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Srinivasa Ramanujan
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"Ramanujan" redirects here. For other uses, see Ramanujan (disambiguation).
Srinivasa Ramanujan

22 December 1887
Born
Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
26 April 1920 (aged 32)
Died
Chetput, (Madras), Tamil Nadu, India
Residence Tamil Nadu, India
Fields Mathematician
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge
Academic advisors G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood
Known for LandauRamanujan constant

Mock theta functions

Ramanujan conjecture
Ramanujan prime
RamanujanSoldner constant
Ramanujan theta function
 Ramanujan's sum

RogersRamanujan identities

Srnivsa Aiyangr Rmnujan FRS, better known as Srinivasa Iyengar Ramanujan

(Tamil: or ) (22 December 1887 26
April 1920) was an Indian mathematician and self taught genius who, with almost no
formal training in pure mathematics, made substantial contributions to mathematical
analysis, number theory, infinite series and continued fractions.

Born and raised in Erode, Tamil Nadu, India, Ramanujan first encountered formal
mathematics at age 10. He demonstrated a natural ability, and was given books on
advanced trigonometry written by S L Loney.[1] He had mastered them by age 12, and
even discovered theorems of his own. He demonstrated unusual mathematical skills at
school, winning accolades and awards. By 17, Ramanujan conducted his own
mathematical research on Bernoulli numbers and the EulerMascheroni constant. He
received a scholarship to study at Government College in Kumbakonam, but lost it when
he failed his non-mathematical coursework. He joined another college to pursue
independent mathematical research, working as a clerk in the Accountant-General's office
at the Madras Port Trust Office to support himself.[2] In 19121913, he sent samples of
his theorems to three academics at the University of Cambridge. Only G. H. Hardy
recognized the brilliance of his work, subsequently inviting Ramanujan to visit and work
with him at Cambridge. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Fellow of Trinity
College, Cambridge, dying of illness, malnutrition and possibly liver infection in 1920 at
the age of 32.

During his short lifetime, Ramanujan independently compiled nearly 3900 results (mostly
identities and equations).[3] Although a small number of these results were actually false
and some were already known, most of his claims have now been proven correct.[4] He
stated results that were both original and highly unconventional, such as the Ramanujan
prime and the Ramanujan theta function, and these have inspired a vast amount of further
research.[5] However, some of his major discoveries have been rather slow to enter the
mathematical mainstream. Recently, Ramanujan's formulae have found applications in
crystallography and string theory. The Ramanujan Journal, an international publication,
was launched to publish work in all areas of mathematics influenced by his work.[6]

Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Adulthood in India
o 2.1 Attention from mathematicians
o 2.2 Contacting English mathematicians
3 Life in England
 o 3.1 Illness and return to India
o 3.2 Personality and spiritual life
4 Mathematical achievements
o 4.1 The Ramanujan conjecture
o 4.2 Ramanujan's notebooks
5 HardyRamanujan number 1729
6 Other mathematicians' views of Ramanujan
7 Recognition
8 In popular culture
9 See also
10 Notes
11 Selected publications by Ramanujan
12 Selected publications about Ramanujan and his work
13 External links
o 13.1 Media links
o 13.2 Biographical links

o 13.3 Other links

[edit] Early life

Ramanujan's home on Sarangapani Street, Kumbakonam.

Ramanujan was born on 22 December 1887 in Erode, Tamil Nadu, India, at the residence
of his maternal grandparents.[7] His father, K. Srinivasa Iyengar worked as a clerk in a sari
shop and hailed from the district of Thanjavur.[8] His mother, Komalatammal or Komal
Ammal (Ammal in Tamil is equivalent of Madam in English) was a housewife and also
sang at a local temple.[9] They lived in Sarangapani Street in a traditional home in the
town of Kumbakonam. The family home is now a museum. When Ramanujan was a year
and a half old, his mother gave birth to a son named Sadagopan, who died less than three
months later. In December 1889, Ramanujan had smallpox and recovered, unlike
thousands in the Thanjavur district who succumbed to the disease that year.[10] He moved
with his mother to her parents' house in Kanchipuram, near Madras. In November 1891,
and again in 1894, his mother gave birth, but both children died before their first
birthdays.

On 1 October 1892, Ramanujan was enrolled at the local school.[11] In March 1894, he
was moved to a Telugu medium school. After his maternal grandfather lost his job as a
court official in Kanchipuram,[12] Ramanujan and his mother moved back to
Kumbakonam and he was enrolled in the Kangayan Primary School.[13] After his paternal
grandfather died, he was sent back to his maternal grandparents, who were now living in
Madras. He did not like school in Madras, and he tried to avoid going to school. His
family enlisted a local constable to make sure he attended school. Within six months,
Ramanujan was back in Kumbakonam.[13]

Since Ramanujan's father was at work most of the day, his mother took care of him as a
child. He had a close relationship with her. From her, he learned about tradition and
puranas. He learned to sing religious songs, to attend pujas at the temple and particular
eating habits all of which are part of Brahmin culture.[14] At the Kangayan Primary
School, Ramanujan performed well. Just before the age of 10, in November 1897, he
passed his primary examinations in English, Tamil, geography and arithmetic. With his
scores, he finished first in the district.[15] That year, Ramanujan entered Town Higher
Secondary School where he encountered formal mathematics for the first time.[15]

By age 11, he had exhausted the mathematical knowledge of two college students who
were lodgers at his home. He was later lent a book on advanced trigonometry written by
S. L. Loney.[16][17] He completely mastered this book by the age of 13 and discovered
sophisticated theorems on his own. By 14, he was receiving merit certificates and
academic awards which continued throughout his school career and also assisted the
school in the logistics of assigning its 1200 students (each with their own needs) to its 35-
odd teachers.[18] He completed mathematical exams in half the allotted time, and showed
a familiarity with infinite series. When he was 16, Ramanujan came across the book A
Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics by George S. Carr.[19]
This book was a collection of 5000 theorems, and it introduced Ramanujan to the world
of mathematics. The next year, he had independently developed and investigated the
Bernoulli numbers and had calculated Euler's constant up to 15 decimal places.[20] His
peers of the time commented that they "rarely understood him" and "stood in respectful
awe" of him.[18]

When he graduated from Town Higher Secondary School in 1904, Ramanujan was
awarded the K. Ranganatha Rao prize for mathematics by the school's headmaster,
Krishnaswami Iyer. Iyer introduced Ramanujan as an outstanding student who deserved
scores higher than the maximum possible marks.[18] He received a scholarship to study at
Government College in Kumbakonam,[21][22] However, Ramanujan was so intent on
studying mathematics that he could not focus on any other subjects and failed most of
them, losing his scholarship in the process.[23] In August 1905, he ran away from home,
heading towards Visakhapatnam.[24] He later enrolled at Pachaiyappa's College in Madras.
He again excelled in mathematics, but performed poorly in other subjects such as
physiology. Ramanujan failed his Fine Arts degree exam in December 1906 and again a
year later. Without a degree, he left college and continued to pursue independent research
in mathematics. At this point in his life, he lived in extreme poverty and was often near
the point of starvation.[25]

[edit] Adulthood in India

On 14 July 1909, Ramanujan was married to a nine-year old bride, Janaki Ammal.[26] in
the branch of Hinduism to which Ramanujan belonged,[which?] marriage was a formal
engagement that was consummated only after the bride turned 17 or 18, as per the
traditional calendar. After the marriage, Ramanujan developed a hydrocele testis, an
abnormal swelling of the tunica vaginalis, an internal membrane in the testicle.[27] The
condition could be treated with a routine surgical operation that would release the
blocked fluid in the scrotal sac. His family did not have the money for the operation, but
in January 1910, a doctor volunteered to do the surgery for free.[28] After his successful
surgery, Ramanujan searched for a job. He stayed at friends' houses while he went door to
door around the city of Madras (now Chennai) looking for a clerical position. To make
some money, he tutored some students at Presidency College who were preparing for
their F.A. exam.[29] In late 1910, Ramanujan was sick again, possibly as a result of the
surgery earlier in the year. He feared for his health, and even told his friend, R.
Radakrishna Iyer, to "hand these [my mathematical notebooks] over to Professor
Singaravelu Mudaliar [mathematics professor at Pachaiyappa's College] or to the British
professor Edward B. Ross, of the Madras Christian College."[30] After Ramanujan
recovered and got back his notebooks from Iyer, he took a northbound train from
Kumbakonam to Villupuram, a coastal city under French control.[31][32]

[edit] Attention from mathematicians

He met deputy collector V. Ramaswami Iyer, who had recently founded the Indian
Mathematical Society.[33] Ramanujan, wishing for a job at the revenue department where
Iyer worked, showed him his mathematics notebooks. As Iyer later recalled:

I was struck by the extraordinary mathematical results contained in it [the notebooks]. I

had no mind to smother his genius by an appointment in the lowest rungs of the revenue
department.[34]

Iyer sent Ramanujan, with letters of introduction, to his mathematician friends in Madras.
[33]
Some of these friends looked at his work and gave him letters of introduction to R.
Ramachandra Rao, the district collector for Nellore and the secretary of the Indian
Mathematical Society.[35][36][37] Ramachandra Rao was impressed by Ramanujan's work,
but doubted that it was actually his own work. Ramanujan mentioned a correspondence
he had with Professor Saldhana, a notable Bombay (now Mumbai) mathematician, in
which Saldhana expressed a lack of understanding for his work, but concluded that he
was not a phony.[38] Ramanujan's friend, C. V. Rajagopalachari, persisted with
Ramachandra Rao and tried to quell any doubts over Ramanujan's academic integrity.
Rao agreed to give him another chance, and he listened as Ramanujan discussed elliptic
integrals, hypergeometric series, and his theory of divergent series, which Rao said
ultimately "converted" him to believe in Ramanujan's mathematical brilliance.[38] When
Rao asked him what he wanted, Ramanujan replied that he needed some work and
financial support. Rao consented and sent him to Madras. He continued his mathematical
research with Rao's financial aid taking care of his daily needs. Ramanujan, with the help
of Ramaswami Iyer, had his work published in the Journal of Indian Mathematical
Society.[39]

One of the first problems he posed in the journal was:

He waited for a solution to be offered in three issues, over six months, but failed to
receive any. At the end, Ramanujan supplied the solution to the problem himself. On page
105 of his first notebook, he formulated an equation that could be used to solve the
infinitely nested radicals problem.

Using this equation, the answer to the question posed in the Journal was simply 3.[40]
Ramanujan wrote his first formal paper for the Journal on the properties of Bernoulli
numbers. One property he discovered was that the denominators (sequence A027642 in
OEIS) of the fractions of Bernoulli numbers were always divisible by six. He also
devised a method of calculating Bn based on previous Bernoulli numbers. One of these
methods went as follows:

It will be observed that if n is even but not equal to zero,

(i) Bn is a fraction and the numerator of in its lowest terms is a prime number,
(ii) the denominator of Bn contains each of the factors 2 and 3 once and only once,

(iii) is an integer and consequently is an odd integer.

In his 17page paper, "Some Properties of Bernoulli's Numbers", Ramanujan gave three
proofs, two corollaries and three conjectures.[41] Ramanujan's writing initially had many
flaws. As Journal editor M. T. Narayana Iyengar noted:
Mr. Ramanujan's methods were so terse and novel and his presentation so lacking in
clearness and precision, that the ordinary [mathematical reader], unaccustomed to such
intellectual gymnastics, could hardly follow him.[42]

Ramanujan later wrote another paper and also continued to provide problems in the
Journal.[43] In early 1912, he got a temporary job in the Madras Accountant General's
office, with a 20 rupee a month salary. He kept the job for only a few weeks.[44] Towards
the end of that job, he applied for a job under the Chief Accountant of the Madras Port
Trust. In a letter dated 9 February 1912, Ramanujan wrote:

Sir,
I understand there is a clerkship vacant in your office, and I beg to apply for the same. I
have passed the Matriculation Examination and studied up to the F.A. but was prevented
from pursuing my studies further owing to several untoward circumstances. I have,
however, been devoting all my time to Mathematics and developing the subject. I can say
I am quite confident I can do justice to my work if I am appointed to the post. I therefore
beg to request that you will be good enough to confer the appointment on me.[45]

Attached to his application was a recommendation from E. W. Middlemast, a

mathematics professor at the Presidency College, who wrote that Ramanujan was "a
young man of quite exceptional capacity in Mathematics."[46] Three weeks after he had
applied, on 1 March, Ramanujan learned that he had been accepted as a Class III, Grade
IV accounting clerk, making 30 rupees per month.[47] At his office, Ramanujan easily and
quickly completed the work he was given, so he spent his spare time doing his
mathematical research. Ramanujan's boss, Sir Francis Spring, and S. Narayana Iyer, a
colleague who was also treasurer of the Indian Mathematical Society, encouraged
Ramanujan in his mathematical pursuits.

[edit] Contacting English mathematicians

Spring, Narayana Iyeru, Ramachandra Rao and E. W. Middlemast tried to present

Ramanujan's work to British mathematicians. One mathematician, M. J. M. Hill of
University College London, commented that Ramanujan's papers were riddled with
holes.[48] He said that although Ramanujan had "a taste for mathematics, and some
ability", he lacked the educational background and foundation needed to be accepted by
mathematicians.[49] Although Hill did not offer to take Ramanujan on as a student, he did
give thorough and serious professional advice on his work. With the help of friends,
Ramanujan drafted letters to leading mathematicians at Cambridge University.[50]

The first two professors, H. F. Baker and E. W. Hobson, returned Ramanujan's papers
without comment.[51] On 16 January 1913, Ramanujan wrote to G. H. Hardy. Coming
from an unknown mathematician, the nine pages of mathematical wonder made Hardy
originally view Ramanujan's manuscripts as a possible "fraud."[52] Hardy knew some of
Ramanujan's formulas, but others "seemed scarcely possible to believe."[53] One of the
theorems Hardy found hard to believe was found on the bottom of page three (valid for
0 < a < b + 1/2):
Hardy was also impressed by some of Ramanujan's other work relating to infinite series:

The first result had already been determined by a mathematician named Bauer. The
second one was new to Hardy. It was derived from a class of functions called a
hypergeometric series which had first been researched by Leonhard Euler and Carl
Friedrich Gauss. Compared to Ramanujan's work on integrals, Hardy found these results
"much more intriguing."[54] After he saw Ramanujan's theorems on continued fractions on
the last page of the manuscripts, Hardy commented that the "[theorems] defeated me
completely; I had never seen anything in the least like them before."[55] He figured that
Ramanujan's theorems "must be true, because, if they were not true, no one would have
the imagination to invent them."[55] Hardy asked a colleague, J. E. Littlewood, to take a
look at the papers. Littlewood was amazed by the mathematical genius of Ramanujan.
After discussing the papers with Littlewood, Hardy concluded that the letters were
"certainly the most remarkable I have received" and commented that Ramanujan was "a
mathematician of the highest quality, a man of altogether exceptional originality and
power."[56] One colleague, E. H. Neville, later commented that "not one [theorem] could
have been set in the most advanced mathematical examination in the world."[57]

On 8 February 1913, Hardy wrote a letter to Ramanujan, expressing his interest for his
work. Hardy also added that it was "essential that I should see proofs of some of your
assertions."[58] Before his letter arrived in Madras during the third week of February,
Hardy contacted the Indian Office to plan for Ramanujan's trip to Cambridge. Secretary
Arthur Davies of the Advisory Committee for Indian Students met with Ramanujan to
discuss the overseas trip.[59] In accordance with his Brahmin upbringing, Ramanujan
refused to leave his country to "go to a foreign land."[60] Meanwhile, Ramanujan sent a
letter packed with theorems to Hardy, writing, "I have found a friend in you who views
my labour sympathetically."[61]

To supplement Hardy's endorsement, a former mathematical lecturer at Trinity College,

Cambridge, Gilbert Walker, looked at Ramanujan's work and expressed amazement,
urging him to spend time at Cambridge.[62] As a result of Walker's endorsement, B.
Hanumantha Rao, a mathematics professor at an engineering college, invited
Ramanujan's colleague Narayana Iyer to a meeting of the Board of Studies in
Mathematics to discuss "what we can do for S. Ramanujan."[63] The board agreed to grant
Ramanujan a research scholarship of 75 rupees per month for the next two years at the
University of Madras.[64] While he was engaged as a research student, Ramanujan
continued to submit papers to the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society. In one
paper, Ramanujan anticipated the work of a Polish mathematician who had published his
work shortly after.[65] In his quarterly papers, Ramanujan drew up theorems to make
definite integrals more easily solvable. Working off Giuliano Frullani's 1821 integral
theorem, Ramanujan formulated generalizations that could be made to evaluate formerly
unyielding integrals.[66]

Hardy's correspondence with Ramanujan soured after Ramanujan refused to come to

England. Hardy enlisted a colleague lecturing in Madras, E. H. Neville, to mentor and
bring Ramanujan to England.[67] Neville asked Ramanujan why he would not go to
Cambridge. Ramanujan apparently had now accepted the proposal; as Neville put it,
"Ramanujan needed no converting and that his parents' opposition had been
withdrawn."[57] Apparently, Ramanujan's mother had a vivid dream in which the family
Goddess Namagiri commanded her "to stand no longer between her son and the
fulfillment of his life's purpose."[57]

[edit] Life in England

Ramanujan boarded the S.S. Nevasa on 17 March 1914, and at 10 o'clock in the morning,
the ship departed from Madras.[68] He arrived in London on 14 April, with E. H. Neville
waiting for him with a car. Four days later, Neville took him to his house on Chesterton
Road in Cambridge. Ramanujan immediately began his work with Littlewood and Hardy.
After six weeks, Ramanujan moved out of Neville's house and took up residence on
Whewell's Court, just a five-minute walk from Hardy's room. [69] Hardy and Ramanujan
began to take a look at Ramanujan's notebooks. Hardy had already received 120 theorems
from Ramanujan in the first two letters, but there were many more results and theorems
to be found in the notebooks. Hardy saw that some were wrong, some had already been
discovered, while the rest were new breakthroughs.[70] Ramanujan left a deep impression
on Hardy and Littlewood. Littlewood commented, "I can believe that he's at least a
Jacobi",[71] while Hardy said he "can compare him only with [Leonhard] Euler or
Jacobi."[72]

Ramanujan spent nearly five years in Cambridge collaborating with Hardy and
Littlewood and published a part of his findings there. Hardy and Ramanujan had highly
contrasting personalities. Their collaboration was a clash of different cultures, beliefs and
working styles. Hardy was an atheist and an apostle of proof and mathematical rigour,
whereas Ramanujan was a deeply religious man and relied very strongly on his intuition.
While in England, Hardy tried his best to fill the gaps in Ramanujan's education without
interrupting his spell of inspiration.

Ramanujan was awarded a B.A. degree by research (this degree was later renamed PhD)
in March 1916 for his work on highly composite numbers, which was published as a
paper in the Journal of the London Mathematical Society. The paper was over 50 pages
with different properties of such numbers proven. Hardy remarked that this was one of
the most unusual papers seen in mathematical research at that time and that Ramanujan
showed extraordinary ingenuity in handling it. On 6 December 1917, he was elected to
the London Mathematical Society. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1918,
becoming the second Indian to do so, following Ardaseer Cursetjee in 1841, and he was
the youngest Fellow in the entire history of the Royal Society.[73] He was elected "for his
investigation in Elliptic functions and the Theory of Numbers." On 13 October 1918, he
became the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.[74]

[edit] Illness and return to India

Plagued by health problems all throughout his life, living in a country far away from
home, and obsessively involved with his mathematics, Ramanujan's health worsened in
England, perhaps exacerbated by stress and by the scarcity of vegetarian food during the
First World War. He was diagnosed with tuberculosis and a severe vitamin deficiency and
was confined to a sanatorium.

Ramanujan returned to Kumbakonam, India in 1919 and died soon thereafter at the age of
32. His widow, S. Janaki Ammal, lived in Chennai (formerly Madras) until her death in
1994.[75]

A 1994 analysis of Ramanujan's medical records and symptoms by Dr. D.A.B. Young
concluded that it was much more likely he had hepatic amoebiasis, a parasitic infection of
the liver. This is supported by the fact that Ramanujan had spent time in Madras, where
the disease was widespread. He had two episodes of dysentery before he left India. When
not properly treated, dysentery can lie dormant for years and lead to hepatic amoebiasis.[2]
It was a difficult disease to diagnose, but once diagnosed, could have been readily
curable.[2]

[edit] Personality and spiritual life

Ramanujan has been described as a person with a somewhat shy and quiet disposition, a
dignified man with pleasant manners.[76] He lived a rather spartan life while at
Cambridge. Ramanujan's first Indian biographers describe him as rigorously orthodox.
Ramanujan credited his acumen to his family Goddess, Namagiri of Namakkal, and
looked to her for inspiration in his work.[77] He often said, "An equation for me has no
meaning, unless it represents a thought of God."[78][79]

G. H. Hardy cites Ramanujan as remarking that all religions seemed equally true to him.
[80]
Hardy further argued that Ramanujan's religiousness had been overstatedin the point
of belief, not practiceby his Indian biographers, and romanticised by Westerners. At the
same time, he remarked on Ramanujan's strict observance of vegetarianism.

[edit] Mathematical achievements

In mathematics, there is a distinction between having an insight and having a proof.
Ramanujan's talent suggested a plethora of formulae that could then be investigated in
depth later. It is said that Ramanujan's discoveries are unusually rich and that there is
often more in it than what initially meets the eye. As a by-product, new directions of
research were opened up. Examples of the most interesting of these formulae include the
intriguing infinite series for , one of which is given below

This result is based on the negative fundamental discriminant d = 458 with class
number h(d) = 2 (note that 571358 = 26390) and is related to the fact that

Compare to Heegner numbers, which have class number 1 and yield similar formulae.
Ramanujan's series for converges extraordinarily rapidly (exponentially) and forms the
basis of some of the fastest algorithms currently used to calculate . Truncating the sum
to the first term also gives the approximation for , which is correct to
six decimal places.

One of his remarkable capabilities was the rapid solution for problems. He was sharing a
room with P. C. Mahalanobis who had a problem, "Imagine that you are on a street with
houses marked 1 through n. There is a house in between (x) such that the sum of the
house numbers to left of it equals the sum of the house numbers to its right. If n is
between 50 and 500, what are n and x." This is a bivariate problem with multiple
solutions. Ramanujan thought about it and gave the answer with a twist: He gave a
continued fraction. The unusual part was that it was the solution to the whole class of
problems. Mahalanobis was astounded and asked how he did it. "It is simple. The minute
I heard the problem, I knew that the answer was a continued fraction. Which continued
fraction, I asked myself. Then the answer came to my mind", Ramanujan replied.

His intuition also led him to derive some previously unknown identities, such as

for all , where (z) is the gamma function. Equating coefficients of 0, 4, and 8 gives
some deep identities for the hyperbolic secant.

In 1918, G. H. Hardy and Ramanujan studied the partition function P(n) extensively and
gave a non-convergent asymptotic series that permits exact computation of the number of
partitions of an integer. Hans Rademacher, in 1937, was able to refine their formula to
find an exact convergent series solution to this problem. Ramanujan and Hardy's work in
this area gave rise to a powerful new method for finding asymptotic formulae, called the
circle method.[81]
He discovered mock theta functions in the last year of his life. For many years these
functions were a mystery, but they are now known to be the holomorphic parts of
harmonic weak Maass forms.

[edit] The Ramanujan conjecture

Main article: RamanujanPetersson conjecture

Although there are numerous statements that could bear the name Ramanujan conjecture,
there is one statement that was very influential on later work. In particular, the connection
of this conjecture with conjectures of Andr Weil in algebraic geometry opened up new
areas of research. That Ramanujan conjecture is an assertion on the size of the tau
function, which has as generating function the discriminant modular form (q), a typical
cusp form in the theory of modular forms. It was finally proven in 1973, as a
consequence of Pierre Deligne's proof of the Weil conjectures. The reduction step
involved is complicated. Deligne won a Fields Medal in 1978 for his work on Weil
conjectures.[82]

[edit] Ramanujan's notebooks

Further information: Ramanujan's lost notebook

While still in India, Ramanujan recorded the bulk of his results in four notebooks of loose
leaf paper. These results were mostly written up without any derivations. This is probably
the origin of the misperception that Ramanujan was unable to prove his results and
simply thought up the final result directly. Mathematician Bruce C. Berndt, in his review
of these notebooks and Ramanujan's work, says that Ramanujan most certainly was able
to make the proofs of most of his results, but chose not to.

This style of working may have been for several reasons. Since paper was very
expensive, Ramanujan would do most of his work and perhaps his proofs on slate, and
then transfer just the results to paper. Using a slate was common for mathematics students
in India at the time. He was also quite likely to have been influenced by the style of G. S.
Carr's book, which stated results without proofs. Finally, it is possible that Ramanujan
considered his workings to be for his personal interest alone; and therefore only recorded
the results.[83]

The first notebook has 351 pages with 16 somewhat organized chapters and some
unorganized material. The second notebook has 256 pages in 21 chapters and 100
unorganized pages, with the third notebook containing 33 unorganized pages. The results
in his notebooks inspired numerous papers by later mathematicians trying to prove what
he had found. Hardy himself created papers exploring material from Ramanujan's work
as did G. N. Watson, B. M. Wilson, and Bruce Berndt.[83] A fourth notebook, the so-called
"lost notebook", was rediscovered in 1976 by George Andrews.[2]

[edit] HardyRamanujan number 1729

A common anecdote about Ramanujan relates to the number 1729. Hardy arrived at
Ramanujan's residence in a cab numbered 1729. Hardy did not think highly of
Ramanujan's interest in recreational mathematics, and so claimed this number to be
uninteresting. Ramanujan is said to have stated on the spot that it was actually a very
interesting number mathematically, being the smallest number representable in two
different ways as a sum of two cubes:

Generalizations of this idea have spawned the notion of "taxicab numbers".

Coincidentally, 1729 is also product of 3 prime numbers

The largest known similar number is

[edit] Other mathematicians' views of Ramanujan

Ramanujan is generally hailed as an all-time great like Leonhard Euler, Carl Friedrich
Gauss, and Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, for his natural mathematical genius.[84] G. H. Hardy
quotes: "The limitations of his knowledge were as startling as its profundity. Here was a
man who could work out modular equations and theorems... to orders unheard of, whose
mastery of continued fractions was... beyond that of any mathematician in the world, who
had found for himself the functional equation of the zeta function and the dominant terms
of many of the most famous problems in the analytic theory of numbers; and yet he had
never heard of a doubly-periodic function or of Cauchy's theorem, and had indeed but the
vaguest idea of what a function of a complex variable was...".[85] Hardy went on to claim
that his greatest contribution to mathematics was discovering Ramanujan.[citation needed]

Quoting K. Srinivasa Rao,[86] "As for his place in the world of Mathematics, we quote
Bruce C. Berndt: 'Paul Erds has passed on to us G. H. Hardy's personal ratings of
mathematicians. Suppose that we rate mathematicians on the basis of pure talent on a
scale from 0 to 100, Hardy gave himself a score of 25, J.E. Littlewood 30, David Hilbert
80 and Ramanujan 100.'"

In his book Scientific Edge, noted physicist Jayant Narlikar stated that "Srinivasa
Ramanujan, discovered by the Cambridge mathematician G.H. Hardy, whose great
mathematical findings were beginning to be appreciated from 1915 to 1919. His
achievements were to be fully understood much later, well after his untimely death in
1920. For example, his work on the highly composite numbers (numbers with a large
number of factors) started a whole new line of investigations in the theory of such
numbers."
[edit] Recognition
Ramanujan's home state of Tamil Nadu celebrates 22 December (Ramanujan's birthday)
as 'State IT Day', memorializing both the man and his achievements, as a native of Tamil
Nadu. A stamp picturing Ramanujan was released by the Government of India in 1962
the 75th anniversary of Ramanujan's birth commemorating his achievements in the field
of number theory.

A prize for young mathematicians from developing countries has been created in the
name of Ramanujan by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), in
cooperation with the International Mathematical Union, who nominate members of the
prize committee. On December 22, 1987 (Ramanujan's centennial), the printed form of
Ramanujan's Lost Notebook as a co-publishing venture by the Narosa publishing house
and Springer-Verlag was released by the late Indian prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi, who
presented the first copy to S. Janaki Ammal Ramanujan (Ramanujan's late widow) and
the second copy to George Andrews in recognition of his contributions in the field of
number theory.

The Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology, Research Academy (SASTRA), based in the
state of Tamil Nadu in South India, has instituted the SASTRA Ramanujan Prize of
$10,000 to be given annually to a mathematician not exceeding the age of 32 for
outstanding contributions in an area of mathematics influenced by Ramanujan. The age
limit has been set at 32 because Ramanujan achieved so much in his brief life of 32 years.
This prestigious prize will be awarded each year at an international conference conducted
by SASTRA in Kumbakonam, Ramanujan's hometown, around Ramanujan's birthday,
December 22. The SASTRA Ramanujan Prize has been awarded annually since 2005,
and has already honoured exciting young talent like Manjul Bhargava, Terence Tao, Ben
Green and Akshay Venkatesh.

[edit] In popular culture

Bhavna Thakur, a corporate lawyer based in New York has directed a play titled A
First Class Man based on his life.

An international feature film on Ramanujan's life was announced in 2006 as due
to begin shooting in 2007. It was to be shot in Tamil Nadu state and Cambridge
and be produced by an Indo-British collaboration and co-directed by Stephen Fry
and Dev Benegal.[87] A play First Class Man by Alter Ego Productions[88] was
based on David Freeman's First Class Man. The play is centered around
Ramanujan and his complex and dysfunctional relationship with G. H. Hardy.

Another film based on the book The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius
Ramanujan by Robert Kanigel is being made by Edward Pressman and Matthew
Brown.[89]

In the film Good Will Hunting, the titular character is compared to Ramanujan.

"Gomez", a short story by Cyril Kornbluth, describes the conflicted life of an
untutored mathematical genius, clearly based on Ramanujan.

"A Disappearing Number," is a recent British production that explores the
relationship between Hardy and Ramanujan.

The character Amita Ramanujan on the television show Numb3rs is named after
Ramanujan.

[edit] See also

List of topics named after Srinivasa Ramanujan
RamanujanPetersson conjecture
1729 (number)
LandauRamanujan constant
RamanujanSoldner constant
Ramanujan summation
Ramanujan theta function
Ramanujan graph
Ramanujan's tau function
RogersRamanujan identities
Ramanujan prime
Ramanujan's constant (hoax)
Ramanujan's sum
Ramanujan modular functions

[edit] Notes
1. ^ Berndt, Bruce C. (2001). Ramanujan: Essays and Surveys. Providence, Rhode
Island: American Mathematical Society. pp. 9. ISBN 0-8218-2624-7.
2. ^ a b c d Peterson, Doug. "Raiders of the Lost Notebook". UIUC College of Liberal
Arts and Sciences.
http://www.las.uiuc.edu/alumni/news/fall2006/06fall_lostnotebook.html.
Retrieved 2007-06-22.
3. ^ Berndt, Bruce C. (2005). Ramanujan's Notebooks Part V. SpringerLink. pp. 4.
ISBN 0-387-94941-0.
4. ^ "Rediscovering Ramanujan". Frontline 16 (17): 650. August 1999.
http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1617/16170810.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
5. ^ Ono, Ken (JuneJuly 2006). "Honoring a Gift from Kumbakonam" (PDF).
Notices of the American Mathematical Society 53 (6): 650. doi:10.2307/2589114.
http://www.ams.org/notices/200606/fea-ono.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
6. ^ Alladi, Krishnaswami (1998). Analytic and Elementary Number Theory: A
Tribute to Mathematical Legend Paul Erds. Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer
Academic Publishers. pp. 6. ISBN 0-7923-8273-0.
7. ^ Kanigel, Robert (1991). The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius
Ramanujan. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 11. ISBN 0-684-19259-4.
8. ^ Kanigel (1991), p. 1718.
9. ^ Bruce C. Berndt; Robert Alexander Rankin (2001). Ramanujan: essays and
surveys. AMS Bookstore. pp. 89. ISBN 0821826247, ISBN 9780821826249.
10. ^ Kanigel (1991), p12.
11. ^ Kanigel (1991), p13.
12. ^ Kanigel (1991), p19.
13. ^ a b Kanigel (1991), p14.
14. ^ Kanigel (1991), p20.
15. ^ a b Kanigel (1991), p25.
16. ^ Hardy, G. H. (1999). Ramanujan: Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by
His Life and Work. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society.
pp. 2. ISBN 0-8218-2023-0.
17. ^ Berndt, Bruce C.; Robert A. Rankin (2001). Ramanujan: Essays and Surveys.
Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society. pp. 9. ISBN 0-8218-
2624-7.
18. ^ a b c Kanigel (1991), p27.
19. ^ Kanigel (1991), p39.
20. ^ Kanigel (1991), p90.
21. ^ Kanigel (1991), p28.
22. ^ Kanigel (1991), p45.
23. ^ Kanigel (1991), p47.
24. ^ Kanigel (1991), pp4849.
25. ^ Kanigel (1991), pp5556.
26. ^ Kanigel (1991), p71.
27. ^ Kanigel (1991), p72.
28. ^ Ramanujan, Srinivasa (1968). P. K. Srinivasan. ed. Ramanujan Memorial
Number: Letters and Reminiscences. Madras: Muthialpet High School. Vol. 1,
p100.
29. ^ Kanigel (1991), p73.
30. ^ Kanigel (1991), pp7475.
31. ^ Ranganathan, S. R. (1967). Ramanujan: The Man and the Mathematician.
Bombay: Asia Publishing House. pp. 23.
32. ^ Srinivasan (1968), Vol. 1, p99.
33. ^ a b Kanigel (1991), p77.
34. ^ Srinivasan (1968), Vol. 1, p129.
35. ^ Srinivasan (1968), Vol. 1, p86.
36. ^ Neville, Eric Harold (January 1921). "The Late Srinivasa Ramanujan". Nature
106 (2673): 661662. doi:10.1038/106661b0.
37. ^ Ranganathan (1967), p24.
38. ^ a b Kanigel (1991), p80.
39. ^ Kanigel (1991), p86.
40. ^ Kanigel (1991), p87.
41. ^ Kanigel (1991), p91.
42. ^ Seshu Iyer, P. V. (June 1920). "The Late Mr. S. Ramanujan, B.A., F.R.S.".
Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society 12 (3): 83.
43. ^ Neville (March 1942), p292.
44. ^ Srinivasan (1968), p176.
45. ^ Srinivasan (1968), p31.
46. ^ Srinivasan (1968), p49.
47. ^ Kanigel (1991), p96.
48. ^ Kanigel (1991), p105.
49. ^ Letter from M. J. M. Hill to a C. L. T. Griffith (a former student who sent the
request to Hill on Ramanujan's behalf), 28 November 1912.
50. ^ Kanigel (1991), p106.
51. ^ Kanigel (1991), pp170171.
52. ^ Snow, C. P. (1966). Variety of Men. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 30
31.
53. ^ Hardy, G. H. (June 1920). "Obituary, S. Ramanujan". Nature 105: 494.
doi:10.2307/2589114.
54. ^ Kanigel (1991), p167.
55. ^ a b Kanigel (1991), p168.
56. ^ Hardy (June 1920), pp494495.
57. ^ a b c Neville, Eric Harold (March 1942). "Srinivasa Ramanujan". Nature 149
(3776): 293. doi:10.1038/149292a0.
58. ^ Letter, Hardy to Ramanujan, 8 February 1913.
59. ^ Letter, Ramanujan to Hardy, 22 January 1914.
60. ^ Kanigel (1991), p185.
61. ^ Letter, Ramanujan to Hardy, 27 February 1913, Cambridge University Library.
62. ^ Kanigel (1991), p175.
63. ^ Ram, Suresh (1972). Srinivasa Ramanujan. New Delhi: National Book Trust.
pp. 29.
64. ^ Ranganathan (1967), pp3031.
65. ^ Ranganathan (1967), p12.
66. ^ Kanigel (1991), p183.
67. ^ Kanigel (1991), p184.
68. ^ Kanigel (1991), p196.
69. ^ Kanigel (1991), p202.
70. ^ Hardy, G. H. (1940). Ramanujan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
pp. 10.
71. ^ Letter, Littlewood to Hardy, early March 1913.
72. ^ Hardy, G. H. (1979). Collected Papers of G. H. Hardy. Oxford, England:
Clarendon Press. Vol. 7, p720.
73. ^ Kanigel (1991), p295.
74. ^ Kanigel (1991), pp299300.
75. ^ "Ramanujans wife: Janakiammal (Janaki)" (PDF).
http://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/janaki.pdf.
76. ^ "Ramanujan's Personality".
http://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/pcm5.htm.
77. ^ Kanigel (1991), p36.
78. ^ "Quote by Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar".
http://lagrange.math.trinity.edu/aholder/misc/quotes.shtml.
79. ^ Chaitin, Gregory (2007-07-28). "Less Proof, More Truth". NewScientist 107
(2614): 49. doi:10.2307/2589114.
80. ^ Kanigel (1991), p283.
81. ^ "Partition Formula". http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PartitionFunctionP.html.
 82. ^ Ono (JuneJuly 2006), p649.
83. ^ a b "Ramanujans Notebooks". http://www.amazon.com/Ramanujans-Notebooks-
Part-Bruce-Berndt/dp/0387949410.
84. ^ K. Srinivasa Rao, "Srinivasa Ramanujan".
http://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan.html.
85. ^ "Ramanujan quote". http://www-groups.dcs.st-
and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Ramanujan.html.
86. ^ K Srinivasa Rao. "Srinivasa Ramanujan (22 December 1887 26 April 1920)".
http://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan.html.
87. ^ "Film to celebrate maths genius". BBC News. 2006-03-16.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4811920.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
88. ^ First Class Man
89. ^ Two Hollywood movies on Ramanujan

[edit] Selected publications by Ramanujan

Collected Papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan, by Srinivasa Ramanujan, G. H. Hardy,
P. V. Seshu Aiyar, B. M. Wilson, Bruce C. Berndt (AMS, 2000, ISBN 0-8218-
2076-1)

This book was originally published in 1927 after Ramanujan's death. It contains the 37
papers published in professional journals by Ramanujan during his lifetime. The third re-
print contains additional commentary by Bruce C. Berndt.

Notebooks (2 Volumes), S. Ramanujan, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,

Bombay, 1957.

These books contain photo copies of the original notebooks as written by Ramanujan.

The Lost Notebook and Other Unpublished Papers, by S. Ramanujan, Narosa,

New Delhi, 1988.

This book contains photo copies of the pages in the "Lost Notebook".

[1] Problems posed by Ramanujan in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical

Society

[edit] Selected publications about Ramanujan and his

work
Berndt, Bruce C. "An Overview of Ramanujan's Notebooks." Charlemagne and
His Heritage: 1200 Years of Civilization and Science in Europe. Ed. P. L. Butzer,
W. Oberschelp, and H. Th. Jongen. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1998. 119146.
Text
 Berndt, Bruce C., and George E. Andrews. Ramanujan's Lost Notebook, Part I.
New York: Springer, 2005. ISBN 0-387-25529-X.
Berndt, Bruce C., and George E. Andrews. Ramanujan's Lost Notebook, Part II.
New York: Springer, 2008. ISBN 9780387777658
Berndt, Bruce C., and Robert A. Rankin. Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary.
Vol. 9. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 1995. ISBN 0-
8218-0287-9.
Berndt, Bruce C., and Robert A. Rankin. Ramanujan: Essays and Surveys. Vol.
22. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2001. ISBN 0-
8218-2624-7.
Berndt, Bruce C. Number Theory in the Spirit of Ramanujan. Providence, Rhode
Island: American Mathematical Society, 2006. ISBN 0-8218-4178-5.
Berndt, Bruce C. Ramanujan's Notebooks, Part I. New York: Springer, 1985.
ISBN 0-387-96110-0.
Berndt, Bruce C. Ramanujan's Notebooks, Part II. New York: Springer, 1999.
ISBN 0-387-96794-X.
Berndt, Bruce C. Ramanujan's Notebooks, Part III. New York: Springer, 2004.
ISBN 0-387-97503-9.
Berndt, Bruce C. Ramanujan's Notebooks, Part IV. New York: Springer, 1993.
ISBN 0-387-94109-6.
Berndt, Bruce C. Ramanujan's Notebooks, Part V. New York: Springer, 2005.
ISBN 0-387-94941-0.
Hardy, G. H. Ramanujan. New York, Chelsea Pub. Co., 1978. ISBN 0-8284-0136-
5
Hardy, G. H. Ramanujan: Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by His Life and
Work. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 1999. ISBN 0-
8218-2023-0.
Henderson, Harry. Modern Mathematicians. New York: Facts on File Inc., 1995.
ISBN 0-8160-3235-1.
Kanigel, Robert. The Man Who Knew Infinity: a Life of the Genius Ramanujan.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991. ISBN 0-684-19259-4.

Kolata, Gina. "Remembering a 'Magical Genius'", Science, New Series, Vol. 236, No.
4808 (Jun. 19, 1987), pp. 15191521, American Association for the Advancement of
Science.

Leavitt, David. The Indian Clerk. London: Bloomsbury, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7475-
9370-6 (paperback).
Narlikar, Jayant V. Scientific Edge: the Indian Scientist From Vedic to Modern
Times. New Delhi, India: Penguin Books, 2003. ISBN 0143030280.
T.M.Sankaran. "Srinivasa Ramanujan- Ganitha lokathile Mahaprathibha", (in
Malayalam), 2005, Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishath, Kochi.

[edit] External links

Find more about Srinivasa Ramanujan on Wikipedia's sister projects:
 Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource

Images and media from Commons

[edit] Media links

"Film to celebrate mathematics genius". BBC.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4811920.stm. Retrieved 24 August 2006.
Feature Film on Mathematics Genius Ramanujan by Dev Benegal and Stephen
Fry
BBC radio programme about Ramanujan episode 5
A biographical song about Ramanujan's life

[edit] Biographical links

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Srinivasa Ramanujan", MacTutor

History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-
history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ramanujan.html.
Weisstein, Eric W., Ramanujan, Srinivasa (18871920) at ScienceWorld.
Biographical essay on Ramanujan
Biography of this mathematical genius at World of Biography
Srinivasan Ramanujan in One Hundred Tamils of 20th Century
Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan
A short biography of Ramanujan
"A passion for numbers"

[edit] Other links

A Study Group For Mathematics: Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar

The Ramanujan Journal An international journal devoted to Ramanujan
International Math Union Prizes, including a Ramanujan Prize.
Complicite Production of "A Disappearing Number" a play about Ramanujan's
work
Hindu.com: Norwegian and Indian mathematical geniuses, RAMANUJAN
Essays and Surveys, Ramanujan's growing influence, Ramanujan's mentor
Bruce C. Berndt; Robert A. Rankin (2000). "The Books Studied by Ramanujan in
India". American Mathematical Monthly 107 (7): 595601. doi:10.2307/2589114.
MR1786233. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-
9890(200008/09)107:7%3C595:TBSBRI%3E2.0.CO;2-6.
"Ramanujan's mock theta function puzzle solved"
Ramanujan's papers and notebooks
Sample page from the second notebook
 [hide]
vde
Indian mathematics

Apastamba Baudhayana Katyayana Manava Pn ini

Ancient
Pingala Yajnavalkya

Aryabhata I Aryabhata II Bhskara I Bhskara II

Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri Brahmadeva Brahmagupta
Brihaddeshi Halayudha Jyesthadeva Madhava of
Pre- Sangamagrama Mahavira Mahendra Suri Munishvara
modern Narayana Pandit Parameshvara Achyuta Pisharati
Jagannatha Samrat Nilakantha Somayaji Sripati Sridhara
Mathematicians Gangesha Upadhyaya Varahamihira Sankara Variar
Virasena

Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar A. A. Krishnaswami Ayyangar

Raj Chandra Bose Satyendra Nath Bose Harish-Chandra
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar D. K. Ray-Chaudhuri
ModernSarvadaman Chowla Narendra Karmarkar Prasanta Chandra
Mahalanobis Jayant Narlikar Vijay Kumar Patodi Srinivasa
Ramanujan Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao S. N. Roy S. S.
Shrikhande Navin M. Singhi Mathukumalli V. Subbarao

Aryabhatiya Bakhshali manuscript Brahmasphutasiddhanta

Karanapaddhati Maha-Siddhanta Paulisa Siddhanta Paitamaha
Treatises Siddhanta Romaka Siddhanta Sadratnamala ulba Stras Surya
Siddhanta Tantrasamgraha Vasishtha Siddhanta Yuktibasha
Yavanajataka

Jantar Mantar (Jaipur) Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics

Centers
Ujjain Yantra Mandir Yantra Mandir (Delhi)

Influenced Chinese mathematics Islamic mathematics European mathematics

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan"

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