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RCourse Lecture4 Calculations

This document provides an introduction to basic calculations in R software. It discusses using R as a calculator to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on vectors. Functions like c() are used to combine numbers into a vector. Operators like +, -, *, /, ^ can be applied to both scalars and vectors, but care must be taken when vectors have unequal lengths to avoid errors. Comments are denoted with # and ignore all text after it on a line.

Uploaded by

Vageesha Shantha Veerabhadra Swamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views

RCourse Lecture4 Calculations

This document provides an introduction to basic calculations in R software. It discusses using R as a calculator to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on vectors. Functions like c() are used to combine numbers into a vector. Operators like +, -, *, /, ^ can be applied to both scalars and vectors, but care must be taken when vectors have unequal lengths to avoid errors. Comments are denoted with # and ignore all text after it on a line.

Uploaded by

Vageesha Shantha Veerabhadra Swamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to R Software

Basics of Calculations
::::
Basics and R as a Calculator

Shalabh
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

1
Basics
> is the prompt sign in R.

The assignment operators are the left arrow with dash <- and equal sign =.

> x <- 20 assigns the value 20 to x.

> x = 20 assigns the value 20 to x.

Initially only <- was available in R.

> x = 20 assigns the value 20 to x.

> y = x * 2 assigns the value 2*x to y.

> z = x + y assigns the value x + y to z.


2
Basics
# : The character # marks the beginning of a comment. All characters until

the end of the line are ignored.

> # mu is the mean

> # x <- 20 is treated as comment only

3
Basics
Capital and small letters are different.

> X <- 20 and > x <- 20 are different

4
Basics
The command c(1,2,3,4,5) combines the numbers 1,2,3,4 and 5 to a vector.

5
R as a calculator
> 2+3 # Command
[1] 5 # Output

> 2*3 # Command


[1] 6 # Output

6
R as a calculator
> 2-3 # Command
[1] -1 # Output

> 3/2 # Command


[1] 1.5 # Output

> 2*3-4+5/6 # Command


[1] 2.8333 # Output

7
R as a calculator
> 2^3 # Command
[1] 8 # Output

> 2**3 # Command


[1] 8 # Output

8
R as a calculator
> 2^0.5 # Command
[1] 1.414214 # Output

> 2**0.5 # Command


[1] 1.414214 # Output

> 2^-0.5 # Command


[1] 0.7071068 # Output

9
R as a calculator

> c(2,3,5,7)^2 # command: application to a


vector
[1] 4 9 25 49 # output

2 2 2 2
2, 3, 5, 7

10
R as a calculator

> c(2,3,5,7)^c(2,3) # !!ATTENTION! Observe the


operation
[1] 4 27 25 343 # output

22 , 33 , 52 , 73

11
R as a calculator
> c(1,2,3,4,5,6)^c(2,3,4) # command: application
to a vector with vector
[1] 1 8 81 16 125 1296 # output

12 , 23 , 34 , 42 , 53 , 64

12
R as a calculator
> c(2,3,5,7)^c(2,3,4) #error message
[1] 4 27 625 49 # output
Warning message:
longer object length is not a multiple of
shorter object length in: c(2,3,5,7)^c(2,3,4)

22 , 33 , 54 , 72

13
Multiplication and Division x y, x/y:
> c(2,3,5,7) * 3
[1] 6 9 15 21

2 3, 3 3, 5 3, 7 3

14
Multiplication and Division x y, x/y:
> c(2,3,5,7) * c(-2,-3,-5,8)
[1] -4 -9 -25 56

2 (2), 3 (3), 5 (5), 7 8

15
Multiplication and Division x y, x/y:
> c(2,3,5,7) * c(8,9) # !!! ATTENTION
[1] 16 27 40 63

2 8, 3 9, 5 8, 7 9

16
Multiplication and Division x y, x/y:
> c(2,3,5,7) * c(8,9,10) # error message
[1] 16 27 50 56
Warning message:
longer object length
is not a multiple of shorter object length
in: c(2, 3, 5, 7) * c(8, 9, 10)

2 8, 3 9, 5 10, 7 8

17
Addition and Subtraction x + y, x y
> c(2,3,5,7) + 10
[1] 12 13 15 17

2 10, 3 10, 5 10, 7 10

18
Addition and Subtraction x + y, x y
> c(2,3,5,7) + c(-2,-3, -5, 8)
[1] 0 0 0 15

2 (2), 3 (3), 5 (5), 7 8

19
Addition and Subtraction x + y, x y
> c(2,3,5,7) + c(8,9) # !!! ATTENTION!
[1] 10 12 13 16

2 8, 3 9, 5 2, 7 9

20
Addition and Subtraction x + y, x y
> c(2,3,5,7) + c(8,9,10) # error message
[1] 10 12 15 15
Warning message:
longer object length
is not a multiple of shorter object length
in: c(2, 3, 5, 7) + c(8, 9, 10)

2 8, 3 9, 5 10, 7 8

21

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