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    Real Roots of Cubic Equation

    Uploaded by

    guilhermeluz95
    The document summarizes the method of solving a cubic equation using Tschirnhaus-Vieta approach. It provides the following key steps: 1) Use substitutions to reduce the cubic equation to a "depressed cubic" equation. 2) Transform the reduced cubic equation to match a trigonometric identity involving cosines. 3) Solve for the roots of the cubic equation in terms of the angles defined by the trigonometric identity. The roots are given as functions of the angle solutions and a shift term, providing the real roots when the condition that the discriminant is negative is satisfied.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Real Roots of Cubic Equation

    Uploaded by

    guilhermeluz95
    378 views4 pages
    The document summarizes the method of solving a cubic equation using Tschirnhaus-Vieta approach. It provides the following key steps: 1) Use substitutions to reduce the cubic equation to a "depressed cubic" equation. 2) Transform the reduced cubic equation to match a trigonometric identity involving cosines. 3) Solve for the roots of the cubic equation in terms of the angles defined by the trigonometric identity. The roots are given as functions of the angle solutions and a shift term, providing the real roots when the condition that the discriminant is negative is satisfied.

    Original Description:

    Tomas Co 10/7/2014

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document summarizes the method of solving a cubic equation using Tschirnhaus-Vieta approach. It provides the following key steps: 1) Use substitutions to reduce the cubic equation to a "depressed cubic" equation. 2) Transform the reduced cubic equation to match a trigonometric identity involving cosines. 3) Solve for the roots of the cubic equation in terms of the angles defined by the trigonometric identity. The roots are given as functions of the angle solutions and a shift term, providing the real roots when the condition that the discriminant is negative is satisfied.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    378 views4 pages

    Real Roots of Cubic Equation

    Uploaded by

    guilhermeluz95
    The document summarizes the method of solving a cubic equation using Tschirnhaus-Vieta approach. It provides the following key steps: 1) Use substitutions to reduce the cubic equation to a "depressed cubic" equation. 2) Transform the reduced cubic equation to match a trigonometric identity involving cosines. 3) Solve for the roots of the cubic equation in terms of the angles defined by the trigonometric identity. The roots are given as functions of the angle solutions and a shift term, providing the real roots when the condition that the discriminant is negative is satisfied.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 4

    Real Roots of Cubic Equation

    (Tomas Co, 10/7/2014)

    Objective: Given a cubic equation,   +   +  +  = 0, find the condition when the


    equation would yield three real roots, and find the roots.

    Method: Use the Tschirnhaus-Vieta approach.

    Let

    3   2  9 + 27 


    = and  =
    3 27
    1. Condition for all roots being real: < 0
    (if > 0, only one real roots, see page 4 for this case)
    2. Evaluation of the roots:

     = 2
    3
    3
     = arccos 
    
    
    !=
    3
    Then the roots are
    1
    "# =  cos   + !
    3
    1
    " =  cos  % + 2&' + !
    3
    1
    " =  cos  % + 4&' + !
    3

    Example:

    Consider the equation

      10  + 7 + 1 = 0

    Then = 26.3333,  = 49.7407,  = 5.9255,  = 0.2966 and ! = 3.3333


    Yielding the roots: {9.2299, 0.1215,0.8917}.

    1
    Derivation of Formulas:

    1. First, reduce the cubic equation to a depressed cubic equation.

    - Let  = 0 + !, then the original equation becomes


      + 2! !  + ! + 
    0  + 3! + 0  + 3!  + 0 + 1!  + 2=0
      
    - By setting ! = /(3), the coefficient of 0  becomes zero, yielding
    0  + 0 +  = 0 (1)
    where = (3   )/(3 ) and  = (2  9 + 27 )/(27 ).

    2. Next, consider the following trigonometric identity

    cos(36) = cos(26) cos(6) sin(26) sin(6)


    = (cos(6) sin(6) ) cos(6) (2 sin(6) cos(6)) sin(6)
    = cos(6) 3 cos(6) sin(6)
    = cos(6) 3 cos(6) (1 cos(6) )
    cos(36) = 4 cos(6) 3 cos(6)
    Or
    4 cos(6) 3 cos(6) cos(36) = 0 (2)

    3. Transform the reduced cubic (1) to match the trigonometric identity (2).

    Let 0 =  cos(6) and substitute to (1) to obtain

     cos(6) +  cos(6) +  = 0

    Then multiply the equation by 4/ to match the first term in (2),

    4 4
    4 cos(6) + cos(6) +  = 0
     
    To continue to match with (2), we need

    4
    = 3  = 2
     3

    This yields,

    3
    4 cos(6) 3 cos(6) =0
    

    2
    So comparing with identity (2), we conclude that

    3
    cos(36) =
    

    Due to the periodicity of cosines, we have three distinct solutions for 6 if we let

    3
     = arccos 
    

    and set 36# = , 36 =  + 2& and 36 =  + 4&, or

      + 2&  + 4&
    cos(6# ) = cos  ; cos(6 ) = cos  ; cos(6 ) = cos 
    3 3 3

    4. Transform back to the desired solution for .

     = 0 + ! =  cos(6) + !
    That is, the roots are
    
    "# =  cos(6# ) + ! =  cos  +!
    3
     + 2&
    " =  cos(6 ) + ! =  cos  +!
    3
     + 4&
    " =  cos(6 ) + ! =  cos  +!
    3

    Note: Since  = 2: /3, we need < 0 to have  be real. Further, with  real we
    will also have  = arccos(3/( )) be real.

    3
    If ; > <, only one Real Root:


     = 2
    3

    3
    > = asinh 1 2
    

    >
    "# = 2 sinh 1 2
    3 3

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