PROBLEM 12.

1
The value of the acceleration of gravity at any latitude (f> is given by
g = 9.7087 (l + 0.053 sin20) in/s2, where the effect of the rotation of the
earth as well as the fact that the earth is not spherical have been taken into
account. Knowing that the mass of a gold bar has been officially
designated as 2 kg, determine to four significant figures its mass in
kilograms and its weight in newtons at a latitude of (a) 0, (b) 45,
(c) 60.

SOLUTION

At all latitudes, m = 2.000 kg M

(a) <p = 0, g = 9.7807 (l + 0.0053 sin2 cp) = 9.7807 m/s2

W = mg = (2.000) (9.7807) W = 19.56 N 4

(b) <p = 45, g = 9.7807(l + 0.0053 sin245) = 9.8066 m/s2

W = mg = (2.000)(9.S066) W = 19.61 N 4

(c) <p = 60, g = 9.7807 (l + 0.0053 sin2 60) = 9.8196 m/s2

W = mg = (2.000)(9.8196) W = 19.64 N 4
 PROBLEM 12.2
The acceleration due to gravity on Mars is 3.75 m /s2 , Knowing that the
mass o f a silver bar has been officially designated as 2 0 kg, determine, on
Mars, its weight in newtons.

SOLUTION

m = 20 kg, g = 3.75 m/s 2

W mg = (20)(3.75) W = 75 N <
 PROBLEM 12.3
An artificial satellite is in a circular orbit 900 mi above the surface of
Venus. The weight of the satellite was determined to be 400 lb before it
was launched from earth. Determine the magnitude o f the linear
momentum of the satellite knowing that its orbital speed is
14.5 xlO3 mi/h.

SOLUTION

Since weight was determined while the satellite was on the earth,

W 400 - 2 in
m = -------= -------= 12.422 lb s /ft
Searth 32.2

v = 14.5 x 103 mi/h = 21.267 x 103 ft/s

L = mv = (12.422)^21.267 x 103) L = 264 x 103 lb s <

 PROBLEM 12.4
A spring scale A and a lever scale B having equal lever arms are fastened
to the roof on an elevator, and identical packages are attached to the
scales as shown. Knowing that when the elevator moves downward with
an acceleration o f 2 ft/s' the spring scale indicates a load o f 7 lb,
1 determine (a) the weight o f the packages, (b) the load indicated by the
m spring scale and the mass needed to balance the lever scale when the
elevator moves upward with an acceleration o f 2 ft/s'.
1

SOLUTION

Assume g = 32.2 ft/s:

W
m =
Ca'i

1 - [J w
I I F = ma: W - F, = a
-v ' ma 8

W 1 - - I = F, or W = = ------ 1 -

S 32.2

W = 7.46 lb <

W 7.4635 n T J , 1K 2 /fi
m = = ---------- = 0.232 lb s /ft
8 32.2

W
I F = ma: Fs - W = a
ma 8

' / \
u F = W 1 +^
8)
V
= 7.46 1 + F = 7.92 lb <
32.2

k n For the balance system B,

}
o' 1 ]/ FP IA / 0 = 0: bFw - bFp = 0
F <r

F p

/ \
But, F. = + and F = W
1 M
K 8) < 8 y

W
so that W = W and mw = m = 0.232 lb s2/ft
S
 PROBLEM 12.5
In the braking test o f a sports car its velocity is reduced from 110 km/h to
zero in a distance of 51 m with slipping impending. Knowing that the
coefficient of kinetic friction is 80 percent of the coefficient of static
in M l 6 * friction, determine (a) the coefficient o f static friction, (b) the stopping
J- ii nt m
-M
W ** IMJU distance for the same initial velocity if the car skids. Ignore air resistance
and rolling resistance.

SOLUTION

(a) Coefficient of static friction.

HFy = 0 : N - mg = 0 N = mg

v0 = 110 km/h = 30.556 m/s

- - -vo = * (( - * )\
y 2

v2 _ v2 0 - (30.556)2 <2
at - 9-r- = = -9.153 m/s"
2 ( s - s 0) (2)(51)

For braking without skidding fj. = jus, so that jusN = m\at

- i . I,Ft = mat : - fJ sN = mat

mci, _ at _ 9.153
jus = 0.933 <
mg g 9.81

(b) Stopping distance with skidding.

Use M = Mk = (0.8Q)(0.933) = 0.746

I F = mat : fikN = -m at

- - K n -Hkg = -7.3227 m/s

m

Since acceleration is constant,

2 2
V -V n 0 - (30.556)2
(,s - s0) =
2 at = (2)(-7.3227)

s - sn = 63.8 m A
 PROBLEM 12.6
A 0.1 -kg model rocket is launched vertically from rest at time t = 0 with a
constant thrust o f 10 N for one second and no thrust for / > 1 s.
Neglecting air resistance and the decrease in mass o f the rocket,
determine (a) the maximum height h reached by the rocket, (b) the time
required to reach this maximum height.

SOLUTION

For the thrust phase, +} I F = m a : F, - w = F, - mg = ma

A a =
F
m
10
g = - 9.81 = 90.19 m/s 2
0.1
w
At t = 1 s,

v = at = (90.19 )(l) = 90.19 m/s

|F t
y = A r = i( 9 0 .1 9 ) ( l) 2 = 45.095 m

For the free flight phase, t > 1 s. a = - g = -9.81 m/s"

v = v, + a ( t - 1) = 90.19 + (-9 .8 l)(r - l)

90.19
At v = 0, / - l = ^LiZ. = 9.194s, / = 10.19s
9.81

v 2 - vf = 2 a ( y - y ,) = - 2 g (y - y,)

v2 v.2 0 - (90.19)"
y - y, = L = = 414.589 m
2g (2)(9.81)

(a) ^max = h = 414.589 + 45.095 h = 460 m A

(b) As already determined, t = 10.19 s <

 PROBLEM 12.7

- 1 ft/* Determine the maximum theoretical speed that an automobile starting

from rest can reach after traveling 1320 ft. Assume that the coefficient o f
static friction is 0.80 between the tires and the pavement and that (a) the
automobile has front-wheel drive and the front wheels support 65 percent
o f the automobiles weight, (b) the automobile has rear-wheel drive and
the rear wheels support 42 percent o f the automobiles weight.

SOLUTION

(a) Front wheel drive with N f = 0.651V.

W
- i. ~LF - ma: fJsN F = a
g

S x (32.2)(0.80)(0.65>F) = ^ ^
w w
For constant acceleration,

= l a x = (2)(16.74)(1320) = 44.204 x 103 ft2 / s 2

vmix = 210 ft/s vmax = 143.2 mi/h <

(b) Rear wheel drive with N R = 0.42W.

W
X . I . F = ma: fJsN R = a
f g

_ r t = (3121(080X 0^ . 2
w w
For constant acceleration,

= 2ar = (2)(10.82)(1320) = 28.563 x 103 ft2 / s 2

vmax = 1 6 9 0 ft/s vmax = 1 1 5 2 mi/h *

 PROBLEM 12.8
A hockey player hits a puck so that it comes to rest 4 s after sliding 60 ft
on the ice. Determine (a) the initial velocity o f the puck, (b) the
coefficient o f friction between the puck and the ice.

- 1

SOLUTION

(a) Initial velocity o f the puck.

Vf = yo + at = 0

V v0 = - a t

1 >
* = *o + V + - a t
T a w

In i 1 2 1 1
= xn - at + a t ' = a t '

(4)-

V0 = - a t = - ( - 7 .5 ) ( 4 ) v0 = 30 ft/s <

(b) Coefficient o f friction.

IF,. = 0: N - W = 0 N = W

W W
-* I Fx a: - n kW = a
g g

a 7.5
Hk = ---- = ------- Hk = 0.233 <
g 32.2
 PROBLEM 12.9
A 40-kg package is at rest on an incline when a force P is applied to it.
Determine the magnitude o f P if 4 s is required for the package to travel
10 m up the incline. The static and kinetic coefficients o f friction between
the package and the incline are 0.30 and 0.25, respectively.

SOLUTION

Kinematics: Uniformly accelerated motion. (jc0 = 0, v0 = 0)

x = x0 + VqI + a t2, or a = = 1.25 m/s 2

0 * 2 t (4)

+ \'LFV = 0 : N - Psin50 - m g cos20 = 0

"3 3
\ wa N = Psin50 + mg cos 20
* X & *
+ / ZFX = ma: P cos 50 - mg sin 20 - /j N = ma

or P cos 50 - mg sin 20 - / /( P sin 50 + mg cos 20) = ma

_ ma + m g(sin 2 0 + //c o s 2 0 )
cos50 - //s in 50

For motion impending, set a = 0 and // = / / , = 0.30.

p (4 0 )(0 ) + (4 0 )(9 .8 l)(sin 2 0 o + 0.30cos20o) ^ ^

cos50 - 0.30sin50

For motion with a = 1.25 m/s2, use // = //* = 0.25.

(40)(1.25) + (4 0 )(9 .8 l)(sin 2 0 + 0.25cos20)

~ cos 50 - 0.25 sin 50

P = 612 N <
 PROBLEM 12.10
If an automobiles braking distance from 100 km/h is 60 m on level
pavement, determine the automobiles braking distance from 1 0 0 km/h
when it is (a) going up a 6 incline, (b) going down a 2 -percent incline.

SOLUTION
Calculation o f braking force/mass ( Fh / m ) from data for level pavement.

v0 = 1 0 0 km/hr = 27.778 m/s

l w3
- i - a ( * - z )

V2 - y 2 0 - (27.778)~
a =
2 ( x - x 0) (2)(60)

= -6.43 m/s 2

Y.FX = ma: - F bl = ma

= - a = 6.43 m/s2
m

(a) Going up a 6 incline. (# = 6 )

+ / Y . F = ma : - F br - mg sin # = ma
P
a - - g s in #
m

= -6.43 - 9.81 sin 6 = -7.455 m/s 2

Vq lv zA
U --(^2 7/ ..7/ /78 ') '
* 0
2a2( )(7.455)

x - Xq = 51.7 m 4

(b) Going down a 2% incline, (tan# = -0.02, # = -1.145)

+ / I F = ma: - F br - mg sin# = ma

f
a = - g s in #
m

= -6.43 - 9.81sin(-1.145) = -6.234 m/s 2

_ v2 - v2 0 - (27.778)2
X-Xfl x - x0 = 61.9 m 4
2a (2 )(-6 .2 3 4 )
 PROBLEM 12.11
Tgoo^
7800ks A tractor-trailer is traveling at 90 km/h when the driver applies his brakes.
jo** Knowing that the braking forces o f the tractor and the trailer are 16 kN
and 60 kN, respectively, determine (a) the distance traveled by the tractor-
P i U . , ' trailer before it comes to a stop, (b ) the horizontal component o f the force
o o ^ -W in the hitch between the tractor and the trailer while they are slowing
down.

SOLUTION
v0 = 90 km/h = 25 m/s

2 0 0 kc,

n V ^ = -------- * -
vr) n .
-------------------- l p 1 Tr,CL j p r 1 -
I C a .
CO kN 1 C kU

J L XFx = ma: - 6 0 x 103 - 16 x 103 = (7900 + 6800)a

76 x 103
a - = -5.170 m/s 2
14700

For constant acceleration, = a ( x - xn)

2 2 V 07

(o) x s . , - 3'2 - ' * - - ( 2S) x - x0 = 60.4 m M

{) 2a (2 ) ( 5.170)

ifs =

t r o v e r
l kN

J L Z Fx = ma: - F H - 1 6 x l 0 3 = (6800)(-5.170)

(b) Fh = (6800)(5.170) - 16 x 103 = 19.16 x 103 N Fh = 19.16 kN <

 PROBLEM 12.12
:aook Solve Prob. 12.11 assuming that a second trailer and dolly, with a
f00ks!
RAIL m s combined mass o f 11 300 kg, are coupled to the rear o f the tractor-trailer.
The braking force o f the second trailer is 57 kN.
Problem 12.11: A tractor-trailer is traveling at 90 km/h when the driver
applies his brakes. Knowing that the braking forces o f the tractor and the
trailer are 16 kN and 60 kN, respectively, determine (a) the distance
traveled by the tractor-trailer before it comes to a stop, (b) the horizontal
component o f the force in the hitch between the tractor and the trailer
while they are slowing down.

SOLUTION

v0 = 90 km/h = 25 m/s

W ~
w
5 7 kM 6 0 kW 16 kK)

U30Q 7700 kj 6800

rvia
W

- * S Fx =ma: - 5 7 x 103 - 60 x 103 - 16 x 103 = (1 1300 + 7900 + 6800)a

-133 xlO 3
a = = -5.115 m/s'
26000

2 2
V til
For constant a c c e le r a tio n , - = - x0)
2 2

(a) _ v2 ~ Vp _
x - xn = 0 -(2 5 )~ x - x0 = 6 1.1 m 4

G 'S o o

-_ SFx = ma: - F H - 16 x 103 = (6 8 0 0 )(-5 .1 15)

(b) Fh = (68 0 0 )(5 .1 15) - 16 x 103 = 18.78 x 103 N

Fh = 18.78 kN 4
 PROBLEM 12.13
The two blocks shown are originally at rest. Neglecting the masses o f the
pulleys and the effect o f friction in the pulleys and between the blocks
and the incline, determine (a) the acceleration o f each block, (b) the
tension in the cable.

SOLUTION

Let the positive directions o f x A and x B be down the incline.

Constraint o f the cable: x A + 3xB = constant

a A + 3as = 0 or aB = - ~ a A

w
For block A: + / I F = ma: WA sin 30 - T - ^ a A (1)

w w
For block B: + / I F = ma: IF* sin 30 - 3 T = - ^ - a B = -----8 -aA (2)
g 3g

Eliminating T and solving for ,

g

( 3 f F ,- ^ ) s in 3 0 = ^ , + ^ .j^ -

= ( 3 ^ - ^ ) s i n 3 0 = (75 - 20)sin30 = Q
g 3Wa + Wb /3 75 + 6.67

(a) a A = (0.33673)(32.2) = 10.84 ft/s2, a A = 10.84 ft/s2 ^ 30 <

aB = -1 (1 0 .8 4 ) = -3.61 fl/s2, a B = 3.61 ft/s2 ^ 30 A

(b) Using equation (1),

T - W , sin30 - = 25(sin30 - 0.33673)

g

T = 4.08 lb A
 PROBLEM 12.14
The two blocks shown are originally at rest. Neglecting the masses o f the
pulleys and the effect o f friction in the pulleys and assuming that the
coefficients o f friction between both blocks and the incline are fis = 0.25
and /uk = 0 .2 0 , determine (a) the acceleration o f each block, (b ) the
tension in the cable.

SOLUTION

Let the positive directions o f x A and x B be down the incline.

Constraint o f the cable: x A + 3xB = constant

a A + 3afl = 0 aB = ~ a A

Block A: + \ I Fr = 0: N A - WA cos30 = 0

w
+ /I.F X = ma: WA sin30 - / i N A - T = - + a A
g

Eliminate N A.

^ ( s in 3 0 - /rcos30) - T = WA
8

Block B: A ZFy = 0: N B - WB cos30 = 0

W W ci
+ /Z F = ma: lTflsin30o + jjN b - 3 T = - * - a B = -----
g

Eliminate N B.

JTs (sin30o + /rcos30) - 3 T =

3 g

Eliminate T.

( W A - ^ ) s in 3 0 - M(3Wa + ^ ) c o s 3 0 = \ w A + ]d.
3 ,I g

Check the value o f n s required for static equilibrium. Set a A = 0 and

solve for //.

( W A - ^ B)sin30 _ ^( 7 5 - 2 0 )) tan 30
_ A a------- b_i
_ = 0.334.
(3^., + frB)cos30o (75 + 20)

Since = 0.25 < 0.334, sliding occurs.

Calculate for sliding. Use // = / /* = 0.20.

g
PROBLEM 12.14 CONTINUED

Oj _ (3WA - ^ g )s in 30 - n ( W A + WB) cos30

g " 3WA + Wb /3

(75 - 20)sin30 - (0.20)(75 + 20)cos30 A

75 + 6.667

(a) aA = (0.13525)(32.2) = 4.36 fl/s2, a A = 4.36 ft/s 2 ^ 3 0 -4

a B = ~ (4.36) = -1.452 ft/s2, as = 1.452 ft/s2 ^ 3 0 * 4

(6 ) r = ^ (sin 30 - //cos30) - ^ ^
8
= 25(sin 30 - 0.20cos30) - (25)(0.13525)

T = 4.79 lb .-4
 PROBLEM 12.15
Block A weighs 80 lb, and block B weighs 16 lb. The coefficients o f
friction between all surfaces o f contact are fis = 0 . 2 0 and //* = 0 .1 5 .
Knowing that P = 0, determine (a ) the acceleration o f block B, (b) the
tension in the cord.

SOLUTION

Constraint o f cable: 2xA + ( x B - x A) = x A + x B = constant.

a ., + aB = 0 , or aB = - a A

Assume that block A moves down and block B moves up.

Block B: + / 1 F V = 0: N AB - WR cos0 = 0
T i Kj /7
w
4 j -
'V 'h
+ \Z Fx = ma: - T + /uN4B + WBsmd = - a B
g
//!
Eliminate N AB and aB.
Aj tJ>/ ^ 6

- T + W'gfsint? + jjcos B) = WB^ - = -W B^ -

MH, g g

Vi
N Block A: + / 1Fy = 0: N A - N AB - WA cos6 = 0

N a = N ab + WAcos* = (WB + WA)co s0

w
^ = mAaA - T + WA sin 6 - Fab - Fa = aA
g

-W ^fsin* + //c o s # ) - fVB + W4 sin# - //W ^cos#

g

-p { W H + IVA)cos0 = WA^ -
g

(WA - WB)sin0 - M(W a + 3tVB)cos0 = (WA + fVB)^ L

o

Check the condition o f impending motion.

M = Ms = -20> a a = aH = 0, 0 = 0S

(tVa - WB)s m d s - 0 . 2 0 + 31fB)co s# 5 = 0

PROBLEM 12.15 CONTINUED

0.20(W a + 3Wb ) J 0 2 0 ) ( 1 2 S ) = oao

WA - WB 64

#, = 21.8 < # = 25. The blocks move.

Calculate using // = juk = 0.15 and 9 = 25,

g

a 4 = (WA - WB) sin# - n k {WA + 3fTg)cos#

s WA + WB

= 64sin25 - (0.15)(l28)cos25 =
96

a* = (0.10048)(32.2) = 3.24 ft/s2

() a* = -3 .2 4 ft/s 2 aB = 3.24 ft/s 2 ^ 2 5 ^

( ) T = WB (sin # + //c o s # | + WB
g

= 16(sin25 + 0.15cos25) + (16)(0.10048)

T = 10.54 lb <
 PROBLEM 12.16
Block A weighs 80 lb, and block B weighs 16 lb. The coefficients o f
friction between all surfaces o f contact are //, = 0 . 2 0 and /Jk = 0 .1 5 .
Knowing that P = 10 lb , determine (a) the acceleration o f block B,
(b) the tension in the cord.

SOLUTION
Constraint o f cable: 2xA + (x B - x A) = x A + x B = constant.

aA + aB = 0 , or a = - a A

Assume that block A moves down and block B moves up.

B lock B: + / Z F V = 0: N AB - WBcos0 = 0

W
+ \Z frx = max: - T + jjN ab + WBsin0 = - a B
g

* Eliminate N AB and aB.

- T + WB( s m 0 + //co s G) = WB^ - = -W B^ -

g g

Block A: + / T .F y = 0: N A - N AB - WAcosG + P s in 0 = 0

N A = N ab + WAco s0 - P s in 0

= (WB + WA)co s0 - P s in 0

= mAaA : - T + WAsin0 - FAB - FA + Pcos0 = aA

g

- ^ ( s i n # + //c o s # ) - WB + WAsin0 - /jtVBcos0

8

~ n (W B + WA)cos0 + / iPsinG + P co s0 = WA
8

(WA-W B)s\n0 - h (Wa +7>Wb) cos0 + P (//sin #+ co s# ) = (WA+ WB)

g
Check the condition o f impending motion.

// = / / , = 0.20, aA = a B = 0, 0 = 25

{WA - WB)s\n 0 - p s (WA + 3W b ) c o s 0 + Ps ( p s sin0 + cos#) = 0

PROBLEM 12.16 CONTINUED

p _ Ms {Wa + W B)coa$ - (WA - WB) s m 0

jus sin# + cos#

(0.20) (128) cos 25 - 64 sin 25

= 4 -----1---------------------------- = -3 .8 8 lb < 10 lb
0.20 sin 25 + cos 25

Blocks will move with P = 10 lb.

Calculate using ju = Mk = 0.15, 6 - 25, andP = 10 lb.

g

a a _ {WA - WB) s m 0 - n k {WA + 3JFfi)c o s# + P(jUk sin # + cos#)

ir wA + w B

64 sin 25 - (0.15)(l28)cos25 + (l0)(0.15sin 25 + cos25)

96

= 0.20149

aA = (0.20149)(32.2) = 6.49 ft/s2

(a) aB = -6.49 ft/s2, aB = 6.49 ft/s2 2^ 25 A

(b) T = WB( s m 0 + //c o s # ) + WB

g

= 16 (sin 25 + 0.15cos25) + (l6)(0.20149)

T = 12.161b. A
 PROBLEM 12.17
Boxes A and B are at rest on a conveyor belt that is initially at rest. The
belt is suddenly started in an upward direction so that slipping occurs
between the belt and the boxes. Knowing that the coefficients o f kinetic
friction between the belt and the boxes are (//* )^ = 0 .3 0 and
)g = 0.32, determine the initial acceleration o f each box.

SOLUTION

Assume a > a , so that the boxes separate. Boxes are slipping.

ZFy = 0: N - m g cos 15 = 0

N = /wgcosl5

IF V= m a : fJkN - mg sin 15 = ma

Hkmg cos 15 - mg sin 15 = ma

a = g [ n k cos 1 5 -s in l5 ), independent o f m.

For box A, fjk =0.30

aA = 9 .8 l(0 .3 0 c o s l5 -s in l5 ) or a A = 0.304 m/s 2 ^ 1 5 ^

For box B, /uk = 0.32

of l= 9.81(0.32cos 15- s in 15) or a s =0.493 m/s 2 ^ 115 A

 PROBLEM 12.18

T 6 1 The system shown is initially at rest. Neglecting the masses o f the pulleys
and the effect o f friction in the pulleys, determine (a) the acceleration o f
each block, (b) the tension in each cable.

lo Wit

SOLUTION

Let y be positive downward position for all blocks.

Constraint o f cable attached to mass A : y A + 3y B = constant

aA + 3aB = 0 or a A = - 3 aB

Constraint o f cable attached to mass C: y c + y B = constant

aC + aH = 0 or ac ~ ~aB

T
i,

m,

For each block +\ T.F = ma:

Block A: mAg - TA = mAaA, or TA = mAg - mAaA = mAg - 3mAaB

Block C: mc g - Tc = mc ac , or Tc = mc g - mc ac = mc g - mc aB

Block B: m Rg - 3TA - Tc = mHa B

mBg - 3(m Ag - 3m AaB) - ( mc g - mc aB) = mRa B

mB - 3mA - m, 30 - 30 - 10
or aR = g = ----------------- (9.81)
mB + 9 mA + mc 30 + 90 + 10

(a) Accelerations. aB = -0.75462 m/s 2 a B = 0.755 m/s2 1 <

a A = -(3 )(-0 .7 5 4 6 2 ) = 2.26 m/s2 aA - 2.26 m/s 1 4

2

ac = -(-0 .7 5 4 6 2 ) = 0.755 m/s 2 ac = 0.755 m/s 2 14

(b) Tensions. TA = (l0 )(9 .8 l) - (10)(2.26) Ta = 75.5 N 4

Tc = (10)(9.81) - (10)(0.755) Tc = 90.6 N 4

 PROBLEM 12.19
Each of the systems shown is initially at rest. Neglecting axle friction and
the masses o f the pulleys, determine for each system (a) the acceleration
a o f block A, (b) the velocity of block A after it has moved through 5 ft,
(c) the time required for b lo ck s to reach a velocity of 10 ft/s.

SOLUTION

L ety be positive downward for both blocks.

Constraint o f cable: y A + y B = constant

dA + a B = 0 or aB = - a A

T
(ft

-- /H
/A 1
T ? 1
/H
For blocks A and B, + J I F = ma:

W.
Block A: W j - T - - a , or T = W4 a
g g

W W
Block B: P + Wb - T = -~^-aB = LjLa i
g g

wA w
P + WB - W A + BJ-a
g g

WA- W B- P
Solving for aA, aA =
WA + WB
-g ( 1)

' { VA )o = 2 a A [_yA - { y A ) 0 ] w ith (v^)0 = o

(2)
v a - { vA )0 = a At with (v^)0 = 0

(3)
 PROBLEM 12.19 CONTINUED

{a) Acceleration o f block A .

System (1): WA -1 0 0 1 b , WB = 5Q\b, P =0

By formula (1), (aA\ = |qq + 5 q (32-2 ) (aA = 1 0 -7 3 ^

System (2): WA = 100 lb, WB = 0, P = 50 lb

By formula (1), (aA)2 = ^ ^ ( 3 2 . 2 ) ( a ^ = 16.10 ft/s2 1 <

System (3): WA = 1100 lb, WB = 1050 lb, P = 0

By formula (1), (aA) = ^ ^ ( 3 2 .2 ) (a^) = 0.749 ft/s2 | 4

2 w v Ah 1100 + 1050 v '3

(b) vA aty A - ( y A)0 = 5 ft. Use formula (2).

System (1): (v^), = >/(2 )(l0 .7 3 )(5 ) (v ,), = 10.36 ft/s | <

System (2): (yA\ = >/(2 )(l6 .1 0 )(5 ) (v ^ ) 2 = 12.69 ft/s | <

System (3): (v , ) 3 = >/(2)(0.749)(5) (v , ) 3 = 2.74 ft/s |

(c) Time at = 1 0 ft/s. Use formula (3).

System (1): f, = f, = 0.932 s ^

1 10.73

System (2): r7 = u = 0.621 s ^

2 16.10

System (3): r3 = u = 13.35 s

3 0.749 3
 PROBLEM 12.20
The flat-bed trailer carries two 1500-kg beams with the upper beam
secured by a cable. The coefficients o f static friction between the two
beams and between the lower beam and the bed o f the trailer are 0.25 and
oo ? ?0 0.30, respectively. Knowing that the load does not shift, determine (a) the
maximum acceleration o f the trailer and the corresponding tension in the
cable, (b) the maximum deceleration o f the trailer.

S O L U T IO N

(a) Maximum acceleration. The cable secures the upper beam; only the lower beam can move.

>lrw/ ->* \nn q

a w

]/ w -> m a

I N*

For the upper beam, I Fv = 0 : - W= 0

N x = W = mg

For the lower beam, ZFy = 0: N2 - - W =0 or N 2 = 2W = 2mg

_* ZFx = ma: 0.25TV, + 0.30 N 2= (0.25 + 0.60) mg = ma

a = 0.85g = (0.85)(9.81) a = 8.34 m/s2 A

For the upper beam, jL. I Fx = ma: T - 0.25 = ma

T = 0.25mg + ma = (0.2 5 )(l5 0 0 )(9 .8 l) + (1500)(8.34) = 16.19 x 103 N T = 16.19 kN A

(b) Maximum deceleration o f trailer.

Case 1: Assume that only the top beam slips. As in Part (a) = mg.

vno <-
0 -2 S U ,K f n 7

ZF = ma: 0.25 mg = ma

a = 0.25g = 2.45 m/s

 PROBLEM 12.20 CONTINUED

Case 2: Assume that both beams slip. As before N 2 = 2mg.

2v>\,

0 .3 0 * 2 f W*

- L I F = (2 m )a \ (0.30)(2m g) = (2m )o

a = 0.30g = 2.94 m/s'

The smaller o f deceleration value governs. a = 2.45 m/s 2 A

 PROBLEM 12.21
A package is at rest on a conveyor belt which is initially at rest. The belt
is started and moves to the right for 1.5 s with a constant acceleration of
3.2 m/s2 . The belt then moves with a constant deceleration a, and comes
to a stop after a total displacement o f 4.6 m. Knowing that the
coefficients o f friction between the package and the belt are Ms = 0.35
and n k = 0.25, determine (a) the deceleration a, o f the belt, (b ) the
displacement o f the package relative to the belt as the belt comes to a
stop.

S O L U T IO N

(a) Kinematics o f the belt. v = 0

1. Acceleration phase with a, = 3 .2 m/s 2 -

V| = v + a\t\ = 0 + (3 .2 )(l.5 ) = 4.8 m/s

x, = x + vr, + |< V ,2 = 0 + 0 + ~ (3 .2 )(1 .5 ) 2 = 3.6 m

2. Deceleration phase. v2 = 0 since the belt stops.

v | - v 2 = 2a2(x 2 - x,)

- (4 '8)> -1 1 .5 2 a^ = 11.52 m/s"

2 (x 2 - x , ) 2 ( 4 .6 - 3 .6 )

v2 - V) _ 0 - 4.8
'2 - / 1
= 0.41667 s
a-, -11.52

(b) Motion o f the package.

1. Acceleration phase. Assume no slip, (op) = 3.2 m/s2-

N - W = 0 or N = W = mg
w ( a e), IF,. = 0:

J L I Fx = ma: Ff = m ( a p )i

The required friction force is Ff .

The available friction force is fisN = 0.35 W = 0.35mg

^ = (a ) < = Msg = (0.35)(9.81) = 3.43 m/s 2

* 1 m
 PROBLEM 12.21 CONTINUED

Since 3.2 m/s 2 < 3.43 m /s2, the package does not slip.
A (vp \ = vi = 4.8 m/s and j xp \^ = 3.6 m.

2. Deceleration phase. Assume no slip. (ap )2 = -11.52 m/s 2

-+ .E Fx = m a \ - F f = m (ap)2

Ff
= (a n) = -1 1 .5 2 m/s '4
m
m V P>2

MsN = jusmg
= jusg = 3.43 m/s 2 < 11.52 m/s 2
m m

Since the available friction force jusN is less than the required
friction force F f for no slip, the package does slip.

(op )2 < 11.52 m/s2, Ff = jukN

-~EFX = m[ap )2\ ~ n kN = m (a p )2

(ap )2 = = -Mkg = -(0 .2 5 )(9 .8 1 ) = -2.4525 m/s 2

( v j 2 = (vp \ + (ap )2(t2 - tt ) = 4.8 + (-2.4525)(0.41667) = 3.78 m/s 2

i xp )2 = ( x p ) i + W i f e ~ r>)2 + i W 2( '2 ~ ^

= 3.6 + (4.8)(0.41667) + ^ (-2 .4 5 2 5 )(0 .4 1 6 6 7 )2 = 5.387 m

Position o f package relative to the belt

[xp \ - * 2 = 5 -3 8 7 - 4 -6 = 0.787 xp/belt = 0.787 m A

 PROBLEM 12.22
To transport a series o f bundles o f shingles A to a roof, a contractor uses a
motor-driven lift consisting o f a horizontal platform B C which rides on
rails attached to the sides o f a ladder. The lift starts from rest and initially
moves with a constant acceleration ai as shown. The lift then decelerates
at a constant rate a: and comes to rest at D, near the top o f the ladder.
Knowing that the coefficient o f static friction between the bundle o f
shingles and the horizontal platform is 0.30, determine the largest
allowable acceleration ai and the largest allowable deceleration a2 if the
bundle is not to slide on the platform.

SOLUTION

Acceleration a, : Impending slip. Fx = fjsN x = 0.30 A,

EFV = mAay : A, - WA - mAaxsin 65

wj =
/k m .Q
A, = WA + mAaxsin 65

= mA( g + a, sin 65)

-* I.FX = mAax : Fx = mAaxcos 65

Fx = /JSN or mAaxcos65 = 0.30mA( g + axsin 65)

= ---------- 0 3 0 ^ ----------- = (i.990)(9.81) = 19.53 m/s 2

1 cos65 - 0.30sin65 v A ;

a, = 19.53 m/s ^ 65 <

2

Wa Deceleration a2 : Impending slip. F2 = {JSN 2 = 0.30 N 2

V ZFV = mav : N x - WA = - m Aa2 sin 65

N x = WA - /M.,fl2sin65
|W z
J i - Y.Fx = max : F2 = mAa2 cos 65

F2 = fJs N 2 or mAa2 cos65 = 0.30mA( g - a2cos65)

0.30g
a-, = = (0.432)(9.81) = 4.24 m/s 2
cos65 + 0.30sin65

a, = 4.24 m/s 'P' 65 <

2
 PROBLEM 12.23
To unload a bound stack o f plywood from a truck, the driver first tilts the
bed o f the truck and then accelerates from rest. Knowing that the
coefficients o f friction between the bottom sheet o f plywood and the bed
are //, = 0.40 and /uk = 0.30, determine (a) the smallest acceleration o f
the truck which will cause the stack o f plywood to slide, (b) the
acceleration o f the truck which causes corner A o f the stack o f plywood to
reach the end o f the bed in 0.4 s.

S O L U T IO N

Let a p be the acceleration o f the plywood, aT be the acceleration o f the

truck, and a/)/r be the acceleration o f the plywood relative to the truck.

(a) Find the value o f ar so that the relative motion o f the plywood with
respect to the truck is impending. ap = ar and
F, = n sN x = 0.40 N\

+ \ ZF,. = mpa v: N t - Wp cos 20 = - m paT sin 20

= mp ( g co s 2 0 - a7 sin 2 0 )

+ / ZFx = m ax: F] - Wp sin 20 = mpar cos 20

F] = mp ( g sin 2 0 + aT cos 2 0 )

/n/((gsin 2 0 + ar cos20) = 0.40 ^ ,( # 0 0 5 20 - ar sin20)

(0.40cos20 - sin20) .
cos20 +, A, 1A:OAO - g = \(0.0314 5/v
aT = * )(9 .8 1)/ = 0.309
0.40sin20

a, = 0.309 m/s'

(*) xplT = ( x p i t ) o + ( v/>/r)/ + ^ ar iT t2 = 0 + 0 + | ap/Tr

a = ^ I L = iH M = 1 2 .5 m/s2, a,T = 1 2 .5 m/s 2 ^ 2 0

t (0.4)"

ap = aT + ap/T = ( aT ->) + (12.5 m/s 2 ^ 2 0 )

+ \ Fy = mpay :

N2 - co s 2 0 = - m paT sin 2 0

N 2 = nip ( g cos 2 0 - ar sin 2 0 )

PROBLEM 12.23 CONTINUED

+ / 'LFX - 'Lmax:

F2 - Wp sin20 = mpar cos20 - mpapjT

F2 = mp (g sin 2 0 + aT cos20 - ap/T j

For sliding with friction F2 - fikN 2 - 0.30 N 2

mp (g sin 2 0 + aT cos 20 - ap /T ) = 0.30mp (g c o s2 0 + ar sin20)

(0.30 cos 20 - sin 20) g + ap/T

cos 20 + 0.30 sin 20

= (-0.05767)(9.81) + (0.9594)(12.5) = 11.43

ar = 11.43 m/s 2 - A
PROBLEM 12.24
The propellers o f a ship o f mass m can produce a propulsive force F0 ;
they produce a force o f the same magnitude but opposite direction when
the engines are reversed. Knowing that the ship was proceeding forward
at its maximum speed v0 when the engines were put into reverse,
determine the distance the ship travels before coming to a stop. Assume
that the frictional resistance o f the water varies directly with the square o f
the velocity.
PROBLEM 12.25
A constant force P is applied to a piston and rod of total mass m to make
them move in a cylinder filled with oil. As the piston moves, the oil is
forced through orifices in the piston and exerts on the piston a force of
magnitude kv in a direction opposite to the motion o f the piston. Knowing
that the piston starts form rest at t - 0 and x = 0, show that the equation
relating x, v, and t, where x is the distance traveled by the piston and v is
the speed of the piston, is linear in each of the variables.
 PROBLEM 12.26
\ Determine the maximum theoretical speed that a 1225 kg automobile
starting from rest can reach after traveling 400 m if air resistance is
rd$ considered. Assume that the coefficient o f static friction between the tires
and the pavement is 0.70, that the automobile has front-wheel drive, that
A*
the front wheels support 62 percent o f the automobiles weight, and that
the aerodynamic drag D has a magnitude D = 0.575v 2 , where D and v are
I
expressed in newtons and m/s, respectively.
 PROBLEM 12.27

T
.< u r_
A spring AB o f constant k is attached to a support A and to a collar o f
mass m. The unstretched length o f the spring is Knowing that the

1
1 collar is released from rest at x = x 0 and neglecting friction between the
|
- - collar and the horizontal rod, determine the magnitude o f the velocity o f

l J the collar as it passes through point C.

S O L U T IO N

Choose the origin at point C, and let x be positive to the right. Then x is a
position coordinate o f the slider B, and x is its initial value. Let L be the
stretched length o f the spring. Then, from the right triangle

L = J T 2T 7

The elongation o f the spring is e = L - and the magnitude o f the force

exerted by the spring is

Fs = ke = k U ( 2 + x 2 - A

x
By geometry, cos# = .
\J (2 + x2

_* LFX = max: - Fs cos0 = ma

Fs\ r hna
- k [ \l ( 2 + x2 - * = ma

tX
a = - x -
m

i / V_ k r Ix '
V* x -----1 -x 2- d r + x2
[ 2 J m m [ 2 j

- 2 = - 0 - e - -x 2+ + x~
2V m 2

i1 = - T lJ=
e)F

- + *) - 2e'/ F T 7 +

r:
answer: ' ^ { ^ 4 - 1
 PROBLEM 12.28

The masses o f blocks A , B, and C are m A = m c = 10 kg, and m H = 5 kg.

Knowing that P = 200 N and neglecting the masses o f the pulleys and the
effect o f friction, determine (a) the acceleration o f each block, (b) the
tension in the cable.

S O L U T IO N

Let the positive direction for position coordinates, velocities, and accelerations be to the right. Let the origin
lie at the fixed anchor.

Constraint o f cable: 3(x(- - x A) + (xr - x H) + (- * # ) = constant

4a,C - 2aR ( 1)
1 4T
> 2T mca c
-V
----- ------- V

3 7 ,
3T
(2 )
m A
10

2T _ I T
(3)
m,,

P - At P -A T
Block C: P - AT = mc ac or ac = (4)
m. 10

Substituting (2), (3), and (4) into (1),

P -A t , 1T\
-2
10 5)- < 3 -

('A + i + 2 . ) T = n
Uo 5 lo j 1 0

T = (0.12121)/* = (0.12121 )(200) = 24.242 N

(a) From (2), aA = ( 3 ) ( 2 4 242) = 7 2 7 m/s 2 a , = 7.27 m/s'

10

(2)(24.242)
From (3), a = =
- 9.70 m/s' a /( = 9.70 m/s'

200-(4)(24.242) ,
From (4), a, = L J i-------- L = 1 0.30 m/s' ac = 10.30 m/s 2 - -4
c 10

(b) As determined above, T = 24.2 N <

 PROBLEM 12.29
The coefficients o f friction between the three blocks and the horizontal
surfaces are = 0.25 and n k = 0.20. The masses o f the blocks are
' mA = mc = 10 kg, and mB = 5 kg. Knowing that the blocks are initially
at rest and that C moves to the right through 0.8 m in 0.4 s, determine
(a) the acceleration o f each block, (b) the tension in the cable, (c) the
force P. Neglect axle friction and the masses o f the pulleys.

S O L U T IO N

Let the positive direction for position coordinates, velocities, and

accelerations be to the right. Let the origin lie at the fixed anchor.

Constraint o f cable: 3(xr - x A) + (x(- - x B) + ( - x B) = constant

4ac - 2 aB - 3aA = 0 ( 1)

Block A: | I F V = 0 : N A mAg = 0
n, 3T
A ! t N a = mAg, Fa = fJkN A = n kmAg

ZFX = mAax : 3T - FA = mAaA

m,

2T _ 3T ~ FkmAS _=
37 - 0 .2 0 g (2 )
I , 10

Block B : N = mBg, FH = / tkmBg

4T ZFX = mBaB: 2T - FB =

= Z L l HXM. = 2 1 - 0 .2 0 * (3)
5
Fc
Block C: /Vr = m( g , Fc = fJkmc g

- i . I F V = mc a A: P - AT = mc ac (4)

Kinematics: xc- = + ( vc ) ( + ac t 2 = 0 + ac t 2

2 \ x c - ( x c )o] ( 2 )( 0 .8 ) ,
ar -= ; L ' J = K A , / = 1 0 .0 0 m/s2 (5)
(0.4)-

Substitute (2), (3) and (5) into (1).

(3 T_
(4)(10) - ( 2 ) ( y - <W0*) - (3) - 0.20g = 40 - 1.7F - 2g = 0
10
PROBLEM 12.29 CONTINUED

r , 4 0 - 2 g . 4 0 - ( 2 ) (9 . 8 l ) . 29294N
1.7 1.7

From (4), P = AT + mc ac = (4)(29.294) + (lO)(lO) = 236.80 N

From (2), aA = - - (0.20)(9.8l) = 6.826 m/s2

From (3), aB = _ 1 _ (0.20)(9.8l) = 9.756 m/s2

{a) Acceleration vectors. aA = 6.83 m/s2 *- M

aB = 9.76 m/s2 - A

ac = 10 m/s2 - A

Since aA, aB, and ac are to the right, the friction forces
Fa, Fb, and Fc are to the left as assumed.

(b) Tension in the cable. T = 29.3 N A

(c) Force P. P = 237 N - A

 PROBLEM 12.30
50 lb The 30-lb block B is supported by the 55-lb block A and is attached to a
cord to which a 50-lb horizontal force is applied as shown. Neglecting
^ ' ' M b- friction, determine (a) the acceleration o f block A, (b) the acceleration o f
no lb
block B relative to A.
A 23
55 lb
 PROBLEM 12.31
The coefficients o f friction between block B and block A are //, = 0 . 1 2
and fuk = 0.10 and the coefficients o f friction between block A and the
incline are n s = 0.24 and /Jk = 0.20. Block A weighs 20 lb and block B
weighs 10 lb. Knowing that the system is released from rest in the
position shown, determine (a) the acceleration o f A, ( b ) the velocity o f B
relative to A at / = 0.5 s.

S O L U T IO N

Assume that block B slides downward relative to block A. Then the

friction force Fy is directed as shown. Its magnitude is

Fy = JikN X = 0.10 Ny.

+ \ IF ,. = 0 : N y - WB cos 30 = 0 , A , = WB cos30 = 10 cos 30 = 8.6603 lb.

Fy = (0.10)(8.6603) = 0.86603 lb.

w
+ / I F , = mBa B: WBsin30 - Fy = ~ ^ a B
g

( r ^ 0.86603
h = g sin 3 0 ----- = (32.2)[sin 30 |() = 13.311 ft/s 2
tv,

Assume that block A slides downward relative to the fixed plane. The
friction force F2 is directed as shown. Its magnitude is

F, = fikN 2 = 0.20 N 2.

A Fy = 0: N 2 - Ny - WA cos30 = 0 , N 2 = 8.6603 + 20cos30 = 25.98 lb.

F2 = (0.20)(25.98) = 5.196 lb

IV
+/ 'L F X = m Aa A: W^sh^O0 - F2 + F, = aA
g

F, - F y 5.196 - 0.86603
.4 = g sin 30 - = 32.2^si
sin 30 -
WA 20

= 9.129 ft/s2

bia = aB ~ aA = 13.311 - 9.129 = 4.182 ft/s2

Since both aBtA and a A are positive, the directions o f relative motion
are as assumed above.

(a) Acceleration o f block A. a., = 9.13 ft/s 7^30 A

2

(b) Velocity o f B relative to A at / = 0.5 s.

vBia = <W = (4.182)(0.5) = 2.09 ft/s v BIA = 2.09 ft/s ^ 3 0 <

 PROBLEM 12.32
A 25-kg block A rests on an inclined surface, and a 15-kg counterweight
B is attached to a cable as shown. Neglecting friction, determine the
acceleration o f A and the tension in the cable immediately after the
system is released from rest.

SOLUTION

Let the positive direction o f x and y be those shown in the sketch, and let
the origin lie at the cable anchor.

Constraint o f cable: x A + y BIA = constant or aA + aB/A = 0, where

the positive directions o f aA and aB/A are respectively the x and the y
directions. Then ab /a = -a . ( 1)
First note that a B = a A + aB/A = (a A 7 ^ 2 0 ) + ( aB/A [\ 20)

B lock B: V T.FX = mB(a B)x : mBg sin20 - N AB = mBa A

mRaA + n ab = Bg sin 2 0

15^ + ^ = 50.328 (2)

+ \Z F y = mB(a B)y : mBg co s20 - T = mBa B, A

mBa B!A + T = /wflg cos20

15 Obi a + T = 138.276 (3)

Block A: +/ ZFX = mAaA: m/(g sin 2 0 + N AB + T = mAa A

mAA ~ N ab + T = OT.^sin20

25 aB/A - N AB + T = 83.880 (4)

Eliminate aB/A using Eq. (1), then add Eq. (4) to Eq. (2) and
subtract Eq. (3).

55 aA = -4.068 or aA = -0.0740 m/s2, a A = 0.0740 m/s 2 ^ A

From Eq. (1), aB/A = 0.0740 m/s 2

From Eq. (3), T = 137.2 N T = 137.2 N <

 PROBLEM 12.33
A 250-kg crate B is suspended form a cable attached to a 20-kg trolley A
which rides on an inclined I-beam as shown. Knowing that at the instant
shown the trolley has an acceleration o f 0.4 m/s 2 up to the right,
determine (a) the acceleration o f B relative to A, (b) the tension in cable
CD.

SOLUTION

Motion o f B relative to A. Particle B is constrained to move on a circular

path with its center at point A . (a B/A)t is the component o f aB/A lying

along the circle, say to the left in the diagram and (a b / a ) *s directed
toward point A. Initially, n BIA = 0, since the system starts from rest.

(a) afl = aA + aB/A = ( aA ^ 2 5 ) + ( aBIA ^ )

Crate B: ^~1LFX = Zmat : 0 = mBaB/A - mBa A cos25

a B/A = aAc os25 = 0.4cos25 = 0.363

aBIA = 0.363 m/s 2 - 4

+Fy = rnB(a B)y : TAB - mBg = mBa A sin 25

tab = m + aA sin 25)

= 250(9.81 + 0.4sin25) = 2495 N

T kft+
(b) Trolley A: + / Z F X = mAa A\

TCd ~ (J ab + ^ g ) s in 2 5 = mAaA

tc d = ( tab + w/1g )sin 2 5 + mAa A

= [2495 + (2 0 )(9 .8 l)]sin 2 5 + (20)(0.4)

Tcd = 1145N <

 PROBLEM 12.34
A single wire ACB o f length 2 m passes through a ring at C that is
attached to a sphere which revolves at a constant speed v in the horizontal
circle shown. Knowing that 6, = 60 and # 2 = 30 and that the tension is
the same in both portions o f the wire, determine the speed v.

S O L U T IO N

Let p be the radius o f the horizontal circle. The length o f the wire is

p p . . Z.sinM sin&
L = * Solving for p, p = ------- ~
sin#, sin 0 2 ' sin#, + sin # 2

"ZF = 0 : T cos#, + T cos # 2 - mg = 0

mg
T =
cos#, + cos#-,

mv
J EFV = mar : T sin #, + T sin #-, = ma =

m g(sin#, + sin#2) _ tnv2 (sin#, + sin#2)

cos#, + cos # 2 L sin#, sin # 2

sin # sin # 7 sin 60 sin 30

v* = Lg ~ " " 1 2 = (2)(9.81) -".Tr = 6.2193 n r /s '
C O S#, + COS # 7 cos 60 + cos 30

v = 2.49 m/s A
 PROBLEM 12.35
A single wire ACB passes through a ring at C that is attached to a 5-kg
sphere which revolves at a constant speed v in the horizontal circle
shown. Knowing that #, = 50 and d = 0.8 m and that the tension in
both portions o f the wire is 34 N, determine (a) the an gle#,, (b) the
speed v.

SOLUTION

(a) Fr = 0 : T cos#, + T cos # 2 - - 0

mg
COS#-, = - COS#!
T

(5)(9.8l)
- cos50 = 0.79986
34

# 2 = 36.883 #, = 36.9 <

(b) # 3 = #, - # 2 = 50 - 36.883 = 13.117

d sin #
- d or et =
2

sin # 2 sin # 3 sin # 3

Radius o f horizontal circle

d sin # 2 sin #,
p = F, sin#, =
sin # 3

(0.8)(sin36.883)(sin50)
= 1.6207 m
sin 13.117

mv
J LFr = nut: T sin #, + T sin #-, =

2 pT^sin#! + sin#2)
v =
m

(l.6207)(34)(sin 50 + sin36.883)
5

= 15.057 m 2 / s 2
v = 3.88 m/s A
 PROBLEM 12.36
Two wires A C and BC are tied to a 15-lb sphere which revolves at a
constant speed v in the horizontal circle shown. Knowing that #, = 50
and # 2 = 25 and that d = 4 ft, determine the range o f values o f v for
which both wires are taut.

S O L U T IO N

f t = ft _ f t = 50 - 25 = 25

d sin f t
or
sin f t sin ft sin f t

d sin f t sin f t
p = , sin#, =
sin # 3

_ (4)(sm 25)(sin 50) _ 3 ^ ft

sin 25

SFv = 0: Ta c cos # 2 + Tb c cos#, - IT = 0 ( 1)

Wv2
Eft = m ax: TA( sin#, + 7 V sin # , = (2 )
gP

Case 1: 7 V = 0

W
7 ^ cos#, - W = 0 or TAr
/tC =
- W/x/1
*
cos#-,
W
Wv
7 /(Csin # 2 = IT tan # 2 =
gP

v 2 = g p tan # 2 = (32.2)(3.0642)tan25

= 46.01 ft2 /s 2

v = 6.78 ft/s

IT
Case 2: TAC = 0. 7 BVC cos#, - W = 0 or 7B
VC =
COS#,

7 V sin#, = IT tan#, =
WV2
PROBLEM 12.36 CONTINUED

v2 = gptan$y = (9.8l)(3.0642)tan50 = 117.59 ft2/s2

v = 10.84 ft/s

6.78 ft/s < v < 10.84 ft/s <

PROBLEM 12.37
During a hammer throwers practice swings, the 16-lb head A o f the
hammer revolves at a constant speed v in a horizontal circle as shown. If
p = 3 ft and 9 = 60, determine (a) the tension in wire BC, (b) the speed
o f the hammers head.
 PROBLEM 12.38
A 2-lb sphere is at rest relative to a parabolic dish which rotates at a
constant rate about a vertical axis. Neglecting friction and knowing that
* r = 3 ft, determine (a) the velocity v o f the sphere, (b) the magnitude o f
the normal force exerted by the sphere on the inclined surface o f the dish.
 PROBLEM 12.39
A 2-lb collar C slides without friction along the rod OA and is attached
to rod BC by a frictionless pia The rods rotate in the horizontal plane. At
the instant shown BC is rotating counterclockwise and the speed o f C is
3 ft/s, increasing at a rate o f 4 ft/s2. Determine at this instant, (a) the
tension in rod BC, (b) the force exerted by the collar on rod OA.

SOLUTION

Geometry

^OC ~ f-OB + ^ BC ~ ^OB^OC COS30

( l ) + ( 2 ) 2 - (2 )(l)(2 )c o s3 0 = 1.5359 ft2

i o c = 1.2393 ft

Ip c _ I OB
sin 30 sin P

sin * = ^ in30 = (O ^ 3 0 0 = 0.40345

to e 1.2393

P = 23.79

Acceleration components: a, = 4 ft/s 2

-I _ ( 3)2 _= 4.5 ft/s 2

BC
W 2
Mass m = = = 0.06211 l b - s 2/ft
8 32.2

+ \Z F , = m a , : A c o s * = (0.06211)(4) = 0.2484

N = ' 2 4 8 4 = 0.2715 lb.

cos 23.79

+ / I F = man : T - A s in * =(0.06211)(4.5) = 0.2795

(a) T = 0.2795 + 0.2715 sin23.79 T = 0.389 lb <

(b) Force exerted by rod on collar is0.272 lb 2^(30 + * ) = 53.8

Force exerted by collar on rod: 0.272 l b . ^ 53.8 A

 PROBLEM 12.40
The 0.5-kg flyballs o f a centrifugal governor revolve at a constant speed v
in the horizontal circle o f 150-mm radius shown. Neglecting the mass o f
links AB, BC, AD, and DE and requiring that the links support only
tensile forces, determine the range o f the allowable values o f v so that the
magnitudes o f the forces in the links do not exceed 75 N.
os leg 0-3lw

SOLUTION
W = mg = (0.5)(9.81) = 4.905 N

p = 150 mm = 0.150 m

I Fy = 0 : 7 ^ c o s 2 0 o - rDAcos30 - W = 0

0.93969 Tda - 0.86603 TDE = 4.905

W O,
Tda = 0.92160 Tde + 5.2198 (l a)

Tde = 1.08506 Tda - 5.6638 (l b)

mv 0.5
1FX = man = Tda sin 20 + Tde sin 30 =
0.150'

v2 = 0.10261 Tda + 0.15 Tde (2)

Try Tda = 75 N. By Eq. (16), TDE = 75.72 N > 75 N (unacceptable)

Try Tde = 75 N. By Eq. (la ), TDA = 74.34 N < 75 N (acceptable)

By Eq. (2), v 2 = (0.1026l)(74.34) + (0.15)(75) = 18.877 m 2 / s 2

v = 4.34 m

Try Tda = 0. By Eq. (16), TDE = -5.6638 (unacceptable)

Try Tde = 0. By Eq. ( l a ) , TDA = 5.2198 (acceptable)

By Eq. (2), v2 = (0.1026l)(5.2198) + (0.15)(0) = 0.5356 m 2 / s 2

v = 0.732 m/s

For 0 < Tba, Tbc, Tda, Tde < 75 N, 0.732 m/s ^ v ^ 4.34 m/s A
 PROBLEM 12.41
As part o f an outdoor display, a 5-kg model C o f the earth is attached
to wires AC and BC and revolves at a constant speed v in the horizontal
circle shown. Determine the range o f the allowable values o f v if both
wires are to remain taut and if the tension in either o f the wires is not to
exceed 116 N.

SOLUTION
W = mg = (5)(9.81) = 49.05 N

p = 0.9 m

I F , = 0: rC/(cos40o - TCB cos 15 - W = 0

0.76604 Tca - 0.96593 TCI) = W = 49.05

-
Tcb = 0.79307 Tca - 50.780 (la)

Tca = 1.26093 Tcb + 64.030 (16)

mv
-_ I F , = max: TCA sin 40 + TCB sin 15 = man =

v2 = (Fcv<s in 4 0 o + 7 ^ sin 15)

m

= ^ j -(T ca sin 4 0 + r ( S s in l 5 )

= 0.115702 Tca + 0.046587 TCB (2 )

Try Tcb = 116N. By (16), TCA = 210.3 N (unacceptable)

Try Tca = 116 N. By (la), TCB = 41.216 N (acceptable)

By (2), v2 = (0.115702)(116) + (0.046587)(41.216) = 15.34 n r / s 2

v = 3.92 m/s

Try Tca = 0. By ( la ), TCB = -50.78 N (unacceptable)

Try Tcb = 0. By (16), TCA = 64.03 N (acceptable)

By (2), v 2 = (0.115702)(64.030) + 0 = 7.408 m 2 / s 2

v = 2.72 m/s

For 0 < Tca, Tcb < 116N, 2.72 m/s < v < 3.92 m/s A
 PROBLEM 12.42
0.8 km An airline pilot climbs to a new flight level along the path shown.
A B Knowing that the speed of the airplane decreases at a constant rate from
180 m/s at point A to 160 m/s at point C, determine the magnitude of the
abrupt change in the force exerted on a 90-kg passenger as the airplane
8 passes point B.

SOLUTION

8
Angle change over arc AB. 6 -n = 0.13963 rad
180

Length of arc: sAB = p 9 = (6000)(0.13963) = 837.76 m

sBC = 800 m, sAC = 837.76 + 800 = 1637.76 m

460 , (4637.76 , 1602 1802

Jk80v = at ds or at (1637.76)

a, = -2.076 rn/s':

v| 1802
= (-2.076)(837.76)

Vo = 28922 m2/s2 vB = 170.06 m/s

Weight of passenger: mg = (90)(9.8l) = 882.9 N

Just before point 5. v = 170.06 m/s, p = 6000 m

_ (170.06)2
= 4.820 m/s2

ft
p 6000
mat
.E r * -F t 'LFy = N x - W = -m (a n\ : Ar1 = 882.9 - (90)(4.820) = 449.1 N
VI -Tt I F t = Ft = map. (F; )s = (90)(-2.076) = -186.8 N

Just after point B. v = 170.06 m/s, /? = <, an = 0

" N,-W = 0
I F y -= 0: 2 N 2 = W = 882.9 N

-+ SFx = map. Ft = ma, = (90)(-2.076) = -186.8 N

Ft does not change.

N increases by 433.8 N.
magnitude of change o f force = 434 N A
0.8 km PROBLEM 12.43
An airline pilot climbs to a new flight level along the path shown. The
motion o f the airplane between A and B is defined by the relation
5 = /(180 - 1) , where s is the arc length in meters, / is the time in seconds,

and t = 0 when the airplane is at point A. Determine the force exerted by

his seat on a 75-kg passenger (a) just after the airplane passes point A,
(b) just before the airplane reaches point B.
PROBLEM 12.43 CONTINUED

(b) At point B. 6 = 0, v = 170.44 m/s

From Eq. (1), N = 735.75 - (75)(170-44) = 372.6 N

6000

From Eq. (2), P = (75 )(-2 ) = -150 N

F = -n/372.62 + 1502 = 402 N, tan 8 = = 2.484, p = 68.1

150

= 402 N ^ 6 8 .1 <
PROBLEM 12.44
A 60-lb child sits on a swing and is held in the position shown by a
second child. Neglecting the weight o f the swing, determine the tension
in rope AB (a) while the second child holds the swing with his arms
outstretched horizontally, (b) immediately after the swing is released.
PROBLEM 12.45
A 180-lb wrecking ball B is attached to a 40-ft-long steel cable AB and
swings in the vertical arc shown. Determine the tension in the cable
(a) at the top C o f the swing, where 9 - 30, (h) at the bottom D o f the
swing, where the speed o f B is 18.6 fl/s.
 PROBLEM 12.46
During a high-speed chase, an 1100-kg sports car traveling at a speed o f
160 km/h just loses contact with the road as it reaches the cr ests o f a hill.
(a) Determine the radius o f curvature p o f the vertical profile o f the road
at A. (b) Using the value o f p found in part a, determine the force
exerted on a 70-kg driver by the seat o f his 1400-kg car as the car,
traveling at a constant speed o f 80 km/h, passes through A.

SOLUTION

(a) v = 160 km/h = 44.44 m/s

Wheels do not touch the road.

IF = -m a n: mg = -rav 2 / p

v 2 ( 4 4 .4 4 )
p = = = 201.4
g 9.81

p = 2 0 1 m

(,b) v = 80 km/h = 2 2 . 2 2 m/s

m = 70 kg for passenger

-m a '.

mv
N - mg

V
N = m g ------
P/

22.22
= (70) 9.81 -
201.4

N = 515 N f -4
 PROBLEM 12.47
A 220-g block B fits inside a small cavity cut in arm OA, which rotates in
the vertical plane at a constant rate. When 9 = 180, the spring is
stretched to its maximum length and the block exerts a force o f 3.5 N on
the face o f the cavity closest to A. Neglecting friction, determine the
range o f values o f 9 for which the block is not in contact with that face
o f the cavity.

SOLUTION

The forces acting on block B are its weight W, the spring force Fs , and
the contact force N on the face o f the cavity. When there is no contact, N
may be taken to be zero. Fs remains constant while the block is in
contact with the face o f the cavity.

Since the speed is constant, a, = 0 and a = constant.

+ / F = ma: Fs - N - W cos 9 - man

Fs + ma = N + W cos 9

For block B\ m = 0.220 kg, W = mg = (0.220)(9.8l) = 2.158N

When 9 = 180, Fs + ma = 3 .5 + 2.158cosl80 = 1.342 N

When contact is broken, N = 0

Fs- + ma.. = W cos9 or cos# = + ma" = = 0.62187

W 2.158

9 = 51.6

The block is not in contact with the face o f the cavity for

-51.6 < 9 < 51.6 <4

 PROBLEM 12.48
- 2 ft A small 0.4-lb sphere B is given a downward velocity v 0 and swings
O freely in the vertical plane, first about O and then about the peg A after
the cord comes in contact with the peg. Determine the largest allowable
I
v0 t \ J.
1 ft velocity v 0 if the tension in the cord is not to exceed 2.4 lb.

0A

SOLUTION

W 04 >
W = 0.4 lb, m = = = 12.422 x 10~ 3 lb s2/ft
g 32.2
m a
+ \Z F t = mat : ITcos# = mat

t -
W
a, = cos# = g cos#
m
w tv ia /
JV
v v d v = atds = f a,rd0

d 2 - ^-Vq = g cos Ord9 = grs'mO

v2 = Vq + 2grsin#, where r = 2 f t f o r 0 < # < 90

v = vmax when the cord touches the peg or # = 90.

v max = Vo + 2 g r ( 1)
When the cord touches the peg, the radius o f curvature o f the path
becomes p = 1 ft.
TwV'**t
mv
ZFy = man : Tmax - W

V 2 _ P
-(^ a x - W)
m
(2)
w

Eliminating vm a x 2 from equations (1) and (2),

= _ (2 )(3 2 .2 )(2 .0)

Vo
m 12.422 x 10- 3 v ;v

= 32.2 ft 2 /s 2 v0 = 5.67 ft/s A

 PROBLEM 12.49
A 120-lb pilot flies a jet trainer in a half vertical loop o f 3600-ft radius so
\\ that the speed o f the trainer decreases at a constant rate. Knowing that the
3 6 o o ft \ pilots apparent weights at points A and C are 380 lb and 80 lb,
respectively, determine the force exerted on her by the seat of the trainer
when the trainer is at point B.
/
/
//

S O L U T IO N

At position/!, the vertical component of apparent weight is shown as N A.

IJF = ma\ N A - W = an
V' g

m ac Na - W 380 -1 2 0
g = ------------- (32.2) - 69.77 ft/s2
W 120

r
N. vA2 = p a n = (3 6 0 0 )( 6 9 .7 7 ) = 2 5 1 .2 x 103 ft2/s2

At position C, the vertical component of apparent weight is shown as N c .

t! r + \% F = ma : N c + W = an
g

Nc +W 80 + 120 c/ 2
ma* an = g = ------------- (3 2 .2 = 5 3 .6 7 ft/s
W 120 V ;

v 2 = p a n = (3 6 0 0 )(5 3 .6 7 ) - 193.2 x 103 ft2/ s 2

Length of arc ABC:

5A C = x p = ?r(3 6 0 0 ) = 11310 ft

Calculate at, using - vA - 2atsAC

Vc - v 2 a _ 193.2 x i o 3 - 2 5 1 . 2 x l O 3

2 SAC (2)(l 1310)

= -2.562 ft/s2

At position B, sAB ~ ~j p = y (3 6 0 0 ) = 5655 ft

V5 +2 atsAB m 251.2 x 103 + (2)(-2.562)(5655) - 222.2 x 103 ft 2 / s 2

PROBLEM 12.49 CONTINUED

^ ^ Wvi 120 222.2 x 103 .,

Effective forces at B: ma = = 230 lb
" g p 32.2 3600

W 170
ma. = a. = i l ( - 2 . 5 6 2 ) = -9 .5 lb
' g 1 32.2

Y.F - mat :

P - W = ma, or P = W + mat = 1 2 0 - 9.5 = 110.5 lb

-*t_ EF = man: N B = man = 230 lb

Force exerted by seat:

F = s] n b2 + P 2 = V2302 + 110.52 = 255 lb

tan/3 = fi = 25.7
230

F = 255 lb ^ 25.7 <

PROBLEM 12.50
A car is traveling on a banked road at a constant speed v. Determine the
range o f values o f v for which the car does not skid. Express your answer
in terms o f the radius r o f the curve, the banking angle 0, and the angle
o f static friction (f>s between the tires and the pavement.
 PROBLEM 12.51
A car traveling at a speed o f 110 km/h approaches a curve o f radius 50 m.
Knowing that the coefficient o f static friction between the tires and
the road is 0.65, determine by how much the driver must reduce his
speed to safely negotiate the curve if the banking angle is (a) 0 = 1 0 ,
(b) G = -5 , because o f the presence o f a sink hole under the roadbed.

SOLUTION

The road reaction consists o f normal component N and friction

component F. The resultant R makes angle <ps with the normal.

tan <ps = n s = 0.65 or <f>s = 33.02

v,, = 110 km/h = 30.56 m/s

(a) G = 10.

I Fv = 0 : /?cos ( 0 + (ps ) - mg = 0

* = / m g- ~
cos(0 + <Ps)

, _ IF V = ma: /?sin ( 0 + <ps ) = man

ma = mg tan ( 0 + <ps )

2
Vmax = g tan ( 0 + <ps )

vmax= J rg ta n (G + p s ) = J (5 0 )(9 .8 l)ta n (l0 + 33.02) = 21.39 m/s

Speed reduction: Av = v0 - vmax = 30.56 - 21.39 = 9.16 m/s

Av = 33.0 km/h 4

(b) G = -5.

The equation derived in part (a) applies also for negative value o f 6.

vmax = yjrg tan(0 + (ps ) = ^ /(50)(9.8l)tan (-5 + 33.02) = 16.16 m/s

Speed reduction: Av = v0 - vmax = 30.56 - 16.16 = 14.40 m/s

Av = 51.8 km/h M
 PROBLEM 12.52
Tilting trains such as the Acela, which runs from Washington to New
York to Boston, are designed to travel safely at high speeds on curved
sections o f track which were built for slower, conventional trains. As it
enters a curve, each car is tilted by hydraulic actuators mounted on its
trucks. The tilting feature o f the cars also increases passenger comfort by
eliminating or greatly reducing the side force F( (parallel to the floor of
the car) to which passengers feel subjected. For a train traveling at
125 mi/h on a curved section o f track banked at an angle 0 = 8 and with
a rated speed o f 75 mi/h, determine (a) the magnitude o f the side force
felt by a passenger o f weight IT in a standard car with no tilt ( 0 = 0 ),
(b) the required angle o f tilt <f> if the passenger is to feel no side force.
(See Sample Problem 12.6 for the definition o f rated speed).

SOLUTION
Rated speed: vR = 75 mi/h = 110 ft/s, 125 mi/h = 183.33 ft/s

From Sample Problem 12.6,

vr = SP tan# or p = = = 2674 ft
g \a n 0 32.2 tan 8

Let the x-axis be parallel to the floor o f the car.

y i fx = max : Fs + IV sin (0 + (p) = man co s(0 + <p)

mv
co s(# + <p)

(a) <3 = 0 .

FS = W cos ( 0 + cp) - sin (# + <p\

gP

(183.33)2
= W cos 8 - sin 8
(32.2)(2674)

= 0.247 W F. = 0.247 W <

{b) For Fs = 0,

cos(0 + <p) - sin (# + <p) = 0

gp

tan(0 + <*>) = = ( 18^-33) _ 0.39035

V gp (32.2)(2674)

0 + <p = 21.3

<0 = 2 1 .3 - 8 <0 = 13.3 <

 PROBLEM 12.53
Tests carried out with the tilting trains described in Prob. 12.52 revealed
that passengers feel queasy when they see through the car windows that
the train is rounding a curve at high speed, yet do not feel any side force.
Designers, therefore, prefer to reduce, but not eliminate that force. For the
train o f Prob. 12.52, determine the required angle o f tilt <j> if passengers
are to feel side forces equal to 1 2 percent o f their weights.
Problem 12.52: Tilting trains such as the Acela, which runs from
Washington to New York to Boston, are designed to travel safely at high
speeds on curved sections o f track which were built for slower,
conventional trains. As it enters a curve, each car is tilted by hydraulic
actuators mounted on its trucks. The tilting feature o f the cars also
increases passenger comfort by eliminating or greatly reducing the side
force F, (parallel to the floor o f the car) to which passengers feel
subjected. For a train traveling at 125 mi/h on a curved section o f track
banked at an angle 0 = 8 and with a rated speed o f 75 mi/h, determine
(a) the magnitude o f the side force felt by a passenger o f weight IF in a
standard car with no tilt ( <f>= 0 ), (b) the required angle o f tilt ^ if the
passenger is to feel no side force. (See Sample Problem 12.6 for the
definition o f rated speed).

SOLUTION

Rated speed: vK = 75 mi/h = 110 ft/s, 125 mi/h = 183.33 ft/s

From Sample Problem 12.6,

vr = g P tan# or p = VR _ ( n o )2
= 2674 ft
g ta n # 32.2 tan 8

Let the .v-axis be parallel to the floor o f the car.

+/ F V = max : Fs + W sin (0 + <p) = man cos(# + (p)

= co s($ + <p)
P

Solving for Fs, Fs = W cos ( 0 + <p) - sin ( 0 + <p)

gP

v2 (183.33)'
N ow = , v w ; x= 0.39035 and F = 0.12 W so that
gp (32.2)(2674)

0.12 W = IF[0.39035 cos(<9 + <p) - sin(<9 + <p)~\

Let u = sin(<? + ^ ). Then, co s(# + cp) = yjl - u 2.

0.12 = 0.39035>/l - u 2 - u or 0.39035^1 - u2 = 0 .1 2 +

PROBLEM 12.53 CONTINUED

Squaring both sides, 0.15237^1 - m 2 ) = 0.0144 + 0.24m + u2

or 1.15237 m 2 + 0 .24 m + 0.13797 = 0

The positive root o f the quadratic equation is u = 0.2572.

Then, 6 + (p = sin - 1 u = 14.90

<p = 14.90 - 9 = 14.90 - 8 <p = 6.90 <

PROBLEM 12.54
A small block B fits inside a slot cut in arm OA, which rotates in a
vertical plane at a constant rate. The block remains in contact with the
end o f the slot closest to A and its speed is 1.4 m/s for 0 < 6 < 150.
Knowing that the block begins to slide when 6 = 150, determine the
coefficient o f static friction between the block and the slot.
 PROBLEM 12.55
A 3-kg block is at rest relative to a parabolic dish which rotates at a
|- 2 mj
constant rate about a vertical axis. Knowing that the coefficient o f static
friction is 0.5 and that r = 2 m, determine the maximum allowable
velocity v o f the sphere.
 PROBLEM 12.56
A small 12-oz collar D can slide on portion AB o f a rod which is bent as
1 shown. Knowing that a = 35 and that the rod rotates about the vertical
A C at a constant rate o f 6 rad/s, determine the value o f r for which the
cj
collar will not slide on the rod if the effect o f friction between the rod and
the collar is neglected.

D vt v

La
i

SOLUTION

a = 35, 0 = 6 rad/s, W = mg

Neglect vertical component o f acceleration.

w a XFy = 0 : N s in a - fV = 0

W mg
o i\ N =
n h sin a sin a
VJ
- i - F = ma\ N cos a = = mrO 2

N co sa _ gco sa _ g
Solving for r. r =
mO2 0 2s m a d 2\.m a

32.2
r = = 1.277 ft
(6 ) 2 tan 35

r = 15.33 in. A
 PROBLEM 12.57
A small 8 -oz collar D can slide on portion AB o f a rod which is bent as
shown. Knowing that the rod rotates about the vertical A C at a constant
rate and that a = 40 and r = 24 in., determine the range o f values o f
the speed v for which the collar will not slide on the rod if the coefficient
o f static friction between the rod and the collar is 0.35.

S O L U T IO N

a = 40, r = 24 in. = 2 ft, n, = 0-35

F = //,A \ where the upper sign applies for downward impending
motion and the lower sign for upward impending motion.

+XFy = 0: N s in a + F c o s a - W - 0

A (s in a //s c o sa ) = W

W
N =
sin a /us co sa

W v
- i . XFx = man : N c o s a - F sin a = -------
g r

a )\ = -------
A lc o s a + /^ s in w v2
g r

2 A (c o s a T // s in a ) c o s a T u 5s i na
v = g ri ;------- = g r ----------- -------
W sin a //, cos a

For impending motion downward,

v! = (3 2 .2 )(2 .0 )COs4 J - -3Ssi" 40 = 38.25 M

' sin40 + 0.35cos40

v = 6.18 ft/s

For impending motion upward,

v2 = (3 2 .2 )(2 .0 )COS4 + 0-35sui4()O = n o . 3 4 ft2 / s 2

v A sin40 - 0.35cos40

v = 13.05 ft/s

Range o f speeds for which the collar will not slide:

6.18 ft/s < v < 13.05 ft/s <

 PROBLEM 12.58
Four seconds after a polisher is started from rest, small tufts o f fleece
from along the circumference o f the lO-in.-diameter polishing pad are
observed to fly free o f the pad. If the polisher is started so that the fleece
along the circumference undergoes a constant tangential acceleration o f
1 2 ft/s', determine () the speed v o f a tuft as it leaves the pad, (b ) the
magnitude o f the force required to free the tuft if the average weight o f a
tuft is 60 x 1 0 6 oz.

SOLUTION

Uniformly accelerated motion on a circular path, p = = 5 in. = ^ f t

* * / ,rr>aty w ao x 1m-<>
W = 60 0
60x10'
oz = -------------lb

^ ^ F rMO" g = 32.2 ft/s2

*

**. m = = 116.46 x 1 0 Mbs2/ft

g

(a) For uniformly accelerated motion,

v = v0 + a,t = 0 + (12)( 4)

v = 48 ft/s <

(b) + /I .F , = ma,: F, = (l 16.46 x I0~9 )(l2 ) = 1.3975 x 10 6 lb.

m v2 (l 16.46 x 1 0 -9)(4 8 ):
+ \\ n = nui:
n rn = man = ------- =--------------------
e ~ ---------
p 5/12

= 644.0 x 10'" lb

Magnitude o f force:

F = yjF,2 + Fn2 = lO"6^ 644.0)' + (1 .3 9 7 5 ) 2

F = 644 x 10' 6 lb <

 PROBLEM 12.59
A turntable A is built into a stage for use in a theatrical production. It is
observed during a rehearsal that a trunk B starts to slide on the turntable
12 s after the turntable begins to rotate. Knowing that the trunk undergoes
a constant tangential acceleration o f 0.75 ft/s2, determine the coefficient
o f static friction between the trunk and the turntable.

SOLUTION

Uniformly accelerated motion on a circular path, p = 8 ft

v = v0 + a,t

= 0 + (0 .7 5 )(l2 ) = 9 ft/s

N
rS ft
f r W a 0 75
ma F. = ma, = a,: F, = W=L = f f = 0.0233 W
g g 32.2

Wv2 W( 9) 2
Fn = man = : F. = 7 = 0.3144 W
" gp " (32.2)(8)

F = J f , 2 + F2 = 0.315 W

This is the friction force available to cause the trunk to slide.

The normal force N is calculated from equilibrium o f forces in the

vertical direction.

IF. = 0: N - W = 0 N = W

Since sliding is impending, p s = = 0.315 p , = 0.315 <

W
 PROBLEM 12.60
The parallel-link mechanism ABCD is used to transport a component /
between manufacturing processes at stations E, F, and G by picking it up
at a station when 0 - 0 and depositing it at the next station when
0 = 180. Knowing that member BC remains horizontal throughout its
motion and that links AB and CD rotate at a constant rate in a vertical
plane in such a way that vB = 0.7 m/s, determine (a) the minimum value
o f the coefficient o f static friction between the component and BC if the
component is not to slide on BC while being transferred, (b) the values o f
0 for which sliding is impending.

SOLUTION

For constant speed, a, = 0

W WQt an = with vH = 0.7 m/s, p - 0.2 m

P

- i . EFx = map. F = man cos0

n Kj
. F
EFV = map.

ma cos 0
N - W = -m a n sin 0

cos0
N - mg - man sin 0

cos0
Ratio =
N mg - ma sin 0 g sin# - sin#
V

cos#
With J[P[ _ (9.8l)(0.2) _ ^ qq4 j {fog ratj0 becomes =
V (0.7) N 4.0041 - sin#

|f | |c o s # |
For no impending slide, p s >
N 4.0041 - sin#

To find the value o f # for which the ratio is maximum set the derivative
with respect to # equal to zero.

d ( c o s# \ _ 1 - 4.0041 sin # _
d0 4.0041 - sin # J ( 4 .0 0 4 1 - sin 0 )2

1
sin# = = 0.24974
4.0041

cos 14.446

fl.
0 = 14.446, L J = = 0.258
N 4.0041 - 0.24974

# = 180 - 14.446 = 165.554, ^ = 0.258

N

(a) Minimum value o f p s for no slip. ( //,) . = 0.258 A

s /m in

(b) Corresponding values o f #. # = 14.5 and 165.5 A

 PROBLEM 12.61
Knowing that the coefficients o f friction between the component / and
member BC o f the mechanism o f Prob. 12.60 are p s = 0.35 and
p k = 0.25, determine (a) the maximum allowable speed v B if the
component is not to slide on BC while being transferred, (b) the values o f
6 for which sliding is impending.
ctm o ia Ola Ola

SOLUTION

For constant speed, a, = 0

w at
W a = -2 with vH = 0.7 m/s, p - 0.2 m
P

_* I F r = map. F = ma cos6

n KJ F r = m av: N - W = -m a n sin0 N = mg - man s m 6

. F ma,, cos0 cos# cos#

Ratio = -------- 2 ----------- = ---------------- = ----------------
N m g - m a n sin# g_ _ ^ g_ _ sm 0

gp . F cos#
Let u = so that =
N u - sin#

Determine the value o f # at which FIN is maximum.

d_ cos# \ _ cos2# - (u - sin # )(sin # ) _ 1 - u sin # _

dd M - s in # J (w - s in # )" (u
( - sin # )'
)

F
The corresponding ratio .

F M - 1 sin #
= = tan#
N u - u -l cos#

(a) For impending sliding to the left: = tan# = p s - 0.35

N

# = arctan(0.35) = 19.29, iT 1 = = sin#,

gp

V = (9.8l)(0.2)sin l9.29 = 0.648 m 2 /s 2

vB = 0.805 m/s A
PROBLEM 12.61 CONTINUED

F
For impending motion to the right: = -t a n # = // = 0.35
N

6 = arctan(-0.35) = 160.71c

2
u~l = ^ ~ = sin#, vB2 = (9.8l)(0.2)sin l60.71 = 0.648 m 2 /s 2
gp

= 0.805 m/s -4

(b) For impending sliding to the left, # = 19.3 A

For impending sliding to the right, # = 160.7 4

 PROBLEM 12.62
A nocifl In the cathode-ray tube shown, electrons emitted by the cathode and
attracted by the anode pass through a small hole in the anode and then
O d fc u tk V
travel in a straight line with a speed v 0 until they strike the screen at A.
However, if a difference o f potential V is established between the two
parallel plates, the electrons will be subjected to a force F perpendicular
to the plates while they travel between the plates and will strike the
screen at point B, which is at a distance 5 from A. The magnitude o f the
force F is F = eV / d , where -e is the charge o f an electron and d is the
distance between the plates. Neglecting the effects o f gravity, derive an
expression for the deflection S in terms o f V, v0 , the charge -e and the
mass m o f an electron, and the dimensions d, (, and L.

S O L U T IO N

Consider the motion o f one electron. For the horizontal motion, let
x = 0 at the left edge o f the plate and x = ( at the right edge o f the
plate. At the screen,

x = - +L
2

Horizontal motion: There are no horizontal forces acting on the electron

so that ax = 0 .

Let /, =0when theelectron passes the left edge o f the plate, / = t{

when it passes theright edge, and t = t2 when it impacts on the screen.
For uniform horizontal motion,

t I L
x - v0t, so that /, = and t2 = ------+ .
v0 2 v0 v0

Vertical motion: The gravity force acting on the electron is neglected

since we are interested in the deflection produced by the electric force.
While the electron is between plates (0 < / < /,), the vertical force on
the electron is Fy = e V Id . After it passes the plates ( / , < / < /2), it is
zero.

Fv eV
For 0 < t < tu I Fv = ma,,: aY = =
m md

I \ _ eVt
v - + v - 0 + ^

l ? eV t2
y = To + (vy ) / + - a / = 0 + 0 +
2 2md
PROBLEM 12.62 CONTINUED

At t = tx, (v ) = and y x =
1 1 yn md n 2md

For tx < t < t2, ay = 0

y = Vi + (vy \ ( t ~ tx)

A t t = r, y 2 = S = y x + ( v y)](r2 - tx)

s ^ e V ^ _ + eVtL{ ) = eVtx
t~> t>
2m d md 11 md

eV l e V lL ^
or <5
mdvn V2vo 2 v.oy mdvl
 PROBLEM 12.63
A nodr In Prob. 12.62, determine the smallest allowable value o f the ratio d l l
in terms o f e, m, v0, and V if at x = I the minimum permissible distance
between the path o f the electrons and the positive plate is 0.075d.
Problem 12.62: In the cathode-ray tube shown, electrons emitted by the
cathode and attracted by the anode pass through a small hole in the anode
and then travel in a straight line with a speed v0 until they strike the
screen at A. However, if a difference o f potential V is established between
the two parallel plates, the electrons will be subjected to a force F
perpendicular to the plates while they travel between the plates and will
strike the screen at point B, which is at a distance S from A. The
magnitude o f the force F is F = e V Id , where -e is the charge o f an
electron and d is the distance between the plates. Neglecting the effects o f
gravity, derive an expression for the deflection S in terms o f V, v0 , the
charge -e and the mass m o f an electron, and the dimensions d. I, and L.

SOLUTION

Consider the motion o f one electron. For the horizontal motion, let x = 0
at the left edge o f the plate and x = I at the right edge o f the plate. At
the screen,

x = - +L
2
r O Horizontal motion: There are no horizontal forces acting on the electron
so that a r = 0 .

Let r, = 0 when the electron passes the left edge o f the plate, t = f,
when it passes the right edge, and I = t2 when it impacts on the screen.
For uniform horizontal motion,
I I L
x = v0/, so that /, = and t2 = -------+
v0 ' 2 v0 v0

Vertical motion: The gravity force acting on the electron is neglected

since we are interested in the deflection produced by the electric force.
While the electron is between the plates (0 < t < h ), the vertical force
on the electron is Fy = e V ld . After it passes the plates (r, < t < t2),
it is zero.

F., eV
For 0 < I < /,, I F = ma,,: a = = ------
' m md

v = II v.,)\ + a .i = 0 + -----
y \ o > md

eV t2
y = y0 + ( vy ) 0l + = o+o+
2 md
PROBLEM 12.63 CONTINUED

I eV t
At t = h* y _ , 2
v0 2 mdv0

But y c - 0.075c/ = 0.425c/

2

g F l2
So that T < 0.425c/
2 / wc/ vq

d~ \ e V eV d , I gF
=- > ----------------- - 1.176 z- > 1.085 T
I 0.425 2/wvq wivq ( y wivj
 PROBLEM 12.64
Rod OA rotates about O in a horizontal plane. The motion o f the 400-g
collar B is defined by the relations r = 500 + 300 sin T it and
6 = 2 n ( t 2 - 2 t V where r is expressed in millimeters, t in seconds, and
0 in radians. Determine the radial and transverse components o f the
force exerted on the collar when ( a ) t = 0 , (b ) t = 0 . 8 s.

SOLUTION

r = (0.5 + 0.3sin/rf)m 9 = 2 ;r(r - 2r) rad

r = 0.3^ cos T it m/s 9 = 4 t i ( i - l) rad/s

r = -0 .3 ^ 2 sin^t 9 = 4/r rad/s2

II
r = 0.5 m
o
r = 0.94248 m/s 9 = -12.5664 rad/s
o

9 = 12.5664 rad/s2
II

ar = r - r 9 2 = 0 - (0.5)(-12.5664)2 = -78.957 m/s 2

a = r0 + lid = (0.5)(l2.5664) + (2)(0.94248)(-12.5664) = -17.4040 m/s

Fr = mar : Fr = (0.4)(-78.957) = -31.6 Fr = -31.6 N <

F0 = mBa0 : F0 = (0.4)(-17.4040) = -6.96 Fe = -6.96 N <

(b) At t = 0.8 s, r = 0.67634 m 9 - -6.0319 rad

r = -0.76248 m/s 9 = -2.5133 rad/s

r = -1.74040 m/s 2 9 = 12.5664 rad/s2

ar r rGr = -1.74040 - (0.67634)(-2.5133): = -6.0126 m/s 2

a = rO + 2iG = (0.67634)( 12.5664) + (2)(-0.76248)(-2.5133) = 12.332 m/s2

Fr = mRar : Fr = (0.4)(-6.0126) = -2.41 Fr = -2.41 N <

Fe = mBag : F = (0.4)(12.332) = 4.93 Fg = 4.93 N A

 PROBLEM 12.65
Rod OA oscillates about O in a horizontal plane. The motion o f the 200-g
collar B is defined by the relations r = 5/(/ + 2)and 9 = (4/;r)sin 7it,
where r is expressed in meters, t in seconds, and 9 in radians. Determine
the radial and transverse components o f the force exerted on the collar
when (a) t = 2 s, (b) t = l s.

SOLUTION

r = 5 /( / + 2 ) m 9 = sin^r rad
7T

r = 5 /(/ + 2 )' m/s 9 = 4cos/r/ rad/s

r = l 0 /(/ + 2 ) 3 m/s 2 9 = -4^ sin ^ r rad/s2

(a) At / = 2 s, r = l .25 m 9 =0

r = - 0 .3 125 m/s 9 = 4 rad/s

r = 0.15625 m/s 2 9 =0

ar = r r 9 2 = 0.15625 - (l.2 5 )(4 )2 = -19.844 m/s2

a0 = r9 + 2r9 = (l .25)(0) + (2 )(-0 .3 1 2 5 )(4 ) = -2.50 m/s2

Fr = mttar : Fr = (0.2)(-19.844) = -3.97 Fr = -3.97 N <

Fg = mBa0 \ F0 - (0 .2 )(-2 .5 0 ) = -0.500 F = -0.500 N <

(b) At / = 7 s, r = 0.55556 m 9 =0

r = -0.06173 m/s 9 = - 4 rad/s

r = 0.013717 m/s2 9 =0

ar = r - r9~ = 0.013717 - (0 .5 5 5 5 6 )(-4 )2 = -8.8752 m/s2

a0 = r9 + 2r9 = 0 + (2 )(-0 .0 6 1 7 3 )(-4 ) = 0.49384 m/s2

Fr = mHar : Fr = (0.2)(-8.8752) = -1.775 Fr = -1.775 N <

F0 = mBa0 : F0 = (0.2)(0.49384) = 0.0988 F0 = 0.0988 N <

 PROBLEM 12.66
A 1.2-lb block B slides without friction inside a slot cut in arm OA which
rotates in a vertical plane at a constant rate, 9 = 2 rad/s. At the instant
when 6 = 30, r = 2 f t and the force exerted on the block by the arm is
zero. Determine, at this instant, (a) the relative velocity o f the block with
respect to the arm, (b) the relative acceleration o f the block with respect
to the arm.

A
PROBLEM 12.67
A 1.2-lb block B slides without friction inside a slot cut in arm OA which
rotates in a vertical plane. The motion o f the rod is defined by the relation
# = 10 rad/s2 , constant. At the instant when # = 45" , r = 2.4 ft and the
velocity o f the block is zero. Determine, at this instant, (a) the force
exerted on the block by the arm, (b) the relative acceleration o f the block
with respect to the arm.
 PROBLEM 12.68
The 6 -lb collar B slides on the frictionless arm A A '. The arm is attached
to drum D and rotates about O in a horizontal plane at the rate 9 = 0.8/,
where 9 and / are expressed in rad/s and seconds, respectively. As the
arm-drum assembly rotates, a mechanism within the drum releases cord
so that the collar moves outward from O with a constant speed o f 1.5 ft/s.
Knowing that at / = 0 , r = 0, determine the time at which the tension in
the cord is equal to the magnitude o f the horizontal force exerted on B by
arm AA '.

SOLUTION

Kinematics: = r = 1.5 ft/s, r =0

dt

\0 d r= $ )r d t or r = 1.5/ ft

9 = 0.8/ rad/s, 9 = 0.8 rad/s2

ar = r - r 9 2 = 0 - (l.5 /)(0 .8 / ) 2 = -0 .9 6 /3 ft/s 2

a0 = r9 + 2r9 = (l.5r)(0.8) + (2)(1.5)(0.8/) = 3.6/ ft/s2

Kinetics: Sketch the free body diagrams for the collar.

+/ /v = mar : T = mar

+ \ ZF9 = ma0 : Q = ma0

Set T = Q to obtain the required time.

-m ar = ma0 or
II
-P
I

Using the calculated expressions

0.96r3 = 3.6r, t2 3 6 = 3 .7 5 s >

0.96

t = 1.936 s <
 PROBLEM 12.69
The 4-oz pin B slides along the slot in the rotating arm OC and along the
slot D E which is cut in a fixed horizontal plate. Neglecting friction and
knowing that arm OC rotates at a constant rate # 0 = 10 rad/s, determine
for any given value o f Q (a) the radial and transverse components o f the
resultant force F exerted on pin B, (b) the forces P and Q exerted on pin
B by arm OC and the wall o f the slot DE, respectively.

SOLUTION
6 = 10 rad/s, 9 = 0, b = 9 in. = 0.75 ft, W = 4 oz = 0.25 lb
b b sin 9
Kinematics: r = ------- , r = ------ ^ 9
cos 9 c o s '#

6sin # ^ ( c o s : # )(c o s # ) - (s in # )( 2 c o s # ) (-s in # )

r = z # + --------------------------- ;--------------------------- - # 2
cos 2 # cos 4 #

6 (l + sin2# )
with # = 0

cos 3 #

,2 = 6 ( 1 + sin2# ) ,2 _ _ 26sin2# ^ 2

a = r - r9 = ,------- 9 2 - # 2 = ,
cos
C O # cos# cos #
= 26tan2# s e c # # 2

a0 = r9 + 2r9 = 0 + 2 ^ ^ # 2 = 26tan #sec# # 2

c o s '#
(a) Radial and transverse components o f effective forces.

v W 2W b t 2 n a #
Fr = ar : Fr = tan # s e c # #
g g

_ (2)(0-25)(10) tan2 # se c # Fr = 1.165tan2# se c # lb A

32.2
W 2Wb
F0 = a0 : F0 = ------ tan # sec # #
g g

_ (2)(0.25)(10) tan^ sec^ p _ i.i6 5 ta n # s e c # lb A

32.2
( 6 ) Forces P and Q exerted on the pin by the arm OA and the wall o f the
9 Y Fr slot DE, respectively.
V.
IF,, = P c o s# = Fr sin# - F0 cos9

? \ r 9 P = 1.165 tan#sec3# lb N # A

+ // ZFr = Q co s9 = Fr

Q = 1.165 tan2 # sec2# lb - A

 PROBLEM 12.70
Disk A rotates in a horizontal plane about a vertical axis at the constant
rate o f 0O=15 rad/s. Slider B has a mass o f 230 g and moves in a
frictionless slot cut in the disk. The slider is attached to a spring o f
constant k = 60 N/m, which is undeformed when r = 0 . Knowing that at
a given instant the acceleration o f the slider relative to the disk is
r = - 1 2 m/s 2 and that the horizontal force exerted on the slider by the
disk is 9 N, determine at that instant (a) the distance r, (b) the radial
component o f the velocity o f the slider.

SOLUTION

0 = 15 rad/s, m = 230 g = 0.230 kg, 6 = 0, F0 = 9 N, r = -1 2 m/s 2

Due to the spring, Fr = -k r , k = 60 N/m

I -~ZFr = Fr =
F*- w ar
Ik -

F. (a) Radial coordinate.

mr (0 .2 3 0 )(-1 2 )
r =-
k - m6~ 60 -(0 .2 3 0 )(1 5 ):

= 0.33455 m r = 335 mm

ZF0 = ma : Ft) = m [r 9 + 2

2 rO = r0
m

F0 - m r9 9 -0
r = ---------- = 1.304 m/s
2m9 (2)(0.230)(15)

(b) Radial component o f velocity. v= r vr = 1.304 m/s 4

 PROBLEM 12.71
0 .5 in -
The horizontal rod OA rotates about a vertical shaft according to the
relation # = 1 0 /, where # and I are expressed in rad/s and seconds,
o respectively. A 250-g collar B is held by a cord with a breaking strength
$ o f 18 N. Neglecting friction, determine, immediately after the cord
cl~ 4> breaks, (a) the relative acceleration o f the collar with respect to the rod,
e
(b) the magnitude o f the horizontal force exerted on the collar by the rod.

SOLUTION

9 = 1 0 / rad/s, # = 1 0 rad/s2

m = 250 g = 0.250 kg
ynar
->
Before cable breaks: Fr = - T and r = 0.

Fr = mar \ - T = m (r - r d 2 j

0 18 . . ,2 , 2
m rd2 = mr + T or # 2 = + ^ = 144 rad /s
mr (0.25)(0.5)

# = 1 2 rad/s

Immediately after the cable breaks: Fr = 0, r - 0

(a) Acceleration o f B relative to the rod.

m ^r - r # 2 j = 0 or r = r# 2 = (0 .5 )(l2 ) = 72 m/s 2

aB/rod = 2 2 m/s 2 radially outward 4

(b) Transverse component o f the force.

F0 = ma0 : Fg = m(rO + 2r8j

Fg = (0 .2 5 0 )[(0 .5 )(1 0 ) + (2 )(0 )(1 2 )] = 1.25 F0 = 1.25 N 4

 PROBLEM 12.72
The two blocks are released from rest when r = 0.8 m and 0 = 30.
Neglecting the mass o f the pulley and the effect o f friction in the pulley
and between block A and the horizontal surface, determine (a ) the initial
tension in the cable, (b) the initial acceleration o f block A, (c) the initial
acceleration o f block B.

SOLUTION

Let r and 6 be polar coordinates o f block A as shown, and let y R be the

position coordinate (positive downward, origin at the pulley) for the
rectilinear motion o f block B.

Constraint o f cable: r + y B = constant,

r + vB = 0 , r + aB = 0 or r = -a H ( 1 )

For block/I, IF V = mAa A: T cos# = mAaA or T = m Aa A sec0 (2)

For b lo c k s, + J LFV = mHaR: mBg - T = mRaH (3)

Adding Eq. (1) to Eq. (2) to eliminate T, mRg = mAa A sec# + mRaR (4)

Radial and transverse components o f aA.

Use either the scalar product o f vectors or the triangle construction

shown, being careful to note the positive directions o f the components.

Qa r - r6~ = ar = a , er = - a A cos# (5)

Noting that initially # = 0, using Eq. (1) to eliminate r, and changing

e. signs gives

aR = aAcos# (6 )

Substituting Eq. ( 6 ) into Eq. (4) and solving for aA,

'Hg (2S)(9.81)
a. = - 5.48 m/s-
mAsec0 + m gcos# 20 sec 30 + 25 cos 30

From Eq. ( 6 ), aR = 5.48cos30 = 4.75 m/s 2

(a) From Eq. (2), T = (20)(5.48)sec30 = 126.6 T = 126.6 N <

(b) Acceleration o f b lo ck s. a , = 5.48 m/s - 4

2

(c) Acceleration o f block S. aB = 4.75 m/s2 1 A

 PROBLEM 12.73
The velocity of block A is 2 m/s to the right at the instant when r = 0.8 m
and 9 - 30. Neglecting the mass of the pulley and the effect of friction
in the pulley and between block A and the horizontal surface, determine,
at this instant, (a) the tension in the cable, (b) the acceleration of b lo ck s,
(c) the acceleration o f block B.

SOLUTION

Let r and 9 be polar coordinates of b lo ck s as shown, and let y B be the

position coordinate (positive downward, origin at the pulley) for the
rectilinear motion of block B.

Radial and transverse components of v A.

Use either the scalar product of vectors or the triangle construction

shown, being careful to note the positive directions of the components.

r = vr - \ A er = -v^cos30
= - 2 cos 30 = -1.73205 m/s

rQ = ve = \ A = -v^ sin 30

= 2 sin 30 = 1.000 m/s2

9 =^- = = 1.25 rad/s

r 0.8

Constraint o f cable: r + y B = constant,

r + vB = 0, r + aB = 0 or r = - a B (1)

For b lo ck s, Jy~l,Fx = mAaA : T cos6 = mAaA or T - rnAaA sec# (2)

For block B, + | ^Fy = mBaB : mBg - T = mBaB (3)

Adding Eq. (1) to Eq. (2) to eliminate T, mBg = mAaA sec 9 + mBaB (4)

Radial and transverse components of a A.

Use a method similar to that used for the components o f velocity.

r - rO2 = ar = aA er = -u ^ c o s ^ (5)
a
Using Eq. (1) to eliminate r and changing signs gives
a*
a B = a Acos9 - r9~ (6)
PROBLEM 12.73 CONTINUED

Substituting Eq. ( 6 ) into Eq. (4) and solving for aA,

mB(g + r $ 2) (25)[9,81 + (0.8)(1.25)

6.18 m/s 2
mAsec# + mBcos6 20sec30 + 25cos30

From Eq. ( 6 ), aB 6.18cos30 - (0 .8 )(l.2 5 )2 - 4.10 m/s 2

(a) From Eq. (2), T = (20)(6.18)sec30 = 142.7 T = 142.7 N <

(b) Acceleration o f b lo c k s. a , = 6 .1 8 m / s - A

( c) Acceleration o f block B. a# = 4.10 m/s2 * A

 PROBLEM 12.74
A particle o f mass m is projected from point A with an initial velocity v 0
perpendicular to line OA and moves under a central force F directed away
from the center o f force O. Knowing that the particle follows a path
defined by the equation r - r0 /y jcos2# and using Eq. (12.27), express
the radial and transverse components o f the velocity v o f the particle as
functions o f 0.

SOLUTION

Since the particle moves under a central force, h = constant.

Using Eq. (12.27), h = r 20 = h = r0v

or 6 = B , X O S29

Radial component o f velocity.

sin 20
0 = rn 3 / 2~ 0
dO dO \ \Jcos29 (co s 2 0 )

sin 20 v0 sin 20 ^
= n cos 2 0 K = v0 ~,------- <
(co s 2 0 ) r \lcos20

Transverse component o f velocity.

v0 = Vqn/cos 20 A
r ro
 PROBLEM 12.75
For the particle o f Prob. 12.74, show (a) that the velocity o f the particle
and the central force F are proportional to the distance r from the particle
to the center o f force O, (b) that the radius o f curvature o f the path is
proportional to r .

Problem 12.74: A particle o f mass m is projected from point A with an

initial velocity v 0 perpendicular to line OA and moves under a central
force F directed away from the center o f force O. Knowing that the
particle follows a path defined by the equation r = r0 /yjcos 20 and using
Eq. (12.27), express the radial and transverse components o f the velocity
v o f the particle as functions o f 0.

SOLUTION

Since the particle moves under a central force, h = constant.

Using Eq. (12.27), h = r 20 = = r0 v0 or 6 = - p - = = cos2?

Differentiating the expression for r with respect to time,

x sin 20 x sin 26 vn sin 20

r = 0 = 9 = ro : ------7 T U 7 I 9 = ro T ~ co s =
dd dG ,V co s 2 y (c o s20) (cos 2 0 ) r0

Differentiating again,

dr x d ( sin 20 cos 2 20 + sin 2 20 x v cos 20 + sin 20

(J -----------------------------------------------
2 0 2 2 2 2
r = 6 = vn 3/2
dO V d o { V y ^ 2 o ] ^ V (co s20) Vco s 2 0

(a) yr = r = v0 ,Sm W = sin 2(9 vn = r0 = cos 2 #

Vcos 2 0 r0

v = \J(vr )~ + (vo y = Vsin 2 20 + cos 2 20

2 _ v0 2 2 cos 2 20 + sin 2 20 rQ v0 2 2
a = r - r0~ = co s' 20
\l cos 20 V cos 2 0

v0 2 cos 2 20 + sin 2 26 _ v0 _ v02r

Vcos 2 ^ a\l cos 20

Fr mV0r
c = mar = f- :
rn ro

Since the particle moves under a central force, ae - 0

 PROBLEM 12.75 CONTINUED

. 2

Magnitude o f acceleration: a = yja 2 + a02 =

f \
Tangential component o f acceleration, a, -
dv _ d W Vq . vo r
~dt ~ ~dt V ro J

Normal component o f acceleration, a, = <Ja2 - a 2 = -^y-V l - sin 2 20 =

 PROBLEM 12.76
A particle o f mass m is projected from point A with an initial velocity v 0
perpendicular to line OA and moves under a central force F along a
semicircular path o f diameter OA. Observing that r = r0 cos# and using
Eq. (12.27), show that the speed o f the particle is v = v0 / cos 2 #.

SOLUTION

Since the particle moves under a central force, h = constant.

Using Eq. (12.27), h = r 2d - = r0 v0

nr a _ rovo m _ v0
or - T~ - 7 T _ -------
r rn cos # rncos 6

Radial component o f velocity. vr = r = (r0 cos#) = -( r 0 sin # )#

Transverse component o f velocity. vd = rd = (r0 co s# )#

I 2
v=
2
Speed, v = ^ v r + v e - r0# =
r0 cos 2 # cos2#
 PROBLEM 12.77
For the particle o f Prob. 12.76. determine the tangential component F, o f
the central force F along the tangent to the path o f the particle for
(a) 9 = 0, (b) 9 = 45.

SOLUTION

Since the particle moves under a central force, h = constant

Using Eq. (12.27), h = r 26 = ^ = r0v0 9 = ^ - = / oV 2 - ^

r r0~cos~9 r0cos~9

Radial component o f velocity. vr = r = (rcos#) = -( r 0 sin#))

Transverse component o f velocity. vg - r 9 = (r0cos9 )9

Speed, v = -J v / + vti2 = r09 = rV2 =

rncos2# cos2 9

Tangential component o f acceleration.

_ dv_ _ m ( - 2 )(-sin ff)fl _ 2 v0 sin9 v0 2 v0 2 sin9

a, = = vn- ,
dt cos 9 cos 3 9 r0 cos 2 9 r0 cos 5 9

Tangential component o f force.

2 mvo2 sin 0
F, = ma,: F, = -----
r0 cos 9

(a) 9 = 0, F, = 0 F, = 0 <

8 mv 2 ^
F, =
cos 5 45
 PROBLEM 12.78
The radius o f the orbit o f a moon o f a given planet is three times as large
as the radius o f that planet. Denoting by p the mean density o f the
planet, show that the time required by the moon to complete one full
revolution about the planet is 9 ( n / G p ) , where G is the constant o f
gravitation.

SOLUTION

For gravitational force and a circular orbit,

,2
i i GMm mv
\FJ - = or
r

Let t be the periodic time to complete one orbit.

Solvmg for r, t = ,--------

y]GM

Using r = 2>R as given leads to

T = 9{ n / G p f 2 <
 PROBLEM 12.79
Communication satellites are placed in a geosynchronous orbit, that is, in
a circular orbit such that they complete one full revolution about the earth
in one sidereal day (23.394 hr), and thus appear stationary with respect to
the ground. Determine (a) the altitude o f these satellites above the surface
o f the earth, (b) the velocity with which they describe their orbit. Give the
answers in both SI and U.S. customary units.

SOLUTION
For gravitational force and a circular orbit,

l | GMm m v2 GM
Lr = ---- 3 = ------ or v - J
r r V r

Let r be the period time to complete one orbit.

But vr = 27tr or v2 r 2 = = 4/r2 r 2

3 GMt G M t2
Then r = or r =
4;r v 4/r 2
y

Data: r = 23.934 h = 86.1624 x 103 s

(o) In SI units: g = 9 .8 1 m/s2, R = 6.37 x 106 m

G M = gR 2 = (9.81)^6.37 x 106 ) 2 = 398.06 x 101 2 m 3 /s 2

1/3
(398.06 x ! 0 12)(86.1624x 103 ) 2

r = = 42.145 x l 0 6 m
4;r

altitude h = r - R = 35.775 x 106 h = 35800 km A

In US units: g = 32.2 ft/s2, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 106 ft

G M = g R 2 = (32.2)(20.909 x 106 ) 2 = 14.077 x 101 5 ft 3 / s 2

1/3
( l4 .0 7 7 x l0 15)(8 6 .1 6 2 4 x l0 3)2
r = = 138.334 x 106 ft
47T

altitude h = r - R = 117.425 x 106 ft h = 2 2 2 0 0 mi A

 PROBLEM 12.79 CONTINUED

(b) In SI units:

IGM /398.06 xlO 12 _ in3 ,

v= J = J r = 3.07 x 10 m/s v = 3.07 km/s 4
42.145 xl O6

In US units:

GM 14.077 x 10,15
v - = 10.09 x 103 ft/s v = 10.09 x 103 ft/s 4
138.334 xlO6
 PROBLEM 12.80
Show that the radius r o f the orbit o f a moon o f a given planet can be
determined from the radius R o f the planet, the acceleration o f gravity at
the surface o f the planet, and the time r required by the moon to
complete one full revolution about the planet. Determine the acceleration
o f gravity at the surface o f the planet Jupiter knowing that
R = 44,400 mi, r - 3.551 days and r = 417,000 mi for its moon
Europa.

SOLUTION

For gravitational force and a circular orbit,

i | GMm mv2 IGM

M = r2 = r or v = \V r

Let r be the periodic time to complete one orbit.

GM
vr = 2 nr or r j ------ = 2 nr

4n 2r 3
from which GM - =
T

, Afr2r 3
But GM = gR , hence, g - , (1)

Solving for r, r -f j 1 <

\ 4 TC /

Data: r = 417,000 mi - 2.202 x 109 ft

R = 44,400 mi = 234.4 x 106 ft

t = 3.551 days = 85.224 h = 306.8 x 103 s

Using (1),

4^ 2 (2 . 2 0 2 x 1 0 9 ) 3

g = ----------------------------- i-------r = 81.5 ft/s 2 g = 81.5 ft/s 2 <

(306.8 x 1 0 s ) (234.4 x lO6)
 PROBLEM 12.81
A spacecraft is placed into a polar orbit about the planet Mars at an
altitude o f 230 mi. Knowing that the mean density o f Mars is
7.65 lb s 2 /ft 4 and that the radius o f Mars is 2111 mi, determine (a) the
time t required for the spacecraft to complete one full revolution about
Mars, (b) the velocity with which the spacecraft describes its orbit.

SOLUTION

For gravitational force and a circular orbit,

GMm mv2 \G M ...

F r | = ------2 = OF V = \ --------- 0 )
r

Let r be the periodic time to complete one orbit.

, GM
vr = 2 n r or rj = 2 nr

2 n rv l
Solving for r, r = . (2)
VGM

Data: p = 7.65 lb s 2 /ft4, R = 2111 mi = 11.146 x 106 ft

volume o f Mars = 7tR? = n ( \ 1.146 x 106) = 5.800 x 102 1 ft 3

3 3 ' '

M = p x volume = (7.65)(5.800 x 1021) = 44.37 x 102 1 lb s2/ft

G M = (34.4 x 109 )(44.37 x 1021) = 1.5264 x 101 5 ft3 /s 2

r = 2111 + 230 = 2341 x 103 mi = 12.360 x 106 ft

2 ^ -(l2 .3 6 0 x l0 6)32
(a) From Eq. (2), r = , = 6.989 x 10 s r = 1.941 h A
V I.5264 x lO 15

(b) From Eq. (1), v = I1 ' 5 2 6 4 x 1 0 ? = 11.11 x 103 ft/s v = 7580 mi/h A
3 1 12.360 x 106
 PROBLEM 12.82
Determine the mass o f the earth knowing that the mean radius o f the
moons orbit about the earth is 384.5 Mm and that the moon requires
27.32 days to complete one full revolution about the earth.

SOLUTION

For gravitational force and a circular orbit,

GMm m v2 IGM
or v
r2 r

Let t be the periodic time to complete one orbit.

vr = o2 n r or r .l \GM = 2nr
o

4*rV
Solving for M, M = ----- ~-
Gr

Data: r = 384.5 x 106 m

t = 27.32 days = 655.68 h = 2.3604 x 106 s

G = 66.73 x l 0 12 m3/kg s

An1 ^384.5 x 106 ) 3

M =i -----------------------j = 6.04 x 102 4
-

(66.73 x 1012)(2 .3 6 0 4 x 106)

M = 6.04 x 102 4 kg <

 PROBLEM 12.83
The periodic times o f the planet Jupiters satellites, Ganymede and
Callisto, have been observed to be 7.15 days and 16.69 days,
respectively. Knowing that the mass o f Jupiter is 319 times that o f the
earth and that the orbits o f the two satellites are circular, determine
(a) the radius o f the orbit o f Ganymede, (b) the velocity with which
Callisto describes its orbit. Give the answers in U.S. Customary units.
(The periodic time o f a satellite is the time it requires to complete one full
revolution about the planet.)

SOLUTION
For gravitational force and a circular orbit,

GMm mv GM
F\ = or v =

2nr 2nr GM 3 GMr

But v = ------, hence, = .1------ or r -
4n

GMr
Solving for r, r = ( 1)
\ 4n /

.2 _ GM _ / 4/r V / 3 f4 ^ (G M fm
v = = GM,
r G M r2

1/3
2nG M \
v =
J (2)

For earth: R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 106 ft, g = 32.2 fit/s2

G M = gR 2 = (32.2)^20.909 x 106 ) 2 = 14.077 x 101 5 ft3 /s 2

For Jupiter: G M - (319)(l4.077 x 1015) = 4.4906 x 101 8 ft3 /s 2

(a) For Ganymede: r = 7.15 days = 171.6 h = 617.76 x 10 s

-jl/3
(4.4906 x 1018)(6 1 7 .7 6 x !03)2
By Eq. ( 1 ), r = 3.514 xlO 9 ft r - 6 6 6 x 1 0 3 mi
4n

(,b) For Callisto: r = 16.69 days = 400.56 h = 1.4420 x 106 s

1/3
2^(4.4906 xlO 18)
By Eq. (2), v= 29.95 x 103 ft/s v = 5.10 mi/s M
1.4420 xlO 6
 PROBLEM 12.84
The periodic time (see Prob. 12.83) o f an earth satellite in a circular polar
orbit is 120 minutes. Determine (a ) the altitude h o f the satellite, (b) the
time during which the satellite is above the horizon for an observer
located at the north pole.
mi

SOLUTION

For gravitational force and a circular orbit.

i I GMm mv~
F r = r 2 = --------
r
or
J
Let r be the periodic time to complete one orbit.

GM
vr = 2 n r or r = 2nr

,\l/3
GMt
Solving for r, r =
4/r"

For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10(> ft, g = 32.2 fVs2

GM = g R 2 = (32.2)(20.909 x 106 ) 2 = 14.077 x 10 1 5 ft 3 /s 2

Data: r = 120 min = 7200 s

1/3
(l4 .0 7 7 x 10l5)(7200)2
r = = 26.441 x 10* ft
4;r2

(a) altitude h = r - R = 5.532 x 106 ft h = 1048 mi <4

() c o s f l= * = 2 0 9 0 9 = 0.79078
r 26.441 x i o 6

e = 37.74

J g - r ,(75.48)(7200)g | 509 6 .
360 360

tAB = 25.2 min 4

 PROBLEM 12.85
A 540 kg spacecraft first is placed into a circular orbit about the earth at
an altitude o f 4500 km and then is transferred to a circular orbit about the
moon. Knowing that the mass of the moon is 0.01230 times the mass of
the earth and that the radius of the moon is 1740 km, determine (a) the
gravitational force exerted on the spacecraft as it was orbiting the earth,
(b) the required radius of the orbit of the spacecraft about the moon if the
periodic times of the two orbits are to be equal, (c) the acceleration of
gravity at the surface of the moon. (The periodic time of a satellite is the
time it requires to complete one full revolution about a planet).

SOLUTION

For earth: Re = 6370 km = 6.37 x 10 ' m, ge = 9.81 m/s 2

For the given orbit: re = 6370 + 4500 = 10870 km = 10.870 x 106 m

\2
(G M )e = geRe2 = (9.81)^6.37 x 106) = 398.06 x 1012 m3/s2

(G M ) m (398.06 x 1012)(540)
(a) F = r L = ------------------ - = 1819 N F = 1.819 kN <
r (l0.870 x 106)

For gravitational force and a circular orbit,

GMm mv GM
or v=
r r
Let t be the periodic time to complete one orbit.

GM 2 4;r2r 3
vt = 2nr or = 2n r or t -
GM
Since earth orbit and moon orbit have the same periodic time,

2 4n2r 2 4 x 2r J
T =
GM' GM

f \i/3
M,
(b) rm = re - (0.01230)1/3 (10.870 x 106 ) = 2.509 x 106 m

rR = 2510 km *4

GMe = geRe and GMm = gmR

2 z> 2
G = i A ^ = jA ^ . with R = 1740 km = 1.740 x 106 m
M. Mm

6.37 x 10
(c) gm = M jl ge = (0.01230) (9.81)
M, \Rm j 1.740 x 106

g m = 1.617 m/s2 -4
 PROBLEM 12.86
As a first approximation to the analysis o f a space flight from the earth to
Tnujrfw
Mars, assume the orbits o f the earth and Mars are circular and coplanar.
The mean distances from the sun to the earth and to Mars are
149.6 xlO 6 km and 227.8 x 106 km, respectively. To place the spacecraft
into an elliptical transfer orbit at point A, its speed is increased over a
short interval of time to vA which is 2.94 km/s faster than the earths
orbital speed. When the spacecraft reaches point B on the elliptical
0 ^ transfer orbit, its speed vB is increased to the orbital speed o f Mars.
Knowing that the mass o f the sun is 332.8 xlO 3 times the mass o f the
earth, determine the increase in speed required at B.

SOLUTION

For earth, ( G M )earth = g R 2 = (9.8l)(6.37 x 106 ) 2 = 398.06 x 101 2 m 3 /s 2

For sun, ( G M \ un = (332.8 x 103)(398.06 x 1012) = 132.474 x 101 8 m 3 /s 2

For circular orbit o f earth, rE = 149.6 x 106 km = 149.6 x 109 m/s

v = (G M L n = 132.474 xlO 8 = 29/75g x 1 q 3 m/s

149.6 9
x 10

For transfer orbit AB, rA = rE, rB = rM = 227.8 x 109 m

vA = v E + (Av)^ - 29.758 x 103 + 2.94 x 103 = 32.698 x 103 m/s

mrAvA = mrBvB

rv ( l4 9 .6 x l0 9)(3 2 .6 9 8 x l0 3)
VB = = 21.473 xlO 3 m/s
rB 227.8 x 109

For circular orbit o f Mars,

( G M )s un 132.474 xlO 1 8 ,
1 a 3
vM = J - = J -----------------5 = 24.115 X 10 m/s
V rM V 227.8 XlO9

Speed increase at B.

(Av)s = vM - vB = 24.115 x 103 - 21.473 x 103 = 2.643 x 103 m/s

(Av)^ = 2.64 km/s -4

 PROBLEM 12.87
During a flyby o f the earth, the velocity o f a spacecraft is 34.2 x 10' ft/s
as it reaches its minimum altitude o f 600 mi above the surface at point A.
At point B the spacecraft is observed to have an altitude o f 5160 mi.
Assuming that the trajectory o f the spacecraft is parabolic, determine its
velocity at B.

600mi
 PROBLEM 12.88
A space vehicle is in a circular orbit o f 1400-mi radius around the moon.
To transfer to a smaller orbit o f 1300-mi radius, the vehicle is first placed
in an elliptic path AB by reducing its speed by 8 6 ft/s as it passes through
A. Knowing that the mass o f the moon 5.03 x 102 1 lb s 2 /ft, determine
(a) the speed o f the vehicle as it approaches B on the elliptic path, (b) the
amount by which its speed should be reduced as it approaches B to insert
it into the smaller circular orbit.

SOLUTION

Circular orbits: v =

r, = 1400 mi = 7.392 x 106 ft

f ^ 1(34.4 x l0 ~ 9) ( 5 .0 3 x l0 21)
-V 7.392 X 106 = 4.8382 x 10J ft/s

rB - 1300 mi = 6.864 x 106 ft

1(34.4 x l0 " 9V 5 .0 3 x l0 21)

(v A = . 4 -A * = 5.0208 x 103 ft/s
V '2 V 6.864 xlO 6

(a) Transfer orbit AB.

(v A ) 2 = (v^), + (Av)^ = 4.8382 x 103 - 8 6 = 4.7522 x 103 ft/s

= mrB(vB\

rAvA (7.392 x l 0 6)(4 .7 5 2 2 x l0 3)

( Vb) = = i --------------- A----------------- I = 5 n 7 8 x 103
v n rB 6.864 xlO 3

(vB\ = 5.12 xlO 3 <

(b) Speed change at B.

(A vb ) = ( vb )2 - (vB\ = 5.0208 x 103 ft/s - 5.1178 x 103 ft/s = -9 7 .0 ft/s

Speed reduction at B. |AvJ = 97.0 ft/s 4

 PROBLEM 12.89
A space shuttle S and a satellite A are in the circular orbits shown. In order
for the shuttle to recover the satellite, the shuttle is first placed in an
elliptic path B C by increasing its speed by AvB = 85 m/s as it passes
through B. As the shuttle approaches C, its speed is increased by
Avc = 79 m/s to insert it into a second elliptic transfer orbit CD.
Knowing that the distance from O to C is 6900 km, determine the amount
by which the speed o f the shuttle should be increased as it approaches D
to insert it into the circular orbit o f the satellite.

SOLUTION
R = 6370 km = 6.37 x 106 m, rA = rD = 6370 + 610 = 6980 km = 6.98 x 106m

rB = 6370 + 290 - 6660 km = 6 . 6 6 x 106 m, rc = 6900 km = 6.90 x 10 m

( 9 .8 l) ( 6 .3 7 x l0 6 i
^ = 7. 55173 x 10 m/s
6.98 x 106

(9.81)^6.37 x 106 ;
VAR" 7.73102 xlO 3 m/s
M e ta = \ 6 . 6 6 x 1 0 6

For path BC.

vb = (v) r + (Av) = 7.73102 X 103 + 85 = 7.81602 x 103 m/s

mrBvB = mrc (v c ) 1

( 6 .6 6 x l0 6)(7 .8 1 6 0 2 x l0 3)
rB V B
(vc \ = = 7.54416 x 103 m/s
6.90 x 106

For path CD.

(v c ) 2 = (vc \ + (Av)c = 7.54416 x 103 + 79 = 7.62316 x IQ6 m/s

m rC { v C ) 2 = m rD VD

rr,fvr ) (6.90 x 10 )(7.62316 x 10 )

VD
= cK c h = A & 7 = 7.53579 x 103 m/s
6.98 x 106

(Av) = (v j) - vD = 7.55173 x 103 - 7.53579 x 103 - 15.94 m/s

(Av)d = 15.94 m/s M

 PROBLEM 12.90
A 1-lb ball A and a 2-lb ball B are mounted on a horizontal rod which
rotates freely about a vertical shaft. The balls are held in the positions
shown by pins. The pin holding B is suddenly removed and the ball
moves to position C as the rod rotates. Neglecting friction and the mass
o f the rod and knowing that the initial speed o f A is vA = 8 ft/s, determine
(a) the radial and transverse components o f the acceleration o f ball B
immediately after the pin is removed, (b) the acceleration o f ball B
relative to the rod at that instant, (c) the speed o f ball A after ball B has
reached the stop at C.

SOLUTION

Let r and 6 be polar coordinates with the origin lying at the shaft.

Constraint o f rod: 0H = 0A + n radians; 0B = 0A = 0; 0 B = 0A = 6.

(a) Components o f acceleration

i
, ' 1 Sketch the free body diagrams o f the balls showing the radial and
/ '/r-\ transverse components o f the forces acting on them. Owing to
i T frictionless sliding o f B along the rod, ( F B ) = 0 .

+
f* f
t
4 Radial component o f acceleration o f B.
K /
Fr = mB( aH)r : {aB)r = 0 *

jo Transverse components o f acceleration.

r (a A)0 = rA0 + 2 rA0 = ra0

t- - r A *L - 4 | Ffli
{ a B )0 = rB0 + ^ ( 1)

Since the rod is massless, it must be in equilibrium. Draw its free

body diagram, applying Newtons 3rd Law.

+) IA / 0 = 0: rA{FA)g + rB(FB)0 = rAm A{aA)g + rBmB(a B)g = 0

rAm ArA0 + rBmB(rB0 + 2rB0 j = 0

0 = - 2rHrH&
mArA + mHrB~

At t = 0, rR = 0 so that 0 - 0.

FromEq. (1), = 0 <

PROBLEM 12.90 CONTINUED

(b) Acceleration o f B relative to the rod.

M e _ 96
At t = 0, {vA)g = 8 fl/s = 96 in./s, 6 = - = = 9.6 rad/s

fB ~ rBp = (a2?)r =

rB = rB0 2 = (8 )(9 .6 ) 2 = 737.28 in./s 2

rR = 61.4 ft/s 2 M

(c) Speed o f A.

Substituting m r2d ) for rFe in each term o f the moment equation

gives

dt
Integrating with respect to time,

mArA29 + mBrB 0 = ( m ArA 0 )o + [ m BrB26 ^

Applying to the final state with ball B moved to the stop at C,

'W a J 2 W, A
r* + VB r C2 e f = ^ r 2 + ^ ( r f
g g ) g KA+ g ^

d __ + _ (1)(10 )2 + ,(2 )(8 f = 3 5?65 rad/s

7 WAr / + WBrc 2 (l) ( l0 ) + (2 )(l6 )

(vA) = rA0 f = (10)(3.5765) = 35.765 in./s (v ^ ) = 2.98 ft/s <

 PROBLEM 12.91
A small ball swings in a horizontal circle at the end o f a cord o f length /,,
which forms an angle 6\ with the vertical. The cord is then slowly drawn
through the support at O until the length o f the free end is l2 . (a) Derive a
relation among l \ , l 2, 0t, and 02. (b) If the ball is set in motion so that
initially /, = 2 ft and 0, = 40, determine the angle 0, when l2 = 1.5 ft.

SOLUTION

(a) For state 1 or 2, neglecting the vertical component o f acceleration

IF,. = 0: T cos 9 - W = 0

T = IV cos 0

mv
- i - I F v = ma: 7"sin# = lF sin # c o s# =

But p = (. sin 9 so that

v 2 = - ^ - s i n 2 9 c o s9 = ( g sin#tan#
m

v, = y jt\g sin#, tan#, and v2 = ^ i 2 g sin02 tan02

E M V = 0: H y = constant

rxmvx = r2mv2 or v ,f, sin#, = v2 2 sin # 2

i ] 2g sin # ,yjsin#, tan0] = i 22 sin # 2 ^/sin # 2 tan # 2

sin 3 #, tan#, = i \ sin 3 02 tan # 2 4

(,b) With <9, = 40, l x = 2 ft, and t 2 = 1.5 ft

(2 ) 3 sin 3 40 tan 40 = (l.5 ) 3 sin J # 2 tan # 2

sin 3 9-, tan#, - 0.52824 = 0 9 , = 49.8 4

 PROBLEM 12.92
Two 1.2-kg collars A and B can slide without friction on a frame,
consisting o f the horizontal rod OE and the vertical rod CD, which is free
to rotate about CD. The two collars are connected by a cord running over
a pulley that is attached to the frame at O and a stop prevents collar B
from moving. The frame is rotating at the rate 0 = 10 rad/s and
r = 0.2 m when the stop is removed allowing collar A to move out along
rod OE. Neglecting friction and the mass o f the frame, determine (a) the
tension in the cord and the acceleration o f collar A relative to rod OE
immediately after the stop is removed,(b) the transverse component o f the
velocity o f collar A when r = 0.3 m.

SOLUTION

Let y be the position coordinate o f B, positive upward with origin at O.

Constraint o f the cord: r - y = constant or y - r

(a) Kinematics: (a B) v = y = r and ( aA)r = r - rd

Collar B: SFv = mBaB: T - mHg = mBy = mBr (1)

Collar A: jL S Fr = mA(a A )r : - T = mA[r - rQ1) (2)

Adding (1) and (2) to eliminate T,

- m Bg = (m A + mB)r + m Ar 0 2

.. m ,r9~ - mflg ( 1 .2 ) ( 0 .2 ) ( l 0 f - ( l .2 ) ( 9 .8 l )
A rod mA + mB 1.2 + 1.2

a</rod = 5.10 m/s2 - <

From (l), T = mB{r + g ) = (0.12)(5.10 + 9.81)

r = 17.89 N <

(b) Conservation o f angular momentum o f collar A: (H 0)^ = (H q)]

{H 0\ = = mAr \ d x = (1.2)(0.2) 2 (10) = 0.48 kg m2/s

(tfo )2 = m Ar2 { v e ) 2 = ( 1- 2 )(.3 )(v ^ )2 = 0.36(vtf)2

0.36(v^), = 0.48 ( v ) 2 = L333 m/s 4

 PROBLEM 12.93
Two 1.2-kg collars A and B can slide without friction on a frame,
consisting o f the horizontal rod OE and the vertical rod CD, which is free
to rotate about CD. The two collars are connected by a cord running over
a pulley that is attached to the frame at O and a stop prevents collar B
from moving. The frame is rotating at the rate 0 = 12 rad/s and
r = 0.2 m when the stop is removed allowing collar A to move out along
rod OE. Neglecting friction and the mass o f the frame, determine, for the
position r = 0.4 m , (a) the transverse component o f the velocity o f collar
A, (b) the tension in the cord and the acceleration o f collar A relative to
the rod OE.

S O L U T IO N

() Conservation o f angular momentum o f collar A: ( / / 0 ) 2 = ( / / 0),

( w o), = m M vo \ = mAr\0 \ = (1.2)(0.2)'(12) = 0.576 kg n r/s

(H 0 ) 2 = mAr2( vo )2 = (l .2)(0.4)(v ^ ) 2 = 0.48(v,y)2

0.48(vtf ) 2 = 0.576 = 1 . 2 m/s A

x 1 . 2 , n ..
G-, = ----- =- = = 3.00 rad/s
rA 0.4

( ) Let y be the position coordinate o f B, positive upward with origin at

O.
Constraint o f the cord: r - y = constant or y = r

(a) Kinematics:
T
( )y = y = r and (a., )r = r - rO2

fi
Collar B: S Fr = m BaB: T - mBg = mBy - mBr ( 1)
Collar A: _L. LFr = mA : T = m A(r r 0 2\ (2 )
Adding (1) and (2) to eliminate T,
M Q * )r
= IE F - m Hg = {m A + mB)r + m Ar d 2

_ . . _ m Ar d 2 - m Bg _ (l.2 )(0 .4 )(3 .0 0 ) 2 - ( l.2 ) ( 9 .8 l)

^AlroA 3.11 m/s
m A + mB 1.2 + 1.2

T = mB(r + g ) = (1.2)(-3.11 + 9.81) T = 8.05 N A

aAltai = 3 .1 1 m/s 2 radially inward. A

 PROBLEM 12.94
A particle o f mass m is projected from point A with an initial velocity v 0
perpendicular to OA and moves under a central force F along an elliptic
path defined by the equation r = r0 /(2 - cos(9). Using Eq. (12.37),
show that F is inversely proportional to the square o f the distance r from
the particle to the center o f force O.

SOLUTION

1 2 - cos# du sin# d 2u cos#

u = = ---------- ,2
dd rn dO

d 2u 2_ F
2 + u = ~ = r n : by E(i- ( 12-37)
d6 rn
r0 mh u

, . - 2 mh2u 2 2m h2
Solving for F, F = -----
rnr

A
Since m, h, and r0 are constants, F is proportional to , or inversely proportional to r .
r
 PROBLEM 12.95
A particle of mass m describes the path defined by the equation
r = r0/ ( 6 cos# - 5) under a central force F directed away from the center
of force O. Using Eq. (12.37), show that F is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance r from the particle to O.

SOLUTION

1 6cos# - 5 du 6 sin6 d 2u 6cos#

r r0 dQ r0 d6 r0

dd r0 mh u

. . c _ 5mh2u 2 5mh2
Solvmg for F, F = ------------- = --------y-
ro rQr

1 7
Since m, h, and rQ are constants, F is proportional to - y , or inversely proportional to r . The minus sign
r
indicates that the force is repulsive, as shown in Fig. P12.95.
 PROBLEM 12.96
A particle of mass m describes the parabola y - jc2/4r0 under a central
force F directed toward the center of force C. Using Eq. (1 2 .3 7 ) and
Eq. (12.39') with s = 1, show that F is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance r from the particle to the center of force and that
the angular momentum per unit mass h = ^2GMr0.

SOLUTION

From Fig. P12.96, x - r sin#, y = r0 - r cos#

x V2sin2# _ r 2( l - c o s 2#)
But y = or r0 - r cos#
4 4r0 4rft

1 - cos2 #
r 2 + (co s# )r - r0 = 0
V 4 r0 J

Solving the quadratic equation for r,

1 - cos2 #
cos# ,!cos*# - 4 ( - ro)
1 - cos # V 4 r0 /

_ k M . cose 1) = M L i f ^ )
1 - cos # 1 -co s"#
since r > 0. Simplifying gives
rfo 1 1 + cos#
( 1)
2
r = or = ------------ = u
1 + cos# r 2r0

du sin# d u cos#
and
dd 2ro d6z 2 no

d 2u J_ = F
+u
1e2 2r0 mh2u

mh2u2 mh
Solving for F, F -
2rn 2rnr

Since m, h, and r0 are constants, F is proportional to -r jz , or inversely proportional to r .

By Eq. (12.39'), - = ^ | - ( l + s cos#) = u

Comparing with (1) shows that e = 1 and

GM = J _
h = yj2GMr0 <
h2 2rn
 PROBLEM 12.97
For the particle o f Problem 12.74, and using Eq. (12.37), show that the
central force F is proportional to the distance r from the particle to the
center o f force O.
Problem 12.74: A particle o f mass m is projected from point A with an
initial velocity v 0 perpendicular to line OA and moves under a central
force F directed away from the center o f force O. Knowing that the
particle follows a path defined by the equation r = r0 / yjcos 20 and using
Eq. (12.27), express the radial and transverse components o f the velocity
v o f the particle as functions o f 9 .

SOLUTION

1 V cos 2 # du sin 29
r r0 dd r0 ^/cos2 #

Vcos 2 ?(2 cos 2 # ) - sin 2 6 i sin 2 9 /' V cos26 }

dO r0 cos 26

2 cos 2 29 + sin 2 29 _ (f + cos 2 2d)

3/2 3/2
, (co s2 9 ) r0(cos 2 0 )

Eq. (12.37): +u -
dO1 mh2u 2

Solving for F,

F = mh2u 2
\ de

cos 26 1 + cos 2 29 'J cos 26

- mil' 3/2
ro (co s 2 0 )

cos 29 \/cos29 ^ V cos26

mh 3/2
r0 (cos 2 0 )

mh~ mh' mh"r

V cos26* r04 a /c o s 2 9

The force F is proportional to r. The minus sign indicates that it is repulsive.

 PROBLEM 12.98
It was observed that during the Galileo spacecrafts first flyby o f the
earth, its maximum altitude was 600 mi above the surface o f the earth.
Assuming that the trajectory o f the spacecraft was parabolic, determine
the maximum velocity o f Galileo during its first flyby o f the earth.

SOLUTION

For the earth: R - 3960 mi = 20.909 x 106 ft

G M = gR 2 = (32.2)^20.909 x 106) = 14.077 x 101 5 ft 3 /s 2

For a parabolic trajectory, e - A.

Eq. (12.39'): - = ~ f ( 1 + cosO )

1 2G M 2G M 2G M
A t 0 - 0, - = or v0 = l -
ro " ro vo V o

At r0 = 3960 + 600 = 4560 mi - 24.077 x 106 ft,

|(2 )(l4 .0 7 7 x 10 )
v0 = . 2 - ^ L = 34.196 x 1 0 3 ft/s
V 24.077 x 1 0 6

v0 = 6.48 mi/s A
 PROBLEM 12.99
As a space probe approaching the planet Venus on a parabolic trajectory
reaches point A closest to the planet, its velocity is decreased to insert it
into a circular orbit. Knowing that the mass and the radius o f Venus are
334 x 102i lb-s2/ft and 3761 mi, respectively, determine (a) the velocity
o f the probe as it approaches A, (b) the decrease in velocity required to
insert it into a circular orbit.

175 mi

SOLUTION

G M = (34.4 x 10~ 9 ft4/lb s4)(334 x 1G2 1 lb s 2 /ft) = 11.490 x 101 5 ft3 /s 2

R = 3761 mi - 19.858 x 106 ft

rn 3761 + 175 = 3936 mi - 20.782 x 106 ft

(a) Velocity o f probe as it approaches A.

_ [ 2 G M _ j(2 )(l 1.490 x 1015)

v0 = l = ,| * 2 ~ = 33.252 x 10" ft/s
4' v 20.782 xlO 6

or vn = 6.30 mi/s M

\G M 11.490 xlO 1 5 t n 3 _.
vrir = |------- = . ----------------- T = 23.513 x 10 ft/s
rn V 20.782 x 106

(b) Decrease velocity at A.

Av = vcirc - v0 = -9.739 x 10J ft/s = -1.845 mi/s

or |Avf - 1.845 mi/s A

 PROBLEM 12.100
It was observed that as the Galileo spacecraft reached the point o f its
trajectory closest to Io, a moon o f the planet Jupiter, it was at a distance
o f 2820 km from the center o f Io and had a velocity o f 15 km/s. Knowing
that the mass o f Io is 0.01496 times the mass o f the earth, determine the
eccentricity o f the trajectory o f the spacecraft as it approached Io.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 6.37 x 106 m g = 9.81 m/s 2

G M = gR 2 = (9.81)^6.37 x 106 ) 2 = 398.06 x 101 2 m 3 /s 2

For Io, G M = (0.01496)^398.06 x 1012) = 5.955 x 101 2 m 3 /s 2

r0 - 2.820 x 103 m/s, v0 = 15 x 103 m/s

h = r0 v0 = 42.3 x 109 m2/s

1 G M , 1 G M v
7 = - jp ~ ( 1 + COsd) md ~ = + )

2
h2 (42.3 x 109)1
1

r0G M |[2.820:x l 0 6 ) ( 5 .9 5 5 x l0 12)

e = 105.5 <
 PROBLEM 12.101
It was observed that during its second flyby of the earth, the Galileo
spacecraft had a velocity of 14.1 km/s as it reached its minimum altitude
of 303 km above the surface of the earth. Determine the eccentricity of
the trajectory of the spacecraft during this portion of its flight.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 6.37 x 10 m

r0 = 6.37 x 106 + 303. x 103 = 6.673 x 106 m

h = r0v0 = (6.673 x 106)(l4.1 x 103) - 94.09 x 109 m 2/s

GM gR2 = (9.81)(6.37 x 106 j" - 398.06 x 1012 m 3/s 2

1 G M ,
(! + )
rn h2

1 + = _ * L = ______ (94-0 9 * 10lf = 3 33

r0GM (6.673 x l 0 6 i(3 9 8 .0 6 x l0 12)

s - 3.33 - 1 s = 2.33 <

 PROBLEM 12.102
A satellite describes an elliptic orbit about a planet o f mass M. Denot
by r0 and rlf respectively, the minimum and maximum values o f
distance r from the satellite to the center o f the planet, derive the relatic

1 1 + - 2G M
r0 rx h2

where h is the angular momentum per unit mass o f the satellite.

SOLUTION

Using Eq. (12.39), - = ^ - + C cos0A and 1 = + Ccos0.

rA hz rB hl

But 9 b = 9A + 180, so that cos0A = - c o s 9B.

1 1 1 1 2GM
Addmg, + = +=
rA rn r0 n h
 PROBLEM 12.103
The Chandra x-ray observatory, launched in 1999, achieved an elliptical
orbit o f minimum altitude 6200 mi and maximum altitude 86,900 mi
above the surface o f the earth. Assuming that the observatory was
transferred to this orbit from a circular orbit o f altitude 6200 mi at point
A, determine (a) the increase in speed required at A, (b ) the speed o f the
observatory at B.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 106 ft

G M = g R 3 = (32.2)(20.909 x 106 ) 2 = 14.077 x 101 5 ft V

rA = 3960 + 6200 = 10160 mi = 53.645 x 10h ft

rB = 3960 + 86900 = 90860 mi = 479.74 x 106 ft

For a circular orbit with r0 = rA,

[GM 114.077 xlO 1 5 tn3eLl

= I = i t = 1 6 .1 9 9 x 10 ft/s
c,rc V 'b V 53.645 xlO 6

Elliptic orbit.

Using Eq. (12.39), = + C c o s 0 4 and = + C co s0 H.

r., h- r h-

But d = 6 A + 180, so that cos 0B = - c o s ^

r . + r H 2 GM
Adding.Z, 1 + 1 = -A S. = -
rA rH r ArB ir

h= l2GMrArB /(2)(l4.077 x 10l5)(53.645 x 106 )(479.74 x 106)

\ rA + rH V 533.385 x 106

= 1.16551 x 101 3 n r/s

h 1.16551 x 101 2 1a3a/

v . = = ---------------- = 21.726 x 10 ft/s
r, 53.645 x 106

(a) Increase in speed at A.

A v a ~ vd K = 5-527 x 10 ft/s 3 A v, = 5.53 x 103 ft/s <

(b) Speed o f observatory at B.

h 1.16551 x10 12
Vo = vB = 2.43 x 103 ft/s <
479.74 x 10
 PROBLEM 12.104
A satellite describes a circular orbit at an altitude o f 19 110 km above the
surface o f the earth. Determine (a) the increase in speed required at
point A for the satellite to achieve the escape velocity and enter a
parabolic orbit, (b) the decrease in speed required at point A for the
satellite to enter an elliptic orbit o f minimum altitude 6370 km, (c) the
eccentricity s o f the elliptic orbit.

6370 km

SOLUTION

For earth, G M = g R 2 = (9.8l)(6.37 x 106) = 398.06 x 101 2 m 3 /s 2

r, = 6370 + 19110 = 25480 km = 25.48 x 106 m

GM 398.06 x 101 2 i n 3 .
= 3.9525 x 10 m/s
V" ' " 25.48 xlO 6

= -Jl vcirc = 5.5897 x 103 m/s

VA

(a) Increase in speed at A.

Av = vesc - vcirc = 1.637 x 103 m/s Av = 1.637 x 103 m/s "4

Elliptical orbit with rB = 6370 + 6370 = 12740 km = 12.74 x 106 m.

1 /^i / i f~'\A
Using Eq. (12.39), = y + C cos0A and = 5 - + C co s0 B.
rA hl rB hz

But 0B = 6 a + 180, so that cos,0A - -co%0B

1 1 rA + rB 2 G M
Adding, + - a- = y -
rA rB r Ar B h

h = l 2 G M r ArB = j(2)(398.06 x 1012)(25.48 x 106 )(l2 .7 4 x 106)

\ rA + rB V 38.22 x 106

= 82.230 x 109 m2/s

 PROBLEM 12.104 CONTINUED

h 82.230 xlO 9 lf t 3 ,
v 4 = = ------------------ = 3.2272 x 10 m/s
rA 25.48 xlO 6

(.b) Decrease in speed. Av = vcirc ~ v A - 725 m/s Av = 725 m/s A

(c) - = r* ~ r* = C cos 0g - C cosA = 2C

rB rA r Ar B

C = rA ~ Vb = 7 1 2 '7 4 fivr~ 7 T = 19-623 x 10 " 9 m _ 1

2rArB (2 )(2 5 .4 8 x 106 )(12.74 x 106)

Ch2 f 19.623 x 109)(82.230 x 109f

By Eq. (12.40), s = = 4 D ---------
GM 398.06 x 101 2

e = 0.333 <
 PROBLEM 12.105
As it describes an elliptic orbit about the sun, a spacecraft reaches a
maximum distance o f 325 x 106 km from the center o f the sun at point A
(called the aphelion) and a minimum distance o f 148 x 106 km at point B
(called the perihelion). To place the spacecraft in a smaller elliptic orbit
with aphelion A' and perihelion B', where A' and B' are located
264.7 x 106 km and 137.6 x 106 km, respectively, from the center o f the
sun, the speed o f the spacecraft is first reduced as it passes through A and
then is further reduced as it passes through B'. Knowing that the mass o f
the sun is 332.8 x 103 times the mass o f the earth, determine (a) the speed
o f the spacecraft at A, (b) the amounts by which the speed o f the
spacecraft should be reduced at A and B ' to insert it into the desired
elliptic orbit.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 6.37 x 106 m

G M = g R 2 = (9.81)^6.37 x 106 ) 2 = 398.06 x 101 2 m 3 /s 2

For sun: G M = (332.8 x 103)(398.06 x 1012) = 132.474 x 101 8 m 3 /s 2

For elliptic orbit AB, rA = 325 x 109 m, rB = 148 x 1(}9 m

1 i f i A
Using Eq. (12.39), = t - + C eos<9^ and = =- + C co s0 B.
rA h rB hABz

But 0B = 0A +180, so that cosdA = -cosO B.

.... 1 1 rA + rB 2 GM
Addmg, + = = ----- T
rA rB rArB hAB

l2GMrArB _ 11 ( 2 )(132.474 x 1018)(325 x l 0 9) ( l 4 8 x l 0 9)

l rA + r B V 473 x 1 0 9

= 5.1907 x 101 5 m2/s

(a) 15.971 xlO 3 ( v A = 15.97 x 103 m/s <

v Ah rA 325 xlO 9 V h

For transfer orbit AB', rB, = 137.6 x 109 m

 PROBLEM 12.105 CONTINUED

l2GMrArB, _ | (2)(l32.474 x 1018)(325 x 109)(l3 6 .6 x 109)

r,AB'
I rA + rB. V 462.6 x 109

= 5.0609 x 1015 m2/s

t v h i* 5.0609 x 1015 . .
(VA = = 5 = 15.572 x 103 m/s
VAh rA 325 xlO 9

(b) Decrease o f speed at .4.

C&va ) = { va )[ - (v^)2 = 399 m/s |Av^| - 399 m/s <

I \ hAB' 5.0609x10 i n 3 .
vB , = = s - = 36.780 x 10 m/s
V rB, 137.6 xlO 9

For elliptic orbit B'A', rA. = 264.7 x 109 m

_ \2GMrB.rA, _ (2)(l32.474 x 10l8)(l37.6 x 109)(264.7 x 109)

^B'A' ~
rB. + rA, V 402.3 x 109

- 4.8977 x 1015 m2/s

{v ) = hsLdL = I '8977 x 10 = 35.594 x 103m/s

V ,2 rB. 137.6 x 109

Decrease in speed at B'\

(vB.)i - ( v b , ) 2 = 1.186 x 103 |Avg | = 1.186 x 103 m/s <

 PROBLEM 12.106
Apftroadi trajecton A space probe is in a circular orbit about the planet Mars. The orbit must
Second transfer orbit have a radius o f 2500 mi and be located in a specified plane which is
different from the plane o f the approach trajectory. As the probe reaches
A, the point o f its original trajectory closest to Mars, it is inserted into a
first elliptic transfer orbit by reducing its speed by Av.(. This orbit brings
it to point B with a much reduced velocity. There the probe is inserted
into a second transfer orbit located in the specified plane by changing the
direction o f its velocity and further reducing its speed by Avfl. Finally, as
the probe reaches point C, it is inserted into the desired circular orbit by
reducing its speed by Avc . Knowing that the mass o f Mars is 0.1074
times the mass o f the earth, that rA = 5625 mi and rB = 112,500 mi, and
that the probe approaches A on a parabolic trajectory, determine by how
much the speed o f the probe should be reduced (a) at A, (b) at B, (c ) at C.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10h ft

GM = gR 2 = (32.2)(20.909 x 106 ) 2 = 14.077 x 101 5 ftVs2

For Mars, GM = (0.1074)(l4.077 x 1015) = 1.51188 x 101 5 ftVs2

rA = 5625 mi = 29.7 x 106 ft, rB = 112500 mi = 594 x 10( ft

rc = 2500 mi = 13.2 x 106 ft

For the parabolic approach trajectory at A,

f2G M /(2)(1.51188 x 1015)

(v ,), = - = t--= 10.0901 x 10 ft/s
V h V rA V 29.7 xlO 6

First elliptic transfer orbit AB.

1 C*AA 1 \A
Using Eq. (12.39), = r + CcosOA and = + C co s0 B.
rA hAB rB hAB

But 0B = 0 A + 180, so that cos#., = - c o s 0 B.

. ... 1 1 rA + rB 2GM
Adding, + = ^ ----- = r -
rA rH rArB hAB

\2GMrArB | ( 2 )l(l.5 1 188 x 1015) (29.7 x 106)(594 x 106)

rA + rB "V 623.7 x 106

- Q *> .
 PROBLEM 12.106 CONTINUED

{ va )2 = = 2 9 2 A 5 x l = 9.8469 x 103 ft/s

V ' 2 rA 29.7 xlO 6

( ) / ^ = 29^45x1^
V h B
r 594 xlO 6

Second elliptic transfer orbit BC.

\2GMrBrc _ )(2)(l.51188 x 10ls )(594 x 106 )(l3 .2 x 106)

^BC , I ~ M
sl rB + rc \ 607.2 x 106

v = 197.600 X
9 ft7s
10v 0-2/

, \ V 197.600 xlO 9
(ve)-> = = t = 332.66 ft/s
v n rB 594 xlO 6

(vc )t = h%L = 1 -9 i 7 ; 6 <

0 0 ^ 16 Q 9 = 14.9697 x 103 ft/s
h rc 13.2 x 106

Final circular orbit.

( Vc)- m - . 1 5 1 1 8 8 * I f 10.7022 10 ft/s

V ' 2 ]/ rc V 13.2 xlO 6

Speed reductions:

() Atyf: Av^ = ( v ^ - ( v ^ = 10.0907 x 103 - 9.8469 x 103 = 243.1 ft/s

Av^ = 243 ft/s 4

( ) At5: Avb = (vB\ - (vB)2 = 492.35 - 332.66 = 159.69 ft/s

Avb = 159.7 ft/s 4

(c) AtC: Avc = (v c ) 1 - (vc ) 2 - 14.9697 x 103 - 10.7022 x 103 = 4.2675 x 103 ft/s

Avc = 4270 ft/s 4

 PROBLEM 12.107
For the probe o f Prob. 12.106, it is known that rA = 5625 mi and that the
Approachtrajectory Speed Gf the probe is reduced by 1300 ft/s as it passes through A.
Determine (a) the distance from the center o f Mars to point B, (b) the
amounts by which the speed o f the probe should be reduced at B and C,
respectively.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 106 ft

G M = g R 2 = (32.2)^20.909 x 106 ) 2 = 14.077 x 101 5 ft3 /s 2

For Mars, G M = (0.1074)(l4.077 x 1015) = 1.51188 x 101 5 ft3 /s 2

rA = 5625 mi = 29.7 x 106 ft, rc = 2500 mi = 13.2 x 106 ft

For the parabolic approach trajectory at A,

, x \2G M /( 2 ) ( l.51188 x 10 )
(v j) - = ii- ~-------------t----- - = 10.0901 x 103 ft/s
V h \ rA \ 29.7 xlO 6

First elliptic transfer orbit AB.

( v a ) 2 = ( v / i)i ~ A v ^ = 10.0901 - 1300 = 8.7901 x 103 ft/s

hAB = rA(vA)2 - (29.7 x 106)(8,7901 x 103) = 261.066 x 109 ft2/s

Using Eq. (12.39), = - j - + C co s0 A and = + C co s0 B.

r4 h"AB
, 'B nt~AB

But 9 b = 0 A + 180, so that cos dB = ~ co s0 A.

1 1 2G M
Adding, ++ =
rA rR
rB h AB

1 2 GM 1 _ ( 2 ) ( l.5 1 1 8 8 x l0 ls) %
- = 10.6956 x 10 ft
rB nAB rA (261.066 x 109 f 29.7 x 10'J

(a) Distance from the center o f Mars to point B.

rB = 93.4964 x 106 ft rR = 17710 mi <

 PROBLEM 12.107 CONTINUED

(%), = = 2 6 1 - 0 6 6 X l ! = 2.7923 x 103 ft/s

v 2| rA 93.4964 x 106

Second elliptic transfer orbit B C

1 1 _ rB + rc _ 2 GM
t'B rc rBrc hBC2

_ jlG M rBrc _ /(2)(l.51188 x 1015)(93.4964 x 106 )(l3 .2 x 106)

hbc ~
r B + rc ' 106.6964

= 187.018 x 109 ft2/s

(v ) = V = 187.018x10 = 3 x 1 q 3 ft/g
v 22 rB 93.4964 x 106

(% ) = h c . = ,187-018x10? = 14.1680 x 103 ft/s

22 rr 13.2 xlO 6

Final circular orbit.

, . JGM 11.51188x10'= =10?022><103fV s

' ch y rc V 13.2 x 10

?) Speed reductions.

|Avg| - (v*), - (v a ) 2 = 2.7923 x 103 - 2.0003 x 103 .vB| = 792 ft/s <

|Avc | - (vc )j - (v c ) 2 = 14.1680 x 103 -10.7022 x 103 |Avc | = 3470 ft/s <
 Approach trajectory
PROBLEM 12.108
Determine the time needed for the space probe o f Prob. 12.106 to travel
from A to B on its first transfer orbit.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 106 ft

G M = g R 2 = (32.2)^20.909 x 106 ) 2 = 14.077 x 101 5 ft 3 /s 2

For Mars, G M = (0.1074)(l4.077 x 1015) = 1.51188 x 101 5 ft3 /s 2

rA = 5625 mi - 29.7 x 106 ft, rB = 112500 mi = 594 x 106 ft

For the parabolic approach trajectory at A,

/(2 )(l .51188 x 10 )

(v A = = lA ----- 1 = 10.0901 x 103 ft/s
v Ah - 29.7 xlO 6

First elliptic transfer orbit AB.

1 l/ I /
Using Eq. (12.39), = = + C cos0A and = y + C co s0 B.
rA hAB rB hAB

But 0B = 0A +180, so that cos0A = - c o s 0 B.

. . .. 1 1 rA + rB 2G M
Adding, + = ----- 2 - = - y
rA rB rArB hlAB

2GMrArB = (2 )(l.5 1 188 x 10,5)(29.7 x 106)(594 x 106)

h
AB ~A + rB V 623.7 x 106

hAB = 292.45 x 109 m2/s

a = I (rA + rB) = -^-(29.7 x 106 + 594 x 106) = 311.85 x 106 ft

b = = ^ ( 2 9 .7 x l0 6) ( 5 9 4 x l0 6) = 132.82 x 106 ft

Periodic time for full ellipse: t = 2na^

h

For half ellipse AB, rAB = r =

2 h

*(311.85 x l 0 6) ( l3 2 .8 2 x l0 6)
t ab = ^ ^ = 445.95 x 103 t a b = 123.6 h <
AB 292.45 x 109
 PROBLEM 12.109
The Clementine spacecraft described an elliptic orbit o f minimum altitude
hA = 250 mi and a maximum altitude o f hB - 1840 mi above the
surface o f the moon. Knowing that the radius o f the moon is 1080 mi and
the mass o f the moon is 0.01230 times the mass o f the earth, determine
the periodic time o f the spacecraft.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x IQ6 ft

G M = gR 2 = (32.2)(20.909 x 106 f = 14.077 x 101 5 ft3 /s 2

For moon, G M = (0.01230)(l4.077 x 1015) = 173.15 x 101 2 ft3 /s 2

rA = 1080 + 250 = 1330 mi = 7.0224 x 106 ft

rB = 1080 + 1840 = 2920 mi = 15.4176 x 106 ft

Using Eq. (12.39), = + C eos<9, and = ~ + C cos0B.

rA h2 rB hr

But 9 b = 0A + 180, so that cos 0A = - c o s 0 B.

, ... 1 1 rA + rB 2G M
Adding, + = ^ = --j
rA rB rArB hAB

\2GMrArB _ (2)(l73.15 x 1012)(7.0224 x 106)(l5.4176 x 106)

AB Y rA + rB V 22.4400 x 106

= 40.876 x 109 ft2/s

a = i f o + rB) = 1 1 . 2 2 0 0 x 1 0 3 ft

b = yjr^B = 10.4052 x 106 ft

Periodic time.

2nab 2 ^ (l 1.2200 x 106)(l0.4052 x 106)

T = - 17.945 x 103 s = 299.1 min
hrAB
4R 40.876 x 109

t = 4.98 h <
 PROBLEM 12.110
A spacecraft and a satellite are at diametrically opposite positions in the
same circular orbit o f altitude 500 km above the earth. As it passes
through point A, the spacecraft fires its engine for a short interval o f time
to increase its speed and enter an elliptic orbit. Knowing that the
spacecraft returns to A at the same time the satellite reaches A after
completing one and a half orbits, determine (a) the increase in speed
required, (b) the periodic time for the elliptic orbit.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 6.37 x 106 m , g = 9 .8 1 m/s 2

GM = g R 2 = (9.81)(6.37 x 106 ) 2 = 398.06 x 10l 2 m 3 /s 2

For circular orbit o f satellite,

r0 = 6370 + 500 = 6870 km = 6.87 x 106 m/s

GM 398.06 xlO 1 2 l f t 3 .
vn = = 7.6119 x 10 m/s
6.87 x 106

1]Tr ( 2/r)(6.87 x 10 )
r0 = = !& = - ^ r - 2- = 5.6708 x 103 s
vo 7.6119 x 103

For elliptic orbit o f spacecraft it is given that

r = r0 = 8.5062 x 103 s
2 0

a = ~ { r A + rB), b = yfir Ar B
2

1 r* \A 1 \A
Using Eq. (12.39), = 5- + C cos#/( and = + CcosOB.
rA h~ r hr

But 0R = 9 a + 180, so that c o s ^ = -c o s ^ fl.

1 1 r .+ r R 2a 2GM , GMb~
Adding, + = ----- 2- = - r = - 5 or h = . ---------
rA rR rAr b~ h~ V a

_ . ,. . 27rab 27iab\fa 2nix'12

Periodic time: r = = , = .
h \IGMb2 -JCM

, G M r2 (398.06 x l 0 12)(8.5062 xlO 3)'

a = \ ------------------ = 729.558 x 101 8 m 3
47i- 4n 2
 PROBLEM 12.110 CONTINUED

a = 9.0023 x 106 m, rA = #o = 6-87 x m

rB = 2 a - r A = 11.1346 x 106 m, b = = 8.7461 x 106 m

2 ^-ai 2^(9.0023 x l 0 6)(8.7461 xlO 6)

h = Lna0 = ' A ' * 58.159 x 109 m /s
r 8.5062 x 103

h 58.159 x 109 ., 3 .
v . = = -------------- t = 8.4656 x 10 m/s
rA 6.87 x 106

() Increase in speed at A.

A va = va - v0 = 8.4656 x 103 - 7.6119 x 103 Av^ = 854 m/s 4

(b) Periodic time for elliptic orbit.

As calculated above r = 8.5062 s t = 141.8 min 4

 PROBLEM 12.111
Based on observations made during the 1996 sighting o f the comet
Hyakutake, it was concluded that the trajectory o f the comet is a highly
elongated ellipse for which the eccentricity is approximately
e - 0.999887. Knowing that for the 1996 sighting the minimum distance
between the comet and the sun was 0.230RE , where RE is the mean
distance from the sun to the earth, determine the periodic time o f the
comet.

SOLUTION

For earths orbit about the sun,

3/2
IGM 2n R e 2nR E n n 2nR f
Vo = J n = t or -------- ( 1)
R*

For the comet Hyakutake,

1 GM \ 1 G M , 1+
* = z r0
7 r i r = {' + ) - 7 r ~ F ( l - c )- ' 1 -

1+
= i ( r 0 + r,) = r r ; > = W = r

h = jG M r0(l + f )

\l / 2
_ 2nab _ 2nr$ (l + g)'
T=
h ~ ( \ - ) V 2 p M r 0(\ + )

3/2 ~ 3/2
2 nn. 2 x r() T0

J g m ( 1 - )V2 2 jzR e ( 1 - ) V 1

,3/2
3/2 0
\ rej ( 1 - e)

3/2
(0.230) 1
l 0 = 91.8 x 103 T0
3/2 rn
(1 - 0.999887)

Since r0 = 1 yr, r = ^91.8 x 103 j(l.000) t = 91.8 xlO 3 yr <

 PROBLEM 12.112
It was observed that during its first flyby o f the earth, the Galileo
spacecraft had a velocity o f 6.48 mi/s as it reached its minimum distance
of 4560 mi from the center o f the earth. Assuming that the trajectory o f
the spacecraft was parabolic, determine the time needed for the spacecraft
to travel from B to C on its trajectory.

S O L U T IO N

For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 106 ft, g = 32.2 ft/s2

GM = gR2 = (32.2)(20.909 x 106 ) 2 = 14.077 x 101 5 ft Vs2

At point A, rA = 4560 mi = 24.077 x 106 ft

vA = 6.48 mi/s = 34.214 ft/s

from which h = rAvA = 823.78 x 104 ft2/s

1 GM
For trajectory BAC, = (l + COs<?) with e = 1
r h~

At point A, 0 = 0 while at B and C, 0 = 90

1 1 GM h2
= 2 or rR = rc = = 2 rA
r h GM

As the spacecraft travels from B to C, the area swept out is a parabolic area A.

^ = | (rB + rc )rA = | rA2 = |(2 4 .0 7 7 x 106)2 = 15.546 x 1015 ft2

dA 1, , I ,.. 1,
= h or A = \h dt = ht
dt 2 23 2

2A ( 2 ) ( l 5.546 x 1015)
t = = = 3.753 x io 3 s t bc = 1.043 h <
h 823.78 xlO 9
 PROBLEM 12.113
Determine the time needed for the space probe o f Problem 12.99 to travel
from B to C.
Problem 12.99: As a space probe approaching the planet Venus on a
parabolic trajectory reaches point A closest to the planet, its velocity is
decreased to insert it into a circular orbit. Knowing that the mass and the
radius o f Venus are 334 x 10:| l b s :/ft and 3761 mi, respectively,
determine (a) the velocity o f the probe as it approaches A, (b) the
decrease in velocity required to insert it into a circular orbit.
175 mi

SOLUTION

GM = (34.4 x 10V / l b s4)(3 3 4 x 102,lb s 2 /ft) = 11.4896 x 10l5 ftVs2

R = 3761 mi, r = 3761 + 175 = 3936 mi = 20.782 x 106 ft

2GM
For the parabolic trajectory BA at point A, vG =

h = rv = y]2GMr = ^(2)(l 1.4896 x 10l5)(20.782 x 10h) = 691.03 x 109 ft2/s

For a parabolic trajectory, e = 1

1
= GM
rIr.1 + COS0)
za
r h- V
. 2

At B, e = -9 0 rB = = 2r. = 41.564 x 10 6 ft
GM

As the spacecraft travels from B to A, the area swept out is the parabolic area Aba.

Aba = | rBrA = |(4 1 .5 6 4 x 106)(20.782 x 106) = 575.86 x 101 2 ft

= h AB4 = fh dt = htB4
dt 2 RA 2 1 2 BA
2A (2)(575.86 x 1012)
tR, =
BA =
= 414------------- - = 1 . 6 6 6 6 x 1 0 1 s
h 691.03 xlO 9
For the circular trajectory AC,
GM l l 1.4896 x 10IS
vn = = 23.513 x 103 ft/s
20.782 xlO 6

Length o f arc AC. sAC = r0 = 32.644 x 10 ft

^ = 3 2 .6 4 4 x 1 0 = 1 3 8 8 4 x 1 Q3 s
v0 23.513 xlO 3

Total time = tBA + t AC = 3.055 x 103 s tBAC = 50.9 min A

 PROBLEM 12.114
A space probe is describing a circular orbit o f radius nR with a speed v(l
about a planet o f radius R and center O. As the probe passes through point
A, its speed is reduced from v0 to /?v0 , where P < 1, to place the probe
on a crash trajectory. Express in terms o f n and p the angle AOB, where
B denotes the point o f impact o f the probe on the planet.

SOLUTION

For the circular orbit, r0 = rA = nR

(GM fG M
V ~ V ro ~ V nR

The crash trajectory is elliptic.

p 2GM
va = P vo =
V nR

h = rAvA = nRvA - yj p 2n GMR

GM 1
h 2 ~ P 'n R

1 G M 1 + fc o s 0
= r - 1 + fc o s ^ j = r--------
r h2 V p -n R

At point A, 0 = 180

J_ - _ L - 1~ g or p2= 1 - e or e = 1 - p2
rA nR p 2nR

At impact point B, 0 = n - (p

J_ _ \_
rB R

1 _ 1 + COs(/r - (p) _ 1 - ECOS(p

R ~ p 2nR " p 2nR

i a2 1- n p 2 1- np2
ecos<p = 1 - n p or c o s ^ = ------- = -------- y -
e 1 - p -

7 = COS_ , [ ( l - / j / ? 2 ) / ( l - ^ 2 ) ] '
 PROBLEM 12.115
mi Prior to the Apollo missions to the moon, several Lunar Orbiter spacecraft
were used to photograph the lunar surface to obtain information regarding
possible landing sites. At the conclusion o f each mission, the trajectory o f
the spacecraft was adjusted so that the spacecraft would crash on the
moon to further study the characteristics o f the lunar surface. Shown
below is the elliptic orbit o f Lunar Orbiter 2. Knowing that the mass o f
the moon is 0.01230 times the mass o f the earth, determine the amount by
which the speed o f the orbiter should be reduced at point B so that it
impacts the lunar surface at point C. (Hint. Point B is the apogee o f the
elliptic impact trajectory.)

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 106 ft

GM = g R 2 = (32.2)(20.909 x 1 0 6 ) 2 = 14.077 x 1 0 15 ft V

For the moon, G M = (0.01230)(l4.077 x 1015) = 173.149 x 101 2 ft3 /s 2

For elliptic orbit AB, rA = 1110m i = 5.861 x 106 ft, rB = 2240 mi = 11.827 x 106 ft

1 1 / 1 p 14
Using Eq. (12.39), = 5 - + Ceos#,, and = j - + C cos#fl.
rA rB h-

But 0B = 0A + 180, so that cos 0B = - cos 6 A

1 1 r . + rB 2 G M
Adding, + = ------- = =
rA rB rArB h '

_ 126
^ |(2)(173.149 10': ) ( s .861 * 10)(l 1.827 10) ^
h = * ** = ^ = 36.839 x 10v ft'/s
rA + r B V 17.688 x 106

( Vfl) = f ^ - = 3 6 8 3 9 x 1 0 _ 3 1 1 4 8 x i Q3
' 71 rA 11.827 x 106

1 GM
For crash trajectory BC, = + C0S&)

A xB , 0 = 180, r = rB, = ^ - ( \ - e) (1)

rB nBC

At C, B = 70, r = rc , = ^ ( l + fc o s7 0 ) (2)
rC h BC
 PROBLEM 12.115 CONTINUED

Dividing Eq. (2) by Eq. (1),

rn l + xos70 rn ! r r - 1
= ---------------- or e = ------ ----------------
rc 1- s [rB I rc ) + co$10

2 2 4 0 /1 0 8 0 -1 _
2240/1080 + cos70

From Eq. (1), hBC = - s ) r B = ^ ( l 73.149 x 1012)(0.55545)(ll.827 x 106) = 33.726 x 10s ft2/s

(vB) = ^ c . = 3 j ./2 o x 1 0 = 2 8 5 1 6 x ] 0 3 ft/s

v n rB 11.827 xlO 6

A vb = (vz?)2 - (v)i = -263.2 ft/s |Avb | = 263 ft/s <

 PROBLEM 12.116
A long-range ballistic trajectory between points A and B on the earths
surface consists o f a portion o f an ellipse with the apogee at point C.
Knowing that point C is 1500 km above the surface o f the earth and the
range R</> o f the trajectory is 6000 km, determine (o) the velocity o f the
projectile at C, (b) the eccentricity o f the trajectory.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 6370 km = 6.37 x IO*1 m

GM = g R 2 = (9.81)(6.37 x IO6 ) 2 = 398.06 x 101 2 m 3 /s 2

For the trajectory, rc = 6370 + 1500 = 7870 km = 7.87 x 10(> m

rA = rB = R = 6.37 x 106 m, = 1.23548

rA 6370

Range A to B: sAB = 6000 km = 6.00 x 10 6 m

Sab. - 6 0 0 x 10- = 0.94192 rad = 53.968

R 6.37 x 106
. 1 GM (.
For an elliptic trajectory, = + ffCOS ;

At A, 9 = 180 - = 153.016, = ^ ( l + fc o sl5 3 .0 1 6 ) (1)

2 rA h~

A tC , 9 = 180, = ^ ( 1 -e ) (2)
rc h~

Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (2),

^ = l + gCosl53.016 = 123548
r. 1 -

e = --------L235-4-8 . - 1 = 0.68384
1.23548 + cos 153.016

From Eq. (2), h = yjG M (\ - e)rc

h = ^(398.06 x 10l2)(0.31616)(7.87 x 106) = 31.471 x 10*' m2/s

(a) Velocity at C. vc = = x^
3 1 , 4 7 1 = 4 . 0 0 x 103 m/s vc = 4 km/s <
fa 7.87 x 10

(b) Eccentricity o f trajectory. = 0.684 A

 561 km
PROBLEM 12.117
A space shuttle is describing a circular orbit at an altitude o f 563 km
above the surface o f the earth. As it passes through point A, it fires its
engine for a short interval o f time to reduce its speed by 152 m/s and
begin its descent toward the earth. Determine the angle A OB so that the
altitude o f the shuttle at point B is 121 km. (Hint. Point A is the apogee o f
the elliptic descent orbit.)

It = 6370 kin

SOLUTION
GM = g R 2 = (9.81)(6.37 x 106 ) 2 = 398.06 x 101 2 m 3 /s 2

rA = 6370 + 563 = 6933 km = 6.933 x 106 m

rB = 6370 + 121 = 6491 km = 6.491 x 106 m

For the circular orbit through point A,

^ 7 7 l i n o n n inl2
1398.06 x. . 1 0 12
= 7.5773 x 103 m/s
V 6.933 x 1 0 6

For the descent trajectory,

vA = vcirc + Av = 7.5773 x 103 - 152 = 7.4253 x 103 m/s

h = rAvA = (6.933 x 106)(7.4253 x 103) = 51.4795 x 109 m2/s

1 GM
= r (r.1 + ecosB )
r h2 V
At point A, 0 = 180, r = rA

1 GM / v

h2 (51.4795 x 109 ) 2
\-e = = t------ i---------i-i------------- -r = 0.96028
G M rA (398.06 x 10i2 )(6.933 x 106)

e = 0.03972

GM
=
1
r 1( l + COS(9s \)
1

rB h~
h2 (51.4795 xlO 9 ) 2
1 + COS0H = ---------- = 7 i-------- Y7 ----- L TV = 1.02567
GM rB (398.06 x 10l2)(6.491 x 106)

1 .0 2 5 6 7 -1 .....
co sBb = ------------- = 0.6463

0B = 49.7 ^ AOB = 180 - 0B = 130.3 ^ AOB = 130.3 <

 PROBLEM 12.118
A satellite describes an elliptic orbit about a planet. Denoting by r0 and
rx the distances corresponding, respectively, to the perigee and apogee o f
the orbit, show that the curvature o f the orbit at each o f these two points
can be expressed as

+
P v/o 'U

SOLUTION
, 1 GM
Using Eq. (12.39), = + C co s0 , and = + C cos 0B.
rA h rB hl

But 0B - 9 a + 180, so that cos 8A = - c o s d B.

1 1 2 GM
Addmg, + =
rA rB h

At points A and B the radial direction is normal to the path.

v2 h2
=
P r p

GMm mh
But F - = = ma =
r 2p

1 l l) 1 1f l o
f ---- + --- =- -- -- +
2
1 rA rK j P 2
l ro
 PROBLEM 12.119
(a) Express the eccentricity o f the elliptic orbit described by a satellite
about a planet in terms o f the distances r0 and rx corresponding,
respectively, to the perigee and apogee o f the orbit. (b) Use the result
obtained in part a and the data given in Prob. 12.111, where
Re = 93.0 x 106 mi, to determine the appropriate maximum distance
from the sun reached by comet Hyakutake.
Problem 12.111: Based on observations made during the 1996 sighting
o f the comet Hyakutake, it was concluded that the trajectory o f the comet
is a highly elongated ellipse for which the eccentricity is approximately
e = 0.999887. Knowing that for the 1996 sighting the minimum distance
between the comet and the sun was0.230i?E , where RE is the mean
distance from the sun to the earth, determine the periodic time o f the
comet.

SOLUTION

G Mi(1, + XOs6zA
-1 = ---= M
r h1 V

. . Q f. 1 GM I. \ h~
At A , 0 =0 = =- = (l + ) or rA = ------ --------r-
rA h A G M ( 1 + e)

At B, 0 = 180 = = or rB = ------ j ------ -

rB h G M (1 - s)

rB _ 1 + _ r\
rA 1 - e r0

F - r\ ~ ro <
r\ + ro

R e = 93 x 106 mi

r0 = 0.230 R e = 21.39 x 106 mi

(b) r, = 1 + r0 - 1 + 0 - " 9 8 8 7 (21.39 xl O6) rx = 379 x 109 mi <

1 1- f 0 1 - 0.999887 v >
 PROBLEM 12.120
Derive Keplers third law o f planetary motion from Eqs. (12.39) and
(12.45).

SOLUTION

For an ellipse 2a = rA + rB and b - ^ r ArB

1 / Ajf 1 GM
Using Eq. (12.39), = r + C cos0A and = j + Ccost/B.
rA h rB n

But 0B = 0A + 180, so that cos0A = - c o s 0 B.

1 1 rA + rB la 1G M
Addmg, + = ^ B- = - j =
rA rB rArB b h

GM
h =

By Eq. (12.45),

,3/2
2 rcab 2nab\[a 2na
bsfG M 4G M

2 4 n 2a 3
GM

For orbits 1 and 2 about the same large mass,

2 4 n 2a\ 2 47t2a\
h = ------- and
GM 2 GM

( \3
Talking the ratio,
\ l 2J
 PROBLEM 12.121
Show that the angular momentum per unit mass h o f a satellite describing
an elliptic orbit o f semimajor axis a and eccentricity s about a planet o f
mass M ean be expressed as

h = ^ G M a i l - s 2)

SOLUTION

By Eq. (12.39'), - = ~ ( l + cos0)

1 GM ,, v h2
At A, 0 -0 - = (l + ) or rA -
G M (\ + )

At B, 0 = 180 L = = ( l - e) or rB =- ------
rB h G M [ 1 - )

.... h2 ( 1 I } 2h2
Addmg, rA + rB = - = + ------
GM V1 + 1- GM ( 1 - f 2)

But for an ellipse, rA + rB = 2a

2a - ^ h = , l G M a ( l - 2)
G M ( l - 2) V V )
PROBLEM 12.122
The acceleration o f a package sliding down section AB o f incline ABC is
5 m/s2. Assuming that the coefficient o f kinetic friction is the same for
each section, determine the acceleration o f the package on section BC o f
the incline.
 1 - 1 ( 0 . 4 8 4 ) (9.81)

2.09 m/s 2

n BC = 2.09 m /s 1 ^ 36.9 4
 PROBLEM 12.123
The two blocks shown are originally at rest. Neglecting the masses o f the
pulleys and the effect o f friction in the pulleys and assuming that the
coefficients o f friction between block A and the horizontal surface are
Hs = 0.25 and//* = 0.20, determine (a) the acceleration o f each block,
(b ) the tension in the cable.

SOLUTION

Let x A be the position coordinate o f block A with x A increasing for

motion to the left, and let y B be the position coordinate o f block B with
y B increasing for motion downward.

Constraint o f cable: x A + 3y B = constant, vA + 3vB = 0

or a A = - 3 aB

To determine if motion occurs, set aB - a A = 0

Block B: T.Fy = 0: 3T - WB = 0, T = ^W B

Block/<: J ILF = 0: F . - T = 0, F, = T

l F y = 0: Na -W a = 0 N A = WA
a Ratio L l = 3 L = J ^ = ^ jL
Na 3WA 3mAg 3m A
25
= 0.278 > p , = 0.25
(3)(30)

Motion occurs since > u,.

Na

Determine the accelerations using //* for the coefficient o f friction.

We 6^0
Block A: IF y = 0 : N A - WA = 0

N a = WA

For sliding, FA = MkN A = Fkw .\

PROBLEM 12.123 CONTINUED

Block A: _*. T.FX = max: T - FA = ~mAaA

T = F k W a + 3 m Aa B (1)

B lock B: + | XFy = may : WB - 3T = mBaB

W B - ?>MkW A - 9 m Aa B = m Ba B

{a) Solving for aB and aA

a Wb ~ 3VkWA _ mB - 3n kmA
B mB + 9m A mB + 9 mA

, 2 5 - (3)(0-20)(30) = 2

25 + (9)(30)

aA = -(3 )(0 .2 3 2 8 ) = -0.6983 m/s 2 aA = 0.698 m/s 2 M

a s = 0.233 m/s 2 | <

(b) From Eq. (1), T = (0.20)(30)(9.8l) + (3)(25)(0.2328)

T = 79.8 N <
 PROBLEM 12.124
The coefficients o f friction between package A and the incline are
H s = 0.35 and /uk = 0.30. Knowing that the system is initially at rest and
that block B comes to rest on block C, determine (a) the maximum
velocity reached by package A, (b) the distance up the incline through
which package A will travel.

SOLUTION
Equations o f motion. Block A: + \ l F , = 0: N A - tV4cos30 = 0

N a = WA cos 30 = 60 cos 30 = 51.96 lb.

w
+ / I F , = max: T4B - W 4 sin 30 - FA = a 4 ( 1)
g
W
Block B: + I F , = m av: TBC - W B - T4B = 1-Ha B
g
(2 )
W.
Block C: + I F , = m av : Wc - TBC = - ^ - a c (3)
g

Check whether or not blocks will move.

Set a 4 = aB = ac = 0. Add Eqs. (1), (2), and (3).

-W Asin 30 - FA + W B + WC = 0

Fa = WB + Wc - W 4 sin 30
= 35 + 60 - 60sin30 = 65 lb.

F 65
Ratio = 1.251 > u , = 0.35
Na 51.96

The blocks move.

Initial motion with cables AB and BC taut. a 4 = a B = ac

Sliding with friction. F 4 = a = (0 .3 0 )(5 1.96) = 15.588 lb.

Add Eqs. (1), (2) and (3).

WA + WB + tv,.
-WA sin 30 - FA + Wn + Wc =

_ WB + WC - W As i n 3 0 - F < _ 35 + 6 0 - 6 0 s i n 3 0 - 15.588
aa = -g = (32.2)
w 4 + w + tvc 60 + 35 + 60

= 10.265 ft/s'
PROBLEM 12.124 CONTINUED

After moving 2.5 ft, vA2 = 2aAS = (2 )(l0 .2 6 5 )(2 .5 ) = 51.325 ft 2 /s 2

vA = 7.16 ft/s

Motion with cable BC slack. aA = aB, Tbc - 0

Sliding with friction. FA = 15.588 lb.

WA + WB 1
Add Eqs. (1) and (2). -W A sin30 - FA + WB =
g

WB - W , sin30 - F a 35 - 60sin30 - 15.588

a A = ------- - g = -------------------------------- (32.2)
w a + WB 35 + 60 v

= -3.589 ft/s2
After moving 1 ft,

va = ( va)1 + 2aA* = 51-325 + (2 )(-3 .5 8 9 )(l) = 44.147 ft 2 /s 2

vA = 6.64 ft/s

Motion with both cables slack. Tab ~ Tbc ~ 0

Sliding with friction. FA = 15.588 lb.

W
E q .(l): -W As m W - F A = ^ a A
g
WA sin30 + F a 60sin30 + 15.588 /
= wA
* w ---------- <32'2)

= -24.466 ft/s2
Additional distance for velocity to become zero.

0 ~ ( va )1 = 2aAs

(v , ) 2 44 147
s = ^ . - 0.902 ft.
2 aA (2 )(-2 4 .4 6 6 )

Summary: (a) Maximum velocity. ( v ^)max = "^-30 M

(b) Total distance = 2.5 + 1.0 + 0.902 d = 4.40 ft <

Check if b lo ck s remains at rest. Tab ~ Tbc ~ 0. aA ~ 0

Eq. (1): -W Asin30 - FA = 0

Fa = -W A sin 30 = -6 0 sin 30 = -3 0 lb

Ratio H - 0.577 > ft, = 0.35

Na 51.96

Block A starts moving down the incline.

 PROBLEM 12.125
The masses o f blocks A, B. and C are mA = 4 kg, mH = 10 kg, and
mc = 2 kg. Knowing that P = 0 and neglecting the masses o f the
pulleys and the effect o f friction, determine (a) the acceleration o f each
block, (b) the tension in the cord.

' J

SOLUTION
Let the vertical y-coordinates o f position o f blocks A and B be positive
downward and the horizontal jr-coordinate o f block C be positive to the
right as shown.

Constraint o f cord. 2y A + 4y B + xc = constant

2a A + 4 aH + ac = 0 (1)

Block A: +\ Z.F = ma: mAg - 2 T = mAaA

2T
aA = S~ (2)
m.

Block B: +j I F = ma: mBg - 4 T = mHaH

AT
aB = 8 ------- (3)
m

Block C: -1* SF = ma: - T = mc ac

T
ar =
m, (4)
m,
Substituting Eqs. (2), (3) and (4) into Eq. (1),

, 4r . 16T T n
2g + 4 g ------------------ = 0
m m,

+ + \T = 6g
mA mB mc

- + + - } t = (6)(9.81) or T = 18.987 N
U 1 0 2) VA

(2)(18.987)
(a) From Eq. (2), aA = 9.81 - a , = 0.316 m/s 2 1 A

(4)(18.987)
From Eq. (3), aB = 9.81 a/( = 0.222 m/s j A
2
10

18.987
From Eq. (4), ac = a( = 9.49 m/s 2 - A

(b) Tension in the cable. T = 18.99 N <

 PROBLEM 12.126
T l j
Block A weighs 20 lb, and blocks B and C weigh 10 lb each. Knowing
that the blocks are initially at rest and that B moves through 8 ft in 2 s,
determine (a) the magnitude o f the force P, (b) the tension in the cord
AD. Neglect the masses o f the pulleys and axle friction.

A B C

T
SOLUTION

Let the position coordinate y be positive downward.

T "1/ F 3 r
x-c </
Constraint o f cord AD: y A + y D = constant

i j 'p
+ = 0. a A + a /j = 0
u
va vd
>s

^ 6
A

V F6 Constraint o f cord BC: [ y B - y D) + ( y c - y n ) - constant

vB + vc - 2vD = 0, a B + ac - 2aD = 0

Eliminate an . 2aA + a B + a c - 0 (1)

| t ao
We have uniformly accelerated motion because all o f the forces are
constant.

T*
1
v -r
1 ec
y B = (-V fl)o + K ) 0' + 2a r ( v)o = 0

2 [ - (y. ) 0 ] , ( 2 )( 8 )

(2)

Pulley D: + | IF,, = 0: 2TBC - TAD = 0

Tad - W bc

IV
Block A: +J IF,. = may : WA - TAD = - a A

W , - Tw WA - 2 Tbc
or aA = g = ... g (2 )
W. W,

w,
Block C: +1 I F = ma : Wc - TBC = - - a c
g

Wc - Tbc
or ar = g (3)
c Wr
PROBLEM 12.126 CONTINUED

Substituting the value for aB and Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (1), and
solving for Tbc >

' wa -2 T b c '
g + aB + ' Wc z I ml
g = 0
V WA J \ wc J

T 3 | B
1BC - J+
WA + wc g

f 4 I \
+ TBc = 3 or Tbc =10.414 lb.
20 10 32.2

i W
B lock B: +{ I Fy = mav : P + WB - TBC = - ^ - a B
&

(a) Magnitude o f P.

P = TBC- W B + ^Wba B
g

= 1 0 .4 1 4 -1 0 + (4) P = 1.656 lb <

32.2 v '

(b) Tension in cord AD.

Tad = 2TBC = (2)(l0 .4 1 4 ) Tad = 20.8 lb <

 PROBLEM 12.127
A 12-lb block B rests as shown on the upper surface o f a 30-lb wedge A.
Neglecting friction, determine immediately after the system is released
from rest (a) the acceleration o f A , (b) the acceleration o f B relative to A.

SOLUTION

Acceleration vectors:

aA = 0 ^7 ^3 0 , aB/A = aB/A -

B a /( = a .l + a HIA

Block B: - i . FV = ma,: ^ n a H/A ~ n,Ha |Cos30 = 0

a B I A = a ,i c o s 3 0 ( 1)

+ | F,, = m av: N AB - WB = sin 30

N ab = WB ~ { w b sin 3 0 )^ - (2)
$

Block A: + /Z F = ma: IT, sin 30 + /V,Bsin30 =

g

WA sin30 + WB sin30 - ( WB sin2 3 0 )^ - = WA

v g g

(W . + !TB)sin30o (30 + 12)sin30 , ,

a , = ^ ------ ?-! ----- g = S----------- ' ----- ( 3 2 .2 ) = 20.49 ft/s'
WA + WBsin230 30 + 12sin~ 30 v

(a) a , = 20.49 ft/s2 7 30 <

aWA = (20.49) cos 30 = 17.75 ft/s2

(b) a BIA = 17.75 ft/s2- 4

 PROBLEM 12.128
The roller-coaster track shown is contained in a vertical plane. The
portion o f track between A and B is straight and horizontal, while the
portions to the left o f A and to the right o f B have radii o f curvature as
indicated. A car is traveling at a speed o f 72 km/h when the brakes are
suddenly applied, causing the wheels o f the car to slide on the track
(//* = 0.25). Determine the initial deceleration o f the car if the brakes
are applied as the car (a) has almost reached A, (b) is traveling between A
and B, (c) has just passed B.

SOLUTION
v = 72 km/h = 20 m/s
(a) Almost reached point A. p = 30 m

*
i >;c v2 (2 0 )2
r a = = - = 13.333 m/s2 (
" p 30
p Y' ''-o cr'tnQk
JT lNp W y = may : N R + N F - mg = ma

nr + N f = m ( g + an)

I w*
' "TS F = p k ( N r + N f ) = p km (g + an)

F -*!F=r y \ r ^ r \nQ t
V 'Nf
a, = ------ = -F * :(g + an)
m

_ zv -v x hl = M * + a. ) = 0.25(9.81 + 13.33) |a,| = 5.79 m/s2 <

^ | ^^rnQt Between A and B. p - oo

N* Nr
a = 0

h i = Fkg = (0.25)(9.81) h i = 2 -45 "/s 2 ^

(c) Just passed point B. p = 40 m

a = = = 8.8889 m/s2 1
p 45
ZFV = m av: N R + N F - mg = or + N F = m (g - a)

F = + tfF) = p km (g - a)
fr
.+ ZFr = ma( : - F = ma, a, = = - p k ( g - a)
m

|a,| = / / * ( -< O = (0.25)(9.81- 8.8889)

|a,| = 0.230 m/s2 ^
 PROBLEM 12.129
A satellite is placed into a circular orbit about the planet Saturn at an
altitude o f 3400 km. The satellite describes its orbit with a velocity o f
24.45 km/s. Knowing that the radius o f the orbit about Saturn and the
periodic time o f Atlas, one o f Saturns moons, are 137.64 x 103 km and
0.6019 days, respectively, determine (a) the radius o f Saturn, (b) the mass
o f Saturn. (The periodic time o f a satellite is the time it requires to
complete one full revolution about the planet.)

SOLUTION

For moon Atlas orbiting Saturn,

rA = 137.64 x 103 km = 137.64 x 106 m/s

ta = 0.6019 day = (0.6019)(24)(3600) = 52.004 x 103 s

GM
or

= 38.065 x 1015 m 3/s2

For satellite, vs = 24.45 x 103 m/s

GM GM 38.065 x 1015
= 63.674 x 106 m

rs = 63674 km

(a) Radius o f Saturn. R = rs - h s = 63674 - 3400 R = 60.3 x 103 km <

GM 38.065 x 1015
(b) Mass o f Saturn. M = 570 x 1024 kg <
G 66.73 x 10~12
 PROBLEM 12.130
The periodic times (see Prob. 12.129) o f the planet Uranuss moons Juliet
and Titania have been observed to be 0.4931 days and 8.706 days,
respectively. Knowing that the radius of Juliets orbit is 40,000 mi,
determine (a) the mass of Uranus, (b) the radius of Titanias orbit.
Problem 12.129: A satellite is placed into a circular orbit about the
planet Saturn at an altitude of 3400 km. The satellite describes its orbit
with a velocity of 24.45 km/s. Knowing that the radius of the orbit about
Saturn and the periodic time of Atlas, one of Saturn's moons, are km and
0.6019 days, respectively, determine (a) the radius of Saturn, (b) the mass
of Saturn. (The periodic time of a satellite is the time it requires to
complete one full revolution about the planet.)

SOLUTION

For moon Juliet, Tj = 0.4931 day = (0.4931)(24)(3600) = 42.604 x 103 s

rj = 40000 mi = 2 1 1 .2 x l0 6 ft

v = l7rr (2
2 nrj_ _ V
^ )(2 1 1 .2 x l0 6)
) \ ----------- _ [ = 3J 14g x 1{)3 ft/s
Tj 42.604 x 103

But, vj = I or GM = rjvj = (211.2 x 106)(31.148 x 103)Z

204.91 x 1015 ft 3/s 2

(a) Mass of Uranus. M = = 204.91 x 10 or M - 5.96 x 1024 lb s2/ft *4

G 34.4 x 109

For moon Titania, tt = 8.706 days = (8.706)(24)(3600) = 752.2 x 103 s

GM _ 2nrT
vT -
frp T j.

y. 3/2 .= TT4G M = 752.2 x 103V204.91 x 10i5 = 54 m ^ ft3/2

2n 2n

rT = 1.432 x 109 ft

(b) Radius of orbit of Titania. rT = 271000 mi A

 PROBLEM 12.131
A space probe is to be placed in a circular orbit o f 6420-km radius about
the planet Venus. As the probe approaches Venus, its speed is decreased
so that, as it reaches point A, its speed and altitude above the surface o f
the planet are 7420 m/s and 288 km, respectively. The path o f the probe
from A to B is elliptic, and as the probe approaches B, its speed is
increased by Avg = 21.5 m/s to insert it into the elliptic transfer orbit
BC. Finally, as the probe passes through C, its speed is decreased by
Avc = -238 m/s to insert it into the required circular orbit. Knowing that
\
the mass and the radius o f the planet Venus are 4.869 x 1024 kg and
Q iuu Im QiiUt 6052 km, respectively, determine (a) the speed o f the probe as it
approaches B on the elliptic path, (6) its altitude above the surface o f the
planet at B.

SOLUTION

Let (v g ) be the velocity at B on trajectory AB and {vB)2 be the velocity at B on trajectory BC.

At p o in ts, rA = 6052 + 288 = 6.34 x 103 km = 6.340 x 106m

vA = 7420 m/s
At point C, rc = 6420 km = 6.42 x 106 m

\G M (66.73 x 1 0 '12)(4.869 x 1024)

For circular trajectory, (vc ) cjre = J = y ------------ ^ 6------------ = 7114 m/s
'c

For trajectory BC, vc = 7.114 x 10,3 + 238 = 7352 m/s

Conservation o f angular momentum for trajectory AB. rB (vB)( = rAvA (1)

Conservation o f angular momentum for trajectory BC. rB ( vB) = rc vc (2)

Dividing Eq. (2) by Eq. (1), = 1+ ^

(M i (M i rAvA

Av
^S_ = r v _ j = (6v .4 2 x 106)(7352)
L _ i = 0.003338
(Vfljj rAvA (6.34 x l O6 )(7420)

(a) Speed o f probe as it approaches B. (vB), = (vs ) = 6 4 1 0 m/s ^

w F F v Bh 0.003338 0.003338 v Bh

(6.34 xl O6 )(7420)
r -M a
B~ M = 64l0

(,b) Altitude above the surface o f B.

hB = r B - R = 7339 - 6052 = 1287 km hB = 1287 km 4

 PROBLEM 12.132
To place a communications satellite into a geosynchronous orbit (see
Prob. 12.79) at an altitude of 22,240 mi above the surface of the earth, the
satellite first is released from a space shuttle, which is in a circular orbit at
an altitude o f 185 mi, and then is propelled by an upper-stage booster to
its final altitude. As the satellite passes through A, the boosters motor is
fired to insert the satellite into an elliptic transfer orbit. The booster is
again fired at B to insert the satellite into a geosynchronous orbit.
Knowing that the second firing increases the speed of the satellite by
4810 ft/s, determine (a) the speed of the satellite as it approaches B on the
elliptic transfer orbit, (b) the increase in speed resulting from the first
firing at A.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 106 ft

GM = gR2 = (32.2)^20.909 x 106)2 = 14.077 x 1015 ft3/s2

rA = 3960 + 185 = 4145 mi = 21.8856 x 106 ft

rB = 3960 + 22240 = 26200 mi - 138.336 x 106 ft

Speed on circular orbit through A .

, x iGM 14.077 xlO 15 1n3_.

v, . = \
V ^ /circ
= Ji n---------------- T- = 25.362 x 10 ft/s
i o o c r w i rvo
rA V21.8856 x 106

Speed on circular orbit through B.

I
( yH), . = IGM 14.077 x l O15r = 10.088
= J ------------------- 1Anoo 1a3
x 10 ft/s
V W V rB V 138.336 x 106

(a) Speed on transfer trajectory at B.

(vB)b = 10.088 x IQ3 - 4810 = 5.278 x 103 5280 ft/s 4

Conservation of angular momentum for transfer trajectory.

= rB{vB)b

rH(v) (138.336 x 106)(5278)

( )--------------------- J ---------------------A J ----- i = 33.362 x 103 ft/s
V ,Xx rA 21.8856 x 106
(b) Change in speed at A.
*3
- 25.362 x i103
n3
A v a = (v^ )tr - ( v a ) CI[C = 33.362 x 103 => 8.000 x 103

Av. = 8000 ft/s 4

 PROBLEM 12.133
At main engine cutoff o f its thirteenth flight, the space shuttle Discovery
was in an elliptic orbit o f minimum altitude 40.3 mi and maximum
fl -3980
IM altitude 336 mi above the surface o f the earth. Knowing that at point A the
shuttle had a velocity v 0 parallel to the surface o f the earth and that the
shuttle was transferred to a circular orbit as it passed through point B,
determine (a) the speed v0 o f the shuttle at A, (b) the increase in speed
'403 ini [ 338 nu
required at B to insert the shuttle into the circular orbit.

SOLUTION

For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 106 ft

GM = gR 2 = (32.2)(20.909 x 106)2 = 14.077 x 1015 ft3/s 2

rA = 3960 + 40.3 = 4000.3 mi = 21.1216 x 10h ft

r = 3960 + 336 = 4296 mi = 22.6829 ft

Elliptic trajectory.

Using Eq. (12.39), = + CcosGA and = + C cos#B.

rA h- r h

But 0H = Qa + 180, so that cos0A = - c o s &

1 1 r 4 + r 2GM
Adding, + = 2- = p r -
r i rH rArB

\2GMrArH i|(2)l (14.077 x 1015)(21.1216 x 106)(22.6829 x 10h)

h =
rA + r , i 43.8045 x l O6

= 554.911 x 10^ ft2/s

(a) Speed v0 at A.
h _ 554.911 x 109
v0 - v A - ^ - 2 , , 2 1 6 x I 0 6 v0 = 26.3 x 103 ft/s <

, , h 554.911 x 10 ..... . ni
( Vu |. = = ----------------- 7 - = 24.464 x 10 ft/s
v rR 22.6829 x 10

For a circular orbit through point B,

H I 22.6829 x 106

(b) Increase in speed at point B.

Av = (vB)drc - (va ), = 448 ft/s Avg = 448 ft/s 4