CFD Csa A23.3 14

Concrete Frame Design Manual
CSA A23.3-14
Concrete Frame
Design Manual
CSA A23.3-14
For SAP2000
ISO SAP091415M28 Rev. 0

Proudly developed in the United States of America September 2015
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ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS ON THE ACCURACY
OR THE RELIABILITY OF THIS PRODUCT.
THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL

DESIGN. HOWEVER, THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE BASIC
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN
ALGORITHMS AND COMPENSATE FOR THE ASPECTS THAT ARE NOT
ADDRESSED.
THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THE SOFTWARE MUST BE CHECKED BY A

QUALIFIED AND EXPERIENCED ENGINEER. THE ENGINEER MUST
INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS AND TAKE PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INFORMATION THAT IS USED.
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Organization 1-2
1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice 1-3
Chapter 2 Design Prerequisites
2.1 Design Load Combinations 2-1
2.2 Design and Check Stations 2-3
2.3 Identifying Beams and Columns 2-3
2.4 Design of Beams 2-3
2.5 Design of Columns 2-4
2.6 Design of Joints 2-5
2.7 P-Delta Effects 2-6
i
Concrete Frame Design CSA A23.3-14
2.8 Element Unsupported Length 2-6
2.9 Choice of Input Units 2-7
Chapter 3 Design Process
3.1 Notation 3-1
3.2 Design Load Combinations 3-4
3.3 Limits on Material Strength 3-5
3.4 Strength Resistance Factors 3-6
3.5 Column Design 3-7
3.5.1 Generation of Biaxial Interaction Surface 3-7

3.5.2 Calculate Column Capacity Ratio 3-10
3.5.3 Required Reinforcing Area 3-16
3.5.4 Design Column Shear Reinforcement 3-16
3.6 Beam Design 3-26
3.6.1 Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement 3-26

3.6.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 3-36
3.7 Joint Design 3-45
3.7.1 Determine the Panel Zone Shear Force 3-45

3.7.2 Determine the Effective Area of Joint 3-47
3.7.3 Check Panel Zone Shear Stress 3-49
3.7.4 Beam-Column Flexural Capacity Ratios 3-49
Chapter 4 Design Output
4.1 Overview 4-1
4.2 Graphical Display of Design Information 4-2

4.2.1 Input and Output 4-2
4.3 Tabular Display of Design Output 4-4
ii
Contents
4.4 Member Specific Information 4-6

4.4.1 Interactive Concrete Frame Design 4-9
4.5 Error Messages and Warnings 4-10
Appendix A Second Order P-Delta Effects
Appendix B Member Unsupported Lengths and Computation

of K-Factors
Appendix C Concrete Frame Design Preferences
Appendix D Concrete Frame Overwrites
References
iii
Chapter 1
Introduction
The design of concrete frames is seamlessly integrated within the program.

Initiation of the design process, along with control of various design parameters,
is accomplished using the Design menu.
Automated design at the object level is available for any one of a number of
user-selected design codes, as long as the structures have first been modeled and
analyzed by the program. Model and analysis data, such as material properties
and member forces, are recovered directly from the model database, and no
additional user input is required if the design defaults are acceptable.
The design is based on a set of user-specified loading combinations. However,

the program provides default load combinations for each design code supported
in the program. If the default load combinations are acceptable, no definition of
additional load combinations is required.
In the design of columns, the program calculates the required longitudinal and
shear reinforcement. However, the user may specify the longitudinal steel, in
which case a column capacity ratio is reported. The column capacity ratio gives
an indication of the stress condition with respect to the capacity of the column.
The biaxial column capacity check is based on the generation of consistent

three-dimensional interaction surfaces. It does not use any empirical formula-
tions that extrapolate uniaxial interaction curves to approximate biaxial action.
1-1
Interaction surfaces are generated for user-specified column reinforcing con-

figurations. The column configurations may be rectangular, square or circular,
with similar reinforcing patterns. The calculation of moment magnification
factors, unsupported lengths and strength reduction factors is automated in the
algorithm.
Every beam member is designed for flexure and shear at output stations along
the beam span.
All beam-column joints are investigated for existing shear conditions.
For Ductile and Moderately Ductile moment resisting frames, the shear design
of the columns, beams and joints is based on the probable moment capacities of
the members. Also, the program will produce ratios of the beam moment
capacities with respect to the column moment capacities, to investigate weak
beam/strong column aspects, including the effects of axial force.
Output data can be presented graphically on the model, in tables for both input
and output data, or on the calculation sheet prepared for each member. For each
presentation method, the output is in a format that allows the engineer to quickly
study the stress conditions that exist in the structure and, in the event the member
reinforcing is not adequate, aids the engineer in taking appropriate remedial
measures, including altering the design member without rerunning the entire
analysis.
1.1 Organization
This manual is designed to help you quickly become productive with the
concrete frame design options of CSA A23.3-14. Chapter 2 provides detailed
descriptions of the Deign Prerequisites used for CSA A23.3-14. Chapter 3
provides detailed descriptions of the code-specific process used for CSA
A23.3-14. The appendices provide details on certain topics referenced in this
manual.
1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice

It is strongly recommended that you read this manual and review any applicable
Watch & Learn Series tutorials, which are found on our web site,
1-2 Organization
Chapter 1 - Introduction
http://www.csiamerica.com, before attempting to design a concrete frame. Ad-

ditional information can be found in the on-line Help facility available from
within the programs main menu.
Recommended Reading/Practice 1-3

Chapter 2
Design Prerequisites
This chapter provides an overview of the basic assumptions, design precondi-

tions, and some of the design parameters that affect the design of concrete
frames.
In writing this manual it has been assumed that the user has an engineering
background in the general area of structural reinforced concrete design and
familiarity with CSA A23.3-14 codes.
2.1 Design Load Combinations

The design load combinations are used for determining the various combina-
tions of the load cases for which the structure needs to be designed/checked. The
load combination factors to be used vary with the selected design code. The load
combination factors are applied to the forces and moments obtained from the
associated load cases and are then summed to obtain the factored design forces
and moments for the load combination.
For multi-valued load combinations involving response spectrum, time history,

moving loads and multi-valued combinations (of type enveloping, square-root
of the sum of the squares or absolute) where any correspondence between in-
teracting quantities is lost, the program automatically produces multiple sub
combinations using maxima/minima permutations of interacting quantities.
2-1
Separate combinations with negative factors for response spectrum cases are not
required because the program automatically takes the minima to be the negative
of the maxima for response spectrum cases and the above described permuta-
tions generate the required sub combinations.
When a design combination involves only a single multi-valued case of time

history or moving load, further options are available. The program has an option
to request that time history combinations produce sub combinations for each
time step of the time history. Also an option is available to request that moving
load combinations produce sub combinations using maxima and minima of each
design quantity but with corresponding values of interacting quantities.
For normal loading conditions involving static dead load, live load, wind load,
and earthquake load, or dynamic response spectrum earthquake load, the pro-
gram has built-in default loading combinations for each design code. These are
based on the code recommendations and are documented for each code in the
corresponding manuals.
For other loading conditions involving moving load, time history, pattern live
loads, separate consideration of roof live load, snow load, and so on, the user
must define design loading combinations either in lieu of or in addition to the
default design loading combinations.
The default load combinations assume all load cases declared as dead load to be
additive. Similarly, all cases declared as live load are assumed additive. How-
ever, each load case declared as wind or earthquake, or response spectrum cases,
is assumed to be non additive with each other and produces multiple lateral load
combinations. Also wind and static earthquake cases produce separate loading
combinations with the sense (positive or negative) reversed. If these conditions
are not correct, the user must provide the appropriate design combinations.
The default load combinations are included in design if the user requests them to
be included or if no other user-defined combination is available for concrete
design. If any default combination is included in design, all default combinations
will automatically be updated by the program any time the design code is
changed or if static or response spectrum load cases are modified.
Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live load
case on an element-by-element basis to reduce the contribution of the live load
to the factored loading.
2-2 Design Load Combinations

Chapter 2 - Design Prerequisites
The user is cautioned that if moving load or time history results are not requested
to be recovered in the analysis for some or all of the frame members, the effects
of those loads will be assumed to be zero in any combination that includes them.
2.2 Design and Check Stations

For each load combination, each element is designed or checked at a number of
locations along the length of the element. The locations are based on equally
spaced segments along the clear length of the element. The number of segments
in an element is requested by the user before the analysis is made. The user can
refine the design along the length of an element by requesting more segments.
When using the CSA A23.3-14 design code, requirements for joint design at the
beam to column connections are evaluated at the top most station of each col-
umn. The program also performs a joint shear analysis at the same station to
determine if special considerations are required in any of the joint panel zones.
The ratio of the beam flexural capacities with respect to the column flexural
capacities considering axial force effect associated with the weak-beam/strong-
column aspect of any beam/column intersection are reported.
2.3 Identifying Beams and Columns

In the program, all beams and columns are represented as frame elements. But
design of beams and columns requires separate treatment. Identification for a
concrete element is accomplished by specifying the frame section assigned to
the element to be of type beam or column. If any brace element exists in the
frame, the brace element also would be identified as a beam or a column
element, depending on the section assigned to the brace element.
2.4 Design of Beams

In the design of concrete beams, in general, the program calculates and reports
the required areas of steel for flexure and shear based on the beam moments,
shears, load combination factors, and other criteria, which are described in detail
in the code-specific chapters. The reinforcement requirements are calculated at a
user-defined number of stations along the beam span.
Design and Check Stations 2-3

All the beams are only designed for major direction flexure and shear. Effects
due to any axial forces, torsion and minor direction bending that may exist in the
beams must be investigated independently by the user.
In designing the flexural reinforcement for the major moment at a particular

section of a particular beam, the steps involve the determination of the maximum
factored moments and the determination of the reinforcing steel. The beam
section is designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative factored
moment envelopes obtained from all of the load combinations. Negative beam
moments produce top steel. In such cases, the beam is always designed as a
Rectangular section. Positive beam moments produce bottom steel. In such
cases, the beam may be designed as a Rectangular beam or a T beam. For the
design of flexural reinforcement, the beam is first designed as a singly reinforced
beam. If the beam section is not adequate, the required compression reinforce-
ment is calculated.
In designing the shear and torsion reinforcement for a particular beam for a
particular set of loading combinations at a particular station due to the beam
major shear, the steps involve the determination of: the factored shear force, the
factored torsion, the shear force that can be resisted by concrete, and the rein-
forcement steel required to carry the balance.
Special considerations for seismic design are incorporated into the program for
CSA A23.3-14.
2.5 Design of Columns

In the design of the columns, the program calculates the required longitudinal
steel, or if the longitudinal steel is specified, the column stress condition is
reported in terms of a column capacity ratio, which is a factor that gives an
indication of the stress condition of the column with respect to the capacity of
the column. The design procedure for the reinforced concrete columns of the
structure involves the following steps:
Generate axial force-biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the

different concrete section types of the model.
Check the capacity of each column for the factored axial force and bending
moments obtained from each loading combination at each end of the
2-4 Design of Columns

column. This step is also used to calculate the required reinforcement (if
none was specified) that will produce a capacity ratio of 1.0.
The generation of the interaction surface is based on the assumed strain and
stress distributions and some other simplifying assumptions. These stress and
strain distributions and the assumptions are documented in Chapter 3.
The shear reinforcement design procedure for columns is very similar to that for
beams, except that the effect of the axial force on the concrete shear capacity
must be considered.
For certain special seismic cases, the design of columns for shear is based on the
capacity shear. The capacity shear force in a particular direction is calculated
from the moment capacities of the column associated with the factored axial
force acting on the column. For each load combination, the factored axial load is
calculated, using the load cases and the corresponding load combination factors.
Then, the moment capacity of the column in a particular direction under the
influence of the axial force is calculated, using the uniaxial interaction diagram
in the corresponding direction, as documented in Chapter 3.
2.6 Design of Joints

To ensure that the beam-column joint of special moment resisting frames pos-
sesses adequate shear strength, the program performs a rational analysis of the
beam-column panel zone to determine the shear forces that are generated in the
joint. The program then checks this against design shear strength.
Only joints having a column below the joint are designed. The material proper-
ties of the joint are assumed to be the same as those of the column below the
joint. The joint analysis is done in the major and the minor directions of the
column. The joint design procedure involves the following steps:
Determine the panel zone design shear force,

Determine the effective area of the joint, and
Check panel zone shear stress.
The joint design details are documented in Chapter 3.
Design of Joints 2-5

2.7 P-Delta Effects

The program design process requires that the analysis results include P-delta
effects. The P-delta effects are considered differently for braced or
non-sway and unbraced or sway components of moments in columns or
frames. For the braced moments in columns, the effect of P-delta is limited to
individual member stability. For unbraced components, lateral drift effects
should be considered in addition to individual member stability effect. The
program assumes that braced or nonsway moments are contributed from the
dead or live loads. Whereas, unbraced or sway moments are contrib-
uted from all other types of loads.
For the individual member stability effects, the moments are magnified with
moment magnification factors, as documented in Chapter 3 of this manual.
For lateral drift effects, the program assumes that the P-delta analysis is
performed and that the amplification is already included in the results. The
moments and forces obtained from P-delta analysis are further amplified for
individual column stability effect if required by the governing code, as in the
CSA A23.3-14 codes.
Users should be aware that the default analysis option in the program is that
P-delta effects are not included. The user can include P-delta analysis and set the
maximum number of iterations for the analysis. The default number of iteration
for P-delta analysis is 1. Further details on P-delta analysis are provided in
Appendix A of this design manual.
2.8 Element Unsupported Lengths

To account for column slenderness effects, the column unsupported lengths are
required. The two unsupported lengths are l33 and l22. These are the lengths
between support points of the element in the corresponding directions. The
length l33 corresponds to instability about the 3-3 axis (major axis), and l22 cor-
responds to instability about the 2-2 axis (minor axis).
Normally, the unsupported element length is equal to the length of the element,
i.e., the distance between END-I and END-J of the element. The program,
however, allows users to assign several elements to be treated as a single
2-6 P-Delta Effects

member for design. This can be done differently for major and minor bending as
documented in Appendix B of this design manual.
The user has options to specify the unsupported lengths of the elements on an
element-by-element basis.
2.9 Choice of Input Units

English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. But the codes
are based on a specific system of units. All equations and descriptions presented
in the subsequent chapters correspond to that specific system of units unless
otherwise noted. For example, the CSA A23.3-14 code is published in Milli-
meter-Newton-Second units. By default, all equations and descriptions pre-
sented in the chapter Design for CSA A23.3-14 correspond to Millimeter-
Newton-Second units. However, any system of units can be used to define and
design the structure in the program.
Choice of Input Units 2-7

Chapter 3
Design Process
This chapter provides a detailed description of the code-specific algorithms the

program uses to design concrete frames when the Canadian code CSAA23.3-14
(CSA 2014) is selected. For simplicity, all equations and descriptions presented
in this chapter correspond to Newton-Millimeter-Second units unless otherwise
noted.
The program provides options to design or check Conventional, Moderately

Ductile (moderate seismic risk areas), and Ductile (high seismic risk areas)
Moment Resisting frames as required for seismic design. The details of the de-
sign criteria used for the different framing systems are described in this chapter.
3.1 Notation
The various notations used in this chapter are described herein:
Ac Area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross-section,

including area of holes (if any), sq-mm
Acv Area of concrete used to determine shear stress, sq-mm
Acore Area of concrete core, sq-mm
Ag Gross area of concrete, sq-mm
3-1
Ao Area enclosed by shear flow path, including area of holes (if any),
sq-mm
Aoh Area enclosed by centerline of exterior closed transverse torsion
reinforcement, including area of holes (if any), sq-mm
As Area of tension reinforcement, sq-mm
As Area of compression reinforcement, sq-mm
As(reqfired) Area of steel required for tension reinforcement, sq-mm
Ast Total area of column longitudinal reinforcement, sq-mm
Av Area of shear reinforcement, sq-mm
a Depth of compression block, mm
ab Depth of compression block at balanced condition, mm
b Width of member, mm
bf Effective width of flange (T-beam section), mm
bw Width of web (T-beam section), mm
Cm Coefficient, dependent upon column curvature, used to calculate
moment magnification factor
c Depth to neutral axis, mm
cb Depth to neutral axis at balanced conditions, mm
d Distance from compression face to tension reinforcement, mm
d Concrete cover to center of reinforcing, mm
ds Thickness of slab (T-beam section), mm
Ec Modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa
Es Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, assumed as 200,000 MPa
f c Specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
fy Specified yield strength of flexural reinforcement, MPa
fyh Specified yield strength of shear reinforcement, MPa
h Dimension of beam or column, mm
3-2 Notation
Chapter 3 - Design Process
hcore Outer dimension of hoop bar in shear direction, mm

Ig Moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis,
neglecting reinforcement, mm4
Ist Moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of
member cross-section, mm4
k Effective length factor
L Clear unsupported length, mm
M1 Smaller factored end moment in a column, N-mm
M2 Larger factored end moment in a column, N-mm
Mc Factored moment to be used in design, N-mm
Mns Non-sway component of factored end moment, N-mm
Ms Sway component of factored end moment, N-mm
Mf Factored moment at section, N-mm
Mfx Factored moment at section about X-axis, N-mm
Mfy Factored moment at section about Y-axis, N-mm
Nf Factored axial load at section (tension positive), N
pc Outside perimeter of the concrete cross-section, mm
ph Perimeter of the centerline of the closed transverse torsion rein-
forcement, mm
Pb Axial load capacity at balanced strain conditions, N
Pc Critical buckling strength of column, N
Pr,max Maximum axial load strength allowed, N
Po Axial load capacity at zero eccentricity, N
Pf Factored axial load at section (compression positive), N
Tf Factored torsion at section, N-mm
Vc Shear resisted by concrete, N
VD+L Shear force from span loading, N
Notation 3-3
Vp Shear force computed from probable moment capacity, N

Vf Factored shear force at a section, N
Vs Shear force at a section resisted by steel, N
Reinforcing steel overstrength factor
1 Factor for obtaining average compressive stress in concrete block
Factor accounting for shear resistance of cracked concrete
1 Factor for obtaining depth of compression block in concrete
d Absolute value of the ratio of the maximum factored axial dead
load moment to the maximum factored total load moment
Angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses with the
longitudinal axis of beam or column
b Moment magnification factor for non-sway moments
s Moment magnification factor for sway moments
c Strain in concrete
s Strain in reinforcing steel
c Strength reduction factor for concrete
s Strength reduction factor for steel
m Strength reduction factor for member
Shear strength factor
3.2 Design Load Combinations

The design load combinations are the various combinations of the prescribed
load cases for which the structure is to be checked. The program creates a
number of default design load combinations for a concrete frame design. Users
can add their own design load combinations as well as modify or delete the
program default design load combinations. An unlimited number of design load
combinations can be specified.
3-4 Design Load Combinations

To define a design load combination, simply specify one or more load cases,
each with its own scale factor. The scale factors are applied to the forces and
moments from the load cases to form the factored design forces and moments for
each design load combination. There is one exception to the preceding. For
spectral analysis modal combinations, any correspondence between the signs of
the moments and axial loads is lost. The program uses eight design load com-
binations for each such loading combination specified, reversing the sign of
axial loads and moments in major and minor directions.
As an example, if a structure is subjected to dead load, DL, and live load, LL,
only, the CSA A23.3-14 design check may need only one design load combi-
nation, namely, 1.25 DL +1.5 LL. However, if the structure is subjected to wind,
earthquake or other loads, numerous additional design load combinations may
be required.
The program allows live load reduction factors to be applied to the member
forces of the reducible live load case on a member-by-member basis to reduce
the contribution of the live load to the factored responses.
The design load combinations are the various combinations of the prescribed
load cases for which the structure is to be checked. For this code, if a structure is
subjected to dead load (DL), live load (LL), wind (WL), and earthquake (EL)
loads, and considering that wind and earthquake forces are reversible, the
following load combinations should be considered (CSA 8.3.2, Table C-1a):
1.4 DL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 1)

1.25 DL + 1.5 LL + 0.5 SL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 2)
1.25 DL + 0.5 LL + 1.5 SL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 3)
1.25 DL + 1.5 LL 0.4 WL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 3)
1.25 DL + 0.5 SL 1.40 WL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 4)
0.90 DL 1.40 WL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 4)
1.00 DL 1.00 EL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 5)
1.00 DL + 0.50 LL +0.25 SL 1.00 EL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 5)
Design Load Combinations 3-5

These are also the default design load combinations in the program whenever the
CSA A23.3-14 code is used. In generating the preceding default loading com-
binations, the importance factor is taken as 1. The user should use other appro-
priate design load combinations if roof live load is separately treated, or if other
types of loads are present. PLL is the live load multiplied by the Pattern Live
Load Factor. The Pattern Live Load Factor can be specified in the Preferences.
When using the CSA A23.3-14 code, the program design assumes that a P-delta
analysis has been performed.
3.3 Limits on Material Strength

The upper and lower limits of f c should be 80 MPa and 20 MPa respectively,
for all framing types (CSA 8.6.1.1, 21.2.6.1).
f c 80 MPa (CSA 8.6.1.1, 21.2.6.1)
f c 20 MPa (CSA 8.6.1.1)
The upper limit of fy should be 500 MPa for all frames (CSA 8.5.1). For seismic
design, the normal limit of fy is 400 MPa (CSA 21.2.7.1.1).
When the compression strength of concrete used in design is beyond the given
limits or when the yield strength of steel used in design exceeds the given limits,
the code does not cover such cases. The code allows use of f c and fy beyond the
given limits, provided special care is taken regarding the detailing and ductility
(CSA 8.6.1.2, 21.2.7.1).
The program does not enforce any of these limits for column P-M-M interaction
check or design and flexure design of beam. The specified strengths are used for
design. The user is responsible for using the proper strength values while de-
fining the materials. For shear design, special limits are applicable (CSA 11.3.4,
11.3.6.4, 21.2.6.3) and enforced in the program as described herein.
The code allows the use of reinforcement with fy less than 400 MPa in members
resisting earthquake induced forces without any restriction. The program also
allows the use of fy greater than 400 MPa. However, if fy is between 400 MPa
and 500 MPa, the code requires that increased strain be taken into account be-
cause higher-yield-strength steel, in general, reduces ductility (CSA 21.2.7.1).
3-6 Limits on Material Strength

The program also considers the increased strain through strain-compatibility

relations during P-M-M interaction capacity calculations.
3.4 Strength Resistance Factors

The strength resistance factor , , is material dependent and is defined as
c =0.65for concrete and (CSA 8.4.2 )
s =0.85for steel. (CSA 8.4.3a)
In some special cases, a member resistance factor, m , is used as an additional

reduction factor in addition to c and s (CSA 8.4.1). In connection with buck-
ling resistance, m is taken as 0.75 (CSA 10.15.3.1). The values of c and s
given herein are the default values. These values can be modified in the Pref-
erences. For structural concrete manufactured in pre-qualified manufacturing
plants, c can be taken as 0.7 (CSA 8.4.2, 16.1.3).
3.5 Column Design

The user may define the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration of each
concrete column section. If the area of reinforcing is provided by the user, the
program checks the column capacity. However, if the area of reinforcing is not
provided by the user, the program calculates the amount of reinforcing required
for the column. The design procedure for the reinforced concrete columns of the
structure involves the following steps:
Generate axial force/biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the dif-
ferent concrete section types of the model. A typical biaxial interaction surface
is shown in Figure 3-1. When the steel is undefined, the program generates the
interaction surfaces for the range of allowable reinforcement: 1 to 8 percent for
Conventional and Moderately Ductile Moment Resisting frames (CSA 10.9.1,
and 10.9.2) and 1 to 6 percent for Ductile Moment Resisting frames (CSA
21.3.2.5.1).
Calculate the capacity ratio or the required reinforcing area for the factored
axial force and biaxial (or uniaxial) bending moments obtained from each
loading combination at each station of the column. The target capacity ratio is
taken as one when calculating the required reinforcing area.
Design the column shear reinforcement.
Strength Resistance Factors 3-7

The following three subsections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
this process.
3.5.1 Generation of Biaxial Interaction Surfaces

The column capacity interaction volume is numerically described by a series of
discrete points that are generated on the three-dimensional interaction failure
surface. In addition to axial compression and biaxial bending, the formulation
allows for axial tension and biaxial bending considerations. A typical interaction
surface is shown in Figure 3-1.
The coordinates of these points are determined by rotating a plane of linear strain
in three dimensions on the section of the column. See Figure 3-2. The linear
strain diagram limits the maximum concrete strain, c , at the extremity of the
section to 0.0035 (CSA 10.1.3).
Figure 3-1 A typical column interaction surface
3-8 Column Design

The formulation is based consistently on the general principles of ultimate

strength design (CSA 10.1), and allows for any doubly symmetric rectangular,
square, or circular column section.
The stress in the steel is given by the product of the steel strain and the steel
modulus of elasticity, s Es , and is limited to the yield stress of the steel, f y
(CSA 8.5.3.2). The area associated with each reinforcing bar is assumed to be
placed at the actual location of the center of the bar, and the algorithm does not
assume any further simplifications in the manner in which the area of steel is
distributed over the cross-section of the column (such as an equivalent steel tube
or cylinder), as shown in Figure 3-3.
Column Design 3-9

Figure 3-2 Idealized strain distribution for generation of interaction surface
The concrete compression stress block is assumed to be rectangular, with a stress

value of 1 f c (CSA 10.1.7). See Figure 3-3. The depth of the stress block is
1c, where
=
1 0.85 0.0015 f c , 1 0.67 (CSA 10.1.7)

=1 0.97 0.0025 f c , 1 0.67. (CSA 10.1.7)
3 - 10 Column Design
Figure 3-3 Idealization of stress and strain distribution in a column section
The interaction algorithm provides a correction to account for the concrete area
that is displaced by the reinforcement in the compression zone.
The effects of the strength reduction factors are included in the generation of the
interaction surfaces. The maximum compressive axial load is limited to Pr,max ,
where the maximum factored axial load resistance is given by
, = (0.2 + 0.002) 0.8 (for tied column) (CSA 10.10.4)
, = 0.9 (for spirally reinforced column) (CSA 10.10.4)
Where:
= the wall thickness or the minimum column dimension(CSA 10.10.4)
= 1 + (CSA 10.10.4)
3.5.2 Calculate Column Capacity Ratio

The column capacity is checked for each loading combination at each check
station of each column. In checking a particular column for a particular loading
combination at a particular location, the program uses the following steps:
Determine the factored moments and forces from the load cases and the
Column Design 3 - 11
specified load combination factors to give Pf , M fx , and M fy .

Determine the moment magnification factors for the column moments.
Apply the moment magnification factors to the factored loads obtained in the
first step. Determine whether the point, defined by the resulting axial load and
biaxial moment set, lies within the interaction volume.
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
this process.
3.5.2.1 Determine Factored Moments and Forces

The factored loads for a particular load combination are obtained by applying
the corresponding load factors to all the load conditions, giving Pf, Mfx, and Mfy.
The computed moments are further amplified by using Moment Magnification
Factors to allow for Lateral Drift Effect and Member Stability Effect.
3.5.2.2 Determine Moment Magnification Factors

The moment magnification factors are applied in two stages. First the moments
are separated into their sway and non-sway components. The sway com-
ponents are amplified for lateral drift effect (CSA 10.16). Although according to
the code, this amplification is significant for unbraced frames only and may be
avoided for braced frames, the program treats all frames uniformly to amplify
non-sway components of moments. These amplified moments are further am-
plified for individual member stability effect. According to the code, the indi-
vidual member stability effect is only significant if:
10 M1
25
kL M2
> , for non-sway frames, and (CSA 10.15.2)
r Pf
fc Ag
kL 35
> , for sway frames. (CSA 10.16.4)
r Pf
fc Ag
However, the program considers individual member stability effect for all
compression column elements.
3.5.2.2.1 Lateral Drift Effect

For all frames, the moment magnification factor for lateral drift effect is applied
only to the sway moment in the program.
M M ns + s M s
= (CSA 10.16.2)
The moment obtained from analysis is separated into two components: the sway
(Ms) and the non-sway (Mns) components. The non-sway or braced components,
which are identified by ns subscripts are predominantly caused by gravity
load. The sway components are identified by s subscripts. The sway moments
are predominantly caused by lateral loads and are related to the cause of side-
sway.
The moment magnification factors in the major and minor directions can, in
general, be different. The moment magnification factors for moments causing
sidesway, sx and sy can be taken as 1.0 if a P-delta analysis is carried out (CSA
10.16.3.1). The program assumes that a P-delta analysis has been performed
and, therefore, moment magnification factors for moments causing sidesway are
taken as unity. For the P-delta analysis the load should correspond to a load
combination of (1.25 DL + 1.40 LL)/m (CSA 10.16.5), where m is the strength
reduction factor for stability and is equal to 0.75 (CSA 10.15.3). See also White
and Hajjar (1991).
The user is reminded of the special analysis requirements, especially those re-
lated to the value of EI used in analysis (CSA 10.14.1). The program analysis
uses the EI of the gross cross-sectional area in conjunction with a multiplication
factor. The multiplication factors are defined on a section-by-section basis, so
that the effect of axial force and cracking can be modeled in a first order analy-
sis.
If the program assumptions are not satisfactory for a particular member, the user
can explicitly specify values of sx and sy .
3.5.2.2.2 Member Stability Effects

All compression members are designed using the factored axial load, Pf , from
the analysis and a magnified factored moment, Mc. The magnified moment is
computed as,
Mc =
b M 2 M 2 , (CSA 10.15.3.1)
where M2 is the column maximum end moment obtained from elastic analysis
after considering minimum eccentricity and lateral drift effect, and Mc is the
maximum moment occurring at the end or at an interior point within the span of
the column. The moment magnification factor, b, for moments not causing
sidesway associated with the major or minor direction of the column is given by
Cm
=b 1.0, where (CSA 10.15.3.1)
Pf
1
m Pc
m =0.75, (CSA 10.15.3.1)
2 EI
Pc = , (CSA 10.15.3.1)
( kL )2
k is conservatively taken as 1, however the user can overwrite the value,
EI is associated with a particular column direction given by
0.4 Ec I g
EI = , and (CSA 10.15.3.1)
1 + d
Ma
Cm =+
0.6 0.4 0.4, (CSA 10.15.3.2)
Mb
Ma and Mb are the moments at the ends of the column, and Mb is numerically
larger than Ma . Ma / Mb is positive for single curvature bending and negative for
double curvature bending. The preceding expression of Cm is valid if there is no
transverse load applied between the supports. If transverse load is present on the
span, or the length is overwritten, or for any other case, Cm = 1 (CSA 10.15.3.3).
Cm can be overwritten by the user on an element- by-element basis.
The pre-magnified factored moments are increased, if required, to obtain min-

imum eccentricities such that M /Pf is at least (15 + 0.03h) mm about each axis
separately, where h is the dimension of the column in mm units in the corre-
sponding direction (CSA 10.15.3.1).
M Pf (15 + 0.03h ) (CSA 10.15.3.1)
The moment magnification factor, b, must be a positive number and greater

than one. Therefore Pf m must be less than mPc. If Pf is found to be greater than
or equal to mPc , a failure condition is declared. b is taken as 1 for tension
members.
The preceding calculations use the unsupported length of the column. The two
unsupported lengths are l22 and l33 corresponding to instability in the minor and
major directions of the element, respectively. These are the lengths between the
support points of the element in the corresponding directions.
If the program assumptions are not satisfactory for a particular member, the user
can explicitly specify values of s and b.
3.5.2.3 Determine Capacity Ratio

As a measure of the stress condition of the column, a capacity ratio is calculated.
The capacity ratio is basically a factor that gives an indication of the stress
condition of the column with respect to the capacity of the column.
Before entering the interaction diagram to check the column capacity, the mo-
ment magnification factors are applied to the factored loads to obtain Pf , Mfx ,
and Mfy. The point (Pf , Mfx , Mfy) is then placed in the interaction space, shown as
point L in Figure 3-4. If the point lies within the interaction volume, the column
capacity is adequate; however, if the point lies outside the interaction volume,
the column is overstressed.
This capacity ratio is achieved by plotting the point L and determining the
location of point C. The point C is defined as the point where the line OL (if
extended outwards) will intersect the failure surface. This point is determined by
three-dimensional linear interpolation between the points that define the failure
OL
surface. See Figure 3-4. The capacity ratio, CR, is given by the ratio .
OC
If OL = OC (or CR = 1) the point lies on the interaction surface and the column
is stressed to capacity.
Figure 3-4 Geometric representation of column capacity ratio
If OL < OC (or CR < 1) the point lies within the interaction volume and the
column capacity is adequate.
If OL > OC (or CR > 1) the point lies outside the interaction volume and the
column is overstressed.
The maximum of all the values of CR calculated from each load combination is
reported for each check station of the column, along with the controlling Pf , Mfx,
and Mfy set and associated load combination number.
If the reinforcing area is not defined, the program computes the reinforcement
that will give an interaction ratio of unity.
3.5.3 Required Reinforcing Area

If the reinforcing area is not defined, the program computes the reinforcement
that will give a column capacity ratio equal to the Utilization Factor Limit,
which is set to 0.95 by default.
3.5.4 Design Column Shear Reinforcement

The shear reinforcement is designed for each loading combination in the major
and minor directions of the column. In designing the shear reinforcing for a
particular column for a particular loading combination due to shear forces in a
particular direction, the program uses the following steps:
Determine the factored forces acting on the section, Mf, Pf, and Vf. Note that
Mf and Pf are needed for the calculation of vc .
Determine the shear stress, vc , that can be resisted by concrete alone.
Calculate the reinforcement steel required to carry the balance.
For Ductile and Moderately Ductile moment resisting concrete frames, the shear
design of the columns is also based on the probable and nominal moment ca-
pacities, respectively, of the members in addition to the factored moments (CSA
21.3.2.7.1, 21.4.5). Effects of the axial forces on the column moment capacities
are included in the formulation.
this process.
3.5.4.1 Determine Section Forces

In the design of the column shear reinforcement of a Conventional moment re-
sisting concrete frame, the forces for a particular design load combination,
namely, the column axial force, the column moment, and the column shear
force, in a particular direction are obtained by factoring the program load cases
with the corresponding load combination factors.
In the shear design of Ductile moment resisting frames (seismic design), the
shear capacity of the column is checked for capacity shear in addition to the
requirement for the Conventional moment resisting frames. The capacity shear
force in the column is determined from consideration of the maximum forces
that can be generated at the column. Two different capacity shears are calculated
for each direction (major and minor). The first is based on the maximum prob-
able moment strength of the column, while the second is computed from the
maximum probable moment strengths of the beams framing into the column.
The design strength is taken as the minimum of these two values, but never less
that the factored shear obtained from the design load combination.
= { , } , (CSA 21.3.2.7.1)
(CSA 21.3.2.7.1)
where,
=Capacity shear force of the column based on the maximum probable

maximum flexural strengths of the two ends of the column.
= Capacity shear force of the column based on the maximum probable

moment strengths of the beams framing into the column.
= The shear resistance of the column for load effect using RdRo=1.3.
In calculating the capacity shear of the column, , the maximum probable

flexural strength at the two ends of the column is calculated for the existing
factored axial load. Clockwise rotation of the joint at one end and the associated
counter-clockwise rotation of the other joint produces one shear force. The re-
verse situation produces another capacity shear force, and both of these situa-
tions are checked, with the maximum of these two values taken as the .
For each design load combination, the factored axial load is calculated. Then, the
+
maximum probable positive and negative moment strengths, M pr and M pr , of
the column in a particular direction under the influence of the axial force is
calculated using the uniaxial interaction diagram in the corresponding direction.
Then the capacity shear force is obtained by applying the calculated maximum
probable ultimate moment strengths at the two ends of the column acting in two
opposite directions. Therefore, Vec is the maximum of Vec1 and Vec2 ,
{
Vec = max Vec1 , Vec2 } (CSA 21.3.2.7.1(b))
where,
c
M I + M J+
V e1 = , (CSA 21.3.2.7.1(b))
L
c M I+ + M J
V e2 = , (CSA 21.3.2.7.1(b))
L
M I+ , M I = Positive and negative probable maximum moment strengths

(M +
pr

, M pr)at end I of the column using a steel yield stress value of fy and no
reduction factor ( = = 1.0),
M J+ , M J = Positive and negative probable maximum moment capacities

(M +
pr

, M pr)at end J of the column using a steel yield stress value of fy and no
reduction factor ( = = 1.0), and
L = Clear span of the column.
The maximum probable moment strengths are determined using strength

reduction factors of 1.0 and the reinforcing steel stress equal to fy , where is
set equal to 1.25 (CSA 3.1, 21.3.2.7.1). If the column section was identified as a
section to be checked, the user-specified reinforcing is used for the interaction
curve. If the column section was identified as a section to be designed, the
reinforcing area envelope is calculated after completing the flexural (P-M-M)
design of the column. This envelope of reinforcing area is used for the
interaction curve.
If the column section is a variable (non-prismatic) section, the cross-sections at

the two ends are used, along with the user-specified reinforcing or the envelope
of reinforcing for check or design sections, as appropriate. If the user overwrites
the length factor, the full span length is used. However, if the length factor is not
overwritten by the user, the clear span length will be used. In the latter case, the
maximum of the negative and positive moment capacities will be used for both
the positive and negative moment capacities in determining the capacity shear.
In calculating the capacity shear of the column based on the flexural strength of
the beams framing into it, Veb , the program calculates the maximum probable
positive and negative moment strengths of each beam framing into the top joint
of the column. Then the sum of the beam moments is calculated as a resistance to
joint rotation. Both clockwise and counter-clockwise rotations are considered
separately, as well as the rotation of the joint in both the major and minor axis
directions of the column. The shear force in the column is determined assuming
that the point of inflection occurs at mid-span of the columns above and below
the joint. The effects of load reversals are investigated and the design is based on
the maximum of the joint shears obtained from the two cases.
{
Veb = max Veb1 , Veb2 } (CSA 3.1, 21.3.2.7))
where,
Veb1 = Column capacity shear based on the maximum probable flexural strengths
of the beams for clockwise joint rotation,
Veb2 = Column capacity shear based on the maximum probable flexural

strengths of the beams for counter-clockwise joint rotation,
M r1
Veb1 = ,
H
Mr2
Veb2 = ,
H
M r1 = Sum of beam moment resistances with clockwise joint rotations,
M r2 = Sum of beam moment resistances with counter-clockwise joint

rotations, and
H = Distance between the inflection points, which is equal to the mean

height of the columns above and below the joint. If there is no column at the top
of the joint, the distance is taken as one-half of the height of the column at the
bottom of the joint.
For the case shown in Figure 3-5, Ve1 can be calculated as follows:
M uL + M uR
V ==
b
e1
H
It should be noted that the points of inflection shown in Figure 3-5 are taken at
midway between actual lateral support points for the columns, and H is taken as
the mean of the two column heights. If no column is present at the top of the
joint, H is taken to be equal to one-half the height of the column below the joint.
The expression Veb is applicable for determining both the major and minor
direction shear forces. The calculated shear force is used for the design of the
column below the joint. When beams are not oriented along the major and minor
axes of the column, the appropriate components of the flexural capacities are
used. If the beam is oriented at an angle with the column major axis, the
appropriate componentMpr cos or Mpr sinof the beam flexural strength is
used in calculating Mr1 and Mr2. Also the positive and negative moment
capacities are used appropriately based on the orientation of the beam with
respect to the column local axis.
For Moderately Ductile moment frames, the shear capacity of the column also is
checked for the capacity shear based on the nominal moment capacities at the
ends and the factored gravity loads, in addition to the check required for
Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames. The design shear force is taken to be the
minimum of that based on the nominal (( = = 1.0) moment capacity and
modified factored shear force.
= { }
Vu min Ve ,Vef Vu ,factored (CSA 21.4.59(a))
Figure 3-5 Column shear force Vf
where, Ve is the capacity shear force in the column determined from the
nominal moment capacities of the column and the beams framing into it.

Ve = min Vec ,Veb (CSA 21.4.5(a))

where, Vec is the capacity shear force of the column based on the nominal
flexural strength of the column ends alone. Veb is the capacity shear force of
the column based on the nominal flexural strengths of the beams framing into
it. The calculation of Vec and Veb is the same as that described for Special Mo-
ment Resisting Frames, except that in determining the flexural strengths of the
column and the beams, the nominal capacities are used. In that case, is taken
as 1.0 as before, but is taken as 1.0 rather than 1.25 (CSA 3.1, 21.4.5(a)).
Vef is the shear force in the column obtained from the modified design load
combinations. In that case, the factored design forces (P, V, M)are based on the
specified design load factors, except that the earthquake load factors are in-
creased by /1.3 (CSA 21.3.2.7.1). When designing for this modified
shear force, the modified P and M and are used for calculating concrete shear
strength. However, the modified Pf and Mf are not used for the P-M-M inter-
action.
In designing for Ve, the factored P and M are used for calculating concrete
shear strength. In no case is the column designed for a shear force less than the
original factored shear force.
3.5.4.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity

Given the design force set M f , N f , and V f , the shear capacity provided by the
concrete alone, Vc , is calculated as follows:
= (CSA 11.3.4)
c is the resistance factor for concrete. By default, it is taken as 0.65 (CSA

8.4.2). For concrete produced in a pre-qualified manufacturing plants, its
value can be taken as 0.70 (CSA 16.1.3). This value can be overwritten in
the Preferences.
is the strength reduction factor to account for low density concrete (CSA
3.2). For normal density concrete, its value is 1 (CSA 8.6.5), which is the
program default value. For concrete using lower density aggregate, the user
can change the value of in the material properties. The recommended
values for is as follows (CSA 8.6.5).
1.00, for normal density concrete,

0.85, for semi-low-density concrete

= in which all of the fine aggregate is natural sand,

in which none of the fine aggregate is natural sand.
8MPa (CSA 11.3.4)
is the factor for accounting for the shear resistance of cracked concrete (CSA
3.2). Its value is normally between 0.05 and 0.4. It is determine according to
section 11.3.6 of the Code, which is described in the sections that follow.
bw is the width of the cross-section resisting the shear perpendicular to the shear
force direction. For columns with rectangular cross-sections, bw is taken as
the width of the section perpendicular to the shear direction (CSA
11.2.10.3). For columns with circular cross-sections, bw is taken as the av-
erage diameter for the shear direction (CSA 11.2.10.3).
d v is the effective shear depth. It is taken as the greater of 0.9d or 0.72h,
dv = max {0.9d ,0.72h} (CSA 3.2)
where d is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
tension reinforcement, and h is the overall depth of the cross-section in the di-
rection of shear force.
The value of the factor is preferably determine using the Simplified method
(CSA 11.3.6.3) if applicable. When the conditions of Simplified method do not
apply, the General method (CSA 11.3.6.4) is used. For designing concrete
column sections for shear force, the special value of does not apply (CSA
11.3.6.4)
When the axial force is compressive, the specified yield strength of the longi-
tudinal reinforcing f y does not exceed 400 MPa, and the specified concrete
strength f c does not exceed 60 MPa, is determined in accordance with the

Simplified method, as follows (CSA 11.6.3.3):
When the section contains at least the minimum transverse reinforcement,

is taken as 0.18 (CSA 11.6.3.3a).
= 0.18 (CSA 11.3.6.3(a))
When the section contains no transverse reinforcement, is determined

based on the specified maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate, ag .
For maximum-sized coarse aggregate not less than 20 mm, is taken as:
230
= (CSA 11.3.6.3 (b))
1000 + d v
where d v is the effective shear depth expressed in millimeter, as described in

preceding sections.
For maximum sized coarse aggregate less than 20 mm, is taken as:
230
= (CSA 11.3.6.3(c))
1000 + sze
35
=
where, sze sz 0.85sz . (CSA 11.3.6.3(c))
15 + ag
In the preceding expression, the crack spacing parameter, sze , shall be taken as
the minimum of d v , or as the maximum distance between layers of distributed
longitudinal reinforcement. However, sz is conservatively taken as equal to
dv .
In summary, for simplified cases, can be expressed as follows:

0.18, if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided,
230
, if no transverse reinforcement provided, and ag 20mm,
1000+d v
230
, if no transverse reinforcement provided, and ag < 20mm.
1000+s ze
When the axial force is tensile, or the specified yield strength of the longitu-
dinal reinforcing f y > 400 MPa, or the specified concrete strength f c > 60
MPa, is determined in accordance with the General method, as follows
(CSA 11.3.6.1, 11.3.6.4):
0.40 1300
= (CSA 11.3.6.4)
(1 + 1500 x ) (1000 + S ze )
In the preceding expression, the equivalent crack spacing parameter, sze , is
taken as equal to 300 mm if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided
(CSA 11.3.6.4). Otherwise it is determines as stated in simplified method.

300, if minimum transverse

sze = reinforcement is provided,
35
sz 0.85sz , otherwise.
15 + ag
In the preceding expression, ag is the maximum nominal aggregate size. For

higher strength aggregate, value is taken as zero in the expression.
60

70
= 60 < 70
70 60
0 > 70
(CSA 11.3.6.9)
The longitudinal strain, x , at mid-depth of the cross-section is computed

from the following equation:
M f d v + V f + 0.5 N f
x = (CSA 11.3.6.4)
2 ( Es As )
In evaluating the x , the following conditions apply:
Vf Mf
and are taken as positive quantities (CSA 11.3.6.4(a))
For sections closer than dv from the face of the support, x is calculated based
on Mf, Vf, and Nf at a section at a distance dv from the face of the support (CSA
11.3.6.4 (d)).
As is taken as the total area of longitudinal reinforcement in the column
section. For the column section check option, the program uses the sum of
user-defined reinforcement in the section. For the column section design
option, the longitudinal reinforcement area is taken as the envelope of re-
inforcement required for all design load combinations. Actual provided re-
inforcement might be slightly higher than this quantity. The reinforcement
should be developed to achieve full strength (CSA 11.3.6.3(b)).
If the value of x calculated from the preceding equation is negative, it is
recalculated as follows:
Mf
+ V f + 0.5 N f
dv
=x 0.0002 (CSA 11.3.6.4 (d))
2 ( Es As + Ec Act )
If the axial tension is large enough to crack the flexural compression face of
the section, the value of x is increased by a factor of 2 (CSA 11.3.6.4 (e)).
The program uses a linear elastic stress distribution to check this condition.
An upper limit on x is imposed as follows:
ex 0.003 (CSA 11.3.6.4 (f))
x is positive for tensile action.
N f is positive for tensile action.
For Ductile moment resisting frames, the shear reinforcement in the poten-
tial plastic hinge of columns is designed to the requirements stated above
with the exception that the values of 0.1 45 are used (CSA
21.3.7.2).
0.10 (plastic hinge zone) (CSA 21.3.1.5.2)
45 (plastic hinge zone) (CSA 21.7.1.5.2)
The length of the potential plastic zone, , is taken as 1.5 to 2.0 times the largest
cross-sectional dimension but not greater than one sixth of the clear span de-
pending on the level of axial force (CSA 21.3.2.6.5, 21.3.2.7.2).

min 1.5 , , 0.5
6

(CSA 21.3.2.6.5)
min 2.0 , , > 0.5
6
In both the Simplified method and the General method, the shear strength of the
section due to concrete, vc , depends on whether the minimum transverse rein-
forcement is provided. To check this condition, the program performs the design
in two passes. In the first pass, it is assumes that no transverse shear rein-
forcement is needed. When the program determines that shear reinforcement is
need, the program performs the second pass with the assumption that at least
minimum shear reinforcement is provided.
3.5.4.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement

The minimum possible factored shear resistance, Vr,max is computed as follows:
= 0.25c f cbw d v .
Vr ,max (CSA 11.3.3)
The shear reinforcement per unit spacing, Av s , is computed as follows:
If V f Vc ,
Av
=0 (CSA 11.3.5.1)
s
else if Vc < V f Vr ,max
Av
=
(
V f Vc tan ) (CSA 11.3.3, 11.3.5.1)
s s f yh d v
else if V f > Vr ,max
a failure condition is declared. (CSA 11.3.3)
A minimum area of shear reinforcement is provided in the following regions

(CSA 11.2.8.1):
(a) in regions of flexural members where the factored shear force V f ex-
ceeds Vc ,
(b) in regions of beams and columns with an overall depth greater than 750
mm, and
(c) in regions of beams and columns where the factored torsion T f exceeds
0.25 Tcr .
Where the minimum shear reinforcement is required by section CSA

11.2.8.1, or by calculations, the minimum area of shear reinforcement per
unit spacing is taken as:
Av f
0.06 c bw (CSA 11.2.8.2)
s fy
In the preceding, the term is used. Here is the angle of inclination of

diagonal compressive stresses to the longitudinal axis of the member. The
value is normally between 22 to 45 degrees. It is determined according to
Section 11.3.6 of the code.
Similar to the factor, which is described previously, the value of is
preferably determined using the Simplified method (CSA 11.3.6.3), when-
ever applicable. The program uses the General method when the conditions
for the Simplified methods are not satisfied (CSA 11.3.6.4). For designing
concrete column sections for shear forces, the special value of does not
apply (CSA 11.3.6.2).
If the axial force is compressive, the specified yield strength of the longitu-
dinal reinforcing fy does not exceed 400 MPa, and the specified concrete
strength f c does not exceed 60 MPa, is taken to be 35 degrees (CSA
11.3.6.3).
=35o for Pf 0 or f y 400MPa or f c 60MPa (CSA11.3.6.3)
If the axial force is tensile, the specified yield strength of the longitudinal
reinforcing fy > 400 MPa, and the specified concrete strength f c > 60 MPa,
is determined using the General method as follows (CSA 11.3.6.4).
= 29 + 7000 x
for Pf < 0 or f y > 400 MPa or f c > 60 MPa (CSA11.3.6.4)
where x is the longitudinal strain at the mid-depth of the cross-section for

the factored load. The calculation procedure has been described in the pre-
ceding section.
The maximum of all of the calculated Av s values obtained from each load
combination is reported for the major and minor directions of the column,
along with the controlling shear force and associated load combination
number.
For all columns and at any station, the minimum area of transverse circular
hoop reinforcement is imposed as follows:
Av Ag 2f h
0.5 1 c core (CSA 10.9.4)
s Acore f yh 4
500 (CSA 10.9.4)
In potential plastic hinge locations of Ductile moment resisting frames as

described later, the minimum area of circular hoops and transverse stirrups
is imposed as follows:
Av f h
cc k p c core (Hoops) (CSA 21.2.8.2)
s f yh 4
Av Ag f h
0.5 1 c core (Hoops) (CSA 21.2.8.2, 10.9.4)
s Acore f yh 4
Av Ag f c
ch kn k p hcore (Stirrups) (CSA 21.2.8.2)
s Acore f yh
Av f'
0.09 c hcore (Stirrups) (CSA 21.2.8.2)
s f yh
Where,
0.3 2.5
=
0.4 > 2.5
0.15 2.5
=
0.2 > 2.5

=

n1
Kn =
( n1 2 )
= Total number of bars in the longitudinal cross section that are laterally
supported by the corner of the hoops or by hoops of seismic cross-ties.
500
Transverse reinforcement shall be provided over a length, lo , from the face

of each joint and on both sides of any section where flexural yielding can
occur as a result of inelastic displacement of the frame. The length, lo , is
determined as follows (CSA 21.3.2.6.5),
(a) where Pf 0.5c f c Ag , lo shall not be less than 1.5 times the largest
member cross-section dimension or 1/6 of the clear span of the member;
and
(b) where Pf > 0.5c f c Ag , lo shall not be less than 2.0 times the largest
member cross-section dimension or 1/6 of the clear span of the member.
The column shear reinforcement requirements reported by the program are

based on the preceding considerations. Any other minimum stirrup re-
quirements to satisfy spacing or volumetric requirements must be investi-
gated independently of the program by the user.
3.6 Beam Design

In the design of concrete beams, the program calculates and reports the required
areas of steel for flexure and shear based on the beam moments, shears, load
combination factors and other criteria described in the subsections that follow.
The reinforcement requirements are calculated at a user-defined number of
check stations along the beam span.
All of the beams are designed for major direction flexure and shear only. Effects
due to any axial forces, minor direction bending, and torsion that may exist in the
beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
Design beam flexural reinforcement

Design beam shear reinforcement
3.6.1 Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement

The beam top and bottom flexural steel is designed at a user-defined number of
design stations along the beam span. In designing the flexural-reinforcement for
the major moment of a particular beam for a particular section, the program uses
the following steps:
Determine the maximum factored moments

Determine the reinforcing steel
3.6.1.1 Determine Factored Moments

In the design of flexural reinforcement of Ductile (CSA 21.3), Moderately
Ductile (CSA 21.4), or Conventional (CSA 21.6.2) moment resisting concrete
frame beams, the factored moments for each load combination at a particular
beam station are obtained by factoring the corresponding moments for different
load cases with the corresponding load factors. The beam section is then de-
+
signed for the maximum positive M f and maximum negative M f factored
moments obtained from all of the load combinations.
Positive beam moments produce bottom steel. In such cases, the beam may be
designed as a Rectangular or T-beam. Negative beam moments produce top
steel. In such cases, the beam is always designed as a Rectangular section.
3 - 32 Beam Design
3.6.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement

In the flexural reinforcement design process, the program calculates both the
tension and compression reinforcement. Compression reinforcement is added
when the applied design moment exceeds the maximum moment capacity of a
singly reinforced section. The user has the option of avoiding the compression
reinforcement by increasing the effective depth, the width, or the grade of con-
crete.
The design procedure is based on the simplified rectangular stress block, as

shown in Figure 3-6 (CSA 10.1.7).
Figure 3-6 Rectangular beam design

Furthermore, it is assumed that the compression carried by concrete is less than
that which can be carried at the balanced condition (CSA 10.1.4). When the
applied moment exceeds the moment capacity at the balanced condition, the area
of compression reinforcement is calculated on the assumption that the additional
moment will be carried by compression and additional tension reinforcement.
The design procedure used by the program for both rectangular and flanged
sections (L and T-beams) is summarized in the sections that follow. It is as-
sumed that the design ultimate axial force in a beam is negligible; hence, all of
the beams are designed for major direction flexure and shear only.
Beam Design 3 - 33
3.6.1.2.1 Design for Flexure of a Rectangular Beam

In designing for a factored negative or positive moment, M f , (i.e., designing top
or bottom steel) the depth of the compression block is given by a , as shown in
Figure 3-6, where,
2| M f |
a =
d d2 , (CSA 10.1)
1 f cc b
where the value of c is 0.65 (CSA 8.4.2) in the preceding and following
equations. Also , 1 , 1 , and cb are calculated as follows:
0.85 0.0015 f c 0.67,

1 = (CSA 10.1.7)
=
1 0.97 0.0025 f c 0.67, and (CSA 10.1.7)
700
cb = d. (CSA 10.5.2)
700 + f y
The balanced depth of the compression block is given by
ab = 1cb . (CSA 10.1.4, 10.1.7)
If a ab (CSA 10.5.2), the area of tensile steel reinforcement is then given

by
Mf
As = .
a
s f y d
2
This steel is to be placed at the bottom if M f is positive, or at the top if M f

is negative.
If a > ab (CSA 10.5.2), compression reinforcement is required and is cal-

culated as follows:
The factored compressive force developed in the concrete alone is given by
C = c 1 f cbab , and (CSA 10.1.7)
3 - 34 Beam Design
the factored moment resisted by the concrete and bottom steel is
a
=
M fc Cd b .
2
The moment resisted by compression steel and tensile steel is
M=
fs M f M fc .
So the required compression steel is given by
M fs
As =
( )
, where
s f s c 1 f c ( d d )
c d
=f s 0.0035 Es fy. (CSA 10.1.2 , 10.1.3)
c
The required tensile steel for balancing the compression in concrete is
M fc
As1 = , and
a
fy d b s
2
the tensile steel for balancing the compression in steel is
M fs
As 2 = .
f y ( d d ) s
=
Therefore, the total tensile reinforcement As As1 + As 2 , and total com-
pression reinforcement is As . As is to be placed at the bottom, and As is to
be placed at the top if M f is positive, and vice versa.
3.6.1.2.2 Design for Flexure of a T-Beam
Flanged Beam Under Negative Moment

In designing for a factored negative moment, M f , (i.e., designing top steel), the
contribution of the flange to the strength of the beam is ignored. The design
Beam Design 3 - 35
procedure is therefore identical to the one used for Rectangular beams, except
that in the corresponding equations, b is replaced by b f .
Flanged Beam Under Positive Moment

If M f > 0, the depth of the compression block is given by (see Figure 3-7).
2M f
a =
d d2 . (CSA 10.1)
1 f cc b f
where the value of c is 0.65 (CSA 8.4.2) in the preceding and following
equations. See Figure 3-6. Also 1 , 1 , and cb are calculated as follows:
=
1 0.85 0.0015 f c 0.67, (CSA 10.1.7)
=
1 0.97 0.0025 f c 0.67, and (CSA 10.1.7)
700
cb = d. (CSA 10.5.2)
700 + f y
The depth of the compression block under balanced condition is given by
ab = 1cb . (CSA 10.1.4, 10.1.7)
If a d s , the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previ-

ously performed for the rectangular section design. However, in this case,
the width of the beam is taken as b f . Whether compression reinforcement is
required depends on if a > ab .
3 - 36 Beam Design
Figure 3-7 T-beam design
If a > d s , calculation for As is performed in two parts. The first part is for
balancing the compressive force from the flange, C f , and the second part is
for balancing the compressive force from the web, Cw . As shown in,
( )
1 f c b f bw d s .
Cf = (CSA 10.1.7)
C f c
Therefore, As1 = and the portion of M f that is resisted by the flange is
f y s
d
M ff = C f d s c .
2
Therefore, the balance of the moment, M f to be carried by the web is given

by
M=
fw M f M ff .
The web is a Rectangular section of dimensions bw and d , for which the

depth of the compression block is recalculated as
Beam Design 3 - 37
2 M fw
a1 =
d d2 . (CSA 10.1)
1 f cc bw
If a1 ab (CSA 10.5.2), the area of tensile steel reinforcement is then given

by
M fw
As 2 = , and
a
s f y d 1
2
=
As As1 + As 2 .
This steel is to be placed at the bottom of the T-beam.
If a1 > ab (CSA 10.5.2), compression reinforcement is required and is cal-

culated as follows:
The factored compressive force in the concrete web alone is given by
C =c 1 f cbab , and (CSA 10.1.7)
the factored moment resisted by the concrete web and tensile steel is
a
=
M fc Cd b .
2
The moment resisted by compression steel and tensile steel is
=
M fs M fw M fc .
Therefore, the compression steel is computed as
M fs
As =
( )
, where
s f s c 1 f c ( d d )
c d
=f s 0.0035 Es fy. (CSA 10.1.2, 10.1.3)
c
The tensile steel for balancing compression in web concrete is
3 - 38 Beam Design
M fc
As 2 = , and
a
fy d b s
2
the tensile steel for balancing compression in steel is
M fs
As 3 = .
f y ( d d ) s
Total tensile reinforcement As = As1 + As 2 + As 3 , and total compression re-

inforcement is As . As is to be placed at the bottom and As is to be placed
at the top.
3.6.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Tensile Reinforcement

The minimum flexural tensile steel required for a beam section is given by the
minimum of the two limits:
0.2 f c
As bt h, or (CSA 10.5.1.2)
fy
4
As = As (required) . (CSA 10.5.1.3)
3
where:
= The width of the tension zone of the section considered. For T-beams
with the flange in tension, is taken as 1.5 for beams with a
flange on one side of the web and 2.5 for beams with a flange on
both sides of the web.
In addition, the minimum flexural tensile steel provided in a T section with

flange under tension (i.e. < 0) is given by the limit:
As 0.004 ( b bw ) d s . (CSA 10.5.3.1)
An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross web area on both the tension reinforce-
ment and the compression reinforcement is arbitrarily imposed as follows:
Beam Design 3 - 39
0.04bd Rectangular beam

As
0.04bw d T beam
0.04bd Rectangular beam
As
0.04bw d T beam
3.6.1.4 Special Consideration for Seismic Design

For Ductile moment resisting concrete frames (seismic design), the beam design
satisfies the following additional conditions (see also Table 3-1 for a compre-
hensive listing):
The minimum longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided at both the top and
the bottom. Any of the top and bottom reinforcement shall not be less than
As ( min ) .
1.4
As ( min ) bw d (CSA 21.3.1.3.1)
fy
The beam flexural steel is limited to a maximum given by

As 0.025bw d . (CSA 21.3.1.3.1)
At any end (support) of the beam, the beam positive moment capacity (i.e.,
associated with the bottom steel) would not be less than one-half of the beam
negative moment capacity (i.e., associated with the top steel) at that end (CSA
21.3.1.3.2).
Neither the negative moment capacity nor the positive moment capacity at any
of the sections within the beam would be less than one-fourth of the maximum
of positive or negative moment capacities of any of the beam end (support)
stations (CSA 21.3.1.3.2).
For Moderately Ductile moment resisting concrete frames (seismic design), the
beam design would satisfy the following conditions:
At any support of the beam, the beam positive moment capacity would not be
less than one-third of the beam negative moment capacity at that end (CSA
21.7.2.1.1).
Neither the negative moment capacity nor the positive moment capacity at any
of the sections within the beam would be less than one-fifth of the maximum
of positive or negative moment capacities of any of the beam end (support)
3 - 40 Beam Design
stations (CSA 21.7.2.1.1).
3.6.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement

The shear reinforcement is designed for each load combination at a user-defined
number of stations along the beam span. In designing the shear reinforcement for
a particular beam for a particular loading combination at a particular station due
to the beam major shear, the program uses the following steps:
Determine the factored forces acting on the section, M f and V f . Note that
M f is needed for the calculation of Vc .
Determine the shear stress, Vc , that can be resisted by concrete alone.

Calculate the reinforcement steel required to carry the balance.
For Ductile and Moderately ductile moment resisting frames, the shear design of
the beams is also based on the probable and nominal moment capacities of the
members, respectively (CSA 21.3.1.5.1, 21.4.5). The effect of axial forces on the
beam are neglected.
these steps.
3.6.2.1 Determine Shear Force and Moment

In the design of the beam shear reinforcement of a Conventional moment
resisting concrete frame, the shear forces and moments for a particular load
combination at a particular beam section are obtained by factoring the asso-
ciated shear forces and moments with the corresponding load combination
factors. (CSA 11.3.1)
In the design of Ductile moment frames (seismic design), the shear capacity
of the beam is also checked for the capacity shear resulting from the maxi-
mum probable moment capacities at the ends along with the factored gravity
load. This check is performed in addition to the design check required for
Conventional moment frames. The capacity shear force, V f , is calculated
from the maximum probable moment capacities of each end of the beam and
the gravity shear forces. The procedure for calculating the design shear force
in a beam from probable moment capacity is the same as that described for a
Beam Design 3 - 41
column earlier in this chapter. See Table 3-1 for a summary. The design shear
force is then given by (CSA 21.3.1.5.1):
=Vu max {Ve1 ,Ve 2 } Vu , factored (CSA 21.3.1.5.1)
where
Vu Vef (CSA 21.3.1.5.1)
Ve1 = V p1 + V D + L (CSA 21.3.1.5.1)
V=
e2 V p 2 + VD + L (CSA 21.3.1.5.1)
where, V p is the capacity shear force obtained by applying the calculated

maximum probable ultimate moment capacities at the two ends of the beams
acting in two opposite directions. Therefore, V p is the maximum of VP1 and VP 2 ,
where
V=
P1 (M
I + M J+ ) L , and
V=
P2 (M
I + M J+ ) L , where
M I+ = Moment capacity at end I, with bottom steel in tension, using a

steel yield stress value of f y and no reduction factors
( s =c =1.0 ) ,
M J+ = Moment capacity at end J, with bottom steel in tension, using a
steel yield stress value of f y and no reduction factors
( s =c =1.0 ) ,
M I = Moment capacity at end I, with top steel in tension, using a steel
yield stress value of f y and no reduction factors ( s =c =1.0 ) ,
M J = Moment capacity at end J, with top steel in tension, using a steel

yield stress value of f y and no reduction factors ( s =c =1.0 )
, and
3 - 42 Beam Design
L = Clear span of beam.
The moment strengths are determined using a strength reduction factor of 1.0
and the reinforcing steel stress equal to fy, where is equal to 1.25 (CSA 3.2,
21.3.1.5.1). If the reinforcement area has not been overwritten for ductile beams,
the value of the reinforcing area envelope is calculated after completing the
flexural design of the beam for all the design load combinations. Then this en-
veloping reinforcing area is used in calculating the moment capacity of the
beam. If the reinforcing area has been overwritten for ductile beams, this area is
used in calculating the moment capacity of the beam. If the beam section is a
variable cross-section, the cross-sections at the two ends are used along with the
user-specified reinforcing or the envelope of reinforcing, as appropriate. If the
user overwrites the major direction length factor, the full span length is used.
However, if the length factor is not overwritten, the clear length will be used. In
the latter case, the maximum of the negative and positive moment capacities will
be used for both the negative and positive moment capacities in determining the
capacity shear.
VD+L is the contribution of shear force from the in-span distribution of gravity
loads with the assumption that the ends are simply supported.
For Moderately ductile moment resisting frames, the shear capacity of the
beam also is checked for the capacity shear based on the nominal moment
capacities at the ends along with the factored gravity loads, in addition to the
check required for Conventional moment resisting frames. The design shear
force in beams is taken to be the minimum of that based on the nominal mo-
ment capacity and modified factored shear force.
=Vu min {Ve ,Vef } Vu ,factored (CSA 21.4.5)
where, Ve is the capacity shear force in the beam determined from the nominal
moment capacities of the beam (CSA 21.4.5, 3.2). The calculation of Ve is the
same as that described for Ductile moment resisting frames, except that in
determining the flexural strength of the beam, nominal moment capacities are
used. In that case, is taken as 1.0 as before ( s =c =1.0 ) , but is taken as
1.0 rather than 1.25 (CSA 3.2, 21.4.5).
Beam Design 3 - 43
Vef is the shear force in the beam obtained from the modified design load
combinations. In that case, the factored design forces (P, V, M) are based on
the specified design loads, except that the earthquake factors are amplified by
a factor of RdRo/1.3 (CSA 21.4.5(b)). In no case is the beam designed for a
shear force less than the original factored shear force.
The computation of the design shear force in a beam of an Moderately ductile

moment resisting frame is the same as described for columns earlier in this
chapter. See Table 3-1 for a summary.
3.6.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity

Given the design force set M f and V f , the shear capacity provided by the con-
crete alone, Vc , is calculated as follows:
Vc = c f c bw d v , (CSA 11.3.4)
c is the resistance factor for concrete. By default it is taken as 0.65 (CSA

8.4.2). For concrete produced in a pre-qualified manufacturing plants, its
value can be taken as 0.70 (CSA 16.1.3). This value can be overwritten in
the Preferences.
is the strength reduction factor to account for low density concrete (CSA
3.2). For normal density concrete, its value is 1 (CSA 8.6.5), which is taken
by the program as the default value. For concrete using lower density ag-
gregate, the user can change the value of in the material property data.
The recommended value for is as follows (CSA 8.6.5).
1.00, for normal density concrete,


= in which all of the fine aggregate is natural sand,

in which none of the fine aggregate is natural sand.
is the factor for accounting for the shear resistance of cracked concrete (CSA
3.2). Its value is normally between 0.05 and 0.4. It is determine according to
the section 11.3.6 of the Code, which is described in the sections that follow.
3 - 44 Beam Design
bw is the effective web width. For rectangular beam, it is the width of the beam.
For T-beam, it is the width of the web of the beam. (CSA 11.2.10.1)
d v is the effective shear depth. It is taken as the greater of 0.9d or 0.72h,
d v = max {0.9d ,0.72h} (CSA 3.2)
where d is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
tension reinforcement, and h is the overall depth of the cross-section in the di-
rection of shear force (CSA 3.2).
The value of the factor is preferably taken as the Special value (CSA 11.3.6.2)
or it is determined using the Simplified method (CSA 11.3.6.3), if applicable.
When the conditions of the Special value or Simplified method do not apply, the
General method is used to determine the factor (CSA 11.3.6.4).
If the overall beam depth, h, is less than 250 mm or if the overall depth of a
T-beam is not greater than one-half of the width of web or 550 mm, is taken as
0.21 (CSA 11.3.6.2)
When the specified yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcing fy does not
exceed 400 MPa, and the specified concrete strength f c does not exceed 60
MPa, is determined in accordance with the Simplified method, as follows
(CSA 11.6.3.3):
When the section contains at least the minimum transverse reinforcement, is

taken as 0.18 (CSA 11.6.3.3(a)).
= 0.18 (CSA 11.6.3(a))
When the section contains no transverse reinforcement, is determined based

on the specified maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate, ag .
For maximum size of coarse aggregate not less than 20 mm, is taken as:
230
= (CSA 11.3.6.3(b))
1000 + d v
where is the effective shear depth expressed in millimeter, which is described

in preceding sections.
Beam Design 3 - 45
For maximum size of coarse aggregate less than 20 mm, is taken as:
230
= (CSA 11.3.6.3(c))
1000 + sze
35
=
where, sze sz 0.85sz (CSA 11.3.6.3.(c))
15 + ag
In the preceding expression, the crack spacing parameter, sze , shall be taken as
the minimum of d v or as the maximum distance between layers of distributed
longitudinal reinforcement. However, sze is conservatively taken as equal to
dv .
In summary, for Simplified cases, can be expressed as follows:

0.18, if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided,
230
, if no transverse reinforcement provided, and ag 20mm,
1000 + d v
230
, if no transverse reinforcement provided, and ag < 20mm.
1000 + sze
When the specified yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcing fy > 400 MPa,
or the specified concrete strength f c > 60 MPa, is determined in accordance
with the General method as follows (CSA 11.3.6.1, 11.3.6.4):
0.40 1300
= (CSA 11.3.6.4)
(1 + 1500 x ) (1000 + sze )
In the preceding expression, the equivalent crack spacing parameter, sze , is
taken as equal to 300 mm if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided
(CSA 11.3.6.4). Otherwise it is determine as stated in the Simplified method.
300 if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided,

sze = 35
s 0.85sz otherwise.
15 + a z
g
3 - 46 Beam Design
The longitudinal strain, x , at mid-depth of the cross-section is computed

from the following equation:
M f dv + V f
x = (CSA 11.3.6.4)
2 ( Es As )
In evaluating the x , the following conditions apply:
V f and M f are taken as positive quantities. (CSA 11.3.6.4(a))
For sections closer than d v from the face of the support, x is calculated
based on M f and V f at a section at a distance d v from the face of the
support (CSA 11.3.6.4 (d)).
As is taken as the total area of longitudinal tension reinforcement in the

beam section. It is taken as the envelope of reinforcement required for all
design load combinations. Actual provided reinforcement might be
slightly higher than this quantity. The rebar should be developed to
achieve full strength (CSA 11.3.6.3 (b)).
An upper limit on x is imposed as follows:
ex 0.003 (CSA 11.3.6.4(f))
x is positive for tensile action.
For Ductile moment resisting frames, in the region of potential plastic hinge,
the shear reinforcement is designed assuming is equal to zero:
=0 (CSA 21.3.4.2)
= 45 (CSA 21.3.1.5.2)
In both the Simplified and General methods, the shear strength of the section
due to concrete, vc , depends on whether the minimum transverse reinforce-
ment is provided. To check this condition, the program performs the design in
two passes. In the first pass, it is assumes that no transverse shear reinforce-
ment is needed. When the program determines that shear reinforcement is
need, the program performs the second pass with the assumption that at least
minimum shear reinforcement is provided.
Beam Design 3 - 47
3.6.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement

The minimum possible factored shear resistance, Vr ,max is computed as follows:
= 0.25c f cbw d v
Vr ,max (CSA 11.3.3)
The shear reinforcement per unit spacing, Av s , is computed as follows:
If V f Vc
Av
=0 (CSA 11.3.5.1)
s
else if Vc < V f Vr ,max
Av
=
( )
V f Vc tan
(CSA 11.3.3, 11.3.5.1)
s s f yh d v
else if V f > Vr ,max
a failure condition is declared. (CSA 11.3.3)
A minimum area of shear reinforcement is provided in the following regions

(CSA 11.2.8.1):
(a) in regions of flexural members where the factored shear force V f ex-
ceeds Vc ,
(b) in regions of beams and columns with an overall depth greater than 750
mm, and
(c) in regions of beams and columns where the factored torsion T f exceeds
0.25 Tcr . .
Where the minimum shear reinforcement is required by section CSA 11.2.8.1,

or by calculations, the minimum area of shear reinforcement per unit spacing
is taken as Tcr .
3 - 48 Beam Design
Av f
0.06 c bw (CSA 11.2.8.2)
s fy
In the preceding, the term is used. Here is the angle of inclination of diag-
onal compressive stresses to the longitudinal axis of the member. The value is
normally between 22 to 45 degrees. It is determined according to section 11.3.6
of the code.
Similar to the factor, which is described previously, the value of is prefer-

ably taken as the Special value (CSA 11.3.6.2) or it is determined using the
Simplified method (CSA 11.3.6.3), whenever applicable. The program uses the
General method when conditions for the Simplified method are not satisfied
(CSA 11.3.6.4).
If the overall beam depth, h, is less than 250 mm or if the overall depth of the
T-beam is not greater than one-half of the width of web or 550 mm, is taken
as 42 degrees (CSA 11.3.6.2).
If the specified yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcing fy does not ex-
ceed 400 MPa, and the specified concrete strength f c does not exceed 60
MPa, is taken to be 35 degree (CSA 11.3.6.3).
=35o for Pf 0 or f y 400 MPa or 60 MPa (CSA11.3.6.3)
If the axial force is tensile, the specified yield strength of the longitudinal re-
inforcing fy > 400 MPa, and the specified concrete strength f c > 60 MPa, is
determined using the General method as follows (CSA 11.3.6.4),
= 29 + 7000 x for Pf < 0 or f y > 400 MPa or 60 MPa (CSA11.3.6.4)
where x is the longitudinal strain at the mid-depth of the cross-section for the
factored load. The calculation procedure has been described in preceding
section.
The maximum of all of the calculated Av s values, obtained from each load
combination, is reported for the major directions of the beam along with the
controlling shear force and associated load combination number.
The beam shear reinforcement requirements reported by the program are based
purely on the considerations herein. Any other minimum stirrup requirements to
Beam Design 3 - 49
satisfy spacing and volumetric requirements must be investigated independently

of the program by the user.
3.6.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement

The torsion reinforcement is designed for each design load combination at a
user-defined number of stations along the beam span. The following steps are
involved in designing the shear reinforcement for a particular station because of
beam torsion:
Determine the factored torsion, Tf.
Determine special section properties.
Determine critical torsion capacity.
Determine the reinforcement steel required.
Note that the torsion design can be turned off by choosing not to consider torsion
in the Preferences.
3.6.3.1 Determine Factored Torsion

In the design of torsion reinforcement of any beam, the factored torsions for each
design load combination at a particular design station are obtained by factoring
the corresponding torsion for different load cases with the corresponding design
load combination factors (CSA 11.3.10.2).
In a statistically indeterminate structure where redistribution of the torsional

moment in a member can occur due to redistribution of internal forces upon
cracking, the design Tf is permitted to be reduced in accordance with code (CSA
11.2.9.2). However, the program does not try to redistribute the internal forces
and to reduce Tf. If redistribution is desired, the user should release the torsional
DOF in the structural model.
3.6.3.2 Determine Special Section Properties

For torsion design, special section properties such as Ac, Aoh, Ao, pc, and ph are
calculated. These properties are described as follows (ACI 3.2).
Ac = Area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross-section
3 - 50 Beam Design
Ao = Area enclosed by shear flow path, including area of holes (if

any)
Aoh = Area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed transverse

torsional reinforcement, including area of holes (if any)
pc = Outside perimeter of concrete cross section
Ph = Perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional

reinforcement
In calculating the section properties involving reinforcement, such as Aoh, Ao,

and ph, it is assumed that the distance between the centerline of the outermost
closed stirrup and the outermost concrete surface is 40 mm. For torsion design of
T beam sections, it is assumed that placing torsion reinforcement in the flange
area is inefficient. With this assumption, the flange is ignored for torsion rein-
forcement calculation. However, the flange is considered during Tcr calculation.
With this assumption, the special properties for a Rectangular beam section are
given as follows:
Ac = bh, (CSA 3.2)
Aoh = ( b 2c )( h 2c ) , (CSA 3.2)
Ao = 0.85 Aoh, (CSA 11.3.10.3, 3.2)
pc = 2b + 2h, and (CSA 3.2)
ph = 2 ( b 2c ) + 2 ( h 2c ) , (CSA 3.2)
where, the section dimensions b, h and c are shown in Figure 3-8. Similarly, the
special section properties for a T beam section are given as follows:
Acp = bw h + ( b f bw ) ds , (CSA 3.2)
Aoh = ( bw 2c )( h 2c ) , (CSA 3.2)
Ao = 0.85 Aoh, (CSA 11.3.10.3, 3.2)
pc = 2bf + 2h, and (CSA 3.2)
Beam Design 3 - 51
ph = 2 ( h 2c ) + 2 ( bw 2c ) , (CSA 3.2)
where the section dimensions bf, bw, h, ds and c for a T-beam are shown in
Figure 3-8.
3.6.3.3 Determine Critical Torsion Capacity

The critical torsion limits, Tcr, for which the torsion in the section can be ignored,
is calculated as follows:
A2 Pf
Tcr =4 f c c 1 + (ACI 11.5.2.2.c)
pc 4 Ac f c
where Ac and pc are the area and perimeter of concrete cross-section as described
in detail in the previous section, Pf is the factored axial force (compression
positive), is the strength reduction factor for torsion, which is equal to 0.65 by
default (CSA 8.2.7), and f c is the specified concrete strength.
c b 2c c bf
c c
ds
h 2c h h h 2c
c c
b bw 2c
bw
Closed Stirrup in Closed Stirrup in

Rectangular Beam T-Beam Section
Figure 3-8 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design
3.6.3.4 Determine Torsion Reinforcement

If the factored torsion Tf is less than the threshold limit, Tcr, torsion can be safely
ignored (CSA 11.2.5.1). In that case, the program reports that no torsion is
required. However, if Tf exceeds the threshold limit, Tcr, it is assumed that the
3 - 52 Beam Design
torsional resistance is provided by closed stirrups, longitudinal bars, and

compression diagonals (CSA 11.3.10).
If Tf > Tcr, the required longitudinal rebar area at both top and bottom is calcu-
lated as:
0.45T f ph
Al = (CSA 11.3.10.6, 11.3.9.2, 11.3.9.3)
( 2 A0 f y tan )
and the required closed stirrup area per unit spacing, At /s, is calculated as:
At T f tan
= (CSA 11.3.10.3)
s s ( 2 A0 f ys )
An upper limit of the combination of Vf and Tf that can be carried by the section
is also checked using the following equation.
2 2
V f T f ph
+ 2
0.25c f c' (CSA 11.3.10.8(b))
bw d v 1.7 Aoh
For rectangular sections, bw is replaced with b. If the combination of Vf and Tf

exceeds this limit, a failure message is declared. In that case, the concrete section
should be increased in size.
When torsional reinforcement is required (Tf > Tcr), the area of transverse closed
stirrups and the area of regular shear stirrups satisfy the following limit.
Av At f c
s + 2 s 0.6 f bw (CSA 11.2.8.2)
y
If this equation is not satisfied with the originally calculated Av s and At s ,

Av s is increased to satisfy this condition. In that case, Av s does not need to
satisfy CSA Section 11.2.8.2 independently.
The maximum of all the calculated At and At s values obtained from each design
load combination is reported along with the controlling combination names.
Beam Design 3 - 53
The beam torsion reinforcement requirements reported by the program are based
purely on strength considerations. Any minimum stirrup requirements and lon-
gitudinal rebar requirements to satisfy spacing considerations must be investi-
gated independently of the program by the user.
3.7 Joint Design

To ensure that the beam-column joint of Ductile and Moderately Ductile mo-
ment resisting frames possesses adequate shear strength, the program performs a
rational analysis of the beam-column panel zone to determine the shear forces
that are generated in the joint. The program then checks this against design shear
strength.
Only joints having a column below the joint are designed. The material proper-
ties of the joint are assumed to be the same as those of the column below the
joint.
The joint analysis is completed in the major and the minor directions of the
column. The joint design procedure involves the following steps:
Determine the panel zone design shear force, Vuh

Determine the effective area of the joint
Check panel zone shear stress
these steps.
3.7.1 Determine the Panel Zone Shear Force

Figure 3-9 illustrates the freebody stress condition of a typical beam-column
intersection for a column direction, major or minor.
The force Vuh is the horizontal panel zone shear force that is to be calculated. The
forces that act on the joint are Pf, Vf, M Lf and M Rf . The forces Pf and Vf are
axial force and shear force, respectively, from the column framing into the top of
the joint. The moments M Lf and M Rf are obtained from the beams framing into
the joint. The joint shear force Vuh is calculated by resolving the moments into C
and T forces. Noting that TL = CL and TR = CR ,
3 - 54 Joint Design
Vuh = TL + TR Vu
Figure 3-9 Beam-column joint analysis

The location of C or T forces is determined by the direction of the moment. The
magnitude of C or T forces is conservatively determined using basic principles
of ultimate strength theory (CSA 10.1).
Joint Design 3 - 55
The moments and the forces from beams that frame into the joint in a direction
that is not parallel to the major or minor direction of the column are resolved
along the direction that is being investigated, thereby contributing force com-
ponents to the analysis.
Also, the program calculates the positive and negative moments, considering the
fact that the concrete cover may be different for the direction of moment.
In the design of Ductile moment resisting concrete frames, the evaluation of the
design shear force is based on the maximum probable moment capacities (with
reinforcing steel overstrength factor, , =1.25 , and no factors, i.e. = =
1.0) of the beams framing into the joint (CSA 21.3.3.1.2). In the design of
Moderately Ductile moment resisting frames, the evaluation of the design shear
force is based on the nominal capacities (with no reinforcing steel overstrength
factor, i.e., =1, and no factors, i.e., c =s =1 of the beams framing into
the joint (CSA 21.4.6.1). The C and T force are based on these moment capaci-
ties. The program calculates the column shear force, Vu , from the beam moment
capacities as follows:
M uL + M uR
Vu ,beam =
H
It should be noted that the points of inflection shown on Figure 3-5 are taken as
midway between actual lateral support points for the columns. If there is no
column at the top of the joint, the shear force from the top of the column is taken
as zero.
The program also checks the capacity shear that can be developed in the column
based on its positive and negative moment capacities for the presence of factored
axial load, Pf .
M + M u bot M u top + M u+ bot

+ top
Vu ,col = min u ,
H H
Vu is taken as the minimum of the two values Vu ,beam and Vu ,col (CSA 21.3.3.1.2,
21.4.6.1)
Vu = min {Vu ,beam ,Vu ,col }
3 - 56 Joint Design
The effects of load reversals, as illustrated in Case 1 and Case 2 of Figure 3-8
(CSA 21.3.3.1.2, 21.4.6.1) are investigated, and the design is based on the
maximum of the joint shears obtained from the two cases.
3.7.2 Determine the Effective Area of Joint

The joint area that resists the shear forces is assumed always to be rectangular in
plan view. The dimensions of the rectangle correspond to the major and minor
dimensions of the column below the joint, except if the beam framing into the
joint is very narrow. The effective width of the joint area to be used in the cal-
culation is limited to two times the width of the beam. The area of the joint is
assumed not to exceed the area of the column below. The joint area for joint
shear along the major and minor directions is calculated separately (CSA 3.2).
The effective joint shear area, AJ , is given by
AJ = min {bcol hcol , 2bw hcol } (CSA 3.2)
where,
bcol is the width of column section perpendicular to direction of shear,
hcol is the depth of column section in the direction of shear, and
bw is the width of the beam or its web.
For circular column, both bcol and hcol are taken equal to the overall diameter of
the column. For a section designer section, bcol and hcol are based on equiva-
lence.
It should be noted that if the beam frames into the joint eccentrically, the pre-
ceding assumptions may not be conservative and the user should investigate the
acceptability of the particular joint.
3.7.3 Check Panel Zone Shear Stress

The panel zone shear force Vuh is compared to the factored shear resistance of the
joint Vc (CSA 21.3.3.9.2). For joints of Ductile moment frames, Vc is calcu-
lated from the following equation (CSA 21.3.3.4.1):
Joint Design 3 - 57

2.2c f c AJ , for joints confined on all four sides,

Vc 1.6c f c AJ , for joints confined on three faces or on two opposite faces,
=

1.3c f c AJ , for all other joints.

c is the resistance factor for concrete. By default, it is taken as 0.65 (CSA

8.4.2). For concrete produced in a pre-qualified manufacturing plant, its
value can be taken as 0.70 (CSA 16.1.3). Its value can be overwritten in the
Preferences.
f c is the specified compressive strength of concrete. It is assumed to be the

same as that of the column below the joint. The f c should not be greater
than 8 MPa.
f c 8MPa (CSA 11.3.4)
AJ is the effective joint shear area appropriate for the direction.
A beam that frames into a face of a column at the joint is considered in the
program to provide confinement to the joint if at least three-quarters of the face
of the joint is covered by the framing member (CSA 21.53.3.4.1, 21.4.6.2).
3.7.4 Beam-Column Flexural Capacity Ratios

At a particular joint for a particular column direction, major or minor, the pro-
gram will calculate the ratio of the sum of the beam moment capacities to the
sum of the column moment capacities. For Ductile and Moderately Ductile
moment resisting frames, the following CSA provision must be satisfied (CSA
21.3.2.4.2, 21.4.4.2).
M M c b (CSA 21.3.2.4.2, 21.4.4.2)
For Ductile moment resisting frames M c and M b are defined as follows:
M c is the sum of the nominal flexural strength of columns, M nc , framing

into the joint evaluated at the center of the joint. Individual column flexural
3 - 58 Joint Design
strength is calculated for the associated factored axial forces, Pf . The nominal
capacity is calculated with no overstrength factor, i.e., =1, and no factors
or c =s =1.
M b is the sum of the maximum probable flexural strength of beams, M pb ,

framing into the joint evaluated at the face of the joint. The probable capacity
is calculated with an overstrength factor, i.e., =1.25, and no factors or
c =s =1.
For Moderately Ductile moment resisting frames, M c and M b are de-

fined as follows:
M c is the sum of the factored flexural strength of columns, M nc , framing

into the joint evaluated at the center of the joint. Individual column flexural
strength is calculated for the associated factored axial forces, Pf . The factored
flexural capacity is calculated with no overstrength factor, i.e., =1, and with
appropriate c and s factors.
M b is the sum of the nominal flexural strength of beams, M n , framing into

the joint evaluated at the face of the joint. The nominal flexural capacity is
calculated with no overstrength factor, i.e., =1, and no factors, i.e.,
c =s =1 .
The moment capacities of beams that frame into the joint in a direction that is not
parallel to the major or minor direction of the column are resolved along the
direction that is being investigated and the resolved components are added to the
summation.
The column capacity summation includes the column above and the column
below the joint. For each load combination, the factored axial force, Pf , in each
of the columns is calculated from the load combinations. For each load combi-
nation, the moment capacity of each column under the influence of the corre-
sponding factored axial load Pf is then determined separately for the major and
minor directions of the column, using the uniaxial column interaction diagram;
see Figure 3-10. The moment capacities of the two columns are added to give the
capacity summation for the corresponding load combination. The maximum
capacity summations obtained from all of the load combinations is used for the
beam-column capacity ratio.
Joint Design 3 - 59
Figure 3-10 Moment capacity Mf at a given axial load Pf
The beam-column capacity ratio is determined for a beam-column joint only

when the following conditions are met:
The frame is a Ductile or Moderately Ductile moment resisting frame.

When a column exists above the beam-column joint, and it is a concrete
column.
All of the beams framing into the column are concrete beams.
The connecting member design results are available.
The load combination involves seismic load.
The beam-column flexural capacity ratios are reported only for Ductile and
Moderately Ductile moment resisting frames involving seismic design load
combinations. If this ratio is greater than 1.0, a warning message is printed in the
output file.
3 - 60 Joint Design
Table 3-1: Design Criteria

Type of Conventional Moderately Ductile Moment Ductile Moment
Check/ Moment Resisting Frames Resisting Frames Resisting Frames
Design (Non-Seismic) (Seismic) (Seismic)
fc 80 MPa fc 80 MPa fc 80 MPa

Strength of
Materials
Column
Check (in- NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations
teraction)
Column NLDa Combinations

NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations
Design (In- 1% < < 6%
1% < < 8% 1% < < 8%
teraction) = 1.0
NLDa Combinations Modified NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations and Proba-

or Nominal Capacity Shear (Vp) ble Capacity Shear (Vp)
= 1.0 and = 1.0
= 1.0 and = 1.25
Column Strength based on
Shears 0.1, 45 at potential plastic
hinge region
Minimum hoop Minimum hoop reinforcement Minimum hoop reinforcement
Special reinforcement in hinge
NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations

Beam De- 0.04 0.04 0.04
sign Flexure
0.2 fc f y 0.2 fc f y 0.2 fc f y
M u+END
1
M u+END
1
M uEND M uEND
Beam Min. 3 2
Moment
Override
No Requirement
5
{
M u+SPAN max M u+ , M u
1
}
END
1
4
{
M u+SPAN max M u+ , M u }
END
{ } { }
Check
1 + 1 +
M uSPAN max M u , M u M uSPAN max M u , M u
5 END 4 END
NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations or Nominal NLDa Combinations and Proba-

Capacity Shear (Vp) with = 1.0 ble Capacity Shear (Vp) with =
and = 1.0 plus VD+L, or modified 1.0 and = 1.0 plus VD+L, or
Beam De- load combination with earthquake modified load combination with
sign Shear load amplified by RdRo. earthquake load amplified by
RdRo; strength based on = 0
and = 45 degree in potential
plastic hinge.
Joint Design 3 - 61
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Second Order P-Delta Effects
Typically, design codes require that second order P-delta effects be considered
when designing concrete frames. They are the global lateral translation of the
frame and the local deformation of members within the frame.
Consider the frame object shown in Figure A-1, which is extracted from a story
level of a larger structure. The overall global translation of this frame object is
indicated by . The local deformation of the member is shown as . The total
second order P-delta effects on this frame object are those caused by both and
.
The program has an option to consider P-delta effects in the analysis. When
P-delta effects are considered in the analysis, the program does a good job of
capturing the effect due to the deformation shown in Figure A-1, but it does
not typically capture the effect of the deformation (unless, in the model, the
frame object is broken into multiple elements over its length).
A-1
Design Manual Concrete Frame CSA A23.3-14
Figure A-1 The Total Second Order P-Delta Effects on a

Frame Element Caused by Both and
Consideration of the second order P-delta effects are generally achieved by
computing the flexural design capacity using a formula similar to that shown in
the following equation.
MCAP = aMnt + bMlt where,
MCAP = Flexural design capacity required

Mnt = Required flexural capacity of the member assuming there is no
joint translation of the frame (i.e., associated with the defor-
mation in Figure A-1)
Mlt = Required flexural capacity of the member as a result of lateral
translation of the frame only (i.e., associated with the defor-
mation in Figure A-1)
a = Unitless factor multiplying Mnt
b = Unitless factor multiplying Mlt (assumed equal to 1 by the pro-
gram; see below)
When the program performs concrete frame design, it assumes that the factor b
is equal to 1 and calculates the factor a. That b = 1 assumes that P-delta effects
have been considered in the analysis, as previously described. Thus, in general,
when performing concrete frame design in this program, consider P-delta ef-
fects in the analysis before running the program.
A-2 Appendix A
Appendix B
Member Unsupported Lengths and
Computation of K-Factors
The column unsupported lengths are required to account for column slenderness
effects. The program automatically determines the unsupported length ratios,
which are specified as a fraction of the frame object length. Those ratios times
the frame object length gives the unbraced lengths for the members. Those ratios
can also be overwritten by the user on a member-by-member basis, if desired,
using the overwrite option.
There are two unsupported lengths to consider. They are L33 and L22, as shown in
Figure B-1. These are the lengths between support points of the member in the
corresponding directions. The length L33 corresponds to instability about the 3-3
axis (major axis), and L22 corresponds to instability about the 2-2 axis (minor
axis).
B-1
Figure B-1 Axis of bending and unsupported length
In determining the values for L22 and L33 of the members, the program recog-
nizes various aspects of the structure that have an effect on these lengths, such as
member connectivity, diaphragm constraints, and support points. The program
automatically locates the member support points and evaluates the corre-
sponding unsupported length.
It is possible for the unsupported length of a frame object to be evaluated by the

program as greater than the corresponding member length. For example, assume
a column has a beam framing into it in one direction, but not the other, at a floor
level. In that case, the column is assumed to be supported in one direction only at
that story level, and its unsupported length in the other direction will exceed the
story height.
B-2 Member Unsupported Lengths and Computation of K-Factors

Appendix C
Concrete Frame Design Preferences
The concrete frame design preferences are general assignments that are applied
to all of the concrete frame members. The design preferences should be re-
viewed and any changes from the default values made before performing a de-
sign. The following table lists the design preferences that are specific to using
CSA A23.3-14; the preferences that are generic to all codes are not included in
this table.
Table C-1 Preferences

Possible Default
Item Description
Values Value
Toggle for design load combinations

that include a time history designed for
the envelope of the time history, or
designed step-by-step for the entire
Multi-Response Envelopes, time history. If a single design load
Envelopes
Case Design Step-by-Step combination has more than one time
history case in it, that design load
combination is designed for the enve-
lopes of the time histories, regardless
of what is specified here.
C-1
Possible Default
Item Description
Values Value
Number of equally spaced interaction

Number curves used to create a full 360 deg
Multiple of 4
Interaction 24 interaction surface (this item should be
4
Curves a multiple of four). We recommend 24
for this item.
Number of points used for defining a

Any odd value
Number 11 single curve in a concrete frame;
5
should be odd
Consider Toggle to consider if minimum eccen-

Minimum No, Yes Yes tricity is considered in design.
Eccentricity
Phi Strength reduction factor for rebar

>0 0.85
(Steel)
Phi The strength reduction factor for con-

>0 0.5
(Concrete) crete
Pattern Live The scale factor for performing pattern

0 0.75
Load Factor loading for live loads
Utilization Stress ratios that are less than or equal

>0 1.0
Factor Limit to this value are considered acceptable
C-2 Appendix C
Appendix D
Concrete Frame Overwrites
The concrete frame design overwrites are basic assignments that apply only to
those elements to which they are assigned. Table D-1 lists concrete frame design
overwrites for CSA A23.3-14. Default values are provided for all overwrite
items. Thus, it is not necessary to specify or change any of the overwrites.
However, at least review the default values to ensure they are acceptable. When
changes are made to overwrite items, the program applies the changes only to
the elements to which they are specifically assigned.
Table D-1 Overwrites

Possible Default
Item Description
Values Value
The design section for the selected
Current Any defined frame objects. When this overwrite is
Analysis applied, any previous auto select
Design concrete
section section assigned to the frame object is
Section section
removed.
D-1
Possible Default
Item Description
Values Value
Ductile Frame type per moment frame defini-
Element Moderately From tion given in CSA 2.2. The program
Type Ductile, Reference default is Ductile, which the user can
Conventional overwrites if needed.
The reduced live load factor. A reduci-
Live Load ble live load is multiplied by this factor to
Reduction 0 Calculated obtain the reduced live load for the
Factor frame object. Specifying 0 means the
value is program determined.
Unbraced length factor for buckling
about the frame object major axis. This
item is specified as a fraction of the
Unbraced frame object length. Multiplying this
Length Ratio 0 Calculated factor times the frame object length
(Major) gives the unbraced length for the object.
Specifying 0 means the value is
program determined.
Unbraced length factor for buckling
about the frame object minor axis.
Multiplying this factor times the frame
Unbraced object length gives the unbraced length
Length Ratio 0 Calculated for the object. Specifying 0 means the
(Minor) value is program determined. This
factor is also used in determining the
length for lateral-torsional buckling.
See CSA, 10.15.1. Effective length
Effective factor for buckling about the frame
Length Factor >0 Calculated object major axis. This item is specified
(K Major) as a fraction of the frame object length.
See CSA, 10.15.1. Effective length
Effective factor for buckling about the frame
Length Factor >0 Calculated object minor axis. This item is specified
(K Minor) as a fraction of the frame object length.
Force Modifi- Ductility related force modification fac-
cation Factor 1.0 tor. See NBC Table 4.1.8.9 for details.
(Rd)
Force Modifi- Overstrength related force modification
cation Factor 1.0 factor. See NBC Table 4.1.8.9 for de-
(Ro) tails.
D-2 Appendix D
Appendix D - Concrete Frame Overwrites
Possible Default
Item Description
Values Value
Maximum Ag- Maximum aggregate size used in con-
gregate Size 25mm crete. Concrete shear strength depends
(ag) on it.
See CSA 10.15.3.2. Factor relating
Moment actual moment diagram to an equiva-
Coefficient >0 Calculated lent uniform moment diagram about the
(Cm Major) frame object major axis.
See CSA 10.15.3.2. Factor relating
Moment actual moment diagram to an equiva-
Coefficient >0 Calculated lent uniform moment diagram about the
(Cm Minor) frame object minor axis.
NonSway See CSA 10.15.3.1. The magnified
Moment non-sway moment factor amplified for
>0 Calculated the effects of member curvature about
Factor
(Db major) the frame object major axis.
NonSway See CSA 10.15.3.1. The magnified
Moment non-sway moment factor amplified for
>0 Calculated the effects of member curvature about
Factor
(Db minor) the frame object minor axis.
See CSA 10.16.3.1. The magnified
Sway Moment sway moment factor shall be taken as
From the column end moments calculated
Factor 1
Reference using a second-order analysis about
(Ds major)
the frame object major axis.
See CSA 10.16.3.1. The magnified
Sway Moment sway moment factor shall be taken as
From the column end moments calculated
Factor 1
Reference using a second-order analysis about
(Ds minor)
the frame object minor axis.
Overwrites D-3
References
CSA, 2014. A23.3-14, Design of Concrete Structures, Canadian Standards As-

sociation, 5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada,
L4W 5NG.
CSI, 2014. CSI Analysis Reference Manual, Computers and Structures, Inc.,
Walnut Creek, California.
NRCC, 2005, National Building Code of Canada, Canadian Commission on

Building and Fire Code, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal
Rd., Ottowa, ON KIA 929.
White, D. W. and J. F. Hajjar, 1991. Application of Second-Order Elastic

Analysis in LRFD: Research to Practice, Engineering Journal, American
Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Vol. 28, No. 4.

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Concrete Frame Design Manual

ISO SAP091415M28 Rev. 0

Copyright Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978-2015

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:

Computers and Structures, Inc.

info@csiamerica.com (for general information)

CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE

THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL

THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THE SOFTWARE MUST BE CHECKED BY A

1.1 Organization 1-2

1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice 1-3

Chapter 2 Design Prerequisites

2.1 Design Load Combinations 2-1

2.2 Design and Check Stations 2-3

2.3 Identifying Beams and Columns 2-3

2.4 Design of Beams 2-3

2.5 Design of Columns 2-4

2.6 Design of Joints 2-5

2.7 P-Delta Effects 2-6

2.8 Element Unsupported Length 2-6

2.9 Choice of Input Units 2-7

Chapter 3 Design Process

3.1 Notation 3-1

3.2 Design Load Combinations 3-4

3.3 Limits on Material Strength 3-5

3.4 Strength Resistance Factors 3-6

3.5 Column Design 3-7

3.5.1 Generation of Biaxial Interaction Surface 3-7

3.6 Beam Design 3-26

3.6.1 Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement 3-26

3.7 Joint Design 3-45

3.7.1 Determine the Panel Zone Shear Force 3-45

Chapter 4 Design Output

4.1 Overview 4-1

4.2 Graphical Display of Design Information 4-2

4.3 Tabular Display of Design Output 4-4

4.4 Member Specific Information 4-6

4.5 Error Messages and Warnings 4-10

Appendix A Second Order P-Delta Effects

Appendix B Member Unsupported Lengths and Computation

Appendix C Concrete Frame Design Preferences

Appendix D Concrete Frame Overwrites

The design of concrete frames is seamlessly integrated within the program.

The design is based on a set of user-specified loading combinations. However,

The biaxial column capacity check is based on the generation of consistent

Interaction surfaces are generated for user-specified column reinforcing con-

All beam-column joints are investigated for existing shear conditions.

1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice

http://www.csiamerica.com, before attempting to design a concrete frame. Ad-

Recommended Reading/Practice 1-3

This chapter provides an overview of the basic assumptions, design precondi-

2.1 Design Load Combinations

For multi-valued load combinations involving response spectrum, time history,

When a design combination involves only a single multi-valued case of time

2-2 Design Load Combinations

2.2 Design and Check Stations

2.3 Identifying Beams and Columns

2.4 Design of Beams

Design and Check Stations 2-3