8051 PROGRAMMING IN C

The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded

Systems: Using Assembly and C
Mazidi, Mazidi and McKinlay
Compilers produce hex files that is
downloaded to ROM of microcontroller
The size of hex file is the main concern
Microcontrollers have limited on-chip ROM
Code space for 8051 is limited to 64K bytes
C programming is less time consuming,
but has larger hex file size
The reasons for writing programs in C
It is easier and less time consuming to
write in C than Assembly
C is easier to modify and update
You can use code available in function
libraries
C code is portable to other microcontroller
with little of no modification
A good understanding of C data types
for 8051 can help programmers to
create smaller hex files
Unsigned char
Signed char
Unsigned int
Signed int
Sbit (single bit)
Bit and sfr
The character data type is the most
natural choice
8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller
Unsigned char is an 8-bit data type in
the range of 0 255 (00 FFH)
One of the most widely used data types
for the 8051
Counter value
ASCII characters
C compilers use the signed char as the
default if we do not put the keyword
unsigned
Write an 8051 C program to send values 00 FF to port P1.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=255;z++)
P1=z;
}
Write an 8051 C program to send hex values for ASCII characters of
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, A, B, C, and D to port P1.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char mynum[]=012345ABCD;
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=10;z++)
P1=mynum[z];
}
Write an 8051 C program to toggle all the bits of P1 continuously.
Solution:
//Toggle P1 forever
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
for (;;)
{
p1=0x55;
p1=0xAA; } }
The signed char is an 8-bit data type
Use the MSB D7 to represent or +
Give us values from 128 to +127
We should stick with the unsigned char
unless the data needs to be
represented as signed numbers
temperature
Write an 8051 C program to send values of 4 to +4 to port P1.
Solution:
//Singed numbers
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
char mynum[]={+1,-1,+2,-2,+3,-3,+4,-4};
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=8;z++)
P1=mynum[z];
}
The unsigned int is a 16-bit data type
Takes a value in the range of 0 to 65535
(0000 FFFFH)
Define 16-bit variables such as memory
addresses
Set counter values of more than 256
Since registers and memory accesses are
in 8-bit chunks, the misuse of int variables
will result in a larger hex file
Signed int is a 16-bit data type
Use the MSB D15 to represent or +
We have 15 bits for the magnitude of the
number from 32768 to +32767
Write an 8051 C program to toggle bit D0 of the port P1 (P1.0)
50,000 times.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit MYBIT=P1^0;
void main(void)
{
unsigned int z;
for (z=0;z<=50000;z++)
{
MYBIT=0;
MYBIT=1; } }
The bit data type allows access to
single bits of bit-addressable memory
spaces 20 2FH
To access the byte-size SFR registers,
we use the sfr data type
sfr 8-bit RAM addresses 80 FFH only
bit 1-bit RAM bit-addressable only
sbit 1-bit SFR bit-addressable only
(signed) int 16-bit -32768 to +32767
unsigned int 16-bit 0 to 65535
(signed) char 8-bit -128 to +127
unsigned char 8-bit 0 to 255
Data Type Size in Bits Data Range/Usage
There are two way s to create a time
delay in 8051 C
Using the 8051 timer (Chap. 9)
Using a simple for loop
be mindful of three factors that can affect
the accuracy of the delay
The 8051 design
The number of machine cycle
The number of clock periods per machine
cycle
The crystal frequency connected to the X1 X2
input pins
Compiler choice
C compiler converts the C statements and
functions to Assembly language instructions
Different compilers produce different code
Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 continuously forever
with some delay.
Solution:
//Toggle P1 forever with some delay in between
//on and off
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned int x;
for (;;) //repeat forever
{
p1=0x55;
for (x=0;x<40000;x++); //delay size
//unknown
p1=0xAA;
for (x=0;x<40000;x++);
}(cont)
Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 ports continuously with
a 250 ms.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void MSDelay(unsigned int);
void main(void)
{
while (1) //repeat forever
{
p1=0x55;
MSDelay(250);
p1=0xAA;
MSDelay(250);
} }
void MSDelay(unsigned int itime)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for (i=0;i<itime;i++)
for (j=0;j<1275;j++); }
LEDs are connected to bits P1 and P2. Write an 8051 C program that
shows the count from 0 to FFH (0000 0000 to 1111 1111 in binary)
on the LEDs.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
#defind LED P2;
void main(void)
{
P1=00; //clear P1
LED=0; //clear P2
for (;;) //repeat forever
{
P1++; //increment P1
LED++; //increment P2 } }
Write an 8051 C program to get a byte of data form P1, wait 1/2
second, and then send it to P2.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void MSDelay(unsigned int);
void main(void)
{
unsigned char mybyte;
P1=0xFF; //make P1 input port
while (1)
{
mybyte=P1; //get a byte from P1
MSDelay(500);
P2=mybyte; //send it to P2 } }
Write an 8051 C program to get a byte of data form P0. If it is less
than 100, send it to P1; otherwise, send it to P2.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char mybyte;
P0=0xFF; //make P0 input port
while (1)
{
mybyte=P0; //get a byte from P0
if (mybyte<100)
P1=mybyte; //send it to P1
else
P2=mybyte; //send it to P2 } }
Write an 8051 C program to toggle only bit P2.4 continuously without
disturbing the rest of the bits of P2.
Solution:
//Toggling an individual bit
#include <reg51.h>
sbit mybit=P2^4;
void main(void)
{
while (1)
{
mybit=1; //turn on P2.4
mybit=0; //turn off P2.4 } }
Write an 8051 C program to monitor bit P1.5. If it is high, send 55H
to P0; otherwise, send AAH to P2.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit mybit=P1^5;
void main(void)
{
mybit=1; //make mybit an input
while (1)
{
if (mybit==1)
P0=0x55;
else
P2=0xAA; } }
A door sensor is connected to the P1.1 pin, and a buzzer is connected
to P1.7. Write an 8051 C program to monitor the door sensor, and
when it opens, sound the buzzer. You can sound the buzzer by
sending a square wave of a few hundred Hz.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void MSDelay(unsigned int);
sbit Dsensor=P1^1;
sbit Buzzer=P1^7;
void main(void)
{
Dsensor=1; //make P1.1 an input
while (1)
{
while (Dsensor==1)//while it opens
{
Buzzer=0;
MSDelay(200);
Buzzer=1;
MSDelay(200); } } }
The data pins of an LCD are connected to P1. The information is
latched into the LCD whenever its Enable pin goes from high to low.
Write an 8051 C program to send The Earth is but One Country to
this LCD.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
#define LCDData P1 //LCDData declaration
sbit En=P2^0; //the enable pin
void main(void)
{
unsigned char message[]
=The Earth is but One Country;
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<28;z++) //send 28 characters
{
LCDData=message[z];
En=1; //a high-
En=0; //-to-low pulse to latch data } }
Write an 8051 C program to toggle all the bits of P0, P1, and P2
continuously with a 250 ms delay. Use the sfr keyword to declare the
port addresses.
Solution:
//Accessing Ports as SFRs using sfr data type
sfr P0=0x80;
sfr P1=0x90;
sfr P2=0xA0;
void MSDelay(unsigned int);
void main(void)
{
while (1)
{
P0=0x55;
P1=0x55;
P2=0x55;
MSDelay(250);
P0=0xAA;
P1=0xAA;
P2=0xAA;
MSDelay(250); } }
Another way to access the SFR RAM
space 80 FFH is to use the sfr data type
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN 22 HANEL
I/O
PROGRAMMING
Ac
Write an 8051 C program to turn bit P1.5 on and off 50,000 times.
Solution:
sbit MYBIT=0x95;
void main(void)
{
unsigned int z;
for (z=0;z<50000;z++)
{
MYBIT=1;
MYBIT=0; } }
Write an 8051 C program to get the status of bit P1.0, save it, and
send it to P2.7 continuously.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit inbit=P1^0;
sbit outbit=P2^7;
bit membit; //use bit to declare //bit- addressable memory
void main(void)
{
while (1)
{
membit=inbit; //get a bit from P1.0
outbit=membit; //send it to P2.7 } }
We use bit data type to access
dBit-wise
Operators in C

EX-OR Inverter Run the following program on your simulator and examine the results.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
P0=0x35 & 0x0F; //ANDing
P1=0x04 | 0x68; //ORing
P2=0x54 ^ 0x78; //XORing
P0=~0x55; //inversing
P1=0x9A >> 3; //shifting right 3
P2=0x77 >> 4; //shifting right 4
P0=0x6 << 4; //shifting left 4
}
Write an 8051 C program to toggle all the bits of P0 and P2
continuously with a 250 ms delay. Using the inverting and Ex-OR
operators, respectively.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void MSDelay(unsigned int);
void main(void)
{
P0=0x55;
P2=0x55;
while (1)
{
P0=~P0;
P2=P2^0xFF;
MSDelay(250);
} }
Write an 8051 C program to get bit P1.0 and send it to P2.7 after
inverting it.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit inbit=P1^0;
sbit outbit=P2^7;
bit membit;
void main(void)
{
while (1)
{
membit=inbit; //get a bit from P1.0
outbit=~membit; //invert it and send //it to P2.7 } }
Write an 8051 C program to read the P1.0 and P1.1 bits and issue an
ASCII character to P0 according to the following table.
P1.1 P1.0
0 0 send 0 to P0
0 1 send 1 to P0
1 0 send 2 to P0
1 1 send 3 to P0
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsignbed char z;
z=P1;
z=z&0x3;
switch (z)
{case(0):
{P0=0; break; }
case(1):
{ P0=1; break; }
case(2):
{ P0=2; break; }case(3):
{ P0=3; break; } } }
Write an 8051 C program to convert packed BCD 0x29 to ASCII and
display the bytes on P1 and P2.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char x,y,z;
unsigned char mybyte=0x29;
x=mybyte&0x0F;
P1=x|0x30;
y=mybyte&0xF0;
y=y>>4;
P2=y|0x30;
}
Write an 8051 C program to convert ASCII digits of 4 and 7 to
packed BCD and display them on P1.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char bcdbyte;
unsigned char w=4;
unsigned char z=7;
w=w&0x0F;
w=w<<4;
z=z&0x0F;
bcdbyte=w|z;
P1=bcdbyte;
}
Write an 8051 C program to calculate the checksum byte for the data
25H, 62H, 3FH, and 52H.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char mydata[]={0x25,0x62,0x3F,0x52};
unsigned char sum=0;
unsigned char x;
unsigned char chksumbyte;
for (x=0;x<4;x++)
{
P2=mydata[x];
sum=sum+mydata[x];
P1=sum;
}
chksumbyte=~sum+1;
P1=chksumbyte; }Department of Computer Science and Information Engineeri
Write an 8051 C program to perform the checksum operation to
ensure data integrity. If data is good, send ASCII character G to P0.
Otherwise send B to P0.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char mydata[]
={0x25,0x62,0x3F,0x52,0xE8};
unsigned char shksum=0;
unsigned char x;
for (x=0;x<5;x++)
chksum=chksum+mydata[x];
if (chksum==0)
P0=G;
else
P0=B;
}
Write an 8051 C program to convert 11111101 (FD hex) to decimal
and display the digits on P0, P1 and P2.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char x,binbyte,d1,d2,d3;
binbyte=0xFD;
x=binbyte/10;
d1=binbyte%10;
d2=x%10;
d3=x/10;
P0=d1;
P1=d2;
P2=d3;
}
The 8051 C compiler allocates RAM
locations
Bank 0 addresses 0 7
Individual variables addresses 08 and
beyond
Array elements addresses right after
variables
Array elements need contiguous RAM locations
and that limits the size of the array due to the
fact that we have only 128 bytes of RAM for
everything
Stack addresses right after array
elements
Compile and single-step the following program on your 8051
simulator. Examine the contents of the 128-byte RAM space to locate
the ASCII values.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char mynum[]=ABCDEF; //RAM space
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=6;z++)
P1=mynum[z];
}
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
Write, compile and single-step the following program on your 8051
simulator. Examine the contents of the code space to locate the values.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char mydata[100]; //RAM space
unsigned char x,z=0;
for (x=0;x<100;x++)
{
z--;
mydata[x]=z;
P1=z;
}
}
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineeri
One of the new features of the 8052
was an extra 128 bytes of RAM space
The extra 128 bytes of RAM helps the
8051/52 C compiler to manage its
registers and resources much more
effectively
We compile the C programs for the
8052 microcontroller
Use the reg52.h header file
Choose the8052 option when compiling
the program
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
N
Compile and single-step the following program on your 8051
simulator. Examine the contents of the code space to locate the ASCII
values.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
code unsigned char mynum[]=ABCDEF;
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=6;z++)
P1=mynum[z]; }
Compare and contrast the following programs and discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of each one.
(a)
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
P1=H;
P1=E;
P1=L;
P1=L;
P1=O;
}
...
(b)
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char mydata[]=HELLO;
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=5;z++)
P1=mydata[z];
}
(c)
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
code unsigned char mydata[]=HELLO;
unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=5;z++)
P1=mydata[z];
}
Use the RAM data space to stoSERIALIZATION
 Serializing data is a way of sending a
byte of data one bit at a time through
a single pin of microcontroller
Using the serial port (Chap. 10)
Transfer data one bit a time and control
the sequence of data and spaces in
between them
In many new generations of devices such as
LCD, ADC, and ROM the serial versions are
becoming popular since they take less space on
a PCB
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
NaWrite a C program to send out the value 44H serially one bit at a time
via P1.0. The LSB should go out first.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit P1b0=P1^0;
sbit regALSB=ACC^0;
void main(void)
{
unsigned char conbyte=0x44;
unsigned char x;
ACC=conbyte;
for (x=0;x<8;x++)
{
P1b0=regALSB;
ACC=ACC>>1;
}
}
Department of Computer Science and Information EnNational Cheng Kung U
Write a C program to send out the value 44H serially one bit at a time
via P1.0. The MSB should go out first.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit P1b0=P1^0;
sbit regAMSB=ACC^7;
void main(void)
{
unsigned char conbyte=0x44;
unsigned char x;
ACC=conbyte;
for (x=0;x<8;x++)
{
P1b0=regAMSB;
ACC=ACC<<1;
} }
Write a C program to bring in a byte of data serially one bit at a time
via P1.0. The LSB should come in first.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit P1b0=P1^0;
sbit ACCMSB=ACC^7;
bit membit;
void main(void)
{
unsigned char x;
for (x=0;x<8;x++)
{
membit=P1b0;
ACC=ACC>>1;
ACCMSB=membit;
}
P2=ACC;
}
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
NWrite a C program to bring in a byte of data serially one bit at a time
via P1.0. The MSB should come in first.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit P1b0=P1^0;
sbit regALSB=ACC^0;
bit membit;
void main(void)
{
unsigned char x;
for (x=0;x<8;x++)
{
membit=P1b0;
ACC=ACC<<1;
regALSB=membit;
}
P2=ACC;
}
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