Number and algebra

3
Whole
numbers
The ability to use numbers is an essential part of modern living. Think
of all the times during the day when you use numbers buying food,
catching buses and trains and even in sport.
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n Chapter outline n Wordbank

Proficiency strands composite number A number with more than two factors
3-01 Rounding and estimating U F C divisibility test A rule for testing whether or not a number
3-02 Multiplying numbers U is divisible by a specific value, for example, divisible by 3
3-03 Dividing numbers U
3-04 Divisibility tests U F PS R C factor A value that divides evenly into a given number, for
3-05 Long division U example, 3 is a factor of 15
3-06 Extension: Roman U C factor tree A diagram that lists the prime factors of a number
numerals
highest common factor (HCF) The largest factor shared
3-07 Powers and index U C
by two or more numbers, also called the greatest common
notation
divisor (GCD)
3-08 Square root and cube U F R C
root index notation A way of writing powers for the repeated
3-09 Prime and composite U F R C multiplication of a number, for example, 35
numbers prime number A number with only two factors, 1 and
3-10 Prime factors U itself
3-11 Highest common factor U F PS R C p
square root (of a number, symbol ) The positive value
3-12 Lowest common multiple U F PS R C
which, if squared, gives the number

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n In this chapter you will:

Maths clip use estimation and rounding to check the reasonableness of answers to calculations
select and apply efficient mental and written strategies and appropriate digital technologies to
Whole numbers
solve problems involving multiplying and dividing whole numbers
MAT07NAVT00002
use simple divisibility tests
understand that if a number is divisible by a composite number then it is also divisible by the
factors of that number
divide by a two-digit number
recognise, read and convert Roman numerals
investigate index notation
investigate and use square roots of perfect square numbers, cube roots of perfect cube
numbers
define and compare prime and composite numbers and explain the difference between them
represent whole numbers as products of powers of prime numbers
solve problems involving lowest common multiples and highest common factors (greatest
common divisors) for pairs of whole numbers by comparing their prime factorisation

SkillCheck
Worksheet 1 Is 691 odd or even? How can you tell?
StartUp assignment 3 2 Is 270 divisible by 5? How can you tell?
MAT07NAWK10018 3 Evaluate each product.
Worksheet
a 733 b 635 c 438 d 336
e 934 f 538 g 737 h 639
Calculation aids
i 838 j 937 k 436 l 738
MAT07NAWK10019
m 3 3 (3) n 939 o 535 p 4 3 (4)
Worksheet 4 Write all the factors of:
Number grids a 20 b 12 c 19
MAT07NAWK10020 5 Is 166 divisible by 2? How can you tell?
6 Evaluate each quotient.
Puzzle sheet
a 24 4 3 b 35 4 7 c 24 4 4 d 36 4 6
Cross number puzzle
e 20 4 5 f 72 4 9 g 48 4 8 h 32 4 4
MAT07NAPS10008 i 28 4 7 j 45 4 5 k 54 4 9 l 63 4 7
7 Write the first 5 multiples of:
Puzzle sheet a 8 b 7 c 12
Magic squares
8 Is 34 divisible by 10? How can you tell?
MAT07NAPS10009

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3-01 Rounding and estimating

Rounding numbers
When calculating with numbers it is often useful to have a rough idea of the answer before Skillsheet
actually working it out. Rounded numbers are easier to work with and to compare. For example, a Place value
towns population of 18 256 can be rounded to 18 300 (to the nearest hundred) because 18 256 is
MAT07NASS10011
closer to 18 300 than 18 200.
18 256
Skillsheet

Reading and writing

18 200 18 300 large numbers

MAT07NASS10012

Summary
Skillsheet

To round a number, cut it at the required place and look at the digit in the next place: Rounding
whole numbers
if the digit is less than 5 (that is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4), round down MAT07NASS10013
if the digit is 5 or more (that is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9), round up
Homework sheet

Whole numbers
Example 1 MAT07NAHS10001

Round 8470 to the nearest hundred.

Solution
Counting by hundreds, 8470 is between 8400 and 8500.
In 8470, the hundreds digit is 4
The digit in the next (tens) place, 7, is more than 5, so round up to 8500.
8470  8500 (rounded to the nearest hundred).
The symbol  means
approximately equal to.

Example 2
Round 247 182 to the nearest thousand.

Solution
In 247 182, the thousands digit is 7 and the next digit is 1.
1 < 5, so round down to 247 000. The thousands digit, 7, stays the same.
247 182  247 000 (rounded to the nearest thousand).

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Whole numbers

Estimating answers
A quick way of estimating an answer is to round each number in the calculation.

Example 3
Estimate the answer to each expression.
a 631 280 51 43 96 b 67 3 12
c 55 132 34 17 78 d 510 4 24

Solution
a 631 280 51 43 96
 600 300 50 40 100 Estimating
600 300 100 50 40
1000 90
1090 (Exact answer 1101)
b 67 3 12  70 3 10 Estimating
700 (Exact answer 804)
c 55 132  34 17  78
 60 130  30 20  80 Estimating
60 20  80 130  30
0 100
100 (Exact answer 92)
d 510 4 24  500 4 20 Estimating
50 4 2
25 (Exact answer 21.25)

Exercise 3-01 Rounding and estimating

See Example 1 1 Round each number to the nearest hundred.
a 3148 b 49 028 c 2597 d 4 934 277
See Example 2 2 Round each number to the nearest thousand.
a 23 538 b 45 370 c 62 941 d 47 929
3 Round each number to the nearest ten.
a 45 819 b 1699 c 8314 d 71 262
4 Round 64 218 to the nearest:
a thousand b hundred c ten d ten thousand
5 Round 1 327 509 to the nearest:
a thousand b ten thousand c ten d million

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6 Estimate the answer for each expression. See Example 3
a 27 11 87 142 64 b 55 34 22 46 136
c 684 903 d 35 81 110 22 7
e 517 96 f 210 38 71 151 49
g 766 353 h 367 3 2
i 83 3 81 j 984 3 16
k 828 4 3 l 507 4 7

7 Over the holidays, 27 792 people visited a museum. Write this figure correct to the nearest hundred.
8 The extensions on Ninas house are quoted as costing $17 464. Write this amount correct to
the nearest $100.
9 Write a number that can be rounded to:
a 370 b 5400 c 12 900 d 6000
10 The crowd at a football Grand Final was 104 427. Round this figure to the nearest thousand.
11 The distance between Sydney and Brisbane is 998 km. Round this distance to the nearest: Worked solutions
a 10 km b 100 km c 1000 km Exercise 3-01

12 The population of Australia is 23 581 800. Round this figure to the nearest thousand. MAT07NAWS10012

Worksheet
3-02 Multiplying numbers Whole numbers 6

MAT07NAWK00022

Example 4 Worksheet

Calculation aids
Evaluate each product.
MAT07NAWK10019
a 243 3 6 b 573 3 36
Worksheet
Solution
Number grids
a 243
MAT07NAWK10020
3 6
1458
Puzzle sheet
Check by estimating: 243 3 6  200 3 6 1200
Cross number puzzle
b 573
MAT07NAPS10008
3 36
3 438 Puzzle sheet
17 190
Magic squares
20 628
MAT07NAPS10009
Check by estimating: 573 3 36  600 3 40 24 000

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Whole numbers

TLF learning object Mental multiplication

Rectangle multiplication Multiplying by: Mental strategy
(L3503)
2, 4 or 8 Double once, two times or three times respectively
Weblink
5 Halve, then multiply by 10 (because 12 3 10 5)
Finger multiplication
9 Multiply by 10, then subtract the number
Puzzle sheet
10 Insert 0 at the end of the number
Find the quote 2
100 Insert 00 at the end of the number
MAT07NAPS00013

Example 5
Evaluate each product.
a 68 3 4 b 36 3 5 c 12 3 9 d 14 3 8

Solution
a 68 3 4 68 3 2 3 2 Double twice
136 3 2 68 3 2 60 3 2 8 3 2 120 16 136
272 136 3 2 130 3 2 6 3 2 260 12 272
Estimate: 68 3 4  70 3 4 280
1
b 36 3 5 36 3 3 10 Because 12 3 10 5
2
18 3 10
180 Insert a 0 at the end
Estimate: 36 3 5  40 3 5 200
c 12 3 9 12 3 10  12 Multiply by 10, then subtract the
120  12 number
108 Estimate: 12 3 9  12 3 10 120
d 14 3 8 14 3 2 3 2 3 2 Double 3 times
28 3 2 3 2 14 3 2 10 3 2 4 3 2 20 8 28
56 3 2 28 3 2 20 3 2 8 3 2 40 16 56
112 56 3 2 50 3 2 6 3 2 100 12 112
Estimate: 14 3 8  14 3 10 140

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Exercise 3-02 Multiplying numbers
1 Copy and complete each multiplication. See Example 4
a 34 b 219 c 28 d 325
37 3 5 316 3 21

2 Lara loves to play tennis. She pays $7 each time she plays. How much does Lara pay to play 42
times a year?

3 Evaluate each product.

a 14 3 8 b 238 3 3 c 344 3 9 d 506 3 7
e 1084 3 3 f 45 3 14 g 64 3 25 h 107 3 32

4 A bus route is 46 kilometres long. A bus makes 12 trips in one day. Find the total distance
travelled each day.
5 Nathan can type 76 words per minute. How many words can he type in 15 minutes?
6 Evaluate each product mentally. See Example 5
a 85 3 2 b 39 3 2 c 64 3 2 d 57 3 4
e 28 3 4 f 44 3 4 g 16 3 8 h 33 3 8

7 Evaluate each product mentally.

a 22 3 5 b 14 3 5 c 28 3 5 d 36 3 5
e 54 3 5 f 82 3 5 g 16 3 5 h 48 3 5

8 Evaluate each product mentally.

a 34 3 9 b 51 3 9 c 27 3 9 d 19 3 9
e 45 3 10 f 18 3 100 g 36 3 10 h 41 3 100

9 How many hours are there in one week? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. Worked solutions
A 84 B 151 C 168 D 240 Exercise 3-02

10 A box contains 124 oranges. If Jessica ordered 21 boxes of oranges, how many oranges will MAT07NAWS10013

she receive?

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Worksheet

Whole numbers 7 3-03 Dividing numbers

MAT07NAWK00011
Division is the opposite of multiplication.

Example 6
TLF learning object
Evaluate each quotient.
Rectangle division
(L3704) a Evaluate 318 4 6, then complete: 318 ____ 3 ______.
b Evaluate 1964 4 5, then complete: 1964 ____ 3 ____ _____.
Weblink
Solution
The Four 4s puzzle
a  5 3
Puzzle sheet
6 3 1 18
The accidental
318 4 6 53
detective This means 318 53 3 6.
MAT07NAPS00014 b  3 9 2 r4
5 19 4 6 1 4
Puzzle sheet Write the remainder, 4, as a fraction over the divisor, 5:
Cross number puzzle 1964 4 5 392 45
MAT07NAPS10008 This means 1964 392 3 5 4. 4 is the remainder.

Mental division
Dividing by: Mental strategy
2, 4 or 8 Halve once, two times or three times respectively
Dividing a multiple of 10 by:
5 Divide by 10, then double
10 Delete 0 from the end of the number
100 Delete 00 from the end of the number

Example 7
Evaluate each quotient.
a 520 4 8 b 400 4 100 c 260 4 5 d 316 4 4

Solution
a 520 4 8 520 4 2 4 2 4 2 Halve 3 times
260 4 2 4 2 520 4 2 500 4 2 20 4 2 250 10
260
130 4 2 260 4 2 200 4 2 60 4 2 100 30
130
65 130 4 2 100 4 2 30 4 2 50 15 65
Estimate: 520 4 8  520 4 10 52

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b 46 06 0 4 16 06 0 4 4 1 4 Delete two 0s from the end of the number
c 260 4 5 260 4 10 3 2 Divide by 10, then double
26 3 2
52 Estimate: 260 4 5  300 4 5 60
d 316 4 4 316 4 2 4 2 Halve 2 times
158 4 2 316 4 2 300 4 2 16 4 2 150 8
158
79 158 4 2 150 4 2 8 4 2 75 4 79
Estimate: 316 4 4  320 4 4 80

Exercise 3-03 Dividing numbers

1 Evaluate each quotient. See Example 6
a 44 4 4 b 68 4 2 c 84 4 7 d 210 4 3
e 105 4 7 f 390 4 5 g 441 4 3 h 861 4 7

2 Evaluate each quotient, then complete: ____ ____ 3 _____.

a 2712 4 6 b 1116 4 9 c 1980 4 4 d 3728 4 8

3 Evaluate each quotient, then complete: ____ ____ 3 _____ ______.

a 49 4 4 b 688 4 3 c 953 4 6 d 1815 4 7

4 At Westvale Catholic College, there are 135 students in Year 7. If they are placed evenly into
five classes, how many students are in each class? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 21 B 25 C 27 D 29

5 Divide a restaurant bill of $204 evenly among six people.

6 Evaluate each quotient mentally. See Example 7
a 320 4 10 b 8000 4 100 c 60 000 4 100 d 1800 4 10
e 410 4 5 f 90 4 5 g 230 4 5 h 600 4 5

7 Evaluate each quotient mentally.

a 144 4 2 b 232 4 2 c 648 4 2 d 970 4 2
e 216 4 4 f 488 4 4 g 872 4 8 h 208 4 8

3-04 Divisibility tests

Worksheet
Is 2016 divisible by 3? How do you know?
Divisibility tests
It is often useful to know whether a number is divisible by another number. Numbers that
MAT07NAWK10021
divide evenly (without a remainder) into a bigger number are called the factors or divisors of
the number. Divisibility tests are rules for finding whether a number is divisible by specific
values.

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Summary

Skillsheet
Divisible by: Test
Factors and divisibility 2 Last digit 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
MAT07NASS10014 3 Sum of digits divisible by 3
4 Last 2 digits form a number divisible by 4
Or: Sum of double the tens digit and the units digit divisible by 4
5 Last digit 0 or 5
6 Divisible by 2 and 3
8 Last 3 digits form a number divisible by 8
9 Sum of digits divisible by 9
10 Last digit 0

Example 8
Test whether 2016 is divisible by:
Video tutorial
a 3 b 4 c 6 d 8
Divisibility tests

MAT07NAVT10005 Solution
a Sum of digits 2 0 1 6 9,
which is divisible by 3.
So 2016 is divisible by 3. (Check: 2016 4 3 672)
b The last 2 digits of 2016 are 16.
16 is divisible by 4.
So 2016 is divisible by 4.
OR: Sum of double the tens digit and
the units digit 2 3 1 6 8.
8 is divisible by 4.
So 2016 is divisible by 4. (Check: 2016 4 4 504)
c 2016 ends in 6, so it is divisible by 2 (even).
2016 is divisible by 3 (from part a).
So 2016 is divisible by 6 (because it is
divisible by 2 and 3). (Check: 2016 4 6 336)
d The last 3 digits of 2016 are 016 16.
16 is divisible by 8.
So 2016 is divisible by 8. (Check: 2016 4 8 252)

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Note:
If a number is divisible by 6, it must also be divisible by 2 and 3 (because 2 3 3 6)
If a number is divisible by 10, it must also be divisible by 2 and 5 (because 2 3 5 10)
If a number is divisible by 4, it must also be divisible by 2 (because 2 3 2 4)
If a number is divisible by 9, it must also be divisible by 3 (because 3 3 3 9)
If a number is divisible by 8, it must also be divisible by 2 and 4 (because 2 3 4 8)
If a number is divisible by another whole number, it must also be divisible by the factors of
that whole number

Exercise 3-04 Divisibility tests

1 Test whether each number is divisible by 3. See Example 8
a 140 b 612 c 315 d 928
e 209 f 525 g 132 h 1652

2 Test whether each number is divisible by 2.

a 117 b 205 c 6196 d 340

3 Test whether each number is divisible by 6. Note that the numbers in parts a to d have already
been tested for divisibility by 3 in question 1.
a 140 b 612 c 315 d 928
e 475 f 303 g 864 h 1278

4 Test whether each number is divisible by 4.

a 2040 b 518 c 365 d 242
e 356 f 728 g 4176 h 817

5 Test whether each number is divisible by 9. Worked solutions

a 812 b 309 c 567 d 243 Exercise 3-04
e 837 f 462 g 6444 h 3111 MAT07NAWS10014

6 Test whether 1964 is divisible by 8.

7 Explain by just looking at the last digit why:
a 409 is not divisible by 4 b 316 is not divisible by 5
c 2015 is not divisible by 8 d 343 is not divisible by 6
e 472 is not divisible by 10 f 511 is not divisible by 12

8 Which number is divisible by both 4 and 5? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

A 10 B 15 C 20 D 25
9 If a number is divisible by 3 and 4, what other number must it also be divisible by?
10 Write a number between 50 and 100 which is divisible by:
a 3 and 5 b 4 and 5 c 6 and 7 d 2 and 6

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Extension: Harder divisibility tests

11 There are several complicated divisibility tests for 7. Here is the most popular one:
Remove the last digit of the number and double it
Subtract it from the rest of the number
If the difference is 0 or divisible by 7, the number is divisible by 7
For example, to test 112:
Last digit 2, double 2 4
11  4 7, which is divisible by 7
So 112 is divisible by 7.
Test whether each number is divisible by 7.
a 357 b 1013 c 6258 d 901

12 Here is a divisibility test for 11.

Add the digits in the odd places of the number
Add the digits in the even places of the number
Subtract the two sums
If the difference is 0 or divisible by 11, the number is divisible by 11
For example, to test 2016:
Add digits in odd places: 2 1 3
Add digits in even places: 0 6 6
6 3 3, which is not divisible by 11
So 2016 is not divisible by 11.
Test whether each number is divisible by 11.
a 814 b 2728 c 4051 d 6105

Mental skills 3A Maths without calculators

Multiplying by a multiple of 10
Place value allows us to simply add zeros to the end of a number whenever we multiply by a
power of 10.
1 Consider these examples.
a 37 3 10 370 b 45 3 100 4500
c 16 3 1000 16 000 d 100 3 1000 100 000
e 7 3 90 7 3 9 3 10 63 3 10 630
f 5 3 400 5 3 4 3 100 20 3 100 2000
g 12 3 300 12 3 3 3 100 36 3 100 3600
h 40 3 800 4 3 10 3 8 3 100 4 3 8 3 10 3 100 32 3 1000 32 000

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2 Now evaluate each product.
a 18 3 100 b 26 3 1000 c 77 3 10 000 d 10 3 100
e 315 3 1000 f 1000 3 1000 g 294 3 10 h 475 3 100
i 3 3 80 j 8 3 200 k 6 3 50 l 7 3 30
m 2 3 6000 n 11 3 900 o 4 3 400 p 5 3 700
q 5 3 80 r 25 3 20 s 300 3 60 t 900 3 4000

3-05 Long division NSW

Long division is a technique for dividing by number with two or more digits, that is, a number Worksheet
greater than 10. Four operations

MAT07NAWK00020
Example 9
a Evaluate 312 4 12.
b Evaluate 296 4 21, then complete: 296 ____ 3 ____ _____.

Solution
a 26
12 312 12 into 31 is 2, remainder 7
24#
72 12 into 72 is 6
72
0
Or
26
12 312 Guessing with easy multiples of 12
120 10 times
192
120 10 times
72
72 6 times
0 26 times
312 4 12 26. Check by estimating: 312 4 12  300 4 10 30

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b 14 21 into 29 is 1, remainder 8
21 296
21 into 86 is 4, remainder 2
21#
86
84
2
Or
14
21 296
210 10 times
86
84 4 times
2 14 times
2
Write the remainder as the numerator of a fraction
296 4 21 14 21
Check by estimating: 296 4 21  300 4 20 15
This means 296 14 3 21 2. 2 is the remainder.

Exercise 3-05 Long division

See Example 9 1 Use long division to evaluate each quotient.
a 180 4 15 b 462 4 22 c 731 4 17
d 275 4 11 e 2352 4 16 f 78 4 13

2 Evaluate each quotient, then complete: ____ ____ 3 _____.

a 900 4 25 b 667 4 23 c 6848 4 32

3 Evaluate each quotient, then complete: ____ ____ 3 _____ ______.

a 341 4 12 b 505 4 14 c 999 4 26

4 At a party 275 lollies are shared equally among 25 children. How many lollies does each child
get?
5 A piece of wood 390 cm in length is to be cut into 15 equal pieces. How long is each
piece?
6 Mrs Kaur needs $1550 to purchase a new LED television. If she can save $62 each week, how
long will it take her to save enough money to purchase the television?

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3-06 Extension: Roman numerals

In 500 BCE, most of Europe was ruled by the Roman Empire, so Roman numerals were widely Puzzle sheet
used until the end of the 16th century. Roman numerals use letters of the alphabet and are still Roman numerals
often used today. dominoes

MAT07NAPS10010

Skillsheet

Roman numerals

MAT07NASS10015

Weblink

Number systems

The ancient Romans used the following numerals:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

20 30 40 50 60 90 100 400 500 1000

XX XXX XL L LX XC C CD D M

The Romans had an unusual method of writing numbers involving 4 or 9, to avoid writing the
same letter more than 3 times in a row. A smaller number written before a larger number meant a
subtraction (minus).
Instead of writing 4 as IIII, they wrote IV meaning V I (that is 5 1 4).
Instead of writing 9 as VIIII they wrote IX meaning X I (that is 10 1 9).
For 40, they wrote XL (that is 50 10 40).
For 90, they wrote XC (that is 100 10 90).

Example 10
Write each number in Roman numerals.
a 23 b 46 c 279

Solution
a 23 20 3 b 46 40 6 c 279 200 70 9
XX III XL VI CC LXX IX
XXIII XLVI CCLXXIX

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Example 11
Write each Roman numeral as a number.
a LXXIII b CI c CDXXVIII

Solution
a LXXIII LXX III b CI C I c CDXXVIII CD XX VIII
70 3 100 1 400 20 8
73 101 428

Exercise 3-06 Roman numerals

See Example 10 1 Write each number using Roman numerals.
a 27 b 52 c 79 d 93
e 2600 f 314 g 928 h 3476
i 165 j 230 k 2482 l 109

See Example 11 2 Titus, a student in ancient Rome, wrote these numerals. Rewrite them as numbers.
a XXVI b XL c CCLXIV d LIV
e LXXVII f XLV g CCCXXXIX h DXXVIII
i MMCLXII j MCMXC k XCVIII l MDVII

3 a Where do you see Roman numerals being used today?

b Why do you think Roman numerals are no longer widely used?
4 The Roman word for hundred was centum which is why C stands for 100. List some words
beginning with cent that mean one hundred of something.
5 a Write this year in Roman numerals.
b Which year of the 21st century will use the most letters when written in Roman numerals?
6 Find out what the Roman numerals V and X mean.

Investigation: Aboriginal numbers

Traditionally, indigenous Australians had no need for a complicated number system in their
everyday life. Aboriginal society relied on story-telling, using the spoken language rather
than writing, and Aboriginal people did not have symbols for numbers. Different regions
had their own names for numbers.
The Belyando River people of central Queensland used only two words to name their
numbers:

1 wogin 2 booleroo
3 booleroo wogin 4 booleroo booleroo

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The Kamilaroi people lived in northern New South Wales, including the regions
surrounding Moree and Tamworth. They used three words to name their numbers.
1 mal 2 bularr 3 guliba
4 bularr bularr 5 bularr guliba 6 guliba guliba
1 How did the Belyando River people form words for the numbers 3 and 4?
2 How did the Kamilaroi people form words for 4, 5 and 6?
3 Write the answer to each expression, using the correct Aboriginal words:
a wogin booleroo wogin b guliba 3 bularr
c bularr bularr mal d booleroo 3 booleroo
e guliba guliba guliba f bularr bularr mal
4 State one advantage and one disadvantage of working with Aboriginal numbers.

3-07 Powers and index notation

The use of powers allows us to write repeated multiplication in a shorter way.

42 4 3 4 4 squared or 4 to the power of 2

43 4 3 4 3 4 4 cubed or 4 to the power of 3
44 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 to the power of 4
45 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 to the power of 5
46 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 to the power of 6

In 46, the number 4 is called the base and is the number that is repeated in the 6
multiplication. The small raised number 6 is called the power or index.
4 power

base
Example 12
Write each expression using index notation.
a 636363636 b 7 3 7 3 7 3 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2)

Solution
a 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 65
b 7 3 7 3 7 3 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2) 73 3 (2)4

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Example 13
Evaluate each expression.
a 112 b (3)3 c 26

Solution
a 112 11 3 11 b 33 3 3 3 3 3 c 26 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
121 27 64

Exercise 3-07 Powers and index notation

See Example 12 1 Write each expression using index notation.
a 8383838 b 73737373737
c 5 3 (5) 3 (5) d 131313131
e 13 3 13 3 13 3 13 f 10
g (4) 3 (4) 3 9 3 9 3 9 h 2 3 2 3 12 3 12
i 3 3 3 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 j 15 3 (6) 3 (6) 3 15
k 238323832 l 10 3 10 3 20

2 Write each expression in expanded form (for example, 24 2 3 2 3 2 3 2).

a 35 b 52 c 74
d (6)3 e 24 3 42 f 123 3 116

See Example 13 3 Evaluate each expression.

a 42 b 53 c 25 d 106
5
e 3 f 74 g 13 h (2)4
3
i 3 j (1)2 k (9)5 l 46

Worksheet 4 Copy and complete this table of powers of 10.

Big numbers Power of 10 Number Name
MAT07NAWK00019 101 10 ten
102 100 hundred
103 1000
106 1 000 000
109 billion
1012 1 000 000 000 000
1015 quadrillion
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 quintillion
1021 sextillion
1024 septillion
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 octillion
30
10 nonillion
1033 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 decillion

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Technology Powers
1 Set up a spreadsheet to calculate powers by first entering the information shown below.

2 In cell B2, enter $B$1^A2 to calculate 21, where ^ in a spreadsheet formula means
to the power of. We also use $B$1 instead of B1 because when we copy this formula, we
want it to always refer to the 2 in cell B1, not another cell. This is called absolute cell
referencing. We use this technique to maintain a particular value in a cell without changing
it when writing a formula. However, we use A2 instead of $A$2 because when we copy
this formula, we want it to refer to the different powers shown in column A to calculate
21, 22, 23, and so on. This is called relative cell referencing.
3 Click on cell B2 and Fill Down to cell B13. Your spreadsheet will now show the first 12
powers of 2, up to 212 4096.
4 Enter similar formulas for cells C2, D2 and E2, and Fill Down for columns C, D and E to
show the first 12 powers of 3, 5 and 7.
5 If a number is too long to show in a cell, it will either look something like 2.44E08 or
########. For cells that show something like 2.44E08, right-click, select Format cells,
Number and 0 for decimal places. ######## means the column is not wide enough to
show all digits of the number. You need to widen the column until you can see all digits.

Just for the record Googol vs Google

100
The number 10 , the googol, is 1 followed by one hundred zeros. The name googol was
created by the 9-year-old nephew of American mathematician Dr Edward Kasner. The
number 10googol, that is 1 followed by a googol zeros, is called the googolplex. The googol is a
very big number but it is rarely used for practical purposes. Even the number of particles in
the observable universe, estimated at being between 1072 and 1087, is less than a googol!

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The Internet search engine Google was named after the googol, to reflect the huge size of the
World Wide Web. It was created in 1996 by two Stanford University students, Larry Page
and Sergey Brin. They even named Googles global headquarters in California the Googleplex.
Google is a powerful search engine because it can find information from over a trillion
(a million million) web pages in less than 1 second.
How many googols are there in a googolplex?

3-08 Square root and cube root

Square and square root
Squaring a number means raising it to the power of 2.
For example, squaring 7 or the square of 7 means 72 7 3 7 49, read Area
7 squared. Also, 49 is called a square number or perfect square because it is the =77 7
square of a whole number. = 72
Worksheet It is called 7 squared because it is the area of a square
pof side 7 units.
The opposite of squaring
p is the square root (symbol ). 7
Powers and roots
For example, 49 7, read the square root of 49, because
MAT07NAWK10022
72 7 3 7 49.

Summary
Puzzle sheet p
The square root of a number is the positive value which, when squared, gives that
Square root Snap
number.
MAT07NAPS10011

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Example 14
Skillsheet
Evaluate: Square roots and
p p
a the square root of 64 b 9 c 25 cube roots

MAT07NASS10016

Solution
p Homework sheet
a The square root of 64 64 8 because 82 8 3 8 64 Powers and
p
b 93 because 32 3 3 3 9 square root
p MAT07NAHS10002
c 25 5 because 52 5 3 5 25

Cube and cube root

Cubing a number means raising it to the power of 3.
For example, cubing 7 or the cube of 7 means 73 7 3 7 3 7 7
343, read 7 cubed. Also, 343 is called a cube number or perfect Volume
cube because it is the cube of a whole number. =777
= 73
It is called 7 cubed because it is the volume of a cube of side 7 7
units. 7
p3

The opposite of cubing is the cube root (symbol ).
p
For example, 3 343 7, read the cube root of 343, because 73 7 3 7 3 7 343.

Summary
p
3

The cube root of a number is the value which, when cubed, gives that number.

Example 15
Evaluate:
p
3
p
3

a the cube root of 125 b 8 c 729

Solution
p
a The
p cube root of 125
3
125 5 because 53 5 3 5 3 5 125
3
b p8 2
because 23 2 3 2 3 2 8
c 3 729 9 because 93 9 3 9 3 9 729

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Example 16
p
Estimate the value of 40.

Solution
There is no exact answer for the square root of 40, because there isnt a number which, if
squared, equals 40 exactly. However, we can find a decimal whose square is close to 40.
Noting that:
52 25
62 36
72 49
p
we can tell that 40 must lie somewhere between 6 and 7, and closer to 6 because 40 is
closer to 36 than 49.
p
So we can estimate that 40  6.3.
(In fact, 6.32 39.69).

Exercise 3-08 Square root and cube root

Extra questions 1 Evaluate each square number.
Index notation a 92 b 172 c 102
MAT07NAEQ00011
2 The x 2 key on a calculator can be used to square a number. For example, to find 92, press 9
x 2 = . Use your calculator to evaluate each square number.
a 72 b 132 c 182
2 2
d 1 e 5 f 202
2 2
g 16 h 34 i 152

See Example 14 3 Use your answers from question 2 to find:

p p p
a p
400 b p
225 c p
324
d 256 e 169 f 1156

4 Copy and complete this table.

Number, x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Number squared, x 2
5 Which one of the following numbers is a square number? Select A, B, C or D.
A 32 B 36 C 40 D 45
6 Use your answers from the table in question 4 to find:
p p
a p
thesquare root of 100 b p36
c 121
d p
16 e 1 f the
psquare root of 81
g 64 h the square root of 144 i 25
p
7 There are two numbers whose square root is itself, that is, x x. What are the two
numbers?

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8 The key on a calculator can be used to find the square root of a number. For example,
p
to find 64, press 64 = . Use your calculator to find each square root.
p p p
a p49 b p81
c p625

d p484 e p1764
f p361

g p900 h p784
i p 256

j 196 k 400 l 3136

9 Evaluate each cube number.

a 43 b 113 c 13

10 The x 3 key on a calculator can be used to cube a number. For example, to find 43, press 4
x 3 = . Use your calculator to find each cube number.
a 73 b 163 c 53
d 103 e 203 f 173
g 353 h (8)3 i (5)3

11 Copy and complete this table.

Number, x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Number cubed, x 3
12 Which of the following numbers is a cube number? Select A, B, C or D.
A 192 B 512 C 625 D 800

13 Use your answers from question 11 to find: See Example 15

p
3
p
a p
the cube root of 512 b p 729
c 3 125
3
d p 1 e 3 27 f p
the
cube root of 1728
g 3 64 h the cube root of 1331 i 3 1000

14 Use your answers from question 10 to find:

p3
p
3
p
3

a p 512
b p 8000
c p 42 875

d 3 125 e 3 4913 f 3 4096

15 The 3 key on a calculator can be used to find the cube root of a number. For example, to
p
find 3 64, press 3 64 = . Use your calculator to find each cube root.
p3
p
3
p3

a p 4096
b 2744
p c p10 648

d 3 64 000 e 3 19 683 f 3 9261

16 Use your answers from the table in question 4 to determine between which two consecutive
p See Example 16
whole numbers 27 must lie. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 26 and 28 B 13 and 14 C 4 and 5 D 5 and 6
p
17 Determine between which two consecutive whole numbers 15 must lie. Select the correct
answer A, B, C or D.
A 7 and 8 B 3 and 4 C 196 and 197 D 4 and 5

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18 Estimate the value of each root, then use your calculator to check.
p p p
a p
50 b p32
c p96

d 3 71 e 3 900 f 3 184

Just for the record The radical symbol

p
The formal name for the square root symbol ( ) is the radical symbol. This symbol was
created by the German mathematician Christoff Rudolff in 1525, but it was not until the end
of the 17th century that the symbol was widely accepted. Before this, the most commonly-used
symbol for square root was . It was first used in 1220 and was an abbreviation for thepword

radix, which means root in Latin. One theory says that Rudolff invented the symbol to
look like the letter r.
Other early symbols for square root were
The symbols on the right all represent the same thing.
What do you think they stand for?

Mental skills 3B Maths without calculators

Dividing by a multiple of 10
Place value allows us to remove zeros from the end of a number when we divide by a power
of 10.
1 Study each example.
a 2000 4 10 2000 4 10 200
b 1800 4 100 1800 4 1 00
 18
c 37 000 4 100 37 0 00
 4 100
 370
d 5 000 000 4 1000 5 000 000 4 1
000
 5000
e 6000 4 200 6000 4 100
 4 2 60 4 2 30
f 350 4 70 350 4 10 4 7 35 4 7 5
g 2800 4 40 2800 4 1 0 4 4 280 4 4 70
h 40 000 4 5000 40 000
 4 1000
 4 5 40 4 5 8
2 Now evaluate each quotient.
a 200 4 10 b 6000 4 100 c 45 000 4 100 d 30 000 4 1000
e 1900 4 10 f 2600 4 100 g 530 4 10 h 720 000 4 1000
i 180 4 30 j 300 4 50 k 1600 4 400 l 45 000 4 5000
m 4200 4 60 n 21 000 4 700 o 44 000 4 2000 p 1600 4 200
q 24 000 4 600 r 15 000 4 3000 s 64 000 4 80 t 5400 4 900

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3-09 Prime and composite numbers

The factors of a number are those whole numbers that divide exactly into it (without remainder).
For example:
The factors of 16 are 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16
The factors of 7 are 1 and 7
A number is prime if it has only two factors: 1 and itself. Some examples of prime numbers are 7, Worksheet
3, 19, 2 and 11.
Sieve of Eratosthenes
A number is composite if it has more than two factors. Some examples of composite numbers are
MAT07NAWK10023
16, 10, 9, 15 and 4.

Summary
Skillsheet
A prime number has only two factors: 1 and itself
Prime and composite
A composite number has more than two factors numbers

Note: The number 1 has only one factor so it is neither prime nor composite. MAT07NASS10017

Exercise 3-09 Prime and composite numbers

1 List all the factors of each number
a 17 b 21 c 24 d 11
e 35 f 4 g 18 h 23
i 25 j 9 k 3 l 19

2 List all the numbers from question 1 that are:

a prime b composite
3 Which one of these numbers is not a factor of 45? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 9 B 5 C 7 D 3

4 Sort the following numbers into primes and composites.

10 1 129 5 04
10
77

2064 67
33

17 9
999 27 59
71
2

41
47

62

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5 The ancient Greek mathematician, Eratosthenes, discovered an easy way to sort out the prime
numbers from a list of numbers. It is called the Sieve of Eratosthenes (pronounced Siv of
Era-tos-the-nees), and works by crossing out multiples of numbers (the composite numbers).
a Copy the grid below for 1 to 120 or print out the Worksheet Sieve of Eratosthenes.

Worksheet 1 2 3 4 5 6
Sieve of Eratosthenes 7 8 9 10 11 12
MAT07NAWK10023 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24
TLF learning object 25 26 27 28 29 30
Sieve of Eratosthenes 31 32 33 34 35 36
(L3545) 37 38 39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47 48
49 50 51 52 53 54
55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66
67 68 69 70 71 72
73 74 75 76 77 78
79 80 81 82 83 84
85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96
97 98 99 100 101 102
103 104 105 106 107 108
109 110 111 112 113 114
115 116 117 118 119 120
b Cross out 1. It is neither prime nor composite.
c Except for 2, colour all the multiples of 2 red and notice the pattern.
d Except for 3, colour all the multiples of 3 green and notice the pattern.
e Continue to colour multiples of other numbers with different colours, until there are no
more multiples.
f What do you notice about the 30 numbers left that are not coloured?

6 List all the:

a prime numbers between 36 and 50 b composite numbers between 65 and 80
c prime numbers less than 20 d composite numbers between 30 and 47

Worked solutions 7 Which one of the following numbers is divisible only by prime numbers, itself and 1? Select
Exercise 3-09
A, B, C or D.
MAT07NAWS10015
A 12 B 14 C 16 D 18
8 Look up other meanings for the word composite. Suggest why this word is used the way it is
in mathematics.

9 a Find a number that has an odd number of factors.

b What type of numbers have an odd number of factors?

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3-10 Prime factors

Worksheet
Every number can be written as a product of its prime factors. The prime factors can be found by
Factor trees
using a factor tree.
MAT07NAWK10024

Example 17
Write 24 as a product of its prime factors. Video tutorial

Factor trees
Solution
MAT07NAVT10006
Draw a factor tree for 24.
24 8 is composite, so write 8 as a product of Skillsheet

2 factors. Prime factors by

3 8 3 is prime, so keep writing 3 along the repeated division

branches. MAT07NASS10018
3 2 4
So 24 as a product of prime factors is:
3 2 2 2 24 2 3 2 3 2 3 3.
24
Note: It is possible to draw different factor trees using
different factors for the same number, but the
6 4
final list of prime factors should still be the
same. Here is another factor tree for 24:
2 3 2 2 24 = 2 2 2 3.

Example 18
Write 648 as a product of its prime factors, using index notation.

Solution
Draw a factor tree for 648.
648 2 is prime, so keep writing 2 along the branches.
324 is composite, so write 324 as a product
2 324 of 2 factors, 4 and 81.
Keep going until there are no composite
2 4 81 factors left.

2 2 2 9 9 So 648 as a product of prime factors is:

648 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 23 3 34

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Finding square and cube roots using prime factors

Example 19
Use a factor tree to find the value of:
p p
3

a 196 b 216

Solution
a Draw a factor tree for 196. 196

4 49

So 196 2 3 2 3 7 3 7
p p 2 2 7 7
) 196 2 3 2 3 7 3 7
p p
237 2 3 2 2, 7 3 7 7
14

b Draw a factor tree for 216. 216

4 54

2 2 2 27

2 2 2 3 9

So 216 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
p3
p 2 2 2 3 3 3
) 216 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
p 3
p
233 2 3 2 3 2 2, 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
6

Exercise 3-10 Prime factors

See Example 17 1 Use a factor tree to write each number as a product of its prime factors.
a 88 b 63 c 45 d 51
e 132 f 270 g 396 h 218
i 630 j 520 k 275 l 342

2 What is 1260 expressed as a product of its prime factors? Select A, B, C or D.

A 23333333537 B 23232333537
C 23233333337 D 23233333537

3 Draw two different factor trees for 280 and show that both give the same prime factors.

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4 Use a factor tree to write each number as a product of its prime factors, in index notation. See Example 18
a 48 b 200 c 460 d 712
e 98 f 144 g 325 h 135

5 484 is a perfect square. See Example 19

a Use a factor tree to write 484 as a product of its prime factors.
b Note that because
p
484 is a square number, the prime factors are in pairs. Use the factor tree
to find 484.
6 Use a factor tree to evaluate each root. Worked solutions
p p p p
a p
625 b p900
c p225
d p784
Exercise 3-10
e 3 9261 f 3 3375 g 3 1728 h 3 4096 MAT07NAWS10016

Technology Spreadsheet formulas

Remember that a spreadsheet is like a calculator. We use special symbols to make calculations and
a spreadsheet formula always begins with an equals () sign.

Formula Meaning
A1A2A3 or add the values in cells A1, A2 and A3
sum(A1:A3)
A5A4 subtract the value in cell A4 from the value in cell A5
A1*A3 multiply together the values in cells A1 and A3 (* is used instead of 3)
A1/A2 divide the value in cell A1 by the value in cell A2 (/ is used instead of 4)
A2^2 square the value in cell A2 (^ is used instead of (A2)2)
A5^3 cube the value in cell A5, that is, (A5)3 p
sqrt(A3) find the square root of the value in cell A3, that is, A3
average(A1:A5) find the average of all values from cells A1 to A5
max(A1:A8) find the maximum (highest) of all values from cells A1 to A8
min(A1:A8) find the minimum (lowest) of all values from cells A1 to A8

1 Open a new spreadsheet and enter the 5 numbers

shown in column A. To enter the fraction 1/2 in
cell B4, right-click on B4 to select Format Cells,
then choose Fraction and select Up to three digits.

2 In cell B1, enter the formula sqrt(A1) pto

calculate the square root of the value in cell A1.
You should get the answer 2, because 4 2.
3 For the rest of the cells in column B, enter the appropriate formula for each expression
shown below and check that the spreadsheet calculates the correct answer. Remember to
start each formula with an sign.
a at B2, A2 4 A1 b at B3, (A3)2
c at B4, (A3)3 d at B5, A1 3 A2 A3 3 A4

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e at B6, A5 A3 f at B7, the sum of A1 to A5

2
g at B8, the product of A1 to A5 h at B9, (A4)
r
i at B10, (A5)3 j at B11, A5
A4
4 For the following cells in column C, enter the appropriate formula for each expression and
check that the spreadsheet calculates the correct answer.
a at C1, the average of column A
b at C2, the maximum value of column A
c at C3, the minimum value of column A
d at C4, (A1 A5)2
e at C5, the average of A1, A2 and A3
p
f at C6, A2  A3
5 Now enter new values in cells A1 to A5 (including a new fraction for A4) and notice the
new answers calculated in columns B and C.
6 Create your own values and formulas. Write at least five formulas and use up to five different
values. Enter the new values in column D and the new formulas in column E of your spreadsheet.

3-11 Highest common factor

Summary
The highest common factor (HCF) or greatest common divisor
(GCD) of two (or more) numbers is the largest number that
is a factor of both (or all) of these numbers. Divisor is just another name
for factor.

Example 20
Animated example
Find the highest common factor (HCF) of:
Highest common
factors a 24 and 30 b 40 and 15
MAT07NAAE00012
Solution
a Factors of 24 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
Factors of 30 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30
The common factors are 1, 2, 3, 6
The highest common factor is 6.
b Factors of 40 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40
Factors of 15 1, 3, 5, 15
The highest common factor is 5.

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Using prime factors to nd the HCF
Example 21
Use factor trees to find the HCF of 360 and 405.

Solution
360 405

36 10 5 81

6 6 2 5
5 9 9

2 3 2 3 2 5 5 3 3 3 3

Draw factor trees for 360 and 405

Circle common prime factors: 3, 3 and 5
Multiply 3, 3 and 5 to calculate the HCF

HCF 3 3 3 3 5
45
45 is the highest factor of both 360 and 405

Summary
To find the highest common factor of two numbers using their prime factors:
1 Circle common prime factors
2 Multiply them together

Exercise 3-11 Highest common factor

1 Which one of these numbers is not a factor of 36? Select A, B, C or D.
A 4 B 6 C 8 D 9
2 Find all common factors for each pair of numbers.
a 27, 45 b 60, 32 c 75, 45 d 18, 28
3 Find the highest common factor of each pair of numbers. See Example 17
a 32, 28 b 9, 6 c 6, 14 d 8, 12
e 14, 70 f 44, 64 g 10, 15 h 12, 6
i 75, 125 j 56, 40 k 60, 90 l 39, 26
m 132, 60 n 36, 84 o 27, 63 p 350, 210
4 On a spreadsheet, the highest common factor can be found using the function hcf().
a Enter hcf(27, 45) into a spreadsheet cell to find the HCF of 27 and 45.
b Check your answers to question 3 using a spreadsheet.
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See Example 18 5 Use factor trees to find the highest common factor of each pair of numbers.
a 324, 486 b 144, 60 c 35, 210 d 1404, 1900

Investigation: Common factor puzzle

1 Copy this grid, and try to move from the 200
200 80 65 91 143 156 195
square in the top left corner to the 100 square
at the bottom right corner. You can move one 175 32 96 71 110 77 121
step horizontally or vertically (but not diagonally), 35 28 15 209 87 90 21
but only if both numbers have a common factor
(not 1). For example, you can move from 65 to 39 169 117 95 57 37 81
91 (common factor 13), but not to 96 (no 63 11 29 72 76 75 51
common factor).
14 98 56 132 48 78 85

105 45 44 187 112 221 100

2 Now try to move from the 105 square in the bottom left corner to the 195 square at the
top right corner, using the same rules.
3 Choose different starting and finishing positions. Do they all have connecting factor paths?

Investigation: HCF by repeated division

The highest common factor can be found by repeated division with prime factors 2, 3, 5, 7,
and so on. For example, to find the HCF of 24 and 60:

both numbers are even so divide by 2 ! 2)24 2)60

both numbers are even so divide by 2 again ! 2)12 2)30
both numbers are divisible by 3 so divide by 3 ! 3) 6 3)15
Since it is not possible to divide any more, stop. 2 5
Multiply the common prime factors to find the HCF.
HCF of 24 and 60 2 3 2 3 3 12
Use this method to find the HCF of each set of numbers.
a 45, 120 b 18, 48 c 20, 28
d 96, 144 e 16, 48 f 15, 21, 45

Homework sheet

Prime and composite

numbers 3-12 Lowest common multiple
MAT07NAHS10003

The multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24,

Homework sheet
The multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56,
Whole numbers review
The multiples of a number are found by multiplying that number by the whole numbers 1, 2,
MAT07NAHS10004
3, 4, .

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Summary
The lowest common multiple (LCM) of two (or more) numbers is the smallest number that
is a multiple of both (or all) of these numbers.
also called the least common
multiple

Example 22
Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of:
a 3 and 4 b 6 and 9

Solution
a Multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32,
Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24,
The common multiples are 12, 24,
The lowest common multiple of 3 and 4 is 12.
b Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54,
Multiples of 9 are 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81,
The lowest common multiple of 6 and 9 is 18.

Using prime factors to nd the LCM

Example 23
Use factor trees to find the LCM of 18 and 30.

Solution
Draw factor trees for 18 and 30.

18 30

6 3 3 10

3 2 3 3 2 5

Circle common prime factors: 3 and 2.

Cross out one of the 3s and one of the 2s.
Multiply the remaining factors to calculate the LCM.
LCM of 18 and 30 3 3 3 3 2 3 5
90

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Summary
To find the lowest common multiple of two numbers using their prime factors:
1 Circle common prime factors
2 Cross out one of each pair of common factors
3 Multiply the remaining factors

Exercise 3-12 Lowest common multiple

Extra questions 1 Write the first 5 multiples of 7.
Special numbers 2 List the multiples of 4 between 13 and 45.
MAT07NAEQ00014 3 How many multiples of 13 are less than 220?
See Example 19 4 Find the lowest common multiple of each set of numbers.
a 3, 5 b 6, 7 c 4, 6 d 15, 10
e 5, 8 f 4, 10 g 10, 5 h 2, 8
i 9, 6 j 3, 7 i 3, 4, 5 j 4, 12, 10

5 Why are some lowest common multiples easier to find? Write down your strategy for finding LCMs.
6 On a spreadsheet, the lowest common multiple can be found using the function lcm().
a Enter lcm(8, 12) into a spreadsheet cell to find the LCM of 8 and 12.
b Check your answers to question 4 using a spreadsheet.
See Example 20 7 Use factor trees to find the lowest common multiple of each pair of numbers.
a 28, 15 b 16, 25 c 44, 20 d 18, 60

Technology Lowest common multiple

This activity searches for the lowest common multiple of 8, 12 and 16 by listing their multiples
first. Start a new spreadsheet and enter the information shown below.

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1 In cell B2, enter the formula $B$1*A2. Use Fill Down to find the first 12 multiples of 8.
2 In cells C2 and D2, enter similar formulas and Fill Down to find the first 12 multiples of
12 and 16. [Hint: Only change the absolute cell reference.]
3 By examining the columns of multiples, find the lowest common multiple of 8, 12 and 16.
4 By using the formula lcm(8, 12, 16), find the lowest common multiple of 8, 12 and 16.
5 Modify your spreadsheet to find the LCM of each of the following sets of numbers. Note:
You may need to extend beyond the first 12 multiples.
a 6 and 15 b 12 and 18 c 3, 7 and 15 d 48, 60 and 75

Power plus

1 For each set of numbers, evaluate and write in ascending order.

a 23, 32, 35, 53, 25, 52 b 44, 73, 35, 82, 52, 63 c 1002, 114, 27, 34, 53
2 Evaluate each square number.
a 12 b 112 c 1112 d 11112
3 Based on the patterns in your answers to question 2, evaluate each square number.
a 11 1112 b 1 111 1112 c 111 111 1112 d 1 111.11112
4 Find the square root of:
a 3333232 b 53534343333
5 Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.
p p p
a p92 4
b p3

4 3 26
c p5
3 3 4
d 29 e 33 3 56 f 16
6 Find the square root of each number without using a calculator.
a 2500 b 8100 c 10 000
d 1 000 000 e 1 210 000 f 100 000 000
g 640 000 h 176 400 i 10 000 000 000
7 Two prime numbers that differ by 2 are called twin primes. For example, 11 and 13 are
twin primes, but 23 and 29 are not. Find all 8 pairs of twin primes below 100.

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 Chapter 3 review

n Language of maths
composite factor lowest common prime factor
Puzzle sheet
cube factor tree multiple (LCM) round down
Number find-a-word
divisibility test highest common multiple round up
MAT07NAPS10012
divisor factor (HCF) power square
estimate index notation prime square root

Quiz 1 What is another name for:

Whole numbers a divisor? b highest common factor?
MAT07NAQZ00002 2 What is used as an abbreviation for repeated multiplication?
3 What type of numbers have more than 2 factors?
4 Describe the divisibility test for 3.
5 Find a non-mathematical meaning of:
a prime b index
6 What helps us to write a number as a product of its prime factors?

n Topic overview
Worksheet Write in your own words what you have learnt about whole numbers.
Mind map: Whole
What was your favourite part of this topic?
numbers What parts of this topic didnt you understand? Talk to your teacher or a friend about them.
MAT07NAWK10025 Print (or copy) and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using
pictures, symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.
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124 9780170188777
 Chapter 3 revision

1 Round 87 531 to the nearest: See Exercise 3-01

a thousand b hundred c ten d ten thousand
2 Estimate the value of each expression. See Exercise 3-01

a 425 81 940 22 b 864 250 417

c 93 3 19 d 2402 4 32
3 Evaluate each product. See Exercise 3-02

a 12 3 4 b 34 3 5 c 33 3 9
d 25 3 8 e 126 3 7 f 565 3 18
4 Evaluate each quotient. See Exercise 3-03

a 2400 4 10 b 620 4 5 c 1296 4 8

d 528 4 4 e 144 4 9 f 847 4 7
5 Test whether 1208 is divisible by: See Exercise 3-04

a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5
e 6 f 8 g 9 h 10
6 Which number is divisible by both 3 and 8? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. See Exercise 3-04

A 30 B 24 C 90 D 94
7 Evaluate each quotient. See Exercise 3-05

a 3079 4 12 b 650 4 25 c 2976 4 24

8 Write each number using Roman numerals. See Exercise 3-06

a 42 b 38 c 89 d 347
9 Write each expression using index notation. See Exercise 3-07

a 3333333 b 636363636
c 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11
10 Evaluate each power.
a 62 b 53 c 105 d 28
11 Evaluate each root. See Exercise 3-08
p p p p
a 49 b 144 c 3 8000 d 3 729
12 a List the prime numbers between 26 and 50. See Exercise 3-09
b List the composite numbers between 45 and 70.
13 Use factor trees to express each number as a product of its prime factors. See Exercise 3-10

a 60 b 200 c 144
14 Use factor trees to evaluate each root. See Exercise 3-10
p p
a 256 b 3 5832
15 Find the highest common factor of each pair of numbers. See Exercise 3-11

a 20 and 48 b 36 and 84
16 Use factor trees to find the highest common factor of 243 and 162. See Exercise 3-11

17 Find the lowest common multiple of each pair of numbers. See Exercise 3-12

a 6 and 8 b 18 and 10
18 Use factor trees to find the lowest common multiple of 25 and 16. See Exercise 3-12

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