Bldg. Tech 1 Intro
Bldg. Tech 1 Intro
Bldg. Tech 1 Intro
FOR
BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY 1
1. Wood and wood products
2. Building stone
3.1 Classifications of building stone
3. Metals
3.1 Ferrous metals
3.2 Non-ferrous metal
6. Aggregates
7. Adhesive and Sealant
11 Indigenous materials
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WOOD
Still the most common materials for small to
medium-scale project in other countries
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WOOD
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WOOD
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WOOD
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WOOD
In the Phils, wood was widely used during the
Spanish period and until 1960s
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WOOD
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WOOD
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WOOD
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WOOD
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WOOD & TIMBER
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Timber is a live material. Its properties are anisotropic,
they change with changes in environmental conditions and
load duration has also a significant effect upon strength
and deformation.
General Properties
Color a darker color in wood indicates greater durability.
Odor it is present only on freshly cut trees.
Hardness is the ability of wood to withstand indentations
caused by harder bodies.
Density densest woods are generally the strongest.
Timber - General Properties
1. Flexibility and Strength:
This property is due to the abundance of interlocked fibers to provide strength. The
direction and structure of the cells also effects the strength of the timber, straight
grained timber is stronger than a cross grained or wavy timber. Defects like cracks,
decay or a knot will decrease the strength of the timber.
2. Toughness:
Toughness is the ability of timber to change its shape. It is dependent on the strength
and elasticity so that it can be bent without breaking. A timber that has been used for
steam bent work is Beech as it has these two properties. A timber is tough if it has an
interlocked cell structure that makes it difficult to split.
3. Durability:
Durability is being able to withstand disease or insect attack. Impregnated in the cell
walls during growth are chemical substances, oils, resins that cause the timber to be
durable. Impregnating the wood with a suitable preservative can increase durability.
Softwoods/Hardwoods and light or heavy timbers can all be durable.
Timber - General Properties
4. Hardness:
This can be gauged in different ways. The timbers resistance to nails, the difficulty in
sawing and working, and the resistance to wear. As a rule, hardwoods are more resistant
to wear than softwoods as they have small thick walled cells, and the softwoods
generally have thin walled cells. The thickness of the cell wall and the smallness of the
cell cavities make the wood hard. The moisture content of the wood and the maturity of
the timber also affects the hardness.
5. Density or Weight:
Heavy timbers have thick cell walls and small cell cavities; this means that it is made up
of a lot of wood substance and little air. Whereas light timbers have thin cell walls and
large cavities, these have little wood and a lot of air. Balsa is an excellent example of
light timber as only 7% of its volume is solid wood, the remaining is air cavities.
6. Resistance to Fire:
All timber or wood burns, but as we have learnt, different timbers can have extremely
different properties. The denser the timber the longer it takes to ignite. Jarrah, Teak and
Kauri are all dense and partially fire resistant and can be used in construction. Chemical
treatments are available to apply to timber providing added fire resistances as well as
specialised fire resistant paint products.
Timber - General Properties
7. Smell:
Whilst being planed or sawn several timbers have strong distinctive smells. Certain oils
being present in the wood usually cause this. Some people can recognize a timber from
its scent alone. Some scents are very useful for example cedar and camphorwood have
an smell that is pleasant to us but not to insects therefore they are an ideal timber for
making clothes chests. This works both ways as some timbers have a very unpleasant
smell, e.g. the Australian Walnut and Stinkwood, which would not be desirable as clothes
chests.
Mechanical Properties
Shear Strength Shear strength is important in the case of the beam and
slabs.
Flooring Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
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APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Tanguile
Apitong
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APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Molave
Guijo
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APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Pine Benguet
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APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Molave
Pine Benguet
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APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Pine Benguet
Yacal
Lauan
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APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Paneling Narra
Pine Benguet
Almaciga
Dao
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APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Molave
Pine Benguet
Almaciga
Kamagong41
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Yacal
Guijo
Pine Benguet
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Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER
First Group
Narra most expensive, for floors, doors,
furniture, panelings, veneers
Molave for posts & girders, trusses, framings,
floors, jambs, furniture, & other purpose
esp. those exposed to weather
First Group
Pine Benguet for flooring, panelings, sidings &
furniture. Also for framings, trusses
Tanguile & Apitong the most common lumber in
the market. Used for framings, joists,
trusses, nailers, etc.
First Group
Dao for panelings & veneers
Almaciga for panelings & veneers
Mahogany
Ipil
Kalantas
Kalamansanai
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WOOD STRUCTURE
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WOOD STRUCTURE
Bark
Bast
Sapwood
Heartwood
Pith
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WOOD STRUCTURE
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TIMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS
CROSS-SECTION OF A TREE
Annual or growth rings - in temperate
climates there are two distinctive growth
seasons, spring and summer - the spring growth
is rapid and is shown as a broad band whereas
the hotter, dryer summer growth shows up
narrow. In tropical countries the growth rings
are more even and difficult to distinguish.
Bark - the outer layer, corklike and provides
protection to the tree from knocks and other
damage.
Cambium - layer of living cells between the
bast and the sapwood.
Heartwood - mature timber, no longer
carries sap, the heart of the tree, provides
the strength of the tree. Usually a distinctive
darker colour than the sapwood.
Medulla ray - (rays) food storage cells
radiating from the medulla - provides a
decorative feature found in quarter cut
timber.
Pith or medulla - the centre of the tree,
soft and pithy especially in the branches.
Endogenous
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CLASSIFICATION OF TREES
Exogenous
Softwoods
Generally needle-
leaved coniferous
trees that bear their
seed in cones
Example are pine &
cedar
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Softwoods (gymnosperms). Softwoods
are coniferous trees and the timber is not
necessarily 'soft'. They are 'evergreen'.
(The larch is an exception)
Their general characteristics are:
Straight, round but slender, tapering trunk.
The crown is narrow and rises to a point.
Softwoods : Conifer Trees (pine, fir, spruce)
for framing and sheathing
It has needle like or scale-like shaped
leaves and it's fruit, i.e. it's seeds are
carried in cones.
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CLASSIFICATION OF EXOGENOUS TREES
(based on broad botanical distinction)
Hardwoods
Generally broad-
leaved deciduous
trees
Example are oak,
narra, molave,
maple, etc
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Hardwoods (angiosperms). They shed
their leaves in the autumn. Their timber is
not necessarily hard. For instance, balsa
(the timber used for making model planes)
is a hardwood.
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
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GOOD LUMBERING PRACTICE
Logging
Felling
Storing
Sawing
Drying
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Felling and Conversion
Felling and Transporting the Timber
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STORAGE
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LUMBER CONVERSION
Sawing
Methods of Sawing
Ordinary or Flat Sawing
Tangential Sawing
Radial Sawing
Quarter or Rift Sawing
Combination Sawing
Quarter sawn (radial, figured) is far more
expensive because of the need to double (or
more) handle the log. There is also more
wastage. It is however more decorative and
less prone to cup or distort. Such timber is
expensive due to the multiple cuts required
to convert this board. Annual growth rings
form an angle greater than 45 degrees.
Through and through produces mostly
tangentially sawn timber and some quarter
sawn stuff. Tangential timber is the most
economical to produce because of the relatively
less repetitive production methods. It is used
extensively in the building industry
Tangential boards (crown, plain or flat sawn)
are used extensively for beams and joists. They
are stronger when placed correctly edge up with
the load in the tangential axis. These type of
boards suffer from 'cupping' if not carefully
converted, seasoned, and stored properly.
Annual growth rings form an angle less than 45
degrees.
Rift sawn is the cut which falls between
crown and true quarter sawn. Quality floor
boards are prepared from rift sawn timber
because it wears well and shrinks less.
Annual growth rings form an angle
between 30 and 60 degrees.
SPLITTING/SAWING
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CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD TIMBER
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DRYING
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SEASONING
Seasoning is the controlled process of
reducing the moisture content (MC) of the
timber so that it is suitable for the
environment and intended use.
For construction grade timber the timber must be
below 20% MC
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