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    Chapter 1 Orgmed

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    KRISHABELLE
    This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms used in the nomenclature of organic chemistry: - Systematic, trivial, and semisystematic/semitrivial names are defined as well as how most organic chemistry names fall into the semisystematic/semitrivial class. - A parent name reflects the base structure that other names are derived from, though the chemical parentage may differ. - Groups and radicals refer to collections of atoms within molecules, with functional groups conferring characteristic properties. - Locants specify the position of substituents or bonds within a molecular structure. Numerals, letters, and prefixes are used systematically in chemical nomenclature.

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    Chapter 1 Orgmed

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    KRISHABELLE
    66 views3 pages
    This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms used in the nomenclature of organic chemistry: - Systematic, trivial, and semisystematic/semitrivial names are defined as well as how most organic chemistry names fall into the semisystematic/semitrivial class. - A parent name reflects the base structure that other names are derived from, though the chemical parentage may differ. - Groups and radicals refer to collections of atoms within molecules, with functional groups conferring characteristic properties. - Locants specify the position of substituents or bonds within a molecular structure. Numerals, letters, and prefixes are used systematically in chemical nomenclature.

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    This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms used in the nomenclature of organic chemistry: - Systematic, trivial, and semisystematic/semitrivial names are defined as well as how most organic chemistry names fall into the semisystematic/semitrivial class. - A parent name reflects the base structure that other names are derived from, though the chemical parentage may differ. - Groups and radicals refer to collections of atoms within molecules, with functional groups conferring characteristic properties. - Locants specify the position of substituents or bonds within a molecular structure. Numerals, letters, and prefixes are used systematically in chemical nomenclature.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    66 views3 pages

    Chapter 1 Orgmed

    Uploaded by

    KRISHABELLE
    This document provides definitions and explanations of key terms used in the nomenclature of organic chemistry: - Systematic, trivial, and semisystematic/semitrivial names are defined as well as how most organic chemistry names fall into the semisystematic/semitrivial class. - A parent name reflects the base structure that other names are derived from, though the chemical parentage may differ. - Groups and radicals refer to collections of atoms within molecules, with functional groups conferring characteristic properties. - Locants specify the position of substituents or bonds within a molecular structure. Numerals, letters, and prefixes are used systematically in chemical nomenclature.

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    CHAPTER 1

    REVIEW OF NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

    TECHNICAL TERMS

    SYSTEMATIC NAME

    A name composed wholly of specially coined or selected syllables: hexane, thiazole, trioxane.

    TRIVIAL NAME

    A name no part of which is used in a systematic sense: xanthophyll, furan

    SEMISYSTEMATIC / SEMITRIVIAL

    A name of which only a part is used in a systematic sense: methane, ethane, propane, butane.
    Most names in organic chemistry belongs to this class; many are often spoken of loosely and incorrectly
    as simply trivial.

    PARENT

    We may think of benzene as a chemical parent of nitrobenzene because the latter is made from
    the former; and benzene is the parent name of nitrobenzene because the latter is derived from the former
    by a prescribed variation. However parent names do not always reflect chemical parentage: ethane is
    hardly the chemical parent of ethanol, though ethane is the parent name of ethanol. Often there is a
    chain of parentage hexane, 3-methylhexane, 3-(chloromethyl)hexane or multiple parentage -
    benzanthracene from benzene and anthracene. It is important to note that parent name must be
    systematic (e.g. hexane), trivial (e.g. furan) or semitrivial (e.g. methane).

    GROUP OR RADICAL

    A group of atoms common to a number of compounds (as in inorganic chemistry) e.g. CH3, -CH2,
    -OH, CO, -COOH, NO2. Such groups are often called radicals in nomenclature parlance. Free radicals are
    always given the designation free in nomenclature work.

    FUNCTION, FUNCTIONAL GROUP

    A functional group is a group of atoms defining the function or mode of activity of a compound.
    An alcohol owes its alcoholic properties to the functional group OH; here the functional group, hydroxyl,
    is the same as the chemical group of the same name. A ketone owes its ketonic properties to the oxygen
    atom that is doubly bound (to carbon); the ketonic function is O= (C) (without the carbon), and this is not
    the same as the ketonic group O=C. Similarly the carboxylic function is O=(C); O=C is the carboxyl group.
    HO HO

    PRINCIPAL GROUP
    Principal group denotes the group named suffix. It will be seen below that for any given
    compound only one kind of group may be named as a suffix and that its choice is regulated by definite
    rules. Use of principal group in this sense allows function to be used unambiguously in its original
    connotation of activity, with functional group available to denote the group responsible for that activity.

    LOCANT

    This word denotes the numeral or letter that indicates the position of an atom or group in a
    molecule.

    LETTER LOCANTS

    Single-letter locants are also common, often italicized atomic symbols; if for identical groups, such
    as locants are arranged in alphabetical order, Latin before Greek, whether capital or lower case.
    Arrangement for primed letters follows the same principles as for primed numerals. Mixtures such as
    2,N,-trimethyl occasionally occur.

    MULTIPLYING PREFIXES

    1 mono 11 undeca

    2 di 12 dodeca

    3 tri 13 trideca 30 triaconta

    4 tetra 31 hentriaconta

    5 penta 32 dotriaconta

    6 hexa 20 eicosa

    7 hepta 21 heneicosa 40 tetraconta

    8 octa 22 docosa

    9 nona 23 tricosa 100 hecta

    10 deca 24 tetracosa 132 dotriacontahecta

    Multiplicative prefixes bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, etc. are used in America for all complex expressions.
    The commonest is for compound radicals, e.g. bis(dimethylamino), tris(2-chloroethyl), tetrakis(p-tolyl),
    etc.; and this is extended to other situations where parentheses

    aid clarity, as in bis(diazo), tris(hydrogen phthalate) and tris(methylene) to avoid confusion with
    trismethylene (-CH2CH2CH2-).

    Bristish practice has been permissive, Bis, etc. have been used when the next syllable was
    numerical, as in bis-2,2,2-trichloroethyl, parentheses being considered unnecessary; and di-(2-
    chloroethyl) has been held in Britain to be as unambiguous with the parentheses as with a bis prefix.
    SUFFIXES

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Rings with Nitrogen Rings without Nitrogen
    ------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ring Saturated Partly Saturated Unsaturated Saturated Partly Saturated Unsaturated
    size
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3 -iridine -irine -irane -irene

    5 -olidine -oline -ole -olane -olene -ole

    6 -ine -ine -ane (di or tetrahydro) -ine

    7 (hexahydro) (di or tetrahydro) -epine -epane (di or tetrahydro) -epine

    8 (octahydro) (di, tetra or -ocine -ocane (di, tetra or -ocin


    hexahydro) hexahydro)
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------

    NUMERALS

    A numeral is a locant when it indicates the position of a substituent or bond in a structure. Two
    or more locants denoting the positions of two or more identical substituents are separated by commas,
    as in 1,2,5,6-tetrabromocyclohexane. When two or more operations each require two (or occasionally
    more) locants, the pairs (or triplets, etc.) of numerals are separated by colors as in 1,2:5,6-di-o-
    isopropylideneglucitol. There is no space after the comma or colon. Single numerals, or such sets of
    numerals are joined by hyphens to the following and any preceeding parts of the name; however, in few
    special cases a single letter is also part of the locant and then follows the numeral directly, between it and
    the hyphen or comma, e.g. 3- or (2H)-.

    Exceptionally, in bicyclo, tricyclo, etc. names and in certain spiro names numerals are separated
    by full stops (periods) again without spaces.

    Series of numerals are arranged in ascending order. An unprimed locant is lower than the same
    locant primed, a singly primed lower than a doubly primed, and any primed locant lower than a higher
    unprimed locant; e.g. an order would be 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4. Special significance attaches to a departure
    from this order in specific cases, e.g. bicyclo and spiro names.

    Locants are placed as early in a name as does not cause confusion. Simple example are 2-
    chlorohexane, 2-chloro-3-methylhexane and 2,3-dichlorohexane.

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