Excercise 2 - Frequency Measure

Exercise 2.
1
Listed below are data on parity collected from 19 women who participated in a study on
reproductive health. Organize these data into a frequency distribution.
0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 3, 1, 4, 1, 8, 2, 2, 0, 1, 3, 5, 1, 7, 2
Exercise 2.2
The line listing in Table 2.1 presents some of the information collected on infants born
at General Hospital A with neonatal listeriosis.
a. What is the ratio of males to females?
b. What proportion of infants lived?
c. What proportion of infants were delivered in a delivery room?
d. What is the ratio of operating room deliveries to delivery room deliveries?
Exercise 2.3
In 1990, 41,595 new cases of AIDS were reported in the United States (3). The 1990 midyear
population was estimated to be 248,710,000. Calculate the 1990 AIDS incidence rate. (Note:
To facilitate computation with a calculator, both numerator and denominator could first be
divided by 1,000.)
Exercise 2.4
In the example incidence rates for the data shown in Figure 2.1 were calculated.
Recall that Figure 2.1 represents ten episodes of an illness in a population of 20 over a period
of 16 months. Each horizontal line represents the portion of time one person spends being ill.
The line begins on the date of onset and ends on the date of death or recovery.
1
Calculate the following rates:
a. Point prevalence on October 1, 1990
b. Period prevalence, October 1, 1990 to September 30, 1991
Exercise 2.5
In a particular community, 115 persons in a population of 4,399 became ill with a disease of
unknown etiology. The 115 cases occurred in 77 households. The total number of persons
living in these 77 households was 424.
a. Calculate the overall attack rate in the community.
b. Calculate the secondary attack rate in the affected households, assuming that only one case
per household was a primary (community-acquired) case.
c. Is the disease distributed evenly throughout the population?
Exercise 2.6
Using data in Table 2.7a, calculate the following rate ratios. Enter the ratios in Table 2.7a.
2
Discuss what the various rate ratios show about the risk for lung cancer among cigarette
smokers.
a. Smokers of 15-24 cigarettes per day compared with nonsmokers
b. Smokers of 25+ cigarettes per day compared with nonsmokers
Exercise 2.7
Using the data in Table 2.7b, calculate the attributable proportions for the following:
a. smokers of 15-24 cigarettes per day
b. smokers of 25+ cigarettes per day
Exercise 2.8
In 1987, a total of 12,088 HIV-related deaths occurred in males and 1,380 HIV-related deaths
occurred in females . The estimated 1987 midyear population for males and females was
118,531,000 and 124,869,000, respectively.
a. Calculate the HIV-related death rate for males and for females.
b. What type of mortality rates did you calculate in step a?
c. Calculate the HIV-mortality rate ratio for males versus females.
Exercise 2.9
The following table provides the number of newly reported cases of diphtheria and the
number of diphtheria-associated deaths in the United States by decade. Calculate the death-
to-case ratio by decade. Describe diphtherias presence in the population by interpreting the
table below.
3
Exercise 2.10
Using the data in Table 2.11, calculate the missing proportionate mortalities and ranks for
persons with ages of 25 to 44 years. Enter percents and ranks in Table 2.11.
Exercise 2.11
Using the data in Table 2.11, calculate the ratio of homicide proportionate mortality among
25-to 44-year-olds to the homicide proportionate mortality among all ages.
Exercise 2.12
Using the pneumonia and influenza (P&I) data in Table 2.12a calculate the following:
a. P&I-related mortality rate, all ages
b. P&I-related mortality rate for persons under age 65 years
c. P&I-related years of potential life lost
d. P&I-related YPLL rate
4
Exercise 2.13
Answer questions a-f by analyzing the data in Table 2.14 (page 120) by time, place, and
person.
a. Grouping the dates of onset into 7-day intervals, create a frequency distribution of number
of cases by week.
b. Use the line listing in Table 2.14 and the area-specific population data in Table 2.15 to
compute area-specific attack rates. Which area of the city has the most cases? Which area has
the highest attack rate?
c. Calculate the ratio of female-to-male cases.
d. Calculate the proportion of cases who are female.
e. Use the line listing and the age- and sex-specific population data in Table 2.16 to compute
age- and sex-specific attack rates. Which age/sex groups were at greatest risk? Which age/sex
groups were at lowest risk? (Hint: Table 2.16 is limited to city residents. Whom should you
include in the numerator of your attack rates?)
f. Calculate the relative risk for persons age 40 to 59 years versus persons age 20 to 39 years.
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