U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE

C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS

________________________

No. ACM 38888

________________________

UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Collin M. LEE
Airman First Class (E-3), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
________________________

Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary

Decided 14 March 2017
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Military Judge: Christopher F. Leavey (sitting alone).

Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 7 years,
forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1. Sentence ad-
judged 9 July 2015 by GCM convened at Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio.
For Appellant: Major Michael A. Schrama, USAF; Captain Patrick A.
Clary, USAF; James P. Fleisher, Esquire.
For Appellee: Major Meredith L. Steer, USAF; Major Mary Ellen Payne,
USAF; Gerald R. Bruce, Esquire.
Before DUBRISKE, SANTORO, and HARDING, Appellate Military
Judges.
Judge SANTORO delivered the opinion of the court, in which Senior
Judge DUBRISKE and Judge HARDING joined.
________________________

This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as

precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
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 United States v. Lee, No. ACM 38888

SANTORO, Judge:
A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted Appellant, con-
trary to his pleas, of one specification of aggravated sexual assault, one speci-
fication of making a visual recording of the private area of another, and one
specification of distributing that video, in violation of Articles 120 and 120c,
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. 920, 920c. The ad-
judged sentence was a dishonorable discharge, confinement for seven years,
forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1. The convening au-
thority approved the sentence as adjudged.
Appellant raises four assignments of error: (1) the military judge erred in
denying Appellants motion to suppress a statement he made to investigators,
(2) the military judge erroneously admitted a video recording, (3) Appellants
convictions for making and distributing the video recording are legally and fac-
tually insufficient, and (4) Appellants sentence is inappropriately severe. We
disagree and affirm.

I. BACKGROUND
Appellant attended a party at a civilians residence. Many of the approxi-
mately 50 guests knew each other, having grown up in the same rural area.
Among the attendees was BS, a civilian with whom Appellant had been ac-
quainted for about a year. Appellant and BS had no prior romantic or dating
relationship.
During the evening, BS and IF (another party guest) left the party together
and walked to an area about 50 feet away from the house where several guests
had parked their cars. BS and IF engaged in sexual intercourse in the back
seat of a car belonging to BM, BSs friend. The liaison ended when IF received
a telephone call from his brother telling him he was coming to pick him up and
drive him home before curfew.
It was not clear how much alcohol BS had consumed, but it was undisputed
that BS remained nude in BMs vehicle, either incoherent or unconscious, after
IF departed. Several partygoers, including Appellant, saw BS in that state.
Unlike the other partygoers, however, Appellant made a recording of BS with
his cellular telephone. The recording depicted BS on her back in the back seat
with her feet hanging outside the vehicle. Toward the end of the recording,
Appellant separated BSs legs with his hand and recorded her genitalia. While
filming BS, Appellant said, wake the f**k up. You are naked. He also said,
You are naked. Can I f**k you now? Yeah? Is that a yes? No? Yes? No? . . .
Open up your legs. Appellant then engaged in non-consensual sexual inter-
course with her. The next day, Appellant sent the recording to a mutual ac-
quaintance, MT.

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II. DISCUSSION
A. Motion to Suppress
After Appellant assaulted BS, he returned to the party, told other guests
that he had just had sex with BS, and hinted that another male, ML, should
complete the trio of having sex with her. The next morning, BS learned from
friends that Appellant was claiming he had sex with her. BS went to a local
hospital, submitted to a sexual assault examination, and reported the incident
to civilian law enforcement.
Detective JN called Appellant and asked if he would be willing to come to
the police station for an interview. Appellant agreed. When he arrived, Detec-
tive JN told Appellant he was not under arrest and was free to leave but was
a subject of the investigation. Detective JN and Deputy Sheriff RM then inter-
viewed Appellant. Detective JN provided written Miranda 1 warnings, which
Appellant acknowledged and waived. During the interview Appellant admitted
making a video of BS and engaging in sexual intercourse with her.
Appellant argues that the military judge erred when he denied his motion
to suppress those statements. We review a military judges denial of a motion
to suppress for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Chatfield, 67 M.J. 432,
437 (C.A.A.F. 2009) (citing United States v. Pipkin, 58 M.J. 358, 360 (C.A.A.F.
2003)). Under this standard, we uphold the military judges findings of fact
unless they are clearly erroneous or unsupported by the record. United States
v. Leedy, 65 M.J. 208, 213 (C.A.A.F. 2007). We review de novo any conclusions
of law. Chatfield, 67 M.J. at 437. A military judge abuses his discretion when
(1) the findings of fact upon which he predicates his ruling are not supported
by the evidence of record; (2) . . . incorrect legal principles were used; or
(3) . . . his application of the correct legal principles to the facts is clearly un-
reasonable. United States v. Ellis, 68 M.J. 341, 344 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing
United States v. Mackie, 66 M.J. 198, 199 (C.A.A.F. 2008)).
The crux of Appellants argument is that the Prosecution failed to establish
that he knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived his Miranda rights. 2
Fatal to this position, however, is the military judges finding that the inter-
view was non-custodial, as Miranda does not apply to non-custodial interroga-
tions. Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 494 (1977). Only after the Govern-
ments brief noted that the military judge found the interview non-custodial

1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

2There is no evidence to suggest, nor does Appellant argue, that civilian law enforce-
ment was acting on behalf of the military. Therefore Article 31, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
831, and military jurisprudence interpreting Article 31 are inapplicable to this case.
See United States v. Quillen, 27 M.J. 312 (C.M.A. 1988).

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did Appellant challenge that conclusion and in doing so, claimed that the mil-
itary judge failed to analyze the relevant facts and law regarding when an in-
terview is custodial for Miranda purposes. The record does not support that
contention.
In his ruling, the military judge correctly noted both Mirandas require-
ments and its inapplicability to non-custodial interviews. He further noted, cit-
ing Howes v. Fields, that when determining whether an interview is custodial,
courts must determine whether, in light of the objective circumstances of the
interrogation, a reasonable person [would] have felt he or she was not at lib-
erty to terminate the interrogation and leave. 565 U.S. 499, 509 (2012) (alter-
ation in original) (citations omitted).
In addition to correctly citing the applicable law, the military judge made
several findings of fact which are amply supported by the record and which
Appellant does not meaningfully challenge. 3 He found that Appellants pres-
ence at the police station was voluntary. The investigators told Appellant that
although the door to the interview room was closed for privacy, it was not
locked. The investigators also told Appellant that were not making you sit
down and talk to us. The investigators did not physically abuse or threaten
him. They did not yell, scream, or gesture. Appellant was not in any way re-
strained. Appellant was never prevented from terminating the interview or
departing during the interview. The investigators tones were conversational
throughout. The interview lasted less than an hour. Finally, the military judge
found that Appellant appeared comfortable with the interrogation until detec-
tives challenged him about his knowledge of the video. 4
Based on these factual findings, the military judge concluded as a matter
of law that the interview was non-custodial. We agree.
Our conclusion that the interview was non-custodial disposes of this as-
signment of error. Nevertheless, applying Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279,
287 (1991); Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 226 (1973); United States

3 As no witnesses testified, the military judge based his ruling on stipulations of the
civilian police officers expected testimony and Appellants recorded interview. Alt-
hough we apply a clearly erroneous standard when reviewing a trial judges factual
findings, in this case we have the benefit of seeing the same evidence as did the trial
judge and we fully agree with his factual findings and legal conclusion.
4 The only fact in the custodial column was that Appellant was arrested at the con-
clusion of the interview, but that arrest followed his confession. There is no evidence
to suggest that investigators had planned to arrest him at the outset of the interview,
or that Appellant believed that he was going to be arrested.

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v. Mott, 72 M.J. 319, 330 (C.A.A.F. 2013); United States v. Ellis, 57 M.J. 375,
37879 (C.A.A.F. 2002); and other relevant cases, we have considered and re-
ject Appellants argument that the military judge erred in his alternative rul-
ing that Appellant validly waived his Miranda rights. There is no evidence
whatsoever to suggest that Appellants waiver was anything but knowing, in-
telligent, and voluntary. 5 Appellant suggests that the military judges failure
to use the phrase knowing and intelligent in his ruling amounts to an abuse
of discretion. We disagree. In his written ruling the military judge made con-
clusions of law that Appellee made a knowing and voluntary waiver of his
Miranda rights. As the Supreme Court expressed it in Berghuis v. Tompkins,
[T]he accuseds statement during a custodial interrogation is inadmissible at
trial unless the prosecution can establish that the accused in fact knowingly
and voluntarily waived [Miranda] rights when making the statement. 560
U.S. 370, 382 (2010) (emphasis added) (quoting North Carolina v. Butler, 441
U.S. 369, 373 (1979)). The Supreme Court did not separately mandate a third
distinct inquiry that the waiver be intelligent; rather intelligent waiver is em-
braced by the knowing waiver inquiry. Thus the military judge conducted the
required two distinct inquiries that (1) the waiver of counsel was the product
of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception,
and (2) that Appellant understood his right to counsel and intelligently and
knowingly relinquished it. We find that the military judges ruling fully con-
sidered and resolved the matters before him. 6
B. Admission of Video Recording
Appellant next argues that the military judge erred in finding that a suffi-
cient foundation had been established for the admission of the recording of BS. 7
We review a military judges ruling on the admissibility of evidence for an
abuse of discretion. United States v. Ediger, 68 M.J. 243, 248 (C.A.A.F. 2010).

5We reject Appellants claim that because he mispronounced the word coercion, his
waiver was not knowing and voluntary. Even assuming Appellant was not familiar
with that wordan inference that is speculative at bestDetective JN correctly ex-
plained what coercion meant and Appellant acknowledged his understanding.
6 Nevertheless, in an abundance of caution to ensure the record is complete, we exercise
our Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. 866(c), authority to find that for the reasons ar-
ticulated by the military judge, Appellants waiver was knowing, intelligent, and vol-
untary.
7 Appellant also argues that the recording was not relevant. This argument merits
little discussion, as the making and distributing of the recording were elements of the
offenses at issue. We also reject Appellants legally-incorrect argument that admission
of the recording was error because its probative value did not substantially outweigh
its prejudicial impact. See Mil. R. Evid. 403 (military judge may exclude relevant evi-
dence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice).

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The abuse of discretion standard is a strict one, calling for more than a mere
difference of opinion. The challenged action must be arbitrary, fanciful, clearly
unreasonable, or clearly erroneous. United States v. White, 69 M.J. 236, 239
(C.A.A.F. 2010) (quoting United States v. Lloyd, 69 M.J. 95, 99 (C.A.A.F. 2010)).
The recording at issue arrived in law enforcements hands through a circu-
itous route between multiple acquaintances: from Appellant to MT to ML to
MH to BM and finally to Detective JN. Despite the many stops along the way,
the recording was ultimately in Detective JNs possession the day after the
party when BS reported the assault.
MT attended the party and saw BS naked in the back seat of BMs car. He
testified that Appellant sent him the recording the next day and he recognized
BS on the recording as the same person he saw in the back seat of the car.
ML heard about the existence of the video and asked MT to send it to him.
MT did.
MH testified that she received the recording from ML and sent it to BM.
MH also testified that although she did not watch the entire video, she saw
enough to identify BS naked in the back seat of a car and Appellant trying to
wake her up.
BM accompanied BS to the hospital when she underwent the sexual assault
examination. As BM left the hospital, she received a text message from and
later spoke with MH, who told her about the video. BM went back into the
hospital and told Detective JN. MH then sent BM the recording via cellular
telephone. BM allowed Detective JN to copy the video from her phone onto his
laptop computer. BM watched the video, which depicted Appellant shaking BS,
asking if he could have sex with her, separating her legs, and taking a close-
up of her vagina. BM identified Appellant by his voice, a portion of his face,
and a tattoo on his right arm.
As noted above, Appellant told Detective JN that he made a recording of
BS. Detective JN did not ask Appellant to watch the video to confirm that the
video in Detective JNs possession was, in fact, the recording Appellant made;
instead, Detective JN showed Appellant still images taken from that video,
which Appellant authenticated.
BS testified that she was unaware that she had been recorded and Appel-
lant did not testify. No other witness testified that he or she was present when
the recording was made. There was therefore no testimony from a percipient
witness that the recording accurately reflected what occurred.
To satisfy the requirement of authenticating or identifying an item of evi-
dence, the proponent must produce evidence sufficient to support a finding that

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the item is what the proponent claims it is. Mil. R. Evid. 901(a). The rule fur-
ther outlines several examples of methods of authentication, including the tes-
timony of a witness with knowledge; 8 distinctive characteristics, such as the
appearance, contents, and substance of an item, taken together with all the
circumstances; 9 opinion about a voice; 10 and evidence about a telephone con-
versation if the circumstances establish that the person answering was the one
who called (or, as applied to the facts of this case, a message sent from a known
cellular telephone number to another known cellular telephone number). 11
Appellant argues that because no witness testified that the recording accu-
rately depicted the events as they occurred, we should apply the silent wit-
ness theory of authentication. Under this theory,
a videotape is authenticated by establishing the process by
which the videotape was taken, i.e. the installation of the cam-
era, use and security of the camera, testing, and removal of the
film and testimony as to the chain of custody. Upon establishing
this foundation, it is admissible . . . without a corroborative eye-
witness.
United States v. Reichart, 31 M.J. 521, 52324 (A.C.M.R. 1990).
The silent witness theory, however, generally applies to circumstances in
which government actors or private security cameras generate the recording
at issue. See United States v. OConnell, 841 F.2d 1408, 1420 (8th Cir. 1988)
(noting this theory has particular application to government usage of recording
equipment where special concerns may arise regarding the competence and
reliability of inculpatory evidence). In contrast, when the facts demonstrate
that the recording was found in a defendants possession, it should not be sub-
ject to the same [authentication] requirements we apply when a government
agent or informant initiates a conversation knowing that it is to be recorded.
United States v. Kandiel, 865 F.2d 967, 973 (8th Cir. 1989) (quoting OConnell,
841 F.2d. at 1420).
We agree with the Eighth Circuit and do not believe the silent witness
theory is applicable to this case. The exhibit was purported to be a recording of
the private area of BS made at the time and place in question. Appellant ad-
mitted making the recording at issue and he himself sent it to MT. Although

8 Mil. R. Evid. 901(b)(1).

9 Mil. R. Evid. 901(b)(4).
10 Mil. R. Evid. 901(b)(5).
11 Mil. R. Evid. 901(b)(6)(A).

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MT was not asked to authenticate the recording at trial, he described its con-
tents on both direct and cross-examination and was unequivocal that it de-
picted BS in the car on the night in question.
Three witnesses identified BS in the recording and testified that her ap-
pearance was consistent with their observations of her on the night of the as-
sault. Two witnesses identified Appellant in the recording and Appellant him-
self admitted that he appeared in screen shots taken from that video. There is
no evidence that the recording was altered along its travels despite Appellants
having the opportunity to explore that possibility during cross-examination. 12
We therefore conclude that the military judge did not err in his determination
that a sufficient foundation had been established for the recordings admissi-
bility.
C. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
Appellant argues that the evidence is both legally and factually insufficient
to sustain his convictions for making and distributing the recording of BS. We
review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. United States v. Wash-
ington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002). The test for legal sufficiency is
whether, considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecu-
tion, a reasonable factfinder could have found all the essential elements beyond
a reasonable doubt. United States v. Humpherys, 57 M.J. 83, 94 (C.A.A.F.
2002) (quoting United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 324 (C.M.A. 1987)). In
applying this test, we are bound to draw every reasonable inference from the
evidence of record in favor of the prosecution. United States v. Barner, 56 M.J.
131, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001); see also United States v. McGinty, 38 M.J. 131, 132
(C.M.A. 1993).
The test for factual sufficiency is whether, after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [we are] convinced of [Appellant]s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. Turner, 25 M.J. at 325. In conducting this unique appellate role, we
take a fresh, impartial look at the evidence, applying neither a presumption
of innocence nor a presumption of guilt to make [our] own independent de-
termination as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required ele-
ment beyond a reasonable doubt. Washington, 57 M.J. at 399. The term rea-
sonable doubt, however, does not mean that the evidence must be free from

12 Even if a chain of custody were required for evidence of this typea finding we do
not makea break in the chain would normally go to the weight of the evidence rather
than its admissibility, as the military judge noted when he overruled Appellants ob-
jection. See Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 322 n.1 (2009).

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conflict. United States v. Lips, 22 M.J. 679, 684 (A.F.C.M.R. 1986). Our assess-
ment of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to the evidence produced at trial.
United States v. Dykes, 38 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A. 1993).
One of the elements for both specifications at issue is that at the time the
recording was made, the recorded person had a reasonable expectation of pri-
vacy. See Department of the Army Pamphlet 27-9, Military Judges Benchbook,
3-45c-1 (10 Sep. 2014). Appellant argues that BS did not have a reasonable
expectation of privacy for two reasons: first, because BS had no possessory in-
terest in the car in which she was recorded and second, because she was vol-
untarily naked in the back seat of a parked car in what he asserts was a public
area.
The Government counters by arguing that under the circumstances of this
case, the parked car was not sufficiently public to remove BSs expectation of
privacy. The Government also argues that even if BS had no reasonable expec-
tation of privacy in the back seat of the car generally, she retained an expecta-
tion of privacy with respect to portions of her genitalia that were not visible as
she lay on the seat; Appellants separation of her legs was therefore sufficient
to violate her reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to what Appellant
could not have seen without physically manipulating her body.
With respect to the first claim, Appellant argues that reasonable expecta-
tion of privacy is a term of art and invites us to incorporate the Fourth Amend-
ments definition of the term to conclude that because BS had no possessory
interest in the vehicle in which she disrobed, she therefore had no reasonable
expectation of privacy therein. See Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 148 (1978).
The problem with this argument is that Article 120c itself defines what rea-
sonable expectation of privacy means in this context.
Article 120c prohibits viewing, recording, or broadcasting the private area
of another person, without that persons consent and under circumstances in
which that other person has a reasonable expectation of privacy. Article
120c(a), UCMJ.
The term under circumstances in which that other person has
a reasonable expectation of privacy means(A) circumstances
in which a reasonable person would believe that he or she could
disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that an image of a
private area of the person was being captured; or (B) circum-
stances in which a reasonable person would believe that a pri-
vate area of the person would not be visible to the public.
Article 120c(d)(3). Ones private area is ones naked or underwear-clad gen-
italia, anus, buttocks, or female areola or nipple. Article 120c(d)(2).

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We reject Appellants application of Fourth Amendment reasonable expec-

tation of privacy doctrine as it applies to Article 120c because the statutory
language is clear and defines that phrase as it applies to this statute. See
United States v. McPherson, 73 M.J. 393, 395 (C.A.A.F. 2014). Our rejection of
Rakass application directly to these facts does not, however, remove the re-
quirement that BSs belief that she could disrobe in privacy or that her private
area would not be visible to the public must still be reasonable under the cir-
cumstances.
The facts in this case appear to meet both prongs of the Article 120c(d)(3)
definition. The testimony established that IF and BS left the party and went
to the parked car intending to engage in sexual conduct. The logical (and only
reasonable) inference to be drawn from that conduct is that both IF and BS
wanted to disrobe and engage in that activity in private, outside the view of
the other partygoers (the public in this case). Although other partygoers
eventually found them and apparently watched some of their activity, that
alone does not preclude a finding that BS did not reasonably think she would
be free from prying eyes.
We cannot say that when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
to the Prosecution, a reasonable fact-finder could not have found that BS had
a reasonable expectation of privacy (as defined by Article 120c) generally or, at
a minimum, with respect to that which Appellant could only view by manipu-
lating her body without her consent. We therefore conclude that the evidence
is legally sufficient to support Appellants convictions on either theory. We
have reviewed the evidence offered at trial. Giving appropriate deference to the
trial courts ability to see and hear the witnesses, and after our own independ-
ent review of the record, we are ourselves convinced of Appellants guilt beyond
a reasonable doubt.
D. Sentence Severity
We review sentence appropriateness de novo. United States v. Lane, 64
M.J. 1, 2 (2006); United States v. Baier, 60 M.J. 382, 38384 (2005). We may
affirm only such findings of guilty and the sentence or such part or amount of
the sentence, as [we find] correct in law and fact and determine[], on the basis
of the entire record, should be approved. Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
866(c). We assess sentence appropriateness by considering Appellant, the na-
ture and seriousness of the offenses, Appellants record of service, and all mat-
ters contained in the record of trial. United States v. Snelling, 14 M.J. 267, 268
(C.M.A. 1982); United States v. Bare, 63 M.J. 707, 714 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
2006), affd, 65 M.J. 35 (2007). While we have a great deal of discretion in de-
termining whether a particular sentence is appropriate, we are not authorized
to engage in exercises of clemency. United States v. Lacy, 50 M.J. 286, 288
(C.A.A.F. 1999); United States v. Healy, 26 M.J. 394, 39596 (C.M.A. 1988).

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In reviewing for sentence appropriateness, we are required to engage in

sentence comparison only in those rare instances in which sentence appropri-
ateness can be fairly determined only by reference to disparate sentences ad-
judged in closely related cases. United States v. Sothen, 54 M.J. 294, 296
(C.A.A.F. 2001) (quoting United States v. Ballard, 20 M.J. 282, 283 (C.M.A.
1985)). Appellant bears the burden of demonstrating that the cited cases are
closely related to his and the sentences are highly disparate. Lacy, 50 M.J.
at 288. Closely-related cases include those which pertain to coactors involved
in a common crime, servicemembers involved in a common or parallel scheme,
or some other direct nexus between the servicemembers whose sentences are
sought to be compared. Id. If Appellant meets this burden, the Government
must show that there is a rational basis for the disparity. Id. However, [s]en-
tence comparison does not require sentence equation. United States v. Durant,
55 M.J. 258, 260 (C.A.A.F. 2001).
The maximum imposable sentence was confinement for 42 years and a dis-
honorable discharge. The approved sentence of confinement for seven years
and a dishonorable discharge was clearly within the discretion of the convening
authority and appropriate for this Airman who took advantage of a compro-
mised victim, sexually assaulted her, made a recording of her private area, and
distributed it to others.
Appellant provided citations to several published and unpublished cases he
argues are closely related to his and that we should consider in evaluating the
appropriateness of his sentence. However, the cases do not involve any co-ac-
tors in Appellants offenses, a common or parallel scheme, or any other direct
nexus to his case. See Lacy, 50 M.J. at 288. Because these cases and Appellants
are not closely related, disparities between the sentences in those cases and
Appellants are attributed to the facts present in each individual case. Accord-
ingly, Appellant has failed to carry his burden to establish that the cases are
closely related and the sentences highly disparate.

III. CONCLUSION
The findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no error materi-
ally prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Articles 59(a)
and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the findings and
sentence are AFFIRMED.

FOR THE COURT

KURT J. BRUBAKER
Clerk of the Court

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