MS 09 - Ccanz - Org.nz PDF

New Zealand Commentary
on the Precast Concrete Handbook

Introduction
The New Zealand Commentary on the Precast Concrete Handbook is found in the yellow pages at the back of this
document. It is intended as a guide that New Zealand engineers should consult when using the Handbook.
Please note:
1. Where no commentary is given, the text in the Handbook is considered suitable for New Zealand conditions,
provided New Zealand standards, codes and practices are followed.
2. Tables and diagrams in the Commentary replace the equivalent tables and diagrams in the Handbook.
New Zealand Commentary - 1

CONTENTS
of the New Zealand Commentary
on the Precast Concrete Handbook
The New Zealand Commentary has the same chapter headings and subheadings as the Handbook (see Contents
list on pages VI to IX of the Handbook), except that the Commentary omits those subheadings for which no
commentary is given.
Chapter 1 History and Applications

Chapter 2 Products and Processes.
Chapter 3 Materials and Material Properties
Chapter 4 Tolerances
Chapter 5 Analysis and Design of Buildings
Chapter 6 Design of Elements
Chapter 7 Connections and Fixings
Chapter 8 Design of Joints
Chapter 9 Thermal and Acoustic Properties
Chapter 10 Architectural Elements
Chapter 11 Handling, Transport and Erection
Chapter 12 Contract Issues
Appendix A
A.1 Design Information (no New Zealand Commentary)
A.2 Material Properties (New Zealand Commentary provided
A.3 Properties of Geometric Sections (no New Zealand Commentary)
A.4 Metric Units and Conversion Factors (no New Zealand Commentary)
Appendix B (applies to New Zealand Commentary only)

B.1 New Zealand Standards
B.2 Australian Standards and other Standards
B.3 Bibliography
B.4 Precast New Zealand: Members and Contact Details
B.5 Precast New Zealand: Members Product Lists
2 - New Zealand Commentary

Thanks
The Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand and Precast New Zealand would like to thank the following
contributors for their help in compiling the New Zealand Commentary:
Colin Beavis Wilco Precast Limited

Ross Cato Precast New Zealand Inc.
Dene Cook Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand
Mike Donn School of Architecture, Victoria University of Wellington
Rod Fulford Stahlton Prestressed Flooring
Morten Gjerde CCANZ Fellow, Victoria University of Wellington
Dr Peter Johnstone Romulus Consulting Group Limited
Alan Kirby Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand
Derek Lawley Reid Engineering Systems (New Zealand)
Dr James Mackechnie CCANZ Fellow, University of Canterbury
Len McSaveney Golden Bay Cement
Duncan Morrison Stresscrete
Chris Munn Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand
Keith Norgate Stresscrete
Dean Penny Stresscrete
Andre van Blerk Reid Engineering Systems (New Zealand)
Keith Towl Pacific Steel
Peter Watson Pre-Cast Components (Wellington) Limited
Disclaimer
Since the information provided in both the Precast Concrete Handbook and the New Zealand Commentary is intended for guidance only and
in no way replaces the services of professional consultants on particular projects, no legal liability can be accepted by the National Precast
Concrete Association Australia or the Concrete Institute of Australia or the Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand or Precast New
Zealand.
Both the Precast Concrete Handbook and New Zealand Commentary are intended for use by professional personnel who are competent to
evaluate the significance and limitations of the contents, and are able to accept responsibility for the application of the information provided.
The New Zealand Commentary on the Precast Concrete Handbook was published by the Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand and
Precast New Zealand in March 2004.
For further information:

www.cca.org.nz
www.precastnz.org.nz
New Zealand Commentary - 3

Precast Concrete Handbook New Zealand Commentary
CHAPTER 1
History and Applications
The following text is reprinted from an article that appeared in Issue 27, November 2001, of National Precaster, the
magazine of National Precast Concrete Association Australia.

1.1 Brief History
The 90s and beyond
Precast and precast prestressed concrete systems are
now the preferred method of constructing suspended
floors and building frames in New Zealand. In particular
precast concrete has achieved floor to floor cycle
times which are equal to or, in many cases, superior to,
Precast New Zealand Inc, a sister organisation of
the NPCAA, formed in 1999, promotes, fosters and
structural steelwork. This is supported by contractors 1
who no longer consider that the erection of precast
develops the interests of the precast concrete industry 1.1
concrete frames and shear walls are on the critical path
within New Zealand.
of building construction. The in situ content on building
Industry Background sites has been further reduced by the development
of precast prestressed support beams and precast
Since the early 1960s there has been a steady increase reinforced column/beam frame assemblies.
in the use of precast concrete in New Zealand for
structural components. Precasters have developed skills As for the future - while concrete can be customised to
to meet the increasing demand, using their experience be all things to all people, the standardisation of building
with increasingly popular loadbearing and non- elements, from manufacture, through transport to site
loadbearing cladding units. Precast flooring systems very erection and installation, should lead to the greatest
rapidly became commonplace with the development economic benefits in multi-storey construction. This
of standard profiles, leaving in situ floor construction includes reduction in design office time, which is also a
generally less common and uncompetitive. real cost of construction. Precast NZ Inc. therefore has,
as one of its industry projects, a complete overhaul of
Until the late 70s to early 1980s, the use of precast the building and infrastructure markets with a view to
elements for seismic resistance in moment-resisting further streamlining the speed and cost of construction
frames and walls was the exception rather than the rule. through standardisation. This does not mean that
However, with the availability of deformed reinforcing innovative designers cannot continue to work with
bar splice sleeves and foot and plate connectors, the versatility of concrete but it may mean innovative
combined with their competent performance in hinge designs are more often implemented through the use of
regions of earthquake resistant structures, precast standardised components.
concrete buildings could now offer the same advantage
that steel buildings long held.
During the 1980s construction boom, the popularity
of hollowcore flooring systems, and indeed precast
component buildings in general, grew out of the
requirement to build high quality cost effective
structures quickly; precast concrete flooring offers
flat or ribbed soffits for architectural effect and most
importantly, it has less environmental impact during
construction due to the reduction of wet trades on site.
Moreover, for the whole structure, off-site precasting of
structural frames (cruciform elements), columns, solid
beams and shell beams offered the advantage of speed
of construction.
11
1.2 New Zealand Case Study:

Spencer on Byron
! Ease of installation: The configuration of the
cruciform columns allowed precast components
to be installed quickly, requiring minimal labour and
propping systems to locate.
! Standardised design: All precast components
were the same configuration from basement to the
Presented hereunder is an excellent example of a
top of the structure. This allowed efficient utilisation

prestigious Auckland building, Spencer on Byron, where of moulds and a shorter procurement period.
the project managers Multiplex Constructions (NZ) Ltd,
A.D.C Architects and Stephen R Mitchell Consultant ! Minimised temporary support
Structural Engineer, chose a totally precast skeletal requirement: Because the design provided the
frame form of construction for its landmark project on ability to take the full construction load without
Aucklands North Shore. specialist propping, benefits were reductions in
components to be relocated with each floor cycle, in
This 25 storey residential building containing 249
turn, reducing the site labour requirements.
apartments plus penthouses, with an average of 14
apartments per 1000 m2 typical floor, takes advantage ! Reduced labour cost: The configuration of
1 of the repetitive nature of high rise building structures. the precast components negated the need for floor
Close liaison between the architect and the engineer slab formwork and with 90% of the reinforcing
1.2 during design development created a precast building requirements incorporated in the precast, again
with a minimum of component types, all of which had greatly reduced the requirement for site labour for
the architectural details incorporated into the precast floor slab preparation.
components.
! Short programme cycle: Programmed
Spencer on Byron is fully precast with the only in situ floor cycle time was 7 working days. This was
concrete within the superstructure being the shell beam reduced to 6 days and fit out load in requirements
cores, precast floor topping and wall-beam stitch joints. still accommodated by the one on-site crane. The
It featured concrete topped pre-stressed hollowcore site team did demonstrate that when required, a
floor elements which created a structure with no structural floor cycle could be achieved in 4 days.
internal columns, an obvious advantage for architectural This was solely due to the structural compact design
planning. The building has a precast concrete shear wall allowing ease of installation and no requirements for
core and the external frames are precast cruciform in a support system.
one direction and a precast beam/column system in
the other direction. The repetitive use of few moulds in ! Early fit out access: A further benefit from
the precasters factory has permitted many advantages this being the service trades could commence at an
perhaps best summed up by the comments made by earlier stage of the cycle.
the Project Manager, Dave Heritage: For further information about the New Zealand precast
industry including Member details and list of publications,
visit the Precast NZ Inc. website www.precastnz.org.nz
Spencer on Byron building under construction

Precast cruciform beam and column layout
12

1
1.2
Spencer on Byron completed structure
13
CHAPTER 2
Products and Processes
This Commentary is intended for New Zealand engineers using Chapter 2 of the Precast Concrete Handbook
published in 2002 by the National Precast Concrete Association Australia and Concrete Institute of Australia. The
headings in this Commentary are the same as in the Handbook. Where no commentary is given, the text in the
Handbook is considered suitable for New Zealand, provided New Zealand standards, codes and practices are used.
Tables and diagrams in the Commentary replace those in the Handbook.
2.1 Introduction 2.2 Building components
2
2.2 Designers should refer to Appendices B.4 and B.5 2.2.1 Floors
of this Commentary and to PCNZ and its website
Instead of Figure 2.2.1.1 in the Handbook, refer to Figure
(www.PrecastNZ.org.nz) for advice on New Zealand
2.2.1.1 in this Commentary. This shows indicative spans
manufacturers and their products.
for flooring products generally used in New Zealand.
Individual manufacturers should be contacted for section
properties and load span tables of their particular
products.
The following summarises the precast concrete flooring
systems commonly used in New Zealand:
Rib and Timber Infill Floors
Rib and timber infill systems are commonly used in New
Zealand buildings. They are described in the PCNZ
publication PCNZ Guide to the Installation of Rib and
Timber Infill Flooring Systems which may be printed from
www.PrecastNZ.org.nz
Individual manufacturers should be contacted for section
properties and load span tables of their particular
product.
Hollowcore floors
Hollowcore floors are widely used in New Zealand but
almost invariably with at least 65mm topping. Special
end seating requirements, including a minimum of
75mm seating, have been the subject of recent (late
2003) amendments to the New Zealand concrete
code, NZS3101. These amendments incorporate
recommendations by the precast flooring technical
advisory group (TAG), following extensive testing at
Canterbury University. Copies of the TAG groups
recommendations can be obtained from the Cement
and Concrete Association of New Zealand - see
Bibliography (Appendix B.3).
The testing has highlighted the need for designers
to consider deformation compatibilities between
all flooring systems (not just hollowcore) and their
supports during severe seismic events and then to detail
their supports accordingly.
It is not New Zealand practice to separately grout shear
keys. Individual manufacturers should be contacted
for section properties and load span tables of their
particular product.
21
Composite flooring Beams

This product is not made in New Zealand at present, A number of New Zealand precast manufacturers can
although some manufacturers have a similar product. manufacture solid prestressed beams. The design charts
in this commentary can be used for preliminary sizing.
Solid slabs
Reinforced precast solid and half beams are also
A similar product is in common use in New Zealand.
available in varying widths and depths. Individual
Although usually 75 mm thick, it can be up to 125mm
manufacturers should be contacted for details of
thick and occasionally greater. It is usually 1.2 m or 2.4 m

available sizes.
wide and requires 75 mm end seating. In New Zealand
it is made without shear keys and is usually topped Beam shells
with at least 65 mm of concrete topping. Flat slabs are
Members as described in Section 2.2.1.7 of the
commonly used in residential applications and light
Handbook are uncommon in New Zealand although
commercial buildings and these require intermediate
some precast manufacturers can manufacture such
propping for spans greater than 3.5 to 4 m.
beams. Instead, common New Zealand practice is to use
For special orders it may be possible to make a thicker shell beams, typically with widths of either 400 mm or
unit. 600 mm and depths of up to 600 mm.
Individual manufacturers should be contacted for section Individual manufacturers should be contacted for section
properties and load span tables of their particular properties and load span tables of their particular 2
product. product.
2.2
Double Tees Grandstand seating units (Bleachers)
This product is commonly used in New Zealand for A number of New Zealand precast manufacturers can
commercial and industrial floors. Double Tees are manufacture bleachers. Individual manufacturers should
particularly useful where there may be a number of be contacted regarding the availability and section
penetrations in the floor. Single Tees are not commonly properties of their moulds, although new moulds can be
specified. Individual manufacturers should be contacted made for significant jobs.
for section properties and load span tables of their
particular product.
22
Figure 2.2.1.1
2
2.2
23
2.2.2 Walls 2.2.5 Stairways

2.2.2.1 Architectural wall panels 2.2.5.1 Multi-storey construction
This section is suitable for New Zealand, but refer The local authoritys egress requirements for the
also to the New Zealand Commentary on Chapter 7: number of risers permitted between landings, and other
Connections and Fittings. restrictions, should be checked.
2.2.2.2 Hollowcore wall panels Caution should be exercised when considering the
use of the suggested connection configurations. Usual
Hollowcore wall panels are not typically used in New
practice is to isolate stairways from core elements so
Zealand. Designers who wish to consider the use

that the stairway does not attract additional lateral
of hollowcore slabs as wall panels should refer to a
forces from a surrounding shearwall core. Stairways
hollowcore manufacturer and discuss details, availability
should remain structurally viable for the safe passage
and section properties.
of pedestrian traffic after accommodating seismically
induced movements. Each connection should be
designed to achieve this.
2.2.4 Columns
2.2.4.1 Precast columns 2
Caution should be exercised when considering the
use of the suggested connection configurations. Each 2.2
connection may be required to transmit combined
gravity and lateral loads according to NZS 4203, the
Loadings Code. In the case of seismic load transfer, the
connection design will be determined by the structural
ductility factor used.
Precast column charts
These are a useful guide but the final design should be
checked for compliance with NZS 3101.
24
2.3 Bridge Components

The Stage 1 report (No. 252) aimed to determine the
current range of shapes available from manufacturers
and the likely future shapes that would be suitable for
New Zealand conditions. Detailed designs and drawings
are to be produced in Stage 2 of the project.
The bridge beam shapes in Figure 2.3 of this
Transfund New Zealand in conjunction with the Cement Commentary are proposed as New Zealand Standard
and Concrete Association of New Zealand have funded Precast Bridge Beams for which details of designs and
a research program (undertaken by Beca Carter drawings are to be produced, in Stage 2 of the project.
Hollings and Ferner, OPUS International Consultants
and Precast New Zealand) into standard bridge beams
available in New Zealand. The reader is referred to their
authoritative report.
Figure 2.3
2 New Standard Precast Bridge Beams ( Transfund New Zealand Report No. 252)
2.3
25
2.4 Civil Components

Double hollow core beams up to 900mm deep are also
readily available in New Zealand with spans up to 25m.
Super T (T-Roff) beams are also available up to 1.5m
deep and capable of spanning 38m.
2.3.1 Highway Bridges 2.4.1 Substructures

See also comments above, under 2.3 Bridge The selection charts on 2-38 and 2-39 of the Handbook

Components. are indicative only. Accordingly, the designer must
Care should be taken when using the selection charts determine the appropriate live loads and section
shown on page 2-22 of the Handbook for comparing availability and design for New Zealand conditions.
Australian and New Zealand cross sections in order to Piles (square/octagonal)
take into account any differences in:
The 50 mm cover shown in the examples in the
! applied traffic loads and Handbook may need to be adjusted, depending on
the cement type, concrete properties and exposure
! allowable materials code properties. conditions. The allowable service loads given in the table
should be checked against NZS 4203.
2
2.3.2 Rail Bridges
2.3
The cross sections in the Handbook shown may not 2.4
be available in New Zealand. Designers should consult 2.5
New Zealand precast manufacturers to determine
what sections are available locally. Appropriate applied
loadings will be specified by the user of the rail track
2.5 Component Manufacture and Production
system. Facilities
2.3.3.1 Comparative Selection Chart for
Pedestrian and Cycleway Bridges
The selection chart on page 2-33 of the Handbook is
indicative only. The sections shown may not be available
in New Zealand, and availability within New Zealand
will vary with locality. Accordingly, the designer must 2.5.5 Moulds
determine the appropriate live loads and design for local
New Zealand conditions. The availability of complex liners and unusual finishes
should be discussed with the precast manufacturer at an
Culverts for highways in New Zealand are designed early stage.
using the Transit Bridge Manual and NZS 3101.
2.5.6 Concrete
Do not specify higher strengths than necessary. Factors
other than strength may have a greater effect on
durability.
The precasters need to achieve a high early strength
for handling on prestressing will normally determine
the grade of concrete to be used in manufacture.
If the structural designer has concerns about
excessive strength, these should be made clear to the
manufacturer before the contract is awarded.
26
CHAPTER 3
Materials and Material Properties
published by the National Precast Concrete Association Australia and Concrete Institute of Australia. The headings
in this Commentary are the same as in the Handbook. Where no Commentary is given, the text in the Handbook is
considered suitable for New Zealand, provided New Zealand standards, codes and practices are used. Tables in the
Commentary replace those in the Handbook.
3.3 Materials
3.3.2 Supplementary cementitious
materials (SCMs)
There is no New Zealand Standard for Supplementary
Cementitious Materials for Use with Portland Cement.
3 The appropriate parts of Australian Standard AS 3582
can be used.
3.3 3.3.1 Cement
3.3.3 Aggregates
Cements in New Zealand should comply with:
Aggregates in New Zealand should comply with
! NZS 3122 Portland and blended cements (General NZS 3121 Specification for Water and Aggregate for
and special purpose) Concrete. Methods of Test for Water and Aggregate for
! NZS 3123 Portland pozzolan cement - Type PP Concrete are given in NZS 3111.
cement To comply with NZS 3121, aggregates shall be (a)
! NZS 3125 Portland-limestone filler cement
physically suitable and of adequate cleanness for the
economic production of concrete with plastic properties
With reference to Table 3.1 on pages 3-4 of the Precast satisfactory for handling and placing (b) free of significant
Concrete Handbook, the following cements are also quantities of materials which may deleteriously affect
covered by New Zealand Standards: the intended performance or long term durability of the
concrete. The grading and cleanness value requirements
SR Sulphate Resisting Cement (NZS 3122). For
for coarse aggregates, and the desired sand flow times,
use in concrete in contact with, or subject to
void contents and cleanness values for sands, are
exposure to sulphates.
stipulated in NZS 3111.
SL Shrinkage Limited Cement (NZS 3122). For
Additionally, Section 6.4 Aggregate and Water of NZS
use where emphasis is placed on drying
3109:1997 Concrete Construction stipulates aggregate
shrinkage and crack control.
selection and use precautions associated with Alkali
PP Portland Pozzolan Cement (NZS 3123). Aggregate Reaction (see also the revised CCANZ
Concretes produced from this type of cement publication: TR03 Alkali Silica Reaction), and comments
have a relatively low heat of hydration, and on the maximum aggregate size consistent with
increased resistance to sulphate attack. The reinforcement spacing and cover, member dimensions,
inclusion of pozzolan also inhibits harmful and finishing requirements.
expansion that may result from alkali-aggregate
3.3.4 Water
interaction. Other characteristics of type PP
cement concrete include relatively high long- In New Zealand, water should comply with NZS 3121
term strengths, reduced permeability, and, in Specification for Water and Aggregate for Concrete.
certain cases, relatively low strengths at early The general requirement is that water shall be free from
ages. significant amounts of impurities which may deleteriously
affect the setting, hardening, or strength of concrete or
PLCF Portland-Limestone (NZS 3125). Concretes
its long-term durability. [Note: The use of recycled wash
produced from this cement generally show
water as part of the water added to concrete when it
enhanced workability properties, which can
is batched is a relatively recent phenomenon in New
allow for some strength adjustments.
Zealand - driven by the Resource Management Act
1991 - and requires special consideration.]
31
3.3.5 Chemical admixtures concrete reinforcement are still manufactured to NZS

3421 and NZS 3422, respectively (despite the fact that
The New Zealand Standard Specification for Chemical
these standards have been superseded).
Admixtures for Concrete is NZS 3113. However, this
Standard is generally considered as outdated - the Shape
latest revision was in 1979. Instead, either the Australian

Reinforcing bars in sizes 2.8mm and up are available in
Standard AS 1478.1 or the American Society for Testing
New Zealand.
and Materials specifications ASTM C260 and C494 can be
adopted, but this should be discussed with the intended Ductility Class
admixture suppliers.
Class L reinforcement is not generally available in New
Table 3.3 of the Precast Concrete Handbook is relevant in Zealand. Hard drawn reinforcing wire and reinforcing
New Zealand. fabric are produced to NZS 3421 and NZS 3422
respectively - refer to comments under 3.3.8 above.
[Note: Chloride Content: Section 6.6, Chlorides, of NZS
3109 Concrete Construction prescribes limits on the total Class N reflects the normal ductility of hot rolled bars
chloride content of concrete arising from aggregate, mixing for low ductility requirements and non-seismic design.
water and admixtures.] NZS 3101 states that Class N reinforcement can be
used only if particular conditions are met.
3.3.6 Pigments (Oxides)
The section on pigments in the Handbook is relevant to
Class E reflects the high ductility of hot rolled bars, 3
which is required for seismic design requirements. The
New Zealand.
rules in NZS 3101 are based on Class E. 3.3
3.3.7 Reinforcement
Strength Grade
The New Zealand equivalent of AS 3600 is NZS 3101
In New Zealand, the commonly available grades of steel
Concrete Structures Standard.
reinforcing bars are Grade 300 and Grade 500.
3.3.8 Reinforcing bars
(Note: Grade 300E and 500E steel has weldability at least
Steel reinforcing bars are manufactured in New Zealand as good as 500N, with no change in properties as happens
to AS/NZS 4671 Steel Reinforcement Materials, which when quenched and self-tempered 500N is welded.)
superseded NZS 3402, NZS 3421 and NZS 3422.
The specified mechanical properties of reinforcing steels
However, hard drawn mild steel wire for concrete
used in New Zealand are set out in Table 3.4 in this
reinforcement, and welded fabric of drawn steel wire for
Commentary.
Table 3.4
Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Steels - AS/NZS 4671 and NZS 3421 & 3422
Grade of steel
Characteristic property 300E 500E 500N NZS 3421/3422

Yield Stress (MPa)
min Rek.l 300 500 500 485
max Rek.u 380 600 650 -
Ultimate Stress (MPa)
Min 575
Max 775*
Ratio Rm/Re
Min 1.15 1.15 1.08 -
Max 1.50 1.40 - -
Uniform elongation, su (%)
Min 15 10 5 -
* Max Ultimate Stress is 855MPa for reinforcement up to and including 3.15mm.

Commonly available bar sizes in New Zealand are shown in Tables 5a, b and c in this Commentary.
32
Table 3.5a and 3.5c

Nominal Values for Hot Rolled Plain and Deformed Bars of Grade 300E and 500E
Size Cross-sectional area (mm2) Mass/metre (kg)

6 28.3 0.222
10 78.5 0.617
12 113 0.888
16 201 1.58
20 314 2.47
25 491 3.85
32 804 6.31
40 1260 9.86
3
3.3
Table 3.5b
Nominal values for high strength deformed reinforcing wires
Size (mm) Cross-sectional area (mm2) Mass/metre length (kg)
3.15 7.8 0.061

4 12.6 0.099
5 19.6 0.154
5.3 22.1 0.173
6 28.3 0.222
6.3 31.2 0.245
7.1 39.6 0.311
7.5 44.2 0.347
8 50.3 0.395
9 63.6 0.499
9.5 70.9 0.556
10 78.5 0.617
11.2 98.5 0.773
33
3.3.9 Reinforcing mesh

New Zealand reinforcing fabric is produced to NZS 3422 - see also comment under 3.3.8 in this Commentary.
Available fabric sizes vary with suppliers. The more commonly available sizes are given in Table 3.6 in this
Commentary.
Table 3.6

Commonly available reinforcing fabric sizes available in New Zealand. Designation and
Effective cross-sectional areas (mm2/m) *
WIRE PITCH (SPACING) (MM)
75 150 210 260 300
4 338 668
2
168mm /m 84mm2/m
5.3 335 665 or 147 D84
2 2
294 mm /m 147 mm /m 85 mm2/m
3
5.6 84/10
(DIAMETER) (MM)
3.3
82 mm2/m
WIRE SIZE
6 664 or 188
188 mm2/m
6.3 333 663 or 212
416 mm2/m 208 mm2/m
7.1 662 or 264 132
264 mm2/m 132 mm2/m
7.5 661 212 147 or 147/10
2 2
295 mm /m 212 mm /m 147 mm2/m
Note: Sheet size, cover and description will vary depending on the manufacturer. Consult supplier for specific information.
34
3.4 Concrete and concrete properties

3.3.10 Steel fibre reinforcement
The use of steel fibre reinforcement is expected to be
included as an Appendix to the new NZS 3101.
3.3.11 Prestressing tendons
This section is relevant to New Zealand.

3.4.1 General
Note: A Draft for Public Comment of AS/NZS 4672
In New Zealand, concrete should be specified in
- Steel Prestressing Materials is available on Standards
accordance with NZS 3104 and 3109.
New Zealands website: www.standards.co.nz
The tests and criteria for checking compliance of
3.3.12 Prestressing hardware
concrete are stipulated in Section 9 of NZS 3109.
This section is relevant to New Zealand.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is being widely used
3.3.13 Welding of reinforcement in the precast concrete industry internationally, and its
use in New Zealand is increasing. Currently, SCC is
Carbon equivalent and welding provisions are specific
not covered by either NZS 3119 or NZS 3104, but
to Grade 300E and Grade 500E in New Zealand. Refer
its use will be encouraged by the proposed revision of
to a supplier or welding engineer for qualified welding
NZS3101.
3 procedures that comply with AS/NZS 1554.3
The New Zealand equivalent of AS 3600 is NZS 3101.
3.3 3.3.14 Mechanical splicing
3.4.2 Workability
3.4 This section is relevant to New Zealand.
This section of the Precast Concrete Handbook provides
3.3.15 Durability considerations for
a generic-type commentary, which is equally relevant in
reinforcement, tendons and cast-in
New Zealand.
place items.
3.4.3 Compressive strength
Concrete Cover
In New Zealand, the total acid-soluble chloride content
a generic-type commentary, which is equally relevant to
of concrete is limited in NZS 3109. The stipulated
New Zealand.
maximums are as follows:
3.4.4 Tensile strength
! Prestressed concrete: 0.50 kg/m3
Unlike AS 3600, NZS 3101 does not provide values for
! Reinforced concrete: tensile strength. Typically, the tensile strength is taken as
(a) Located in a moist environment or 2/3 of the modulus of rupture.
exposed to chloride 0.08 kg/m3 The average modulus of rupture, fr, for normal weight
(b)Located in a dry or protected from concrete, and the values to be used for the purposes
moisture environment 1.60 kg/m3 of calculating deflections of members, are given in
3.8.1.3.1 and 3.8.1.3.2, respectively, of NZS 3101:1995.
The requirements for cover to reinforcement steel Modifications for the use of lightweight concrete are
and tendons, for both durability and fire resistance, are given in 3.8.1.3.3.
stipulated in NZS 3101. Durability may be enhanced, or
cover reduced, by the use of pozzolanic additives such as 3.4.5 Modulus of elasticity
microsilica or fly ash. 3.8.1.2 of NZS 3101:1995 provides details of the
modulus of elasticity for concrete, Ec, to be used in
design.
35
3.5 Grouts and Mortars

3.4.6 Poissons Ratio
3.8.1.4 of NZS 3101:1995 states that Poissons Ratio for
concrete, v, shall be taken as 0.2 or as determined from
suitable data.

3.4.7 Coefficient of thermal expansion
3.8.1.5 of NZS 3101:1995 states that the coefficient of The contents of sections 3.5.1 to 3.5.4 (inclusive) are
thermal expansion for concrete shall either be taken as generic in nature, and are equally relevant to New
12 x 10-6/ C or determined from suitable data. Zealand.
3.4.8 Shrinkage and creep

a generic-type commentary, which is equally relevant
to New Zealand. Refer to NZS3101 for the creep and
shrinkage properties of New Zealand concretes.
3.4.9 Permeability and absorption
a generic-type commentary, which is equally relevant to 3
New Zealand. 3.4
3.5
36
CHAPTER 4
Tolerances
published by the National Precast Concrete Association Australia and Concrete Institute of Australia. This
Commentary is general in nature and does not follow the headings in the Handbook. Where no Commentary is
given, the text in the Handbook is considered suitable for New Zealand, provided New Zealand standards, codes
and practices are used.
Preamble Cumulative Effects

Tolerances
The contents of this chapter are a useful guide for New A supporting structure and the precast element being
Zealand conditions, and provide useful examples of fitted to the structure can both be within their individual
good practice, subject to the following comments. tolerances, but an adverse combination of tolerances of
different elements can produce unanticipated problems.
Tolerances for New Zealand practice are specified
For instance, an opening within a structure may be filled
4 in NZS 3109 Concrete Construction but more
with several precast panels side by side. Each of the
comprehensive and appropriate information for New
panels may be oversize but within tolerance, and the
Zealand conditions is given in Chapter 8, Tolerances
structural opening into which they are to be located
of the Guidelines for the Use of Structural Precast
may be undersize and also within tolerance and yet the
Concrete in Buildings (Second Edition) from the Centre
combination does not fit as intended. This situation may
for Advanced Engineering, University of Canterbury,
occur, although statistically it should be infrequent.
Christchurch.
It should be recognised that within tolerance variations
Additional items for consideration are as follows:
in panel length can produce relatively large and
Manufacturing Tolerances noticeable variations in the width of the joints between
the panels.
Tighter tolerances than normally used should not be
specified without discussion with the precaster, erector Cast In Precast Elements
and builder. Tighter tolerances than necessary can have
Larger variations in length can be accommodated
significant impact on costs owing to the greater levels
in items such as precast floor ribs, which are cast
of skill and supervision required and the higher than
into in situ concrete at each end. These are usually
normal reject rates.
manufactured with greater length tolerances.
Time
Temperature Differentials
Concrete shrinkage and creep are time-dependant,
Temperature differentials due to exposure of one face
and tolerances will be affected by the time elapse since
of an element to the sun will cause curvature, which
casting and the relative ages of both the precast element
varies over 24-hour cycles. Creep effects can cause
and the supporting structure
some of the curvature to become permanent. These
effects can be significant in the case of long slender
elements.
41
CHAPTER 5
Analysis and Design of Buildings

headings in this Commentary are the same as in the Handbook. Where no Commentary is given, the text in the
Preamble
In New Zealand the design of precast structures is generally governed by consideration of the behaviour of buildings
in the earthquake ultimate limit state. Chapter 5 of the Handbook focuses more on the wind design considerations,
which have greater relevance in Australia. Its is recommended that, for New Zealand conditions, designers refer to
NZS 3101, Concrete Structures Standard, Guidelines for the Use of Structural Precast Concrete in Buildings (see
Reference 5.6 under 5.10 in the Handbook) instead of Section 5.6 in the Handbook. (Note: Reference 5.6 is not
the same as Section 5.6; it is a coincidence that they both have the same number). Designers should also refer to a
report (nearing completion at the time of writing) by the Building Research Association of New Zealand (BRANZ)
on the design of slender precast panels.
5
5.1
5.2
5.1 Definitions and Notations 5.2 Introduction
5.1.1 Definitions This section of the Handbook implies that precast

moment-resisting structures are viable only for squat
The definition of a dual system, as stated in the
two and three storey structures. In fact, in New Zealand
Handbook, refers to one quarter of the horizontal load
many multi-storey structures have been built using this
being resisted by the space frame. No such requirement
construction technique.
exists in NZS3101.
This section of the Handbook also implies that the
5.1.2 Notation
most economical design solution is to strongly delineate
Some of the notation in the Handbook is a little between primary and secondary lateral load resisting
different to that used in NZS3101, and therefore elements. The Introduction suggests that secondary
engineers should refer to the latter. elements are designed as simply supported elements.
This may be an economic solution in many instances, but
designers who adopt it must not lose sight of the fact
that, because the structure is deformed laterally in an
earthquake, the secondary system will require horizontal
restraint to prevent P-delta forces causing instability.
These restraining forces are provided by the primary
lateral load system and need to be considered in the
analysis.
51
5.3 General Design Considerations and 5.4 Applied Loads and Actions
the Design Process
5.4.1 Earthquake loads and detailing

5.3.1 Building Code of Australia and The first two bullet points in the Handbook do not
Australian Standards requirements apply in New Zealand. Only bullet point 3 is relevant in
In New Zealand, the governing standard is NZS 3101 this country.
Concrete Structures Standards and the relevant code is
the Building Code of New Zealand.
5.3.2 Final design
This section of the Handbook implies that it is the
designers responsibility to provide guidance on how
the structure will be stabilised during construction.
5 This is not normally the case in New Zealand, where
the design of temporary works is the responsibility of 5.5 Control of Volume Change Deformations
5.3 the contractor. However, the design engineer needs and Restraint Forces
5.4 to consider the matter of stability during construction
5.5 when devising the construction method and sequence.
5.3.3 Lateral load-resisting system
Definition of building frame system. In New Zealand it is
common to refer to a structural system with respect to
its method of resisting lateral loads. The example given
in the Handbook would, in New Zealand, be more likely 5.5.4 Figure 5.6
called a shear wall structure. This figure in the Handbook is useful in that it shows
the components of the temperature profile. However,
the absolute values are unlikely to be attained in New
Zealands temperate environment.
52
5.6 Diaphragm Action 5.8 Base Fixity of Columns

This section provides some generic information that The illustration in Figure 5.18 in the Handbook may
is relevant in New Zealand. However, because New not be appropriate for a column that forms part of the
Zealand is a seismically active country, the requirements primary lateral load resisting elements.
of NZS 3101 should be followed. In addition,
please refer to the Preamble in this chapter of the
Commentary.
5.9 Analysis of Precast Buildings for

Horizontal Action
5
5.7 Shear Walls 5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
Examples. 5.1a and 5.1b focus only on the design
for wind loading. The details shown are considered
inappropriate in a seismic country such as New Zealand.
This section provides little information on the issues
specific to the design of precast walls. For more detailed
information, refer to NZS 3101 and the BRANZ
design guide on slender precast concrete panels. When
allocating earthquake actions to individual elements on
the basis of stiffness, it is important to consider torsional
loads as well. (Section 5.7 of the Handbook does not
consider these loads.)
53
CHAPTER 6
Design of Elements
Preliminary:
Design of Elements
Where Australian Standards or the Building Code of Australia are referenced in the text, the appropriate New
Zealand Standards must be substituted unless otherwise noted. This recommendation in particular applies to
NZS 4203 Loadings Code and NZS 3101 Concrete Structures Standard.
Note: NZS 3101:1995 is under review at the time of writing. Where this Commentary refers readers to sections
of NZS 3101:1995 it will be necessary to find the corresponding section in the new 3101, once this supersedes the
current edition.
6
6.1
6.3
6.1 Definitions and Notations 6.3 Design Principles
6.4
6.1.2 Notations This section of the Handbook is suitable for New

Zealand, except that the expression Ru S* should
This section of the Handbook is suitable for New
be replaced by the expression S* Sn (Eq. 3-8) of
Zealand, except that engineers should use the New
NZS 3101: Part 1:1995.
Zealand strength reduction factors from NZS 3101, for
example, from the 1995 edition:
= 0.85 for flexure
= 0.65 for bearing
= 0.75 for shear
6.4 Flexure and Shear
Discussion on the mechanics of design in the Handbook

is sound advice for New Zealand, except that engineers
should refer to NZS 3101 to ensure New Zealand
Code compliance.
61
6.5 Prestress Loss: Development Length 6.6 Design for Serviceability Limit States
and Anchorage Zones Deflection Control
6.5.1 Loss of Prestress Discussion in the following sections of the Handbook

refers to AS 3600 and is considered to be sound advice.
Prestress losses depend on the particular material
However, the reader should refer to NZS 3101 to
Design of Elements
properties, the magnitude of the stresses in the different
ensure New Zealand Code compliance.
materials, environmental factors, and time. Estimations
are used but the number of variables mean it is unlikely 6.6.4 Elastic deflection
that prestress losses and their effects can be calculated
NZS 3101 requires consideration of allowable tensile
to a reliable accuracy of better than 10% and in most
stress for elements of buildings and of bridges under
cases more than 30%. The calculation of prestress losses
prescribed circumstances.
affects serviceability calculations only.
6.5.2 Development Length for
prestressing tendons 6
This section of the Handbook is suitable for New 6.5
Zealand, except where it mentions the use of deflected 6.6
tendons. This is a means of controlling deflections and 6.7
transfer stresses. Few manufacturers in New Zealand 6.7 Crack Control
have prestressing beds designed to accommodate the
holding down forces required, and use of deflected
tendons should only be considered after consulting a
manufacturer.
6.5.3 Design of Anchorage Zones and end
blocks
This section of the Handbook is largely concerned This section of the Handbook is suitable for New
with post-tensioned design. Pretensioned concrete is Zealand, except that:
normally produced in factory conditions where large- 1. New Zealand design practice is to use different stress
scale production takes place. This enables manufacturers limits. Refer to Table 16.1 of NZS 3101:1995 for
to gain considerable practical experience in anchorage tension stress limits in prestressed concrete and steel
zone conditions. Individual designers will not normally stress ranges for different load categories, and to
become involved with design of anchorage zones in Table 3.4 of NZS 3101:1995 for crack widths.
pretensioned concrete.
2. For bridge design, note the requirement of 4.2.1 of
Anchorage zone stress conditions are self-checking in the Transit NZ Bridge Manual.
pretensioned concrete. The maximum stress occurs at
transfer, after which tendon relaxation, concrete creep Note: Displacement incompatibility can induce cracking
and shrinkage reduce the stresses on the concrete, while and spalling at the supports of precast floor and roof
the concrete continues increasing in strength over time. units. An example is the spalling caused by sun-camber
in the upper levels of parking buildings or slabs exposed
to the weather. Correctly detailed sliding or elastomeric
bearing pads are often recommended in this case.
62
6.8 Vibration Control 6.10 Specific design considerations
This section is generally applicable to New Zealand 6.10.6 Composite Topping

conditions. However, contrary to the assertion in
paragraph 6.8.3 of the Handbook, guidelines for ! See Cl 10.3.3.1 of NZS 3101:1995 for New Zealand
estimating walking vibrations have been developed and design practice requirements for horizontal shear
Design of Elements
the acceptability criteria in Masts PCI journal paper are transfer.

accepted in the precast industry. Thus, New Zealand ! Topping of precast floors in New Zealand is
engineers should refer to Reference 6.29 (Mast) in the commonly 20 or 25MPa. Higher strengths may be
Handbook and not to Reference 6.15 (Murray and specified when needed to increase floor capacity or
Allen). for durability.
6
6.8
6.9
6.10 6.9 Columns 6.11 Handling considerations
6.11
Instead of AS 3600 section 10.4, New Zealand engineers This chapter should be read in conjunction with the
should refer to NZS 3101:1995 section 8.4.11. However OSH Publication Approved Code of Practice for the Safe
New Zealand column design practice will almost always Handling, Transportation and Erection of Pre-cast Concrete
consider additional effects due to earthquake. See NZS available for free download on OSHs website:
3101 section 8.5 and Park, R. and Paulay, T. Reinforced http://www.osh.govt.nz/order/catalogue/196.shtml
Concrete Structures. (John Wiley and Sons, New York, Refer also to Chapter 11 of the Handbook and the
1995.) Commentary.
Table 6.10 in the Handbook shows a strand lifting
eye encased in steel electrical conduit. This is a wise
precaution (to ensure even loading) when multiple
strands are used to form a high capacity lifting eye, but it
is not suggested that it should be standard practice for
single-strand lifting eyes.
The comment on page 6-29 of the Handbook that a
lifting loop should consist of at least two seven wire
strands does not apply in New Zealand.
The paragraphs beginning Strand that has been... and
Also the bond... do not apply in New Zealand. Instead,
New Zealand engineers should note that: Strand
deformed with grip marks shall not be used for lifting
eyes unless the deformations will be embedded more
than 400mm into the concrete.
63
6.13 Appendix 6A: Design examples

EXAMPLE 6A.2 Loss of Prestress
Estimation of prestress losses is vital when determining
serviceability state conditions of a prestressed concrete
unit. Prestress losses affect the concrete stresses
and deflections at various stages. This is particularly
Preliminary: significant if the sections may crack under load. Loss of
prestress is affected by factors such as steel relaxation
Where Australian Standards or the Building Code of
and concrete shrinkage and creep, each of which is
Australia are referenced in the text the appropriate
affected by other variables.
New Zealand Standards must be substituted unless
Design of Elements
otherwise noted. This recommendation in particular
applies to NZS 4203 Loadings Code and NZS 3101
Concrete Structures Standard. EXAMPLE 6A.3 Debonding of strands
Note: NZS 3101:1995 is under review at the time of For information on transfer lengths, refer to the
writing. Readers should refer to the appropriate section comments on design example 6A.1 in this Commentary.
of the current version of all codes and standards.
EXAMPLE 6A.4 Deflection of a 6
EXAMPLE 6A.1 - Design of a precast beam prestressed beam
for strength at transfer Deflections of prestressed members depend on 6.13
Pretensioned units typically hog upwards on transfer of assumptions about prestress losses, modulus of elasticity,
prestress, at which stage they are likely to span from end and concrete creep (all of which vary over time and
to end, and the distance lb (End of beam to centre of with temperature and exposure conditions). Deflections
bearing) will be very small, particularly in steel moulds, are also affected by applied loads, the time after casting
and can usually be taken as zero. that the loads are first applied, and the magnitude and
duration of those loads. In addition, deflections are
Pre-tensioned strand transmission length. influenced by temporary propping used during curing
and or erection. A major consideration is the effect
Transmission lengths used in the codes must be
of any end moments which may be developed due
conservative and practical experience indicates much
to building in of the ends, as commonly occurs with
shorter lengths are commonly occurring. It is suggested
flooring units.
that engineers use a conservative approach, assuming
either zero or half of the code transmission length. The accuracy of deflection calculations is only as good
This also applies to debonded strands that commence as the assumptions made. The limitations of the results,
transmission length within the body of a unit where the likely variations and tolerances should be recognised and
confinement is likely to be better than at the end. accommodated.
Note. Design examples 6A.5 to 6A.9 are applicable in
New Zealand.
64
CHAPTER 7
Connections and Fixings
headings in this Commentary are the same as in the Handbook. Where no commentary is given, the text in the
Figures and tables in the Commentary replace those in the Handbook.

Engineers are also referred to Chapter 3, Frame Connections, in Guidelines for the Use of Precast Concrete in
Buildings, published by the Centre for Advanced Engineering, University of Canterbury.
Preamble
1. Where the Handbook refers to Australian Standards or the Building Code of Australia, the appropriate New
Zealand Standards and Codes must be used in New Zealand.
This recommendation applies, in particular, to:
7 ! NZS 4203 General Structural Design and Design Loadings for Buildings (known as the Loadings Code)
! AS/NZS 1170 Structural Design Actions, which will replace NZS4203
7.1
7.3 ! NZS 3101 Concrete Structures Standard
7.4 ! The New Zealand Building Code Handbook and Approved Documents (NZBC).
Note: NZS 3101 is currently being revised.
2. Designers attention is also drawn to the requirement for parts of structures and their connections to be designed
according to the NZS 4203 Loadings Code for seismic forces, as stipulated in Clause 4.12, Requirement for Parts,
of the 1992 edition.
7.1 Definitions and Notation

from the effects of fire to the same degree as that
required for the members connected. For example,
an exposed steel bracket that supports a beam has
to be protected because it may be softened enough
7.1.2 Notation to cause failure. Steel connections can be protected
Use the New Zealand strength reduction factors ( ) in by encasing them in concrete or spraying them with
NZS 3101. fire-protection material. They can also be enclosed
with plasterboard or coated with intumescent paint.
7.3 General Design Criteria

7.4 Loads, Load Factors and Capacity Factors
7.3.3 Durability
This section is suitable for New Zealand, except for the
The Handbook refers to AS 3600 Concrete Structures following:
load factors and capacity reduction factors, which have
similar exposure classifications to NZS 3101. Use NZS 4203 in place of AS 1170.
7.3.6 Fire resistance
following:
1. New Zealand designers should refer to NZS 3101
and the New Zealand Building Code.
2. The requirements in Sections C1, C2 and C3 of the
New Zealand Building Code will need to be satisfied
when other connections have to be protected
71
7.5 Cladding Panel Connections

Figure 7.4
Bearing Connections
7.5.1 General design principles for

cladding panels

following:
1. The first bullet point on p.7-11. The third sentence
should read: All inserts that resist primary load should
have sufficient effective depth to prevent brittle
failure.
2. The second bullet point on p.7-11. It is not New
Zealand practice to restrict the smallest bolt size to
M20.
7
7.5.3 Bearing connections
7.5
following:
The reference in the Handbook to haunches (corbels) is
a more expensive detail than bolted or welded cleat. In
New Zealand, wall units are often attached to concrete
floors using cast in plates with anchors, and supported
using steel angles or purpose-made brackets site welded
during erectionrefer to Figure 7.4 in this Commentary.
72
7.5.5 Industrial wall panel connections
Figure 7.6a
Wall Panel Connections
7
7.5
Note: sometimes retained soil, which can cause significant

horizontal structural loads. These buildings often
The first two paragraphs of this section of the
have a high risk of fire and the external wall shall be
Handbook, and also Fig. 7.5 on p. 7-13, do not apply to
designed to resist prescribed emergency loads at
New Zealand conditions. Instead, substitute (a) the text
elevated temperatures, and residual loads at ambient
below and (b) Fig. 7.6a in this Commentary.
temperatures after the fire, as prescribed in AS/NZS
Solid precast wall panels are normally used to clad low 1170 or NZS 4203. Cantilever walls perform well
rise industrial buildings, as opposed to hollow core in fire situations as no mechanical connections are
panels. The panels span either vertically or horizontally required, and the fire rating exceeds code requirements.
between frames or, more commonly, are cantilevered Designers should refer to NZS 3101 for wall panel fire
from the foundations. The primary loading is wind, or design.
73
7.6 Load bearing connections 7.7 Bearing Pads
7.6.1 Column units 7.7.2 Design details

This section is suitable for New Zealand, but Fig. 7.7 on This section is suitable for New Zealand, but note that

p.7-15 may be supplemented by referring to Chapter 3 New Zealand does not have a standard for elastomeric
Frame Connections, in Guidelines for the Use of Precast bearings. The Australian Standard, AS1523, Elastomeric
Concrete in Buildings, published by the Centre for Bearings for Use in Structures, is sometimes called
Advanced Engineering, University of Canterbury. upon. (It is recommended that designers contact
bearing manufacturers for the products available in New
7.6.2 Wall units
Zealand.)
This section is suitable for New Zealand, except that Figs
7.8a and 7.9 in the Handbook are replaced by Figs 7.8a
and 7.9 respectively in this Commentary.
7
Figure 7.8a 7.6
Load-bearing Wall Connections 7.7
Figure 7.9
Shear Wall Details
74
7.8 Shear Friction
Refer to NZS 3101 for strength reduction factors

and specified formulae. This clause in the Handbook
does not apply in New Zealand. Instead, substitute the

following guidelines:
The shear friction method is covered by NZS3101,
which provides the information required for calculation
of the reinforcement area. Studs are an effective
substitute, particularly when using elements too thin to
develop anchorage.
Shear reinforcement in thin slabs is best achieved by
anchoring vertical rods (stud rails) anchored at the each
7 ends with flat plates or foot plates having an area of
at least 10 times the cross-sectional area of the rods,
7.8 according to NZS3101:Part 1: 1995. See Figure 7.10 in
this Commentary.
Figure 7.10
Alternative shear reinforcement method for thin sections
75
7.9 Bearing Areas of Reinforced Concrete 7.10 Strut and Tie Model
Members
7.10.1 General
Refer to NZS 3101 for strength reduction factors and Note: This clause in the Handbook refers to Appendix

specified formulae. A of ACI 318M-02 2002. This is a universally recognised
Bearing is covered in NZS3101:1995 1995 in Clause standard.
8.3.5, which requires a maximum nominal bearing 7.10.2 Truss geometry
strength of concrete of
Note: Refer to New Zealand Loadings Code NZS 4203
and NZS 3101 for loadings, strength reduction factors,
and a materials reduction factor of = 0.75. and material properties.
Bearing plates and angles to be anchored with welded
studs or reinforcing to prevent shear planes developing
due to horizontal forces such as shrinkage. 7
7.9
7.10
76
7.11 Cast in Anchors 7.13 Column Base Plates
7.11.1 Introduction This section is suitable for New Zealand, but note that
the steel base plate connections shown in Figure 7.23
Note: The types of anchor shown in Fig.7.14 of the
of the Handbook are pin ended connections which may

Handbook can be supplemented by those shown in
not be suitable for New Zealand seismic conditions.
Fig.7.14 in this Commentary.
However, the detail shown is correct in cases where pin
ended connections are deemed appropriate.
Figure 14
Other Anchor Connections
7
7.11
7.13
7.11.2 Failure modes

The nominal steel capacity of a bolt or stud is checked
in accordance with NZS3404, Steel Structures Standard.
The strength of any welding or means of attachment
of the bearing at the base of the anchor must exceed
the breakout capacity and the pullout capacity of the
bearing. The effective bearing length of transverse
anchor reinforcement may be taken as being twice the
diameter of the bar, and the length of a plate or washer
as being twice its thickness measured from the side of
the anchor shaft. Designers should select fittings with
adequate foot or anchorage depth to prevent brittle
failure.
7.11.4 Failure in tension
Note:
Amendment No. 1, December 1998 to NZS3101: 1995
warns against cone failures prior to ultimate bar strength
in thin sections when shallow hooked bars cannot
develop the anchorage required by the code. This could
typically be the case with the joint between precast walls
and a foundation or floor/wall intersections.
77
7.14 Dowel Connections 7.15 Cast in Place Connections
This section is suitable for New Zealand, except for the This section is suitable for New Zealand, but refer to
following: NZS 3101.

1. Dowelled connections shown are for a lapped
joint only. The lapping bar is not shown in Fig. 7.24
in the Handbook. Refer instead to Fig. 7.24 in this
Commentary.
2. Dowelled connections are not recommended for
critical stress structural seismic connections.
Figure 7.24 7.17 Welding of Reinforcing Bars

Grouted Tube 7
7.14
7.15
7.17
This section is suitable for New Zealand, but note the

following:
1. Welding should only be undertaken where shown
on drawings, or with the specific approval of the
supervising engineer.
2. Welding of Quenched and Self-tempered bars
is not permitted in NZS 3101. Consult the
reinforcing supplier to determine the method of
manufacture.Welding is a special process requiring
trained and experienced engineers and welders to
design and perform the welds.
3. Welds must comply with the requirements of AS/
NZS 1554.3 and NZS 3101.
78
CHAPTER 8
Design of Joints
published in 2002 by the National Precast Concrete Association Australia and Concrete Institute of Australia.
The headings in this Commentary are the same as in the Handbook. Where no commentary is given, the text in the
Design of Joints
8.4 Functional Requirements 8.7 Width of Joints
Common practice in New Zealand is to emphasise 8.7.1 General

three aspects of joint selection:
In New Zealand, it will also be necessary to account for
8 ! Layout of joints anticipated movement in moderate seismic events.
! Design of the joint(s) Such events may induce shear forces along the length of
8.4 the joint as the building deforms. The seismic movement
8.6 ! Quality control of the construction. characteristics must be taken into consideration by the
8.7 In addition to these three important considerations, structural engineer.
8.8 the design and construction should take maintenance
requirements into account.
8.8 Joint Sealants
8.6 Types of Joints

8.8.1 General
The designer may also need to consider the ability
8.6.2 Open-drained joints of the sealant material to be painted. If this is a
The use of open drained joints prohibits the edge lifting requirement, then it will be necessary to seek advice
of panels, as the cast-in anchors interrupt the groove from the paint supplier or painting contractor.
detail. Face lifters must be used, which may cause
problems in storage or handling.
81
CHAPTER 9
Thermal and Acoustic Properties

considered suitable for New Zealand, provided New Zealand standards, codes and practices are used.
9.1 Thermal Properties

9.1.8 Air Space Resistances
It should be noted that Example 9.2 in the Handbook
refers to a hollowcore floor system. Therefore the rate
of heat transfer should also refer to the floor assembly. 9
Similarly, in example 9.2 the rate of heat transfer is for
the roof assembly. 9.1
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.12 Thermal mass, capacitance and
In general, where the Building Code of Australia (BCA) inertia
is referred to in the Handbook, New Zealand users
should refer to the New Zealand Building Code and It should be noted that Section H1 of the New Zealand
Approved Documents (NZBC). Building Code encourages achievement of better control
over the thermal environment in a building. One of the
The New Zealand Building Code Clause H1 Energy many ways in which this can be achieved is through use
Efficiency defines the minimum level of thermal of both thermal mass and thermal resistance (insulation).
performance that all new and altered buildings must
achieve. Several means of demonstrating performance 9.1.13 The effects of thermal mass
are available in the Approved Documents. Further information on the positive effects that mass can
The Acceptable Solution H1/AS1 requires that minimum have on the thermal performance of residential buildings
insulation levels be provided for all solid wall, floor and in New Zealand can be found in the twin publications
roof areas of the building. Depending on the floor area Designing Comfortable Homes (CCANZ, 2001) and
and use classification of the building, the requirements Building Comfortable Homes (CCANZ, 2002).
are stated in: 9.1.16 Mass and cooling
! NZS 4218: Energy efficiency - housing and small It must be stressed that the recommendation to couple
building envelope. interior mass to the exterior should apply only where
! NZS 4243: Energy efficiency - large buildings. overheating is seen to be a real problem. A negative
consequence of coupling indoor mass to the exterior
The Verification Method H1/VM1 allows compliance in most New Zealand conditions is the uncontrolled
to be demonstrated through modelling of the building loss of heat during times of heating. Use of this strategy
thermal envelope. This method of compliance may requires specialist design for New Zealand conditions.
be better suited to most forms of precast concrete
construction. The performance criteria can be found
in the two standards noted above. ALF (Annual Loss
Factor), a computer-based building simulation package
published by BRANZ, can be used to test the energy
performance of detached dwellings.
Another important reference is NZS 4214: Methods
of determining the total thermal resistance of parts of
buildings.
91
9.2 Acoustic Properties

9.1.17 Solar radiation
The designer should determine the most effective
shading strategies to reduce solar gain and the effects of
solar radiation on building occupants.
Note:
! Horizontal shading devices are effective on facades 9.2.1 Architectural acoustics
with a northern orientation.
At the time of writing (March 2004), New Zealand
! Vertical shading devices are effective on those Building Code Clause G6, Airborne and Impact Sound,
facades oriented to the east or the west. Such and the associated Approved Document G6 have
shades are most effective when arranged as louvers undergone a major review, and draft amendments are to
or screens. be made available for public comment.
! Shading of south facing facades to reduce solar gain is 9.2.3 Measurement of transmission loss
not necessary in New Zealand; however such shading The following Standards are relevant for Australia and
devices may assist with weather protection or may New Zealand:
be included for architectural reasons.
AS/NZS 1276.1 Acoustics: rating of sound insulation in
9 building and building elements
AS/NZS 2499 Acoustics: measurement of sound
9.1
insulation in buildings and building elements
9.2
AS 1191 Acoustics: method for laboratory
measurement of airborne sound transmission of building
partitions
AS 2253 Methods of field measurement of the
reduction of airborne sound transmission in buildings.
92
CHAPTER 10
Architectural Elements
10.2 Introduction 10.3 Samples and Prototypes
10
10.2.1 Scope 10.3.1 Samples 10.2
Prestressed hollowcore units are not commonly used The section of the Australian Formwork Standard, AS 10.3
as cladding in New Zealand, as they are in Australia. 3610 that deals with off-form finishes is equivalent to
However, there is nothing to prevent their use here, and NZS 3114 Specification for Concrete Surface Finishes.
it may be an option that designers would like to explore It should be noted that each country has a different
further. The Handbook gives sound guidance to those ranking system: the Australian Standard ranks formed
who do. concrete surface finishes from Class 1 (the highest)
to Class 5 (indicating that the finish is suitable when
the visual quality is not significant) whereas the New
Zealand Standard ranks these finishes from F1 (indicating
that the finish is suitable when the visual quality is not
significant) to F6 (highest).
Other Standard comparisons are as follows:
Australian Standard New Zealand Standard
AS 1141 Methods of sampling and testing NZS 3111 Methods of test for water and
aggregates aggregates for concrete
AS 2758.1 Aggregates and rock for NZS 3121 Water and aggregates for
engineering purposes concrete aggregrates concrete
AS 1012 Methods of testing concrete NZS3122 Portland and blended cements

(general and special purpose)
The publication makes reference to colour changes that

occur over time in finishes that use off-white cement.
This is apparently a quality unique to Australian white
cements. Other white cements supplied internationally
do not change or vary over time in the same manner.
The designer/specifier should consider this issue carefully
and specify accordingly.
101
10.4 Shape, Form and Size 10.6 Surface Finishes
10.4.6 Dimensions and overall panel sizes 10.6.3 Water-washed

The transport requirements and restrictions must be Water-washes surface finishes are not common in New
carefully checked and confirmed by the project team at Zealand. However, similar results can be achieved using
the outset of the job. Note that the conditions will vary surface retarders. Refer to 10.6.4 below.
throughout New Zealand and will probably differ to the
10.6.4 Retarded
conditions cited in the publication. Refer to the New
Zealand Commentary on Chapter 11. Without local skills in water-washing, the New Zealand
concrete industry has traditionally used spirit-based
form retarders that offer a range of exposure depths
and reaction times to the fresh concrete. Skills have
been developed in the use of retarders that give
equivalent quality to Australian water-washed work.
10
10.6.5 Honed or polished
10.4
10.5
10.5 Colours and Off-Form Surfaces The size of the New Zealand market, high costs and
limited local demand have limited the use of honed or
10.6 polished precast concrete. For prestigious buildings,
polished natural stone, pinned to structural precast
concrete panels has been preferred. However, it is
apparent that interest in the use of honed concrete tiles
is increasing and several recent buildings have used the
10.5.2 Colour control method to great effect.
NZS 3114 specifies acceptable colour variations for 10.6.7 Acid-etched

particular classes of finish in New Zealand conditions In New Zealand the test procedure specified in NZS
- see Section 104.2 of the 1987 edition of this Standard. 3109: 1997 Concrete Construction for determining
the acid soluble chloride content of concrete is ASTM
C1152.
10.6.9 Hammered-nib
A similar effect to that achieved by hammered nibbing
can be achieved by casting the concrete over rope,
reinforcing bars or pipe. Immediately on removal from
the formwork, the rope/bar/pipe is torn free, breaking
the concrete along the narrowest point and leaving a
recess between the broken concrete ribs.
10.6.12 Brick- or tile-faced
Precast concrete tiles up to 1800mm x 600mm can
be finished with exposed aggregate, honed or polished
surfaces. The tiles are cast onto a structural precast
concrete panel with both mechanical fixings and surface
bonding. The use of the concrete tiles eliminates
the problem of differential shrinkage. Similar to the
Australian experience, the use of ceramic tiles on
concrete panels has tended to be a problem in New
Zealand conditions due to differential shrinkage rates.
102
CHAPTER 11
Handling, Transport and Erection

considered suitable for New Zealand, provided New Zealand standards, codes and practices are used.
Reference should be made to the NZ Code of Practice on Handling, Transportation & Erection of Precast Concrete. This is
available for downloading free of charge at www.osh.dol.govt.nz/order/catalogue/196.shtml
11.3 Transportation to Site

Width
! Widths up to 2.5 metres are unrestricted.
! Widths over 2.5 metres may have restricted travelling 11
times.
11.3
11.3.4 Mass and size limitations ! Widths of 3.1 metres are unrestricted for lengths not
exceeding 10.5 metres.
Transport regulations are periodically reviewed and the
following information may be subject to change. Users Length
should ensure that they comply with regulations that are On appropriate vehicles:
current at the time.
! Lengths up to 13 metres are unrestricted.
Loads within the limits shown below are acceptable
without restrictions, provided suitable vehicles are used. ! Lengths of 13 to 16 metres have restricted travelling
Loads outside these limits can be subject to restrictions times.
relating to times of travelling, pilot requirements and
! Lengths of 16 to 18 metres have restricted travelling
allowable routes. The availability of suitable vehicles
times, require a pilot, and require a permit.
should also be considered.
11.3.5 Loading of vehicles
Mass
The loading shown in Figure 11.9 of the Handbook is
For typical loads on flat deck vehicles, limitations are:
not appropriate for hollowcore flooring units. These
! On a 13 metre trailer - 24 tonnes units must be supported at or close to each end in
order to prevent them breaking during handling or
! On a low loader - 20 tonnes. transport.
If trailers with A frames are used to carry panels, the
net weight is reduced by the weight of the A frame. For
transporting panels, typical limitations are:
! On a 13 metre trailer - 21 tonnes.
! On a low loader - 18 tonnes.
Size
Height
! Loads exceeding 4.25 metres high require written
approval from the owners of overhead obstructions
(power lines, railway electrification etc.), if the vehicle
can not clear them safely.
! Generally, obstruction should not be an issue on
public roads if the loads are less than 4.8 metres high.
! Loads exceeding 4.8 metres high require written
approval from owners of overhead obstructions
(power lines, railway electrification etc.). A deck
height of less than 1.3 metres above the road must
be used.Load heights exceeding 6.5 metres require
written approval from the Land Transport Safety
Authority.
111
11.4 Erection
11.4.5 Erection of hollowcore floor planks
Grouting of keyways is not normal New Zealand
practice.
Floor units may be spaced by using timber infills to
improve economy and reduce weight.

11.4.2 Cranes 11.4.7 Bracing
Crane capacity (load and reach) on building sites is the Acceptable expansion anchors are specialist items
major factor governing the weight of components to be and do not include the majority of expansion anchors
handled and their location. Access for delivery vehicles available from hardware stores.
and the crane location relative to load placement are
limiting factors. These factors vary and are site-specific.
Reference should be made to local construction
companies for guidance on limitations.
11.4.3 Rigging
Mass-produced elements such as flooring units do
not usually have individual components marked with
11 their weight. The weight per unit length is available
in manufacturers literature or can be obtained by
11.4
contacting the manufacturer.
The NZ Code of Practice on Handling, Transportation
and Erection of Precast Concrete requires that the
manufacturer must clearly identify elements requiring
a non-standard lift. A non-standard lift is defined as
a lift that does require special rigging or equalisation
procedures. This must be noted on the shop drawings.
Operators involved in lifting and rigging need to
have relevant information regarding any special lifting
requirements.
112
CHAPTER 12
Contract Issues
Handbook is considered suitable for New Zealand, provided New Zealand legislation, standards, codes and
practices are used.
Contract Issues
12.1 Introduction 12.2 Contractual Framework and Contract
Administration
12
12.1.1 General 12.1
Construction contract practice between Australia and 12.2.1 General 12.2
New Zealand (NZ) is very similar. The administration of contractual relationships between
In New Zealand, precast concrete manufactured owner/contractor/subcontractor in New Zealand is
components are defined by the Construction Contracts covered by the Construction Contracts Act 2002. This
Act 2002 as construction work and this means that Act seeks to address a number of issues arising from
precast concrete manufacturers are primarily sub- previous construction contracts, in particular:
contractors. ! procedures for the regular and timely payment
12.1.3 Manufacturers credentials between the parties to a construction contract
Precast New Zealand Inc. is the official New Zealand ! speedy resolution of disputes arising under a
body that represents commercial offsite precast construction contract
concrete manufacturers in New Zealand. Offsite
precast manufacturers supply high quality prefabricated ! remedies for the recovery of payments enforceable
customised components for both residential and at law.
commercial contracts. 12.2.4 Entering into a contract
12.1.4 Contracts Bid shopping (sometimes referred to as second tier
Advice on subcontract agreements is available from bargaining) occurs in NZ but is considered unethical
the New Zealand Building Subcontractors Federation, unless there is a genuine reason, for example, redesign.
Precast New Zealand, and the Master Builders The subcontractor should ensure that no work is
Federation. carried out without confirmation in writing of an
instruction to proceed. Verbal instructions should be
confirmed in writing, and the terms and conditions
under which the work would be carried out (usually the
subcontractors tender offer) should be clearly stated.
Further negotiation may be necessary subsequently to
complete an offer and counter offer process.
12.2.5 The (sub) contract agreement
A residential or commercial sub-contract agreement will
also be subject to the provisions of the Construction
Contracts Act 2002.
An adjudication procedure for the settlement of
disputes is provided for under the Act.
12.2.6 Payment for off-site work
Precast manufacturing sub-contractors should carry
their own comprehensive off-site yard insurance rather
than contractors all risks insurance.
121
12.2.7 Retentions
12.3 Responsibility for Engineering Design
When a precaster engages in a supply only contract
the statement in the last paragraph of this section of the
Handbook is particularly relevant.
12.2.8 Payment for off-site work
A liquidated damages clause is one setting the damages
to be paid for a breach of contract in advance of the
12.3.2 Design Practices
breach, based on a genuine pre-estimate of the damages
likely to be suffered as a result of the breach. Fragmentation of responsibility [REC]
again aimed at Graduates
In New Zealand the Building Act 1991empowers
Contract Issues
Territorial Authorities to grant or refuse applications for

building consents. A Territorial Authority (T.A.) must
grant a consent if it is satisfied that the provisions of the
building code would be met. Building documentation
required for the purposes of obtaining a building
consent may include design calculations accompanied
by specifications and drawings for the building project.
12 Territorial Authorities are at present required to accept
certificates issued by building certifiers as establishing
12.6 compliance with the building code Or, by agreement
with the Territorial Authority, the principal designer
may provide a Producer Statement which confirms
compliance with New Zealand building standards for the
building design and documentation and for which the
principal designer is taking responsibility.
This is a global responsibility for the structure taken
as a whole. Components of structure, such as precast
flooring, may have been designed by the manufacturer
of the flooring. If this is the situation then the T.A.
may request a separate producer statement from the
manufacturer for those specific structural elements.
Thus the total structure and all its elements will have
compliance accountability with the appropriate New
Zealand Standards.
12.6 Manufacture
12.6.4 Finishes
Refer to NZS 3114:1987 Specification for Concrete
Surfaces Finishes.
12.6.5 Reinforcing steel
Substitute reinforcement should comply with AS/NZS
4671:2001 Steel reinforcing materials.
122
Appendix A.2
Material Properties
This Commentary is intended for New Zealand engineers using Appendix A.2 Material Properties of the Precast
Concrete Handbook published in 2002 by the National Precast Concrete Association Australia and Concrete Institute
of Australia. The headings in this Commentary are the same as in the Handbook. Where no Commentary is given,
the text in the Handbook is considered suitable for New Zealand, provided New Zealand standards, codes and
practices are used.
A.2 Material Properties
Appendix A
A.2.2 Concrete modulus of elasticity as a
function of density and strength
While, strictly speaking, there is no direct relationship
between the density and stiffness of concrete for all
aggregate types, Figure A.1 in the Handbook is adequate A
as a general guideline.
A.2.1 Values of concrete stresses A.2
A.2.3 Coefficients of thermal expansion
NZS 3109 recommends the following standardised
series of compressive strengths, f c, for structural design With reference to Table A.3 in the Handbook, concretes
purposes: made with New Zealand greywackes generally have a
coefficient of thermal expansion of 9 to 11 x 10-6/oC, but
f c = 17.5, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 and 70 MPa. with some self-compacting concretes this may increase
Note: NZS 3101 recommends a minimum strength of above 12 x 10-6/oC.
25MPa and a maximum of 100MPa for structural design A.2.5 Reinforcing bar and fabric data
purposes. For seismic components designed to absorb
energy by ductile yielding, the maximum strength is For New Zealand materials, use the tables in this
reduced to 70MPa. commentary. Note that Tables A7a in this Commentary
replaces Tables A.7a and A7c in the Handbook. Table
A.7b in this Commentary should be used for reinforcing
wires generally available in New Zealand.
Table A.7a (Use this table instead of Table A.7a and A.7c in the Handbook.)
Nominal values for Hot rolled plain or deformed bars of Grade 300E & Grade 500E
Size Cross-sectional area Mass/metre length

(mm) (mm2) (kg)
10 78.5 0.617
12 113 0.888
16 201 1.580
20 314 2.470
25* 491 3.850
28* 616 4.830
32* 804 6.310
40* 1260 9.880
* Some size/grade combinations are not available ex- stock.
A.21
Table A. 7b
Nominal values for high strength deformed bars of reinforcing wires
Size Cross-sectional area Mass/metre length

(mm) (mm2) (kg)
10 78.5 0.617
3.15 7.8 0.061
4 12.6 0.099
5 19.6 0.154
5.3 22.1 0.173
Appendix A
6 28.3 0.222
6.3 31.2 0.245
7.1 39.6 0.311
7.5 44.2 0.347
A 8 50.3 0.395
A.2 9 63.6 0.499
9.5 70.9 0.556
10 78.5 0.617
11.2 98.5 0.773
Table A. 8 (Use this table instead of Table A.8 in the Handbook.)

Design areas (mm2) for specific numbers of Grade 300E & Grade 500E bars
Number of bars Nominal Size

12 16 20 25 28 32 40
1 113 201 314 491 616 804 1257

2 226 402 628 982 1232 1608 2513
3 339 603 942 1473 1847 2413 3770
4 452 804 1257 1964 2463 3217 5027
5 565 1005 1571 2454 3079 4021 6283
6 679 1206 1885 2945 3695 4825 7540
7 792 1407 2199 3436 4310 5630 8796
8 905 1608 2513 3927 4926 6434 10053
9 1018 1810 2827 4418 5542 7238 11310
10 1131 2011 3142 4909 6158 8042 12566
A.22
Table A. 9 (Use this table instead of Table A.9 in the Handbook.)

Design areas (mm2/m) of Grade 300E & 500E bars
Bar Spacing (mm) Size

12 16 20 25 28 32 40
60 1885 3351
80 1414 2513 3927
100 1131 2011 3142 4909
120 942 1676 2618 4091 5131
Appendix A
140 808 1436 2244 3506 4398 5745
160 707 1257 1964 3068 3848 5027
180 628 1117 1745 2727 3421 4468 6981
200 565 1005 1571 2454 3079 4021 6283 A
220 514 914 1428 2231 2799 3656 5712 A.2
240 471 838 1309 2045 2566 3351 5236
260 435 773 1208 1888 2368 3093 4833
280 404 718 1122 1753 2199 2872 4488
300 377 670 1047 1636 2053 2681 4189
320 353 628 982 1534 1924 2513 3927
340 333 591 924 1444 1811 2365 3696
360 314 559 873 1364 1710 2234 3491
380 298 529 827 1292 1620 2116 3307
400 283 503 785 1227 1539 2011 3142
450 251 447 698 1091 1368 1787 2793
500 226 402 628 982 1232 1608 2513
A.2-3
Tables A. 10 and 11 (Use these tables instead of Tables A.10 and A.11 in the Handbook.)
Minimum length (mm) for hooks
(a) 180 Hook
Pin diameter (mm) Bar Size

6 8 10 12 16 20 25 28 32 40
2db 84 90 96 103 115 143

3db 93 103 112 122 140 174 218
4db 103 115 128 140 166 206 257
Appendix A
5db 112 128 144 159 191 237 296

6db 122 140 159 178 216 268 336 376 430 537
8db 140 166 191 216 266 331 414 464 530 663
A (b) 90 Turn
A.2 Pin diameter (mm) Bar Size
6 8 10 12 16 20 25 28 32 40
2db 77 102 128 153 205 256 320 358 409 511
3db 79 105 132 158 211 264 329 369 422 527
4db 81 109 136 163 217 271 339 380 434 543
5db 84 112 140 168 223 279 349 391 447 559
6db 86 115 144 172 230 287 359 402 459 574
8db 91 121 151 182 242 303 379 424 485 606
(c) 135 Stirrup Hook

(i) Plain Bars
6 8 10 12 16 20 25
2db 57 77 96 115 153 191

3db 62 83 104 124 166 207 259
4db 67 89 111 134 178 223 279
5db 72 95 119 143 191 239 298
6db 76 102 127 153 203 254 318
8db 86 114 143 171 229 286 357
A.24
(ii) Deformed Bars

6 8 10 12 16 20 25
2db 57 77 96 115 153 191

3db 62 83 104 124 166 207 259
4db 67 89 111 134 178 223 279
5db 72 95 119 143 191 239 298
6db 76 102 127 153 203 254 318
Appendix A
8db 86 114 143 171 229 286 357
A
Table A. 12 (Use this table instead of Table A.12 in the Handbook.) A.2
Common Reinforcing Fabric Sizes available in New Zealand. Designation and Effective cross-sectional areas (mm2/m)*
WIRE PITCH (SPACING) (MM)

75 150 210 260 300
4 338 668
168mm2 84mm2
5.3 335 665 or 147 D84
WIRE SIZE DIAMETER) (MM)
294 mm2/m 147 mm2/m 85 mm2/m

5.6 84/10
82 mm2/m
6 664 or 188
188 mm2/m
6.3 333 663 or 212
416 mm2/m 208 mm2/m
7.1 662 or 264 132
264 mm2/m 132 mm2/m
7.5 661 212 147 or 147/10
295 mm2/m 212 mm2/m 147 mm2/m
* Sheet size, cover and description will vary from one manufacturer to another. Consult suppliers for specific information.
A.2.6 Development of lap-splice lengths A.2.7 Minimum beam web widths and
column sizes for 2d, clear distance
With reference to Tables A. 13 to A. 17 inclusive, in New
between bars
Zealand the requirements for development of lap-splice
lengths of reinforcing steel are specified in NZS 3101. In New Zealand, the cover and arrangement of
reinforcing steel, such that the concrete can be properly
compacted, are stipulated in NZS 3109.
A.2-5
Appendix B.1
New Zealand Standards Reference List
NZS 3101 Part 1 Concrete structures standard.
NZS 3101 Part 2 Concrete structures standard commentary.
NZS 3103 Specification for sands for mortars and plasters.
NZS 3104 Specification for concrete production.
NZS 3106 Code of practice for concrete structures for the storage of liquids.
NZS 3107 Specification for precast concrete drainage and pressure pipes.
Appendix B.1
NZS 3109 Concrete construction.

NZS 3111 Methods of test for water and aggregate for concrete.
NZS 3112 Part 1 Tests relating to fresh concrete.
NZS 3112 Part 2 Tests relating to the determination of strength of concrete.
B
NZS 3112 Part 3 Tests on hardened concrete other than for strength.
B.1 NZS 3112 Part 4 Tests relating to grout.
NZS 3113 Specification for chemical admixtures for concrete.
NZS 3114 Specification for concrete surface finishes.
NZS 3116 Concrete segmental paving.
NZS 3117 Specification for pigments for Portland cement and Portland cement products.
NZS 3121 Specification for water and aggregate for concrete.
NZS 3122 Specification for Portland and blended cements (general and special purpose).
NZS 3123 Specification for Portland pozzolan cement (type PP cement).
NZS 3124 Specification for concrete construction for minor works.
NZS 3125 Specification for Portland-limestone filler cement.
NZS 3151 Specification for precast lightweight concrete panels and slabs.
NZS 3152 Specification for the manufacture and use of structural and insulating lightweight concrete.
NZS 3402* Hot rolled steel bars for concrete reinforcement.
NZS 3404 Parts 1 and 2 Steel structures standard.
NZS 3421* Hard drawn mild steel wire for concrete reinforcement.
NZS 3422* Welded fabric of drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement.
NZS 4203 General structural design and design loadings for buildings.
NZS 4206 Concrete interlocking roofing tiles.
NZS 4210 Masonry construction - materials and workmanship.
NZS 4214 Methods of determining the total thermal resistance of parts of buildings.
NZS 4218 Energy efficiency housing and small building envelope.
NZS 4229 Concrete masonry buildings no requiring specific engineering design.
NZS 4230 Parts 1 and 2 Code of practice for the design of masonry structures.
NZS 4243 Energy efficiency large buildings.
NZS 4702 Metal-arc welding of grade 275 reinforcing bar.
* Superseded by AS/NZS 4671.
B.11
Australian and New Zealand Standards AS/NZS

AS/NZS 1276 Part 1 Acoustics rating of sound insulation in building and building elements.
AS NZS 1554 Part 3 Welding of reinforcing steel.
AS/NZS 2499 Acoustics Measurements of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements
Laboratory measurement of room-to-room airborne sound insulation of a suspended ceiling
with a plenum above it.
AS/NZS 3108 Approval and test specification particular requirements for isolating transformers and safety
isolating transformers.
Appendix B.1
AS/NZS 3679 Part 1 Structural steel - Part 1: Hot-rolled bars and sections.
AS/NZS 3750 Part 15 Paints for steel structures - Part 15: Inorganic zinc silicate paint.
AS/NZS 4065 Concrete utility services poles.
AS/NZS 4284 Testing of building facades (The SIROWET Method).
AS/NZS 4455 Masonry units and segmental pavers. B
AS/NZS 4456 Masonry unit methods test. B.1
AS/NZS 4671 Steel reinforcing materials. (This standard has superseded NZS 3402, 3421 and 3422).
AS/NZS 4672D Steel prestressing materials draft for public comment.
AS/NZS 4680 Hot-dipped galvanized (zinc) coatings on fabricated ferrous articles.
AS/NZS ISO 9001 Quality management systems requirements.
B.12
Appendix B.2
Australian and Other Standards Reference List
AS 1012 Methods of testing concrete.
AS 1012 Part 20 Methods of testing concrete Determination of chloride and sulphate in hardened
concrete and concrete aggregates.
AS 1141 Methods for sampling and testing aggregates.
AS 1170 SAA Loading code - Minimum design loads on structures.
AS 1170 Part 1 SAA Loading code - Part 1: Dead and live loads and load combinations.
Appendix B.2
AS 1170 Part 2 SAA Loading code - Part 2: Wind loads.

AS 1170 Part 4 SAA Loading code - Part 4: Earthquake loads.
AS 1191 Acoustics Method for laboratory measurement of airborne sound transmission loss of
building partitions.
B AS 1214 Hot-dip galvanized coatings on threaded fasteners (ISO metric coarse thread series).
AS 1276 Part 1 Acoustics Rating of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements - Part 1: Airborne
B.2 sound insulation.
AS 1311 Steel tendons for prestressed concrete 7-wire stress-relieved steel strand for tendons in
prestressed concrete.
AS 1313 Steel tendons for prestressed concrete Cold-worked high-tensile alloy steel bars for
prestressed concrete.
AS 1379 Specification and supply of concrete.
AS 1391 Methods for tensile testing of metals.
AS 1478 Part 1 Chemical admixtures for concrete.
AS 1481 SAA Prestressed concrete code.
AS 1523 Elastomeric bearings for use in structures.
AS 1554 Part 3 SAA structural steel welding code - Part 3: Welding of reinforcing steel.
AS 1554 Part 6 SAA structural steel welding code - Part 6: Welding stainless steels for structural purposes.
AS 1897 Electroplated coatings on threaded components (metric coarse series).
AS 2253 Acoustics Methods for field measurement of the reduction of airborne sound transmission
in buildings.
AS 2550 Cranes safe use.
AS 2627 Part 1 Thermal insulation of dwellings - Part 1: Thermal insulation of roof/ceilings and walls in
dwellings.
AS 2758 Part 1 Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes - Part 1: Concrete aggregates.
AS 3582 Part 1 Supplementary cementitious materials for use with Portland cement.
AS 3582 Part 2 Supplementary cementitious materials for use with Portland cement - Part 2: Slag Ground
granulated iron blast-furnace.
AS 3582 Part 3 Supplementary cementitious materials for use with Portland cement - Part 3: Silica fume.
AS 3600 Concrete structures.
AS 3610 Formwork for concrete.
AS 3850 Tilt-up concrete and precast concrete elements for use in buildings.
AS 3850 Part 1 Tilt-up concrete and precast concrete elements for use in buildings.
AS 3972 Portland and blended cements.
AS 4100 Steel structures.
B.21
Other Standards
ASTM C260 Air-entraining Admixtures for Concrete.
ASTM C494 Chemical Admixtures for Concrete.
ASTM C1152 Standard Test Method for Acid-soluable Chloride in Mortar and Concrete.
ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.
Appendix B.2
B
B.2
B.22
Appendix B.3
Bibliography
Guide to the Installation of Rib and Timber Infill Flooring Systems. Precast New Zealand Inc.
The Seismic Performance of Flooring Systems. Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on

Precast Flooring Systems, New Zealand.
Proof of Concept Testing of Hollowcore Seating Details tested at the University of Canterbury. Technical Advisory Group
(TAG) on Precast Flooring Systems, New Zealand.
Appendix B.3
New Zealand Precast Bridge Beams - Stage 1 - Identification of new Standard Beam Shapes.
Transfund New Zealand Research Report No. 252.
Bridge Manual. Transit New Zealand.

B Alkali Silica Reaction. Technical Report (TR) 3. Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand.
B.3 Guidelines for the Use of Structural Precast Concrete in Buildings. (Second Edition).
Centre for Advanced Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch.
Design of Slender Precast Panels. BRANZ (still to be published as at March 2004).
The New Zealand Building Code Handbook and Approved Documents.

Building Industry Authority published by Standards New Zealand.
Park, R. & Pauley, T. Reinforced Concrete Structures. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Handling, Transportation and Erection of Precast Concrete.
Occupational Health and Safety, Department of Labour, New Zealand.
Designing Comfortable Homes. Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand.
Building Comfortable Homes. Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand.
Further Reading
Ty, L. & Burns, N.H. Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures. (Third Edition). John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Guide to the Design of Prestressed Flooring Systems. Precast New Zealand Inc.
Specification Clauses for Prestressed Precast Concrete Flooring Systems. Precast New Zealand Inc.
Use Your Precaster to Best Advantage - A Successful Project Guide. Precast New Zealand Inc.
B.31
Appendix B.4
Precast New Zealand: List of Members
The following companies were members of Precast New Zealand Inc. as at March 2004.
Ashburton Prestress Concrete Emmett Bros Limited

180 Dobson Street 400 Heads Road
Ashburton Wanganui
Phone: 0-3-308-2397 Phone: 0-6-344-5057
Appendix B.4
Fax: 0-3-308-1297 Fax: 0-6-344-2406
Email: apsconcrete@xtra.co.nz Email: richard.e@xtra.co.nz
Website: n/a Website: n/a
Atlas Tilt Slab Formstress Industries Limited

B
P O Box 517, Silverdale P O Box 234
Auckland Waiuku B.4
Phone: 0-9-426-9497 Phone: 0-9-235-7257
Fax: 0-9-426-2139 Fax: 0-9-235-7258
Email: atsl@xtra.co.nz Email: formstress@suspendedconcrete.co.nz
Website: n/a Website: http://www.suspendedconcrete.co.nz
Bradford Precast Limited Fulton Hogan Concrete Division

P O Box 214 P O Box 242
Ashburton Balclutha
Phone: 0-3-308-9039 Phone: 0-3-418-2880
Fax: 0-3-308-6300 Fax: 0-3-418-2834
Email: precast@bradfords.co.nz Email: fhconcrete@fh.co.nz
Website: www.bradfords.co.nz Website: http://www.fh.co.nz
Busck Prestressed Concrete Limited Hynds Pipe Systems

P O Box 310 P O Box 58142, Greenmount
Whangarei Manukau City
Phone: 0-9-438-3059 Phone: 0-9-274-0316
Fax: 0-9-438-3055 Fax: 0-9-274-8393
Email: info@busck.co.nz Email: techservice@hynds.co.nz
Website: n/a Website: http://www.hynds.co.nz
C Lund & Son Limited Lattey Civil Engineers Limited

P O Box 16342 Omahu Road
Christchurch Hastings
Phone: 0-3-349-6900 Phone: 0-6-879-8364
Fax: 0-3-349-6901 Fax: 0-6-879-8360
Email: lund@lund.co.nz Email: latteyfamily@xtra.co.nz
B.41
Pre-cast Components (Wgtn) Limited Stresscrete (North Island)

P O Box 20, Otaki Railway Private Bag 99904, Newmarket
Otaki Auckland
Phone: 0-6-364-8355 Phone: 0-9-525-9947
Fax: 0-6-364-6515 Fax: 0-9-525-9991
Email: plw.pcc@clear.net.nz Email: PaulS@stresscrete.co.nz
Website: n/a Website: http://www.stresscrete.co.nz
Precast H.B. Limited Stresscrete (South Island)

P O Box 5143, Greenmeadows P O Box 8369, Riccarton
Appendix B.4
Napier Christchurch
Phone: 0-6-835-8315 Phone: 0-3-344-3014
Fax: 0-6-835-8315 Fax: 0-3-344-3018
Email: kenahfamily@xtra.co.nz Email: JohnM@stresscrete.co.nz
Website: n/a Website: http://www.stresscrete.co.nz
B
Smith Crane & Construction Limited Thelin Construction
B.4
484 Johns Road P O Box 3072, Richmond
Christchurch Nelson
Phone: 0-3-359-7759 Phone: 0-3-544-8906
Fax: 0-3-359-7713 Fax: 0-3-544-8906
Email: tim@smithcranes.co.nz Email: thelin.construction@xtra.co.nz
Smithbridge Precast Unicast Concrete Limited

21 Aerodrome Road P O Box 2061
Mt Maunganui Hastings
Phone: 0-7-575-2325 Phone: 0-6-879-8399
Fax: 0-7-574-6183 Fax: 0-6-879-8395
Email: paul.sweetman@smithbridge.co.nz Email: unicast@paradise.net.nz
Website: http://www.smithbridge.net Website: n/a
Stahlton Prestressed Flooring Wilco Precast Limited

P O Box 21124, Henderson P O Box 1386, Papakura
Auckland Auckland
Phone: 0-9-831-0107 Phone: 0-9-295-1060
Fax: 0-9-833-4408 Fax: 0-9-296-5563
Email: murray.ford@stahlton.co.nz Email: info@wilcoprecast.co.nz
Website: http://www.stahlton.co.nz Website: http://wilcoprecast.co.nz
Stevenson Precast Systems Limited

P O Box 58166
Auckland
Phone: 0-9-274-0726
Fax: 0-9-273-8003
Email: RRM@stevensons.co.nz
Website: n/a
B.42
Members Location Proprietary Structural Architectural Civil & Drainage Structural Structural GRC
Flooring Wall Precast Infra-structure Precast Precast Prestressed Products
Systems Panels Products Precast Products Products Precast
Products Products
Ashburton Prestress Concrete Ashburton

Atlas Tilt Slab Auckland
Bradford Precast Limited Ashburton
Busck Prestressed Concrete Limited Whangarei
C. Lund & Son Limited Christchurch
Emmett Brothers Limited Wanganui
Formstress Industries Limited Waiuku
Fulton Hogan Concrete Division Balclutha
Hynds Pipe Systems Limited Manukau City
Lattley Civil Engineers Limited Hastings
Pre-cast Components (Wgtn) Limited Otaki
Pre-cast Components (Wgtn) Limited Hamilton
Precast Hawkes Bay Limited Napier
Smith Crane & Construction Limited Christchurch
Smithbridge Precast Mt Maunganui
Stahlton Prestressed Flooring Auckland
Stevenson Precast Systems Limited Auckland
Stresscrete Auckland
Stresscrete Hamilton
Stresscrete Mt Maunganui
Stresscrete New Plymouth
Appendix B.5
Stresscrete Otaki
Stresscrete Bulls
Stresscrete Christchurch
Stresscrete Invercargill
Stresscrete Cromwell
Thelin Construction Nelson
Precast New Zealand Members Products
Unicast Concrete Limited Hastings

Wilco Precast Limited Auckland
B.51
B
B.5
Appendix B.5

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What is the purpose of the New Zealand Commentary?

What is the purpose of the New Zealand Commentary?

What information is provided in Appendix B of the commentary?

What information is provided in Appendix B of the commentary?

New Zealand Commentary

on the Precast Concrete Handbook

New Zealand Commentary

New Zealand Commentary - 1

Chapter 1 History and Applications

Appendix B (applies to New Zealand Commentary only)

2 - New Zealand Commentary

New Zealand Commentary

For further information:

New Zealand Commentary - 3

History and Applications

1.2 New Zealand Case Study:

top of the structure. This allowed efficient utilisation

Spencer on Byron building under construction

History and Applications

Spencer on Byron completed structure

Tables and diagrams in the Commentary replace those in the Handbook.

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Building components

Composite flooring Beams

Products and Processes

2.2.2 Walls 2.2.5 Stairways

Products and Processes

2.3 Bridge Components

2.4 Civil Components

2.3.1 Highway Bridges 2.4.1 Substructures

Products and Processes

3.3.5 Chemical admixtures concrete reinforcement are still manufactured to NZS

Materials and Material Properties

Characteristic property 300E 500E 500N NZS 3421/3422

* Max Ultimate Stress is 855MPa for reinforcement up to and including 3.15mm.

Table 3.5a and 3.5c

Size Cross-sectional area (mm2) Mass/metre (kg)

Size (mm) Cross-sectional area (mm2) Mass/metre length (kg)

3.15 7.8 0.061

3.3.9 Reinforcing mesh

Materials and Material Properties

WIRE PITCH (SPACING) (MM)

75 150 210 260 300

3.4 Concrete and concrete properties

This section is relevant to New Zealand.

3.5 Grouts and Mortars

Materials and Material Properties

3.4.8 Shrinkage and creep

Preamble Cumulative Effects

Analysis and Design of Buildings

5.1 Definitions and Notations 5.2 Introduction

5.1.1 Definitions This section of the Handbook implies that precast

5.4.1 Earthquake loads and detailing

5.6 Diaphragm Action 5.8 Base Fixity of Columns

Analysis and Design of Buildings

5.9 Analysis of Precast Buildings for

6.1.2 Notations This section of the Handbook is suitable for New

6.4 Flexure and Shear

Discussion on the mechanics of design in the Handbook

6.5.1 Loss of Prestress Discussion in the following sections of the Handbook