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    1-Coal Based Thermal Power Plants - Notes

    Uploaded by

    Pradeepkumar Subramanian
    This document summarizes key aspects of coal-based thermal power plants, including the Rankine cycle used to convert heat into mechanical work. It describes improvements to the basic Rankine cycle like reheat and regenerative cycles. It also covers the major subsystems of thermal power plants like supercritical boilers, fluidized bed combustors, turbines, condensers, and coal handling systems. Diagrams are included to illustrate different types of boilers, turbines, condensers and coal handling equipment used in modern coal power plants.

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    1-Coal Based Thermal Power Plants - Notes

    Uploaded by

    Pradeepkumar Subramanian
    260 views13 pages
    This document summarizes key aspects of coal-based thermal power plants, including the Rankine cycle used to convert heat into mechanical work. It describes improvements to the basic Rankine cycle like reheat and regenerative cycles. It also covers the major subsystems of thermal power plants like supercritical boilers, fluidized bed combustors, turbines, condensers, and coal handling systems. Diagrams are included to illustrate different types of boilers, turbines, condensers and coal handling equipment used in modern coal power plants.

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    ME6701 - Power Plant Engineering - Unit 1 - Coal Based Thermal Power Plants - Notes

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    This document summarizes key aspects of coal-based thermal power plants, including the Rankine cycle used to convert heat into mechanical work. It describes improvements to the basic Rankine cycle like reheat and regenerative cycles. It also covers the major subsystems of thermal power plants like supercritical boilers, fluidized bed combustors, turbines, condensers, and coal handling systems. Diagrams are included to illustrate different types of boilers, turbines, condensers and coal handling equipment used in modern coal power plants.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    260 views13 pages

    1-Coal Based Thermal Power Plants - Notes

    Uploaded by

    Pradeepkumar Subramanian
    This document summarizes key aspects of coal-based thermal power plants, including the Rankine cycle used to convert heat into mechanical work. It describes improvements to the basic Rankine cycle like reheat and regenerative cycles. It also covers the major subsystems of thermal power plants like supercritical boilers, fluidized bed combustors, turbines, condensers, and coal handling systems. Diagrams are included to illustrate different types of boilers, turbines, condensers and coal handling equipment used in modern coal power plants.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    of 13

    1.

    COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANTS


    SYLLABUS: Rankine cycle - improvisations, Layout of modern coal power plant, Super Critical Boilers, FBC Boilers, Turbines,
    Condensers, Steam & Heat rate, Subsystems of thermal power plants Fuel and ash handling, Draught system, Feed water
    treatment. Binary Cycles and Cogeneration systems.

    RANKINE CYCLE: The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that converts heat into mechanical
    work while undergoing phase change. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water as the
    working fluid.
    Rankine Cycle: Rankine Cycle Processes:
    Process 1-2: Isentropic Expansion (Steam Expanded after
    turbine workdone) WT=h1-h2
    Process 2-3: Isobaric Heat Rejection (Steam converted as
    water in condenser) QR=h2-h3
    Process 3-4: Isentropic Compression (Water compressed
    by pump) WP=h4-h3=v3(p4-p3)
    Process 4-1: Isobaric Heat Addition (Boiler converts
    water to steam) QS=h1-h4 = h1-(h3+WP)
    Rankine Cycle PV Diagram Rankine Cycle Ts Diagram

    Network output, W=WT-WP Specific steam consumption, SSC=3600/W (kg/kWhr)


    Efficiency, = (WT-WP)/QS = [(h1-h2)-(h4-h3)]/(h1-h4) Work ratio= network/gross work = (WT-WP)/WT
    Reheat Rankine Cycle Reheat Rankine Cycle Ts Diagram

    Flue gas reheat Rankine Cycle Live gas reheat Rankine Cycle
    Combined flue and live gas reheat Rankine Cycle: Reheat Rankine cycle
    QS=(h1-h6)+(h3-h2)
    W=(WT1+WT2)-WP=(h1-h2)+(h3-h4)-(h6-h5)
    = [(h1-h2)+(h3-h4)-(h6-h5)] / [(h1-h6)+(h3-h2)]
    Regenerating Rankine cycle
    QS = (h1-h7) ; QR = (1-m)(h3-h4) = (1-m)(h3-hf3)
    WT = (h1-h2)+(1-m)(h2-h3) ; WP = (1-m)(h5-h4)+(h7-h6)
    m = (h6-h5)-(h2-h5)

    Regenerative Rankine Cycle: Regenerative Rankine Cycle Ts diagram:

    Steam Power Plant Circuits


    1- Coal and Ash circuit
    Coal storage, Coal delivery, Coal
    preparation, Coal handling, Boiler,
    Ash handling and Ash storage.

    2- Air and flue gas circuit


    Forced draught fan, Air-preheater,
    Boiler furnace, Superheater,
    Economiser, Dust collector, Induced
    draught fan and Chimney.

    3- Feed water and steam circuit


    Feed pump, Economiser, Boiler
    drum, Superheater, Turbine and
    Condenser.

    4- Cooling water circuit


    Pump, Condenser and Cooling
    tower.

    Selection of Power Plant site:


    1-Availability of raw material
    2-Ash disposal facilities
    3-Nature of land
    4-Cost of land
    5-Availability of water
    6-Size of plant
    7-Availability of workforce
    8-Transportation facilities
    9-Load centre
    10-Public problems
    11-Future extension
    Super critical boilers La Mont Boiler Super critical boilers Benson(Once through)Boiler

    Capacity: Capacity:
    1-Steam: 45-50 tonnes/hr 1-Steam: 750 tonnes/hr
    2-Pressure: 120 atm 2-Pressure: 500 atm
    Disadvantages: Advantages:
    Heat flow reduced due to bubbling formation and 1-Only 4% blow down losses
    sedimentation. 2-20% less weight compare to other boilers
    Super critical boilers Loeffler Boiler Super critical boilers Velox Boiler

    Capacity: Capacity:
    1-Steam: 100 tonnes/hr 1-Steam: 100 tonnes/hr
    2-Pressure: 140 bar 2-Pressure: 80 bar
    Advantages: Advantages:
    1-Handling of high salt concentrations 1-High combustion rate
    2-More compact 2-Less air requirement
    Supercritical boilers Advantages Supercritical boilers Advantages
    1-Less scale formation. 5-More flexibility
    2-Economical less weight tubes absorbs more heat. 6-Plant efficiency increased by 40% to 42%.
    3-Uniform heating tube surfaces 7-Rapid cold starting.
    4-There is no leakages 8-Cogeneration can be possible.
    Boiler Drum type - Natural circulation Boiler Drum type Forced circulation

    Boiler Once through type Forced circulation Boiler mountings:


    Pressure gauge, Stop valve, Feed check valve, Safety
    valve, Fusible plug, Blow-off cock, Water level indicator
    and Man holes.
    Boiler accessories:
    Economiser, Steam superheater, Air preheater,
    Deaerators, Steam injector, Steam separator and Steam
    trap.
    Fluidized bed combustor: Defined as bed of solid
    particles behave as fluid (800C-900C). SO2 emission
    controled by addition of limestone.
    Fluidized bed boilers-types:
    1-Bubbling fluidized bed boilers (BFB)
    2-Circulating fluidized bed boilers (CFB)
    Bubbling fluidized bed combustor Atmospheric bubbling fluid bed boiler combustor

    Circulating fluidized bed combustor Pressurized fluidized bubbling bed combustor


    Pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustor Turbine - Throttling governing

    Turbine - Bypass governing Condensor - Two pass down-flow condensor

    Condensor - Down flow condensor Condensor - Central flow condensor

    Condensor - Evaporation condensor Coal handling system


    Coal preparation plant

    Fuel handling system:


    1-Coal preparation process: Sizing, removal of sulphur, moisture.
    2-Coal cleaning equipment: Removal of dirt, coal drying, coal sizing, sulphur removal, washing(water jigs,
    Concentrating table, hydro-cyclone, heavy medium)
    3-Coal blending or mixing: Bed blending, Belt blending, Automatic blending.
    4-Coal desulphurization:
    5-Coal handling system: Outplant handling and inplant handling.
    6-Coal transfer equipment: Belt conveyors, Bucket elevator, screw conveyors, flight conveyors, grab bucket conveyor,
    skip hoist.
    7-Combustion equipment for burning coal: Fuel bed (overand under feed) furnaces, (Atmospheric and Pressurized)
    fluidized bed furnaces, cyclone furnaces, pulverized coal (dry-bottom and wet-bottom) furnaces.
    TRW Meyers Desulphurization process Belt conveyor

    Screw conveyor
    Bucket elevator Flight conveyor

    Grab bucket conveyor

    Skip hoist Pulverised coal furnace

    Cyclone furnace
    Dry-bottom furnace Wet-bottom furnace

    Mechanical stokers types Overfeed stoker

    Underfeed stoker

    Pulverizer - Ball mill Pulverizer - Bowl mill


    Pulverizer - Hammer or Impact mill Pulverizer - Ball and race mill

    Pulverized coal firing - Unit Coal delivery system Pulverized coal firing - Central Coal delivery system

    Pulverized fuel burners - Long flame burner Pulverized fuel burners - Short flame burner

    Pulverized fuel burners - Tangential burner Pulverized fuel burners - Cyclone burner
    Pulverized Coal handling plant Vaccum extraction ash handling system

    Ash extraction hydraulic system Ash handling system - Belt conveyor (Mechanical)

    Ash handling system pneumatic system Dust collector types

    Gravitational dust separator system Cyclone dust separator system

    Packed type wet dust collector Spray type wet dust collector
    Electrostatic dust precipitator Forced draught

    Induced draught

    Balanced draught Natural draught

    Hyperbolic Cooling tower Dry Cooling Tower

    Forced draught cooling tower Induced draught cooling tower


    Indirect cooling tower with surface condensor Indirect cooling tower with spray condensor

    Indirect cooling tower using Ammonia

    Boiler feed water treatment process

    Demineralization plant
    Osmosis condition No-osmosis condition

    Binary vapour cycle Binary vapour cycle Ts diagram

    Gas turbine topping CHP plant Staem turbine topping CHP plant

    Topping cycle Bottoming cycle

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