group Ltd, 2010).
One record per TNEXT keyword occurrence
By using this option the results are written on the next date of the specified date by the corresponding
keyword in the well section(Computer Modelling Group Ltd, 2010).
Specified frequency
By selecting this keyword the user can specify the frequency(in time steps) of the file writing in the
corresponding value field that this option enables.

FREQUENCY OF SIMULATION OUTPUT FILE

This table is defined as the corresponding table in the simulation results output sub section but in this case
also information about the Newtonian iterations can be provided. By this option the user can select to print
information about Newtonian iterations, matrix solution or both at every time step.

DIARY FILE INFORMATION

This file is the .log file that the simulator produces where for each time step of the simulation a some of the
simulation information are printed. The information that can be printed to this file are the following:
Production
The available options for this information are the 'well status', 'maxloc' and 'brief'. If the 'well status' option is
selected then the well status and the injection/production rates of all the phases will be printed to the diary
file with up to 6 decimal digits while the water cut will be printed to the same file with up to 3 decimal
digits. Also by using this option the grid blocks where the changes in saturation and pressure were
maximized will be written to the same file. The second available option is the 'maxloc' option which is the
same as the previous one but now the injection/production rates of all the phases are printed to up to 5
decimal digits. Finally when the 'brief' option is selected only the injection/production rate(up to 8 decimal
digits) and the water cut(up to 5 decimal digits) variables are printed.
Pressure
For this category of information the presaq and the presnoaq options are available. In case that the presaq
option has been selected the total pore volume average pressure including the aquifers blocks is written to the
file while when the presnoaq is selected then the total pore volume average pressure excluding the aquifers
blocks is printed to the diary file.
Header
By this keyword the frequency by which the header which includes the columns names is written in the diary
file is specified.

ITEMS IN THE SIMULATION RESULTS FILE

In this table which variables of the available information categories will be printed in the simulation
result(.irf) file are defined. All these items are apparent in the corresponding categories in CMG' s graphs
while some of these information are used also in 3D results. These variables depending the information
category can be the following:
Well
The available variables that can be printed for this information category are the well values such as the
gas/oil/water rates and the cumulative production of these phases at reservoir or surface conditions, the water
cut, the production periods of each phase, the on time fraction of the wells and thee block pressure.
Reservoir
By using this keyword the initial values of the array properties introduced in the reservoir description section
will be printed in the simulation result file. Here some or all of these variables can be selected to be printed.
Grid
By using this keyword the final values after the simulation run of the array properties introduced in the
reservoir description section will be printed in the simulation result file. As previously and here some or all
of these variables can be selected to be printed.
Special
By using this keyword the changes of a specific property over time for a certain block can be printed in the
.irf file.
Flux-sector
By using this keyword the total influx of the flux sector is defined to be printed.

Finally in this tab the simulator precision regarding the decimal points of the values that will be stored to the
files has to be defined. Two options are available the single and the double precision. By using the single
option the simulator precision is up to the 4 th decimal number while by using the double option the precision
is up to the 8th decimal number(Computer Modelling Group Ltd, 2010). In general single precision is mainly
used for 32 bits machines while double precision is used in 64bits machines(Dubois, Calvin, & Petiton,
2010).

ITEMS IN THE SIMULATION OUTPUT FILE

The items table of the output file is defined similarly to the corresponding table of the simulation results file.
The available parameters that can be printed concern the grid, reservoir and the well variables which are the
same as in the simulation results file and the following extra information that are also available for this file
type:
Tables
By using this keyword all the property tables introduced by the user will be printed to the output file.
Well-sector
By using this keyword a table showing the production and injection all the active wells of each sector is
printed to the output file.
Flux-sector
By using this keyword the flux sector summary is printed. This flux summary can contain information about
the influx to the sector, the inter-sector influx or both of them.

Text Output
This sub section defines the information that will be printed in the output(.out) file which contains
analytically all the desired simulation information. This tab is constituted by three parts the frequency of
simulation output file, the items in the simulation output file and the diary file information.

Extra printout

By this keyword which information will be printed in the geomechanics output(.geo) file is controlled. In this
field the available options are numbers from zero to twelve which represent different information as it is
shown in the following table:

None 0

Principle stresses 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 11

Stress components 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 10

Displacements 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 12

Reactions at constrained nodes 3, 6, 10, 11, 12

Table 1: Table of available options and corresponding information that are printed in the geomechanics
output (.geo) file(Computer Modelling Group Ltd, 2009b)

Simulation Results Output

In this sub section the only thing that changes in comparison to the IMEX simulator is the available
reservoir items as information regarding each component(e.g. mole fractions of each component in
the gas/oil/aqueous phase etc.) and information regarding geomechanic parameters(e.g. total normal
stresses in I,J or K direction, displacement of blocks etc.) are included.
Text Output
This part is the same as in IMEX simulator but in the print options again as in the simulation results output
information about each component and geomechanical parameters can be included as well as and
information regarding the carbon dioxide statistics. These statistics refer to the amount of the carbon dioxide
that it is stored to the aquifer in any form such as gas, liquid, trapped etc.

Run Time Dimensioning

This subsection is similar to the IMEX corresponding sub section but now the available dimensioning
variables are the maximum percentage of fully implicit blocks(MDIMPL), the number of the null blocks, the
maximum non zero L or U entries and the amount of required space so as to store the block
connections(MDPTCN) is defined here.

Run Time Dimensioning

This subsection is similar to the IMEX corresponding sub section but now the available dimensioning
variables are the maximum percentage of fully implicit blocks(MDIMPL), the number of the null blocks, the
maximum non zero L or U entries and the amount of required space so as to store the block
connections(MDPTCN) is defined here.
9.6 ECHO ALL LINES OF DATA
The echo command refers to the inserted keywords that contain large amount of data such as the grid or the
permeability keywords. Due to the fact that for such keywords many lines are required the simulator sets a
limit to the number of lines that can be used. Although, the simulator offers the option to not use a limiting
value but this can result to the creation of huge output files (Computer Modelling Group Ltd, 2010).