8c Frame - Design New

Frame Design
Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures
(Sway frame)
1
DesignofSwayFrames
If the effects of deformed geometry has to be considered, the

design of sway frame may be accomplished by one of the following
methods:
1. Advanced analysis that consider member stability directly
2. Member resistance check with second order moment or
amplified moment method
3. Member resistance check of equivalent columns with
appropriate buckling lengths according to the global buckling
mode of the structure.
2
Types of Global Analysis
Analysis types:
First order elastic
Second order elastic
First order plastic
Second order plastic
3
General approach
General approach:
Choose an appropriate analysis
Make an appropriate model including
imperfections
Apply all actions (loads) and
combinations of actions
Check cross-sections, members and
joints resistances
4
Frame Stability
Frame Stability is assured by checking:

Cross-sections
Members
Joints
But will be unsafe unless:
Frame model,
Loads on frame, and
Analysis method
are appropriate.
5
Effects of deformed geometry
EN 1993-1-1 Clause 5.2.1(2) states that

deformed geometry (second order
effects) shall be considered:
if they increase the action effects
significantly
or modify significantly the structural
behaviour
6
Limits for ignoring deformed geometry

EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 5.2.1(3))
Effects of deformed geometry can be ignored if
For elastic analysis:
where
cr = factor by which the design loading would have to be
increased to cause elastic instability in a global mode (cr in
BS 5950-1)
FEd = design loading on the structure
Fcr = elastic critical buckling load for global instability based on
initial elastic stiffness.
7
SimpleEstimateforcr
EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 5.2.1(4))
The following estimate for cr may be used for

portal frames with shallow roof slopes
beam-and-column plane frames in buildings
where
h is the storey height
Inthecalculationofcr ,thehorizontal
Ed is the horizontal reaction at the bottom of the storey reactioncanbeeitherdueto
equivalenthorizontalforces,
VEd is the total vertical load at the bottom of the storey horizontalforces,or
totalhorizontalforces
H,Ed is the horizontal displacement at the top of the storey, butthehorizontaldisplacementsdueto
relative to the bottom of the store, when the frame is therespectivehorizontalforceshavetobe
usedinthecalculation.
loaded with horizontal loads.
8
Limitationsonuseofsimpleestimatefor cr
beam-and-column plane frames in buildings

axial compression in the beams or rafters satisfy
where
NEd is the design value of the compression force
is the in-plane non-dimensional slenderness calculated for the beam or rafters
considered as hinged at its ends of the system length measured along the beams
or rafters.
9
Analysis method and

achievement
Distinguish between:
Analysis method (1st or 2nd order)
Analysis achievement i.e. can achieve
2nd order by:
1) 2nd order analysis
2) 1st order analysis and amplified sway
3) 1st order analysis and sway effective
length.
10
Frame stability
Limits for treatment of second order
effects depend on cr= Fcr/FEd
11
Imperfections
12
Global vs Local Imperfections

Globalimperfectionsfor Localimperfectionsfor
framesandbracingsystems individualmembers
Imperfections to be considered Imperfections to be considered
if HEd < 0.15VEd if
e0
L
Thislimitisseldomsatisfied,
i.e.initialbowimperfectionis
notcommonlyencountered.
Onlyforslendermembersin
h swayframes.

13
Global (Initial Sway) Imperfections

EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 5.3.2(3))
Forbuildingswith
Global initial sway imperfections: =0 h m complexlayout,youmay
where 0 is the basic value: 0 = 1/200 ignorethereduction
factors h ,m anduse
h is the reduction factor for height h applicable to columns = 1/200
h is the height of the structure in meters
m is the reduction factor for the number of columns in a row:

m is the number of columns in a row
h h

14
Local (Initial Bow) Imperfections

EN 1993-1-1 (Cl 5.3.2(3)) & NA to SS EN1993-1-1 (Cl. NA.2.11)
Initial local bow imperfections = e0/L where L is the member length
Determinationofinitialimperfections e0
Initial imperfections for an individual section about a particular axis should be L
back-calculated from the formula for the buckling curves given in EN 1993-1-
1:2010, Cl 6.3 using the section modulus.
where W=Wel and Wpl for elastic and plastic design respectively
is the imperfection factor from EN1993-1-1:2010 Table 6.1
Recommended values from EN1993-1-1 Table 5.1 (see below) may also be used.
Buckling curve Elastic analysis Plastic analysis
acc. To Table 6.1 e0/L e0/L
a0 1/350 1/300
a 1/300 1/250
b 1/250 1/200
c 1/200 1/150
d 1/150 1/100 15
EquivalentHorizontalForces
Theeffectsofinitialsway(global)imperfectionandlocalbow(local)imperfections
maybereplacedbysystemsofequivalenthorizontalforces.
Global imperfections Local imperfections

q1 NEd
Q1
Qi=2qi l
q2
Q2
L
NEd
l l
Theseinitialswayimperfectionsshouldapplyinall
relevanthorizontaldirections,butonlyonedirection
atatime.
16
Including EHF in load combinations

Dead (G) and Imposed loads (Q) are
unfavourable
1.35G + 1.5Q + 0.75W + EHF
1.35G + 1.05Q + 1.5W + EHF
Dead (G) and imposed loads (Q) are

favorable
1.0G + 0Q + 1.5W + EHF
17
Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures 18
Design of Non-Sway Frames

Non-Sway frames should be designed as follows:
to resist gravity loads (load combination 1).
the non-sway mode effective length of the
columns may be used.
pattern loading should be used to
determine the most severe moments and
forces.
sub frames may be used to reduce the
number of load cases.
the frame should then be checked for combined vertical and
horizontal loads without pattern loading.
Design of Sway Sensitive Frames
Sway sensitive frames should be designed as

follows:
Check in the non-sway mode i.e. design to resist
gravity loads (1.35G+1.5Q) as for independently
braced frames without taking account of sway ( i.e.
without horizontal forces, but with pattern loading).
Check in the sway mode for combined vertical and
horizontal loads, without pattern loading (1.35G +
1.5Q + 0.75W+EHF and 1.35G + 1.5W + 1.05Q+EHF)
without any pattern load
The sway effect should be allowed for by using (1)
column effective lengths, or (2) amplified sway
moments, or (3) direct analysis.
19
Member Resistance Checks

Secondordermoment/amplifiedmoment OR
Member Buckling Resistance Check
Biaxial bending combined with flexural buckling
about MAJOR axis
Effectivelengthforswayframe
Secondordermoment/amplifiedmoment OR
Biaxial bending combined with flexural buckling
about MINOR axis
Effectivelengthforswayframe
20
Design of Sway & non-sway Frame

Equivalentcolumn Calculate initial
method sway imperfections
No
Verify stability
Choose material
Choose method by considering HEd 0.15VEd?
and section
imperfections
Yes
Determine
sensitivity to sway
calculate acr
Determinemember No cr 10?
designforcesfor (cr 15 for plastic
swayframes analysis)
Yes
Determine member design

Verification of forces for non-sway frames
elements by 1st Order Analysis
MEd , VEd , NEd
21
EquivalentColumnMethod(effectivelengthmethod)
Determine member
Determine slenderness Determine
Choose material design forces by
parameter using reduction factor for
and section 1 Order Analysis
st
flexural buckling
MEd , VEd , NEd
Determine
Effective length design compression
resistance Nb,Rd
No No
Interaction Determine
between M and N. MEd / Mb,Rd 1.0? design bending NEd / Nb,Rd 1.0?
OK?
Yes Yes No
resistance Mb,Rd
Yes
Verification of other components
22
DeterminationofMemberDesignForcesforSwayFrames
Calculate additional
effects of initial bow
imperfections
Yes
Determine if local bow No Select method
imperfections have to ? of allowing for
be considered sway effects
Carry out Yes No Carry out

1st Order Analysis cr 3? 2nd Order Analysis
Allow for 2nd order

Determine member
effects by increasing
design forces
sway effects using
MEd , VEd , NEd
kr = 1/(1 1/cr)
23
DesigningforSwayEffects
Sway effects can be calculated using:
Second Order Analysis (for any cr) or
Amplified Sway Method (for cr 3.0)
AmplifiedSwayMethod
Perform first order analysis and amplify all horizontal loads (i.e. wind and
equivalent horizontal forces) by the factor:
Thisapproachisvalidfor
Singlestoreyframesdesignedonthebasisofelasticglobalanalysis
Multiplestoreyframesprovidedthatallstoreyshavesimilardistributionof
(1) verticalloads;
(2) horizontalloads;
(3) framesstiffnesswithrespecttotheappliedstoreyshearforces. 24
Sway Effective Length Method

EC3 1-1 Clause 5.2.2(8) The individual members should be checked
with the equivalent column method according to the buckling length
values based on a global sway buckling mode of the frame.
Thisapproachisvalidfor
Multiplestoreyframesprovidedthatallstoreys havesimilar
distributionof
(1) verticalloads;
(2) horizontalloads;
(3) framesstiffnesswithrespecttotheappliedstoreyshear
forces.
SSNA 2.10
In such cases the sway moments in the beams and beam-to-column
connections should be multiplied by kr unless a smaller value is shown to be
adequate by analysis. kr may be evaluated using the following expression
provided that cr > 3.0:
25
Effective Length Method

(BS5950: Part 1
or
NCCI: Buckling lengths of columns: A Rigorous Approach)
26
Effective lengths and critical loads

Critical load of a Pin-ended Column
Ncr = Pe = 2EI/L2
Critical load of a column with other boundary condition

Ncr = 2EI/(KL)2 = Ne/ K2
KL = Effective Length
Ne = Euler buckling load
Effective Length factor, K = (Ne/Ncr)0.5
e.g., Cantilever Column

Pcr= 0.252EI/L2 = 2EI/4L2 = 2EI/(2L)2
Effective Length factor = (Ne/Ncr)0.5

Hence the effective length LE for a cantilever is 2L
27
Nominal effective lengths
28
Ib = infinite
29
30
BS5950:Part1: Annex E: Effective length of

columns in Nonsway frames
Ku
K TL
K TR
Kc
K BL K BR
KL
31
BS5950:Part1: Annex E: Effective length of columns in Sway

frames
k2
32
Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures 33
Buckled Mode Shapes
Non Sway Frame Sway Frame

Effective Length of Columns in Multistorey Frame
34
Derivation of Charts
kl = KC / (KC + KBL + KBR) 1
LE
k2 = KC+ KL / (KC +KL + KBL + KBR)
2
Conservative Formulae for the curves

For non-sway frames
For sway frames
35
Use of the charts of Annex E

k1 = (Kc + Ku) / (Kc+Ku+KTL +KTR)
k2 = (Kc + KL) / (Kc+KL+KBL +KBR)
The stiffness K for each member is
taken as a function of I / L
If a beam supports a floor slab, its K
value should be taken as I / L
For a beam which is not rigidly
connected to the column, K should be
taken as zero.
36
Use of the charts of Annex E

For a beam which carries more
than 90% of its moment capacity, a
90%Mp
pin should be inserted at that
location or set Ib/Lb = 0. Ib/|Lb = 0
If either end of the column carries
more than 90% of Mp, the value of k2 = 1
k1 or k2 as appropriate should be
taken as 1.0.
For other conditions, the
appropriate values of K are given in
Tables E1, E2 and E3 of the code.
37
Beam stiffness values

Table E.1 BS5950:Part1
Beam in single
Beam in double
curvature
curvature
Non Sway Frame Sway Frame

38
Columns in a Mixed Frame (E.5)
Effective length
to be increase by
f
Rigid frame Simple frame
Storey buckling amplification factor
= total vertical load in that storey in the columns that resist sway in that plane
= total vertical load in that storey in the columns not resisting sway in that plane
39
Amplified Moment Method
40
Amplification factor for sway effect

For multi-storey frames second order sway effects may be calculated
by increasing the horizontal loads HEd (e.g. wind) and equivalent
horizontal loads Ved due to imperfections according to first order
theory by the factor:
provided that cr 3.0
41
Limitation of the simplified

method (Cl 5.2.2 (6)B
All storeys have a similar
distribution of vertical loads and
distribution of horizontal loads and
distribution of frame stiffness with respect
to the applied storey shear forces.
42
Amplified Sway Effect

Sway effect can be introduced approximately by amplifying
the design horizontal load by kr
kr(W + EHF)
kr(W + EHF)
kr(W + EHF)
kr(W + EHF)
43
Examples
44
Example 1: Determine effective lengths of

columns in sway frame
2 3.6m
Ix beams = 21500cm 4
1 3.6m
Ix columns = 6090cm 4
3.6m
3 3.6m
7.2m 7.2m 7.2m 7.2m

Factored dead plus live load
16kN/m
72kN/m
Beams are supporting concrete slab, Kb = 1.0 I/L
45
2 3.6m
Using Appendix E 1 3.6m
3.6m
3 3.6m
Column 1 7.2m 7.2m 7.2m 7.2m
Beams KTL = KTR = KBL = KBR = I/L =21500/720 = 29.9

Columns KU = KC = KL = I/L = 6090/360 = 16.9
End restraint factors
Top k1 = (KC+KU) / (KC + KU +KTL+KTR) = 0.36
Bottom k2 = (KC+KL) / (KC + KL +KTL+KTR) = 0.36
The frame is a sway frame; use Figure E.2 for sway frame
LE/L = 1.27 i.e. LE = 1.27 x 3.6 = 4.57m
If bracings were provided and the frame is a non-sway frame,

the effective length ratio from Figure E.1 would be 0.625 .
i.e. LE = 0.625 x 3.6 = 2.25m
46
47
2 3.6m
1 3.6m
3.6m
3 3.6m
7.2m 7.2m 7.2m 7.2m
Column 2
Beams KTL = KBL = I/L =21500/720 = 29.9
Columns KC = KL = I/L = 6090/360 = 16.9
End Restraint factors
Top k1 = (KC) / (KC +KTL) = 0.36
Bottom k2 = (KC+KL) / (KC + KL +KTL) = 0.53
From Figure E.2 for sway frame

LE/L = 1.4 i.e. LE = 1.4 x 3.6 = 5.04m
48
2 3.6m
Column based is pinned
1 3.6m
3.6m
3 3.6m
7.2m 7.2m 7.2m 7.2m

Column 3
Beams KTL = KTR = I/L =21500/720 = 29.9
Columns KU = KC = I/L = 6090/360 = 16.9
Bottom k2 = (KC) / (KC ) = 1
Therefore as the frame is a sway frame from Figure E.2

LE/L = 2.25 i.e. LE = 2.25 x 3.6 = 8.10m
The design would then proceed as normal using the
effective lengths calculated above.
49
2
If the column bases were rigid base
stiffness is taken as column stiffness : cl. 1
5.1.3.2 in BS5950:Part1
3
Column 3
Beams KTL = KTR = I/L =21500/720 = 29.9
Columns KU = KC = I/L = 6090/360 = 16.9

Bottom k2 = (KC) / (KC + KC ) = 0.50
From Figure E.2 LE/L = 1.35 i.e. LE = 1.35 x 3.6 = 4.86m
The effective length is much reduced and the column will be smaller but
the cost of providing moment resisting foundations may out-weight the cost
of the savings in steelwork. The fixity would also be beneficial in
controlling sway deformations.
50
Example 2
The figure below shows an unbraced two-storey frame where the column based are fixed and
subjected to factored floor (dead and imposed) loadings qi and factored wind loadings Wi.
Determine sway imperfections and equivalent horizontal forces if it is necessary to be
considered in the design of this frame.
q1=40kN/m
W1=8kN
q2=60kN/m 3m
W2=16kN
3m
6m 6m
Since HEd < 0.15VEd, sway imperfections have to be taken into account.
51
Equivalent horizontal forces
Example 3
For the frame in Example 2, determine the horizontal forces that need to be considered to
account for the sway effects. The inter-floor displacements for the total horizontal force
(equivalent horizontal forces + Wind forces) are H,1 = 6.48mm and H,2 = 8.75mm
respectively.
q1=40kN/m H,1 = 6.48mm
H1=1.6kN
W1=8kN q1=60kN/m 3m
H2=2.4kN
W2=16kN H,2 = 8.75mm
3m
6m 6m 52
Conservatively taking cr = 8.00

The amplification factor kr is
Total horizontal forces to be considered for design

q1=40kN/m
(H1+W1) x kr = 11.0kN
q1=60kN/m 3m
(H2+W2) x kr = 21.0kN
3m
6m 6m 53
Example 4
Design Column A for the following load combination (factored loads)
Assume the frame is braced in the out-of plane direction at each storey. Assume that the
frame is braced out of plane at the storey level to prevent side sway.
W1=8kN W2=16kN H1=1.6kN H2=2.4kN
q1=40kN/m
(H1+W1) x kr = 11.0kN
q1=60kN/m 3m
(H2+W2) x kr = 21.0kN column A
3m
54
Bending Moment Shear Forces
Column Reaction Force Axial Forces

55
30/8/2012
Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures RLiew
Design of Column A
Analysis result Member section
My(major) 19.2KNm Try203x203x60 UC S275
Mz-z (minor) 0KNm Section table mm
NEd 660KN h 209.6 Iy-y 6120cm4
L 3m b 205.8 Iz-z 2060
Span 6m tw 9.4 Wy-y 656cm3
tf 14.2 Wz-z 305
Eff legth fac(major) 1 r 10.2 A 76.4cm2
Eff legth fac(minor) 1 d 160.8 Iw 0.197dm6
cf/tf 6.2 IT 47.2cm4
Ley 3 cw/tw 17.1 iy 8.96cm
Lez 3 iz 5.2cm
660 kNm
E 210KN/mm2
fy 275 G 81KN/mm2
0.92 14.54 kNm
Member classification
Flange
cf/tf 6.2 < 9 8.32 Class 1
Web
= 1.29 < 1.0 19.2 kNm

take = 1.0
cw=d=c
cw/tw 17.1 < 396/(13 - 1) = 30.36 Class 1
Overall classification is Class 1

Column A
86.8
56
30/8/2012
For buckling about y-y axis:
0.39
h/b = 1.02< 1.2

Using buckling curve b, imperfection factor 0.34
0.61
0.93
1957.5 KN Design table : N b,y,Rd = 1960 KN
For buckling about z-z axis:
0.66
h/b = 1.02< 1.2
Using buckling curve c, imperfection factor 0.49
0.83
0.75
1568.3KN Design table : N b,Z,Rd = 1570 KN
57
30/8/2012
Resistance to lateral torsional buckling:

660 kNm
C1 = (1.88-1.4*+0.52*^2)
= M1/M2
= -0.76
C1= 3.23 so 2.7 should be <= 2.7 14.54 kNm
= 629.76KNm
1700KNm
0.33
19.2 kNm
h/b = 1.02< 2
Using buckling curve a, imperfection factor = 0.21 Column A

0.57
0.97
175.24 KNm Design table : M b,,Rd = 180 KNm
58
From bending moment distribution

and Annex B-EC3
C = 0.6+0.4 >=0.4
= -0.76
Cmy = 0.3 so 0.4
Cmz = 0
CmLT = 0.3 so 0.4
Interaction factors:
0.43
0.81
Second order moment

Biaxial bending combined with flexural buckling about
MAJOR axis

Biaxial bending combined with flexural buckling about
First order moment (=19.2/1.14)
MINOR axis.
The frame is non-sway in the out-of-plane at the storey level.
Column A is adequate
A smaller column size may be used
Homework
Design the edge column
59
Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures 100 kN
Homework 100 kN
100 kN
100 kN
EHFx EHFy
NHFy NHFx
Equivalent horizontal force = (1/200)
floor gravity load applied in one
direction at a time.
The frame is a sway frame in both
direction. 150 kN
Column designed will be governed 150 kN
150 kN
by buckling about the minor axis. 150 kN
Hence, design the member for
buckling about the minor axis
All members UC 152 x 152 x 37 S 275 steel y
x
60
Eurocode3:DesignofSteelStructures 100 kN
100 kN
100 kN
Example 2 : Continue 100 kN
Alternate design
100 kN
Provide bracing to prevent side
sway in the x direction as NHLy
shown. NHLy NHLx
150 kN
Design the column as nonsway

in the x direction, but consider
sway effect in the y direction. 100 kN
x
61
Example 2 (Continue). Consider sway effect in the y direction.
EHF
Y direction
Frame Classification for sway or nonsway
determine At every floor
62
Check
Storey No.

1 504.7 kN
2
B
3 2.7 kNm
4
5.973 kNm A
1 Design column AB using the effective length approach
2 Design column AB using the amplified moment approach 504.7 kN
Forces in column AB
from first order elastic
analysis
63

8c Frame - Design New

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Frame Design

If the effects of deformed geometry has to be considered, the

Types of Global Analysis

Frame Stability is assured by checking:

Effects of deformed geometry

EN 1993-1-1 Clause 5.2.1(2) states that

Limits for ignoring deformed geometry

Effects of deformed geometry can be ignored if

For elastic analysis:

The following estimate for cr may be used for

beam-and-column plane frames in buildings

Analysis method and

Global vs Local Imperfections

Global (Initial Sway) Imperfections

h is the height of the structure in meters

m is the reduction factor for the number of columns in a row:

Local (Initial Bow) Imperfections

Global imperfections Local imperfections

Including EHF in load combinations

Dead (G) and imposed loads (Q) are

Design of Non-Sway Frames

Design of Sway Sensitive Frames

Sway sensitive frames should be designed as

Member Resistance Checks

Design of Sway & non-sway Frame

Determine member design

Verification of other components

Carry out Yes No Carry out

Allow for 2nd order

Sway Effective Length Method

Effective Length Method

Effective lengths and critical loads

Critical load of a column with other boundary condition

e.g., Cantilever Column

Effective Length factor = (Ne/Ncr)0.5

Nominal effective lengths

BS5950:Part1: Annex E: Effective length of

BS5950:Part1: Annex E: Effective length of columns in Sway

Buckled Mode Shapes

Non Sway Frame Sway Frame

Effective Length of Columns in Multistorey Frame

Conservative Formulae for the curves

For sway frames

Use of the charts of Annex E

Use of the charts of Annex E

Beam stiffness values

Non Sway Frame Sway Frame

Storey buckling amplification factor

Amplified Moment Method

Amplification factor for sway effect

provided that cr 3.0

Limitation of the simplified

Amplified Sway Effect

Example 1: Determine effective lengths of

7.2m 7.2m 7.2m 7.2m

Beams are supporting concrete slab, Kb = 1.0 I/L

Using Appendix E 1 3.6m

Column 1 7.2m 7.2m 7.2m 7.2m

Beams KTL = KTR = KBL = KBR = I/L =21500/720 = 29.9