2

CHAPTER

Strength Exercises for Improved

Running Biomechanics
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Many gait abnormalities seen during running are the result of compensations for previous injuries, faulty
postural alignment, or muscular imbalances that have induced compensatory movement. In these cases,
it is almost impossible for a runner to simply fix the way they run based on awareness of the problem.
Instead, they have to train the various regions of the body how to feel what a proper movement is like
and then condition the involved muscles to be able to carry out proper movement repetitively.

What this means is regardless of the body region you are targeting, strength exercises should progress to
be as specific to the movement of proper running as possible. Exercises should not only work the same
muscles in similar movement patterns, but should also use the nervous system in a similar manner. This
will enhance the likeliness that any strength and stability gains will translate directly to improved running.
Exercises can be designed to target the running motion in several ways:

(A) Engage muscle groups in a terminal swing, to the point of initial foot
contact.[5] At this phase in the stride the
similar type of contraction hamstrings are first lengthened as the low leg
swings forward in front of the body. At the
Specific muscles groups tend to work either opposite attachment site into the pelvis, the
concentrically (shorten as they contract), hamstrings will then pull at the hip joint to create
eccentrically (lengthen as they contract), or a pull back force on the leg. As the leg pulls
isometrically (maintain the same length as they back under the body, the hamstrings will
contract) during running. Although most maintain a similar length as the stretch from the
muscles act in all three ways at different points low leg is balanced out by the shortening action
in the stride, the trick is to identify their dominant from the hip.
action, or how they work during their most
forceful points. In effect, the hamstrings actually work somewhat
isometrically (very little change in overall length),
Lets take a look at the hamstring muscles as an as they effectively transfer the force from the
example, which work quite complexly during forward swing of the low leg into pull-back
running. It is known through EMG studies that force at the hip.
the hamstrings are most active from the end of

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-1

 Hamstring action during terminal swing phase of running

As the knee drives Low leg swings forward, As the knee continues to The hamstrings continue
forward the hamstrings creating stretch in the straighten, the to pull the leg back right
are un-stretched hamstrings. The hamstrings (in addition to through initial contact.
hamstrings then pull at the gluteus maximus)use
the other end where they this stored energy pull
attach on the pelvis. the leg back.

It is interesting than, that many healthcare Runners therefore need to be capable of

practitioners and coaches still prescribe effectively stabilizing the contacting foot, leg,
concentric hamstring exercises such as and hip as they literally jump from one leg to the
hamstring curls to runners and sprinters with other. Exercises geared toward improving
chronic hamstring injury. The better option running biomechanics must challenge an
would be to incorporate strength exercises individuals ability to stabilize the body in a
similar to the one seen on page B-21 which work manner similar to running. This can be
the hamstrings in more of an eccentric/isometric accomplished by incorporating single leg
manner. This exercise will also help runners exercises, and challenges such as stability balls
develop more effective contraction timing to and wobble boards.
better transfer energy from the forward swing of
the lower leg to the backwards extension at the
hip.

(B) Challenge the limbs and

core in an atmosphere of
instability
The primary difference between walking and
running is that runners experience a period of
double float, where both feet are off the
ground, before they land on a single leg.
Walkers, on the other hand, always have at least
one foot on the ground, and have two feet on the Running technique will suffer when an individual cannot
ground at the point of foot strike. This makes effectively stabilize the core.
walking a more stable activity.

C-2 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Core Stability and Postural Control running should therefore train all the various
muscles of the trunk to work in unison against
Lets take a moment to address an important similar forces. This means that exercises should
question; What exactly is core stability? Many mimic body movements occurring during
individuals intuitively associate this term with running, and should be focused on teaching the
abdominal strength. In fact, it is not uncommon muscles to work in a stabilizing fashion.
to see many core strength classes that take
participants through a long series of abdominal As our awareness for the need of the core
exercises with an emphasis on making the abs musculature coordination has increased, there
burn. It is important to understand though, that has been a strong shift toward fitness and
although general abdominal strength plays a role healthcare specialists teaching a core activation
in overall core stability, it is only a piece of the method known as abdominal bracing. In this
puzzle. method, an individual is taught to lightly co-
activate of all the abdominal muscles together,
Core stability is defined as the capability to giving the feel of a girdle surrounding the
control movement of the pelvis and low back. abdomen and low back. [3]
This control is attained through the coordination
of 29 pairs of muscles that attach to and cross
the lumbar spine, pelvis and hip regions.
Several of these muscle groups, called local Creating an Abdominal Brace
stabilizers, attach directly to the spine and
1. Find an optimal low back curve: Stand with
provide stability between the spine segments
your lower back flexed forward slightly and
themselves. Local stabilizers include the your hand placed on the muscles of your
multifidus, transverses abdominis, and the lower back. Slowly extend your back,
internal obliques.[6] The other muscles of the bringing your torso to a more upright position
core region are referred to as Global spinal until you feel the muscles of the lower back
stabilizers, and are responsible for creating and relax. This is your neutral back position.
resisting large movements of the trunk, pelvis,
2. Now flex your stomach muscles; not by
and hips.[7] These include muscles such as the
sucking in, but by simultaneously
rectus abdominis, erector spinae, and external contracting all of your abdominal muscles
obliques. (upper, lower, front, side, and back), creating
the feeling of a brace around your stomach
Each muscle, whether classified as local or and lower back. You will feel pressure taken
global plays an important role in overall core off your lower spine when this is done
stability, however, how these muscles work properly. Only a moderate level of muscle
together is even more important. The fibers of contraction is necessary to maintain a
all the core muscles are intertwined (through sufficient amount of stability. Avoid
clenching too hard [4]
fascia) and oblique to one-another, allowing
them to work together as a coordinated unit to
maintain postural alignment during functional The next step is to maintain a neutral back
movement. position through a series of motions, using an
abdominal brace to do so. You may find that you
The forces placed on and created by the core can apply this abdominal brace while running or
region during running are quite complex. A walking right away with little difficulty. For the
runner must achieve a certain amount of rest of us we can develop to this point through a
stiffness to endure unexpected loads (especially working on maintaining a brace through ALL the
when running on uneven surfaces), speed strength exercises described in this chapter.
changes, and unilateral forces between the
lower and upper body. An exercise program
geared toward improving core stability during

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-3

 (C) Train the movement, not excessively against the primary muscles
responsible for creating a movement.
individual muscle groups
Lastly, it is not uncommon where muscles
When a runner exhibits excessive rotations or responsible for stabilizing the core or various
movements in the legs, arms, or trunk, many joints do not activate at the appropriate time to
specialists will spend a significant amount of stabilize an important region during movement.
time trying to pinpoint the exact muscle culprit These stabilizer muscles may test individually as
responsible for these movements. One or two being strong, however, they fail to contract
muscles, they figure, must be too weak or too appropriately during critical times in the running
tight, so the body is forced to compensate. They cycle. As a result, excessive movements in the
will often even administer a series of static side-to-side or rotational directions tend to occur
muscle tests to help identify exactly what is at the hips, knees, and/or ankles.
going awry so that they can address each
muscle individually with strength or flexibility These are just a few examples of how overall
training. running biomechanics can be altered by
improper muscle action, and it is no wonder that
Not that this way of thinking is wrong. If a many running analysts get regular headaches
certain muscle group is extremely week or tight trying to figure out the chain of events causing
compensatory movement patterns will indeed abnormal movements. The good news is, even
occur during though the cause is often complex, correction is
running. This way of much more simple! If an individual simply
addressing focuses on executing specific strength exercises
movement, however, with proper technique (especially those that
is quite limited. more closely resemble movements occurring
during running), the most effective muscle
There are many
activation patterns will automatically occur and
factors that can
can be trained into the memory of the nervous
affect how muscles
system.
work together during
any dynamic
movement. In some
cases, there can be (D) Develop muscle contraction
a developed over-
dominance of one and coordination quality
Excessive internal or two muscle groups
rotation of the swing leg This principle is an extension to the previous
that take on a greater
may occur when muscles point. Exercises should function to improve
such as the TFL and
role than they should
muscle contraction quality through proper
rectus femoris become for a particular
execution and through heightened body
dominant over other hip movement. As a
flexors awareness. There are some individuals,
result, an excessive
however, who have an extremely difficult time
pull will be placed on
performing certain movements. These
a joint from one direction creating a noticeable
individuals either lack the necessary amount of
rotation or deviation from optimal movement.
body awareness or are experiencing significant
In other cases, the running stride of an individual muscle inhibition, often due to previous injury or
may appear to be somewhat restricted (making postural related muscle impairment syndromes.
a runner look tight) because muscles that are In this case, demonstrating or explaining proper
responsible for controlling certain actions of the technique for execution of specific exercises is
limbs are over-active and co-contract simply not enough. These individuals require
more education on what primary muscle regions
should be working to perform an exercise, and

C-4 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

how the various stabilizer muscles should work through these exercises during their base
together to complement the movement. They training season will prepare them for better
will have to do a lot more thinking on how their control, and improved body awareness during
body is achieving movement in order to teach more intense strength training later in the
the nervous system how to automatically move season.
the body properly. When thinking is not
enough, increased muscle awareness can also
be gained by: General Exercise Prescription Guidelines

Placing a hand over the right muscle region A series of levels have been listed here for
so that they may feel it contract during a each muscle region/movement. The
movement exercises you choose to use with your client
Pushing a thumb quick and hard into the will depend on their current level of strength
right muscle region to initiate a contraction and overall body awareness. In your first
reflex (when the above does not work) session always begin with the level 1
Increasing muscle activation with therapeutic exercise. If the client can master these
interventions such as Kineso Taping, exercises without any significant fatigue in
Electrical Muscle Stimulation, and other soft the first session than you may move onto the
tissue treatment methods (ex. Active Release next level.
Technique)
The client should maintain a certain exercise
within their routine for as long as it poses a
challenge to them. You may find that they
Putting it All Together progress through exercises in certain regions
faster than others. This is ok. You can
You will find that the strength exercises
upgrade exercises for certain regions while
recommended in this chapter will progress as
holding them back on others. It is essential
the above principles suggest. Most level 1
that you don not progress them until they are
exercises are focused on increasing muscle
ready.
awareness and contraction quality. As the levels
increase, focus then shifts to more full body
movements that closely resemble the various Frequency: Exercises should be done 3-4
movements that take place during running. times per week, with a day off in between.
Although the exercises have been categorized Exceptions are some level 1 exercises that
by the region they are training, you will notice focus primarily on neural activation of
that many of the higher level exercises will particular muscle regions, which can be done
address, and are included in more than one every day.
category. This is because the higher level
exercises require more full body control and
When: It is optimal to do these exercises
coordination and thus involve several regions of
after a run or strenuous workout. In most
the body.
cases going through an exercise program
Keep in mind that this program is geared more just prior to a run will not benefit a runner,
toward movement training through teaching the and may even be harmful (ex. By fatiguing
muscles to contract most efficiently and important joint stabilizers).
effectively during the running motion. Although
noticeable strength gains will occur as an There are a few cases, however, where it
individual progresses through the various levels may in fact be beneficial to perform a few
of exercises, this program is not meant to repetitions of an exercise prior to running.
replace heavier weight training. In fact, many For instance, performing a single leg squat
elite level runners will find that progressing on a wobble board with proper technique will

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-5

 require many of the core and joint stabilizer each level. The reason for this is that it
muscles to activate. As a result, the action of allows a runner to change up their routine
running can feel more stable as these each day if they are easily bored. There are
stabilizer muscles contract more readily. also an endless number of exercises that are
not listed here that will target similar regions.
Repetitions: Exercises are usually
performed with 10-30 repetitions, and 1-3 Proper technique is essential: Clients
sets unless it is considered a static should be carefully monitored throughout a
exercise, in which case its held for 10-60 correctional exercise program to ensure that
seconds. Build upon endurance before they remember and maintain proper
intensity is increased (with higher level technique. It is often necessary to perform
exercises, harder resistance bands, etc.) only supervised exercises for the first few
Because these are movement training weeks of a program before allowing them to
exercises, repetition is key. go out on their own.

Number of exercises: Try to keep a clients

program to a maximum of 5-6 exercises per
session. Any more than this may decrease
the likeliness that they stay compliant to their
program.

Vary the exercises: For many of the muscle

regions, several exercises are given here for

C-6 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

 Strength Exercises
Level Level

Hip Flexion Anterior/Posterior Pelvic Control

Standing wall hip flexion 1 p.8 Supine abdomen draw with limb p.25
1
Supported resisted hip flexion 2 p.9 movement (A,B, and C)

Ball bridge marching 2 p.29 Neutral back curl 1 p.28

Standing resisted hip flexion 3 p.10 Ball bridge marching 2 p.29
Single leg ball knee tucks 4 p.34 Kneeling plank - to side bridge 2 p.30
Plank - to side bridge 3 p.31
Ball knee tucks 3 p.32
Lateral and Rotational Pelvic and Hip Stability Ball hip extension and leg curl 3 p.33
Single leg ball knee tucks 4 p.34
Side lying hip abduction 1 p.11 Plank to side bridge with leg lifts 4 p.35
Hip drops 1 p.12 Single leg ball hip extension and leg curl 4 p.36
Resisted standing hip abduction 2 p.13
Supported single leg half squats 2 p.14
Single-leg half squats 3 p.15 Trunk/Pelvic Torsional Control
Plank to side bridge with leg lifts 4 p.35
Ball weight pass 1 p.37
Standing arm swing 1,2,3 p.38
Hip Extension Ball bridge marching 2 p.29
Single leg knee tucks 4 p.34
Bridge 1 p.16 Single leg ball hip extension and leg curl 4 p.36
Ball Bridge 2 p.17 Standing resisted hip flexion 4 p.10
Supported single leg half squats 2 p.14
Ball hip extension and leg curl 3 p.38
Single leg half squats 3 p.15
Single leg bridge 3 p.18
Lunges 3 p.19
Wobble board lunges 4 p.20
Reactive elastic hip extension 4 p.21
Single leg ball bridge 4 p.22
Single leg ball hip extension and leg curl 4 p.36
Plank to side bridge with leg lifts 4 p.35

Ankle and Foot

Heel rise 1 p.23

Standing arm swing (on balls of feet) 2 p.44
Forefoot wobble board half squats 3 p.24

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-7

Level 1 Standing Wall Hip Flexion

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Hip flexors Stand tall with the back against a wall and
2. Hip stabilizers your feet together. The shoulders, back, and
3. Core musculature low legs should be in contact with the wall
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
throughout this exercise. The low back
Exercise Goals should be held in a neutral position at all
times
Improved ability to maintain a stable core as
the leg/hip flexes forward
Improved hip flexion mechanics training Execution
the movement along a straight plane with no
excessive rotations occurring Lift one leg in front of the body with a bent
knee, while simultaneously tightening the
gluteal muscles on the side of the stance leg
to maintain stability of the pelvis.
Slowly return the leg back to its initial position
and repeat with the opposite leg.

Minimal rotation should

be seen at the thigh and
lower leg.

Technique Tips

Ensure that the shoulders and pelvis are held level and square
The foot of the stance leg should be held in a neutral position (not excessively pronated or supinated)
The thigh of the stance leg should not rotate medially or laterally
The leg being lifted should drive forward as straight as possible with no rotation occurring in the thigh
or lower leg. It may adduct slightly toward the midline, but should not pass the midline

C-8 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 2 Supported Resisted Hip Flexion

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Hip flexors Stand tall with anchored resistive band

2. Hip stabilizers around one ankle. While maintaining a
3. Core musculature straight body position, place your hands
against a wall and lean into it.
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
Exercise Goals throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
Improved ability to maintain a stable core as times.
the leg/hip flexes forward
Improved hip flexion mechanics training
the movement along a straight plane with no Execution
excessive rotations occurring
Drive the knee (of the leg with the resistive
band) forward and slightly toward the midline
until the thigh is parallel to the ground.
Lower the leg back to the starting position in
a controlled manner and repeat.

NOTE: The speed of the

exercise may be
increased in order to train
hip flexor reactivity. In
this case, allow the hip to
extend to a greater extent
before driving the leg
forward, this will allow the
elastic components to pre-
load, and the muscle to
pre-stretch (inducing the
stretch reflex)

Technique Tips

Ensure that the shoulders and pelvis are held level and square
The foot of the stance leg should be held in a neutral position (not excessively pronated or supinated)
The thigh of the stance leg should not rotate medially or laterally
The leg being lifted should drive forward as straight as possible with no rotation occurring in the thigh
or lower leg. It may adduct slightly toward the midline, but should not pass the midline.

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-9

Level 3 Standing Resisted Hip Flexion

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Hip flexors Stand tall with anchored resistive band

2. Hip stabilizers around one ankle.
3. Core musculature Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
times.
Exercise Goals

Improved ability to maintain a stable core as

Execution
the leg/hip flexes forward
Improved hip flexion mechanics training While maintaining a straight body position,
the movement along a straight plane with no allow the leg with the resistive band to extend
excessive rotations occurring back behind the body, then drive the knee
forward and slightly toward the midline until
the thigh is parallel to the ground.
Lower the leg back to the starting
position in a controlled manner and
repeat.

NOTE: The speed of the

exercise may be increased in
order to train hip flexor
reactivity. In this case, allow
the hip to extend to a greater
extent before driving the leg
forward, this will allow the
elastic components to pre-
load, and the muscle to pre-
stretch (inducing the stretch
reflex)

Technique Tips

Ensure that the shoulders and pelvis are held level and square
The foot of the stance leg should be held in a neutral position (not excessively pronated or supinated)
The thigh of the stance leg should not rotate medially or laterally
The leg being lifted should drive forward as straight as possible with no rotation occurring in the thigh
or lower leg. It may adduct slightly toward the midline, but should not pass the midline.

C-10 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 1 Side-Lying Hip Abduction

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Hip abductors Lye on your side with the head resting on an

2. Core musculature outstretched arm. Bend the bottom knee to
help with balance.
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
Exercise Goals throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
Activate and strengthen the hip abductor times.
muscles
Improved hip abduction mechanics training
the movement along a straight plane with no
excessive rotations, forward, or backward Execution
movement
Raise the top leg upward to about 30, using
the lateral hip muscles to do so.
Lower the leg back to the starting position,
and repeat.

Technique Tips

Ensure that the knee is straight and the hip does not flex forward (the leg does not raise in front of the
body)
The toes of the lifting leg should point directly forward
Ensure that the top aspect of the pelvis does not drop backward and that the body and leg are aligned
throughout the exercise.

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-11

Level 1 Hip Drops

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Hip abductors Stand balanced on one leg on a step or ledge

2. Hip stabilizers while focusing on holding the pelvis level and
3. Core musculature square
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
throughout this exercise. The low back
Exercise Goals should be held in a neutral position at all
times.
Improved ability to use the hip abductor
muscles to stabilize the pelvis from the side
of the stance leg Execution

Allow the non-supporting leg and hip to drop

downward.
Use the side hip muscles on the stance leg to
pull the hip back up to level. Repeat.

Technique Tips

Ensure that the shoulders and pelvis remain

square (no rotations should occur)
If you are having trouble feeling the lateral
hip muscles working to perform this motion,
push your fingers into these muscles to help
with activation
The foot of the stance leg should be held in a
neutral position (not excessively pronated or
supinated)

C-12 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 2 Resisted Standing Hip Abduction

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Hip abductors Stand tall with an anchored resistive band

2. Hip stabilizers around one ankle. Take a step or two back
3. Core musculature from where the band is anchored so that the
band will not rub against the stance leg.
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
Exercise Goals throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
Improved ability to use the hip abductor times.
muscles to stabilize the pelvis
Improved hip abduction mechanics training
the movement along a straight plane with no Execution
excessive rotations, in a direction that
activates the posterior lateral gluteal While maintaining straight knees, lift the leg
muscles (an area that is often weak in with the band to the side and slightly to the
runners) back of the body.
The lateral gluteal muscles on the side
of the stance leg should work to
maintain pelvic stability, while both the
lateral gluteal muscles and the gluteus
maximus on the opposite leg should
work together to pull the resisted leg
Return the leg to the starting position in
a controlled manner, and repeat

Technique Tips

Ensure that the pelvis and torso remain level and square (no rotations or flexions should occur)
If you are having trouble feeling the lateral hip muscles working to perform this motion, push your
fingers into these muscles to help with activation
The foot of the stance leg should be held in a neutral position (not excessively pronated or supinated)
and the thigh should not rotate medially or laterally

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-13

Level 2 Supported Single-Leg Half Squat

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Hip abductors Stand tall on one leg with the opposite knee
2. Gluteus maximus bent in a comfortable position. Grasp a
3. Hip stabilizers stable waist-height bar or chair.
4. Core musculature Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
Exercise Goals times.

Improved ability to use the hip abductor

muscles to stabilize the pelvis from the side Execution
of the stance leg
Improved ability to use the gluteus maximus Bend at knee and hip and pull the pelvis back
as the primary mover to pull the pelvis as if you are going to sit on a chair. Squeeze
back to the starting position the gluteal muscles (both the lateral and
gluteus maximus) to pull the pelvis back to
the starting position.
The lateral gluteal muscles on the side of the
stance leg should work to maintain pelvic
stability throughout the exercise

Technique Tips

The shoulders should remain directly

over the ankle, and the knee of the
stance leg should not push forward
beyond the toe.
Ensure that the pelvis and torso
remain level and square (no rotation or
lateral flexion should occur)
The foot of the stance leg should be
held in a neutral position (not
excessively pronated or supinated)
and the thigh should not rotate
medially or laterally
Performing Hip Drops at regular
intervals throughout this exercise will
help in activating the proper muscles
to hold the pelvis level.

C-14 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 3 Single-Leg Half Squats

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Hip abductors Stand tall on one leg with the opposite knee
2. Gluteus maximus bent in a comfortable position.
3. Hip stabilizers Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
4. Core musculature throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
times.
Exercise Goals

Improved ability to use the hip abductor Execution

muscles to stabilize the pelvis from the side
of the stance leg Bend at knee and hip and pull the pelvis back
Improved ability to use the gluteus maximus as if you are going to sit in a chair. Squeeze
as the primary mover to pull the pelvis the gluteal muscles (both the lateral and
back to the starting position gluteus maximus) to pull the pelvis back to
the starting position.
The lateral gluteal muscles on the side of the
stance leg should work to maintain pelvic
stability throughout the exercise

Technique Tips

The shoulders should remain directly

over the ankle, and the knee of the
stance leg should not push forward
beyond the toe.
Ensure that the pelvis and torso remain
level and square (no rotation or lateral
flexion should occur)
The foot of the stance leg should be held
in a neutral position (not excessively
pronated or supinated) and the thigh
should not rotate medially or laterally
Performing Hip Drops at regular
intervals throughout this exercise will
help in activating the proper muscles to
hold the pelvis level.

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-15

Level 1 Bridge

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Gluteus maximus (and other hip Lie on your back with your knees bent and
extensors) feet flat on the floor. Place your arms 45 at
2. Core musculature your sides with the palms up.
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
throughout this exercise. The low back
Exercise Goals should be held in a neutral position at all
times.
Increased ability to extend the hip using the
gluteus maximus as the primary mover
Improved ability to extend at the hip while Execution
maintaining a stable pelvis and torso
Squeeze your gluteal muscles and slowly
raise the pelvis off the floor into a bridge
position.
Lower the pelvis in a controlled manner to the
starting position and repeat.

Technique Tips

Relax your muscles between each repetition and continue to re-initiate the movement each time with
the gluteal muscles, minimizing the action from the hamstrings
If you are having a hard time activating the gluteus maximus: Focus on pushing through your
heels as your pelvis rises.
Ensure that the pelvis and torso remain square (no rotations or flexions should occur)

C-16 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 2 Ball Bridge

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Gluteus maximus (and other hip Support the upper back on a ball, and form a
extensors) bridge position
2. Core musculature Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
3. Hip stabilizers throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
times.
Exercise Goals

Increased ability to extend the hip using the Execution

gluteus maximus as the primary mover
Improved ability to extend at the hip while Roll forward on the ball and lower the pelvis
maintaining a stable pelvis and torso down as far as is comfortable
Squeeze the gluteal muscles to push back up
to the starting position, repeat

Technique Tips

All movement for this action should occur at the hips, while the lower back maintains a neutral position
Try to minimize the action from the hamstrings
If you are having a hard time activating the gluteus maximus: Focus on pushing through your
heels as your pelvis rises.
Ensure that the pelvis and torso remain square (no rotations or flexions should occur)

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-17

Level 3 Single Leg Bridge

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Gluteus maximus (and other hip Lie on your back with your knees bent and
extensors) feet flat on the floor. Place your arms 45 at
2. Hip stabilizers your sides with the palms up.
3. Core musculature Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
Exercise Goals times.

Increased ability to extend the hip using the

gluteus maximus as the primary mover Execution
Improved ability to extend at the hip while
maintaining a stable pelvis and torso Bend the hip and knee of one leg in front of
the body and hold it there throughout the
exercise.
Squeeze the gluteal muscles of the support
leg and slowly push the pelvis off the floor
and into a bridge position.
Lower the pelvis in a controlled manner to the
starting position and repeat.

Technique Tips

Relax your muscles between each repetition and continue to re-initiate the movement each time with
the gluteal muscles, minimizing the action from the hamstrings
If you are having a hard time activating the gluteus maximus: Focus on pushing through the heel
of the support leg as the pelvis rises.
Ensure that the pelvis and torso remain square (no rotations or flexions should occur)

C-18 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 3 Lunges

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Gluteus maximus (and other hip From a standing position, begin by stepping
extensors) forward with a stride that is slightly longer
2. Hip stabilizers than a normal. Shift your weight to the front
3. Core musculature leg, and use the back leg more for balance.
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
throughout this exercise. The low back
Exercise Goals should be held in a neutral position at all
times.
Improved ability to use the gluteus maximus
as the primary mover to pull the baby back
up to the starting position Execution
Improved ability to extend at the hip while
maintaining a stable pelvis and torso Lower your body straight down until your
back knee almost touches the floor. The front
knee should not push forward beyond the
toe.
Use the gluteal muscles of front leg to push
body back up to start position, and repeat.
The lateral gluteal muscles on the front leg
should work to maintain pelvic stability
throughout the exercise

Technique Tips

The torso will tilt slightly

forward to help emphasize
the use of the gluteus
maximus of the front leg,
however, the torso should be
straight with no excessive
flexions occurring along the
spine
Ensure that the pelvis and
torso remain level and square
(no rotation or lateral flexion
should occur)
The feet should be held in a
neutral position (not
excessively pronated or
supinated) and the thighs
should not rotate medially or
laterally

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-19

Level 4 Wobble Board Lunges

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Gluteus maximus (and other hip From a standing position, begin by stepping
extensors) forward with a stride that is slightly longer
2. Hip stabilizers than a normal. Center the front foot onto a
3. Core musculature wobble board. Shift your weight to the front
leg, and use the back leg more for balance.
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
Exercise Goals throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
Improved ability to use the gluteus maximus times.
as the primary mover to pull the baby back
up to the starting position
Improved ability to extend at the hip while Execution
maintaining a stable pelvis and torso
Lower your body straight
down until your back knee
almost touches the floor.
The front knee should not
push forward beyond the
toe.
Use the gluteal muscles of
front leg to push body back
up to start position, and
repeat.
The lateral gluteal muscles
on the front leg should work
to maintain pelvic stability
throughout the exercise

Technique Tips

The torso will tilt slightly forward to help emphasize the use of the gluteus maximus of the front leg,
however, the torso should be straight with no excessive flexions occurring along the spine
Ensure that the pelvis and torso remain level and square (no rotation or lateral flexion should occur)
The feet should be held in a neutral position (not excessively pronated or supinated) and the thighs
should not rotate medially or laterally

C-20 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 4 Reactive Elastic Hip Extension

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Hamstrings, gluteus maximus (and other Stand tall with an anchored resistive band
hip extensors) around one ankle. Flex the knee and hip so
2. Hip stabilizers that the thigh is parallel to the ground.
3. Core musculature Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
Exercise Goals times.

Increased ability to extend the hip using

optimal hamstring usage and contraction Execution
timing.
Improved ability to extend at the hip while Straighten the knee while simultaneously pulling
maintaining a stable pelvis and torso the leg down and back behind the body.
Quickly drive your knee back up to the starting
position, and repeat.

Technique Tips

A slight stretch in the hamstrings should be allowed before these muscles work to pull the leg back
As you are pulling the leg back you should also squeeze the gluteus maximus to aid in this action
The feet should be held in a neutral position (not excessively pronated or supinated) and the thighs
should not rotate medially or laterally
Ensure that the pelvis and torso remain level and square (no rotations or flexions should occur).

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-21

Level 4 Single Leg Ball Bridge

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

4. Gluteus maximus (and other hip Support the upper back on a ball, and form a
extensors) bridge position.
5. Hip stabilizers Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
6. Core musculature throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
times.
Exercise Goals

Increased ability to extend the hip using the Execution

gluteus maximus as the primary mover
Improved ability to extend at the hip while Lift one leg with a straight knee parallel to the
maintaining a stable pelvis and torso ground and hold it there throughout the
exercise.
Roll forward on the ball and lower the pelvis
down as far as is comfortable
Squeeze the gluteal muscles of the support
leg to push back to the starting position, and
repeat

Technique Tips

All movement for this action should occur at the hips, while the lower back maintains a neutral
position.
Try to use a minimal amount of hamstring contraction to perform this exercise. If you are having a
hard time activating the gluteus maximus: Focus on pushing through the heel of the support leg as
the pelvis rises.
Ensure that the pelvis and torso remain square (no rotations or flexions should occur)

C-22 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 1 Heel Rise

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Ankle plantar flexors (calves) Stand on one leg with one or two hands
2. Ankle and foot stabilizers against a wall for balance.
3. Core musculature Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
Exercise Goals times.

Increased strength and contraction quality of

the muscles supporting and moving the foot Execution
and ankle
Improved ability to resist forces pushing the Push downward with the toes and forefoot,
toes and forefoot upward during the stance and concentrate on applying equal pressure
phase of running. across the region as you do so.
While maintaining downward pressure
raise up onto the ball of the foot in a
controlled manner.
Lower the foot back to the starting
position, and repeat.

Focus on maintaining straight

toes (no curling)

Technique Tips

The joints of the toes should remain straight. Avoid curling your toes if possible.
Ensure that the pelvis and torso remain level and square (no rotation or lateral flexion should occur)
The feet should be held in a neutral position (not excessively pronated or supinated) and the thighs
should not rotate medially or laterally

Note: The intensity of this exercise on the foot and ankle stabilizer muscles will be increased by
performing this exercise on a wobble board.

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-23

Level 3 Forefoot Wobble Board Squat

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Ankle plantar flexors (calves) Stand tall on one leg with the forefoot
2. Ankle and foot stabilizers centered on a wobble board (heel slightly
3. Hip abductors and stabilizers raised) and the opposite knee bent in a
4. Gluteus maximus comfortable position. Grasp a stable waist-
5. Core musculature height bar or chair.
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
throughout this exercise. The low back
Exercise Goals should be held in a neutral position at all
times.
Increased strength and activation in the foot
and ankle stabilizers during the stance
phase of running. Execution
Improved ability to use the hip abductor
muscles to stabilize the pelvis from the side While maintaining a balanced position on the
of the stance leg forefoot, bend at knee and hip and pull the
Improved ability to use the gluteus maximus pelvis back as if you are going to sit on a
as the primary mover to pull the pelvis chair. Squeeze the gluteal muscles (both the
back to the starting position lateral and gluteus maximus) to pull the
pelvis back to the starting position.
The lateral gluteal muscles on the side of the
stance leg should work to maintain pelvic
stability throughout the exercise

Technique Tips

Focus on pushing the toes and

forefoot down into the board, with
equal pressure across the region.
The foot and ankle should be held
stable in a neutral position (no
excessive pronation) throughout the
exercise.
Ensure that the pelvis and torso
remain level and square (no rotation
or lateral flexion should occur), and
that the thigh does not rotate
medially or laterally

C-24 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 1 Supine Abdomen Draw with Limb Movement - A

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Core - Local spine stabilizers (ie. Begin by lying on your back with your knees
Transverse abdominis, internal obliques, bent, feet flat on the floor, and the hands
multifidus) under the low back.
Form a neutral low back curve and be
maintained in this position throughout the
Exercise Goals exercise (avoid flattening the spine).
Draw the abdomen in and up without holding
Increased ability to activate the muscles your breath. As the abdomen is drawn in,
responsible for locally stabilizing the spine there should not be increased pressure felt
Improved ability to perform flexion and on the hands (indicating that the back is
extension movements of the arms and legs maintaining its position).
while maintaining a stable pelvis and torso
This exercise is highly recommended for
individuals who have a history of low
back pain (master before attempting Execution
abdominal bracing)
Rise one arm until it is perpendicular to the
ground. Return to the starting position, and
repeat with the other side.
Alternate the arms at increasing speeds until
the movement becomes rapid while still
maintaining an abdominal draw and a neutral
low back curve.

Technique Tips

An abdominal draw can be accomplished by sucking in the belly button toward the spine. Ensure
that you do not hold your breath while you do this
All movement for this action should occur only at the arms, while the rest of the body is held
completely stable

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-25

Level 1 Supine Abdomen Draw with Limb Movement - B

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Core - Local spine stabilizers (ie. Begin by lying on your back with your knees
Transverse abdominis, internal obliques, bent, feet flat on the floor, and the hands
multifidus) under the low back.
Form a neutral low back curve and be
maintained in this position throughout the
Exercise Goals exercise (avoid flattening the spine).
Draw the abdomen in and up without holding
Increased ability to activate the muscles your breath. As the abdomen is drawn in,
responsible for locally stabilizing the spine there should not be increased pressure felt
Improved ability to perform flexion and on the hands (indicating that the back is
extension movements of the arms and legs maintaining its position).
while maintaining a stable pelvis and torso
This exercise is highly recommended for
individuals who have a history of low Execution
back pain (master before attempting
abdominal bracing) Flex one leg at the hip, pulling the thigh
toward the chest about 6-12. Return to the
starting position and repeat on the other side.
Alternate the legs at increasing speeds until
the movement becomes rapid while still
maintaining an abdominal draw and a neutral
low back curve.

Technique Tips

An abdominal draw can be accomplished by sucking in the belly button toward the spine. Ensure
that you do not hold your breath while you do this
All movement for this action should occur only at the hips, while the rest of the body is held completely
stable

C-26 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 1 Supine Abdomen Draw with Limb Movement - C

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Core - Local spine stabilizers (ie. Begin by lying on your back with your knees
Transverse abdominis, internal obliques, bent, feet flat on the floor, and the hands
multifidus) under the low back.
Form a neutral low back curve and be
maintained in this position throughout the
Exercise Goals exercise (avoid flattening the spine).
Draw the abdomen in and up without holding
Increased ability to activate the muscles your breath. As the abdomen is drawn in,
responsible for locally stabilizing the spine there should not be increased pressure felt
Improved ability to perform flexion and on the hands (indicating that the back is
extension movements of the arms and legs maintaining its position).
while maintaining a stable pelvis and torso
This exercise is highly recommended for
individuals who have a history of low Execution
back pain (master before attempting
abdominal bracing) Rise one arm until it is perpendicular to the
ground while simultaneously flexing the
opposite leg at the hip. Return to the starting
position, and repeat with the other side.
Alternate sides at increasing speeds until the
movement becomes rapid while still
maintaining an abdominal draw and a neutral
low back curve.

Technique Tips

An abdominal draw can be accomplished by sucking in the belly button toward the spine. Ensure
that you do not hold your breath while you do this
All movement for this action should occur only at the arm and hip of the moving limb, while the rest of
the body is held completely stable

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-27

Level 1 Neutral Back Curl

Muscle Regions Targeted Execution

1. Core musculature Slowly curl the upper body up until the

shoulder blades are off the floor. Slowly lower
back to the starting position, and repeat.
Exercise Goals Alternate the legs half way through the set.

Increased ability to activate the muscles

responsible for stabilizing the core region
Technique Tips

All movement for this action is slight and

Starting Position should occur only at the upper back
Keep the head in line with the shoulders by
Begin by lying on your back one knee bent, tucking the chin downward
with the foot flat on the floor, and the hands If your neck becomes sore during the
under the low back. exercise you may place one hand behind the
Form a neutral low back curve and be head, however, ensure that you do not pull
maintained in this position throughout the the head forward
exercise (avoid flattening the spine).
Draw the abdomen in and up without holding
your breath and then brace the remainder of
the larger abdominal muscles.

Even pressure should be felt on

hands throughout the entire
exercise.

C-28 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 2 Ball Bridge Marching

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Hip flexors Place your upper back on a ball while holding

2. Gluteus maximus (and other hip the body in a bridge position.
extensors) Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
3. Hip stabilizers throughout this exercise. The low back
4. Core musculature should be held in a neutral position at all
times.

Exercise Goals
Execution
Improved hip flexion mechanics training
the movement along a straight plane with no Bend the hip and knee of one leg and drive it
excessive rotations occurring forward in front of the body and hold it there
Increased ability to maintain a stable pelvis for 1-2 seconds.
and torso Return the leg back to the starting position in
a controlled manner, and repeat on the other
leg.
Squeeze the gluteal muscles of the support
leg to help maintain a proper bridge position.

Technique Tips

Ensure that the pelvis and torso remain square (no rotations or flexions should occur)
The thigh of the lifting leg should move along a straight plane. The thigh should not rotate medially or
laterally

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-29

Level 2 Kneeling Plank to Side Bridge

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Core musculature Face down in a kneeling position with the

legs together and the forearms on the ground
in a comfortable position. Form a straight
Exercise Goals line (plank) through the pelvis, and torso
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
Increased ability to activate the muscles throughout this exercise. The low back
responsible for stabilizing the core region should be held in a neutral position at all
times.

Execution

Hold the front kneeling position for 10-

30seconds
Turn the body as a unit into a side bridge
position by pivoting on the knees and shifting
your weight over one shoulder. Hold for
another 10-30 seconds, than pivot back to
the front
Repeat on the other side

Technique Tips

Do not allow the shoulders to hunch forward

As the body turns to each position, the torso should remain completely stable, with no twisting or
flexing.

C-30 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 2 Plank to Side Bridge

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Core musculature Face down in a full body plank position with

the legs together and the forearms on the
ground. Form a straight line through the
Exercise Goals pelvis, and torso
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
Increased ability to activate the muscles throughout this exercise. The low back
responsible for stabilizing the core region should be held in a neutral position at all
times

Execution

Hold the front position for 10-30seconds

Turn the body as a unit into a side bridge
position by pivoting on the feet and shifting
your weight over one shoulder. Hold for
another 10-30 seconds, than pivot back to
the front
Repeat on the other side

Technique Tips

Do not allow the shoulders to hunch forward

As the body turns to each position, the torso should remain completely stable, with no twisting or
flexing.

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-31

Level 3 Ball Knee Tucks

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Core musculature Face down in a plank position with the legs

2. Hip flexors together on a ball and the hands on the
3. Quadriceps ground. Form a straight line (plank) through
the pelvis, torso, and legs
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
Exercise Goals throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
Activate and strengthen the muscles times.
responsible for stabilizing the core region
Improve ability to stabilize the pelvis and
torso while the leg flexes in front of the body Execution

While maintaining a stable torso, pull the ball

toward you by tucking your knees toward
your chest.
Push the ball back to the starting position by
extending the knees, and repeat.

Technique Tips

Do not allow the shoulders to hunch forward

The torso should remain completely stable, with no twisting or hunching permitted.

C-32 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 3 Ball Hip Extension and Leg Curl

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Core musculature Lying on the ground face up with the legs on

2. Gluteus maximus, hamstrings, and other hip a ball and the arms 45 to the sides with
extensors palms up.
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
throughout this exercise. The low back
Exercise Goals should be held in a neutral position at all
times
Activate and strengthen the muscles
responsible for stabilizing the core region
Activate and strengthen the hip extensors Execution
with optimal contraction patterns
Improved ability to stabilize the core while Squeeze your gluteal muscles and raise your
the leg/hip pulls back (extends) pelvis up off the floor into a full body plank
position with your shoulders still on the
ground
Proceed to bend your knees to pull the ball
toward you using the hamstrings. This knee
bend can begin just prior to the body
reaching a full plank position.
Reverse the action in a controlled manner,
and repeat.

Technique Tips

The main focus should be on initiating a gluteal contraction before the hamstrings come significantly
into play
Relax all the hip extensor muscles before each repetition, so that the gluteus maximus has to be
actively re-initiated each time.

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-33

Level 4 Single Leg Ball Knee Tucks

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Core musculature Face down in a plank position with one shin

2. Hip flexors on a ball, the opposite leg outstretched above
3. Hip stabilizers the ball, and the hands on the ground. Form
4. Quadriceps a straight line (plank) through the pelvis,
torso, and legs
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
Exercise Goals throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
Activate and strengthen the muscles times.
responsible for stabilizing the core region
Improved ability to stabilize the pelvis and
torso while the leg flexes in front of the body Execution
Improved ability to drive the knee forward
along a straight plane (with no internal or While maintaining a stable torso, pull the ball
external rotations occurring) toward you by tucking your knee toward your
chest.
Push the ball back to the starting position by
extending the knee, switch legs, and repeat.

Technique Tips

Do not allow the shoulders to hunch forward

The torso should remain completely stable, with no twisting or hunching permitted.
Focus on driving each knee forward in a straight plane. Avoid excessive rotations in the thigh or
pelvis.

C-34 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 4 Plank to Side Bridge with Leg Lifts

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Core musculature Face down in a full body plank position with

2. Lateral gluteal and hip stabilizer muscles the legs together and the forearms on the
3. Gluteus maximus (and other hip extensors) ground. Form a straight line through the
pelvis, torso, and legs
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
Exercise Goals throughout this exercise. The low back
should be held in a neutral position at all
Activate and strengthen the muscles times
responsible for stabilizing the core region
Activate and strengthen the hip abductor
muscles Execution
Improved ability to stabilize the pelvis and
torso Hold the front position for 5-15 seconds than
lift the right leg up and down behind the body,
initiating this movement with the gluteus
maximus
Turn the body as a unit into a side bridge
position by pivoting on the feet and shifting
your weight over one shoulder. Hold for
another 5-15 seconds, than lift the top leg up
and down with the lateral gluteal muscles.
Pivot back to the front, and repeat with the
other leg and on the other side

Technique Tips

Do not allow the shoulders to hunch forward

As the body turns to each position, the torso should
remain completely stable, with no twisting or
flexing.

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-35

Level 4 Single Leg Ball Hip Extension and Leg Curl

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Core musculature Lying on the ground face up with one foot on

2. Gluteus maximus, hamstrings, and other hip a ball, the opposite hip and knee flexed in
extensors front of the body, and the arms 45 to the
3. Hip stabilizers sides with palms up.
Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
throughout this exercise. The low back
Exercise Goals should be held in a neutral position at all
times
Activate and strengthen the muscles
responsible for stabilizing the core region
Activate and strengthen the hip extensors Execution
with optimal contraction patterns
Improved ability to stabilize the core while Squeeze the gluteal muscles of the leg on
the leg/hip pulls back (extends) the ball and raise your pelvis up off the floor
into a full body plank position with your
shoulders still on the ground
Proceed to bend the knee to pull the ball
toward you using the hamstrings. This knee
bend should begin just prior to the body
reaching a full plank position.
Reverse the action, and repeat.

Technique Tips

The main focus should be on initiating a gluteal

contraction before the hamstrings come
significantly into play
Relax all the hip extensor muscles before each
repetition, so that the gluteus maximus has to be
actively re-initiated each time.
Ensure that the pelvis and torso remain stable with
no twisting
Ensure that the thighs of both leg remain straight
with no medial or lateral rotation

C-36 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)

Level 1 Ball Weight Pass

Muscle Regions Targeted Starting Position

1. Core musculature Begin seated on the edge of a ball with your

feet against a wall and your torso angled
slightly back. Hold a light dumbbell with both
Exercise Goals hands in front of you with the elbows bent
slightly.
Activate and strengthen the muscles Form an abdominal brace and maintain it
responsible for stabilizing the core region throughout this exercise. The low back
Especially against torsional forces should be held in a neutral position at all
times.

Execution

Slowly pass the weight to one hand and

move the weight laterally away from the
midline, maintaining a slight bend in the
elbow. Return to the starting position and,
repeat on the other side.

Technique Tips

Maintain a slight bend in the elbows

As the weight is being brought to the side, do not allow it to drop behind the plane of the shoulder
The torso should remain completely stable, with no twisting or hunching permitted.

RUNNING GAIT TRAINING MANUAL C-37

Level 1 - 3 Standing Arm Swing

Muscle Regions Targeted Execution

1. Core musculature Start swinging your arms at your sides,
2. Foot and ankle stabilizers focusing on relaxing at the shoulders to allow
for a more free swing to occur. The torso
should stay completely stable with no
Exercise Goals twisting.
Bend your elbows and begin to swing your
Activate and strengthen the muscles arms more vigorously as though you are
responsible for stabilizing the core region running. Continue for about 1 minute.
Especially against torsional forces
Improved ability of the arms to swing
independently from the torso ie. By Level 2 Raise up on your toes and stay on
allowing a larger active range of motion at the balls of your feet throughout the exercise.
the shoulder

Level 3 While still on the balls of your feet,

hold a light dumbbell (2 5 lbs) in each hand
Starting Position
as you are performing the exercise.
Stand tall with your arms relaxed at
your sides, and your feet shoulder
with apart. Focus on forming a good
postural alignment, and imagine a
string pulling you up tall from the top
of your head to aid with this.
Form an abdominal brace and
maintain it throughout this
exercise. The low back should be
held in a neutral position at all times.

Technique Tips

Allow your shoulders to relax as the arms

move
The abdominal muscles (especially the
obliques) should be working throughout the
exercise to maintain a stable torso

C-38 Strength Exercises A, Barnett (2010)