MP Viva
MP Viva
MP Viva
3} Define Compiler
ans:-A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs)
that transformssource code written in a programming
language (the source language) into another computer
language (the target language, often having a binary form
known as object code). The most common reason for
wanting to transform source code is to create an executable
program.
4}Define Intrepreter
ans:- An interpreter may be a program that either :-executes
the source code directly; translates source code into some
efficient intermediate representation (code) and immediately
executes this; explicitly executes stored precompiled code[1]
made by a compiler which is part of the interpreter system.
5}Define Assembler
ans:-An assembler is a program that takes basic computer
instructions and converts them into a pattern of bits that the
computer's processor can use to perform its basic
operations.
BYTE:-
The byte (pronounced /bat/) is a unit of digital information in
computing and telecommunications. The size of a byte is
typically hardware dependent, but the modern de facto
standard is 8 bits, as this is a convenient power of 2.
46.
WORD:- The most common microprocessors used in
personal computers (for instance, the Intel Pentiums and
AMD Athlons) are an example of this; their IA-32 architecture
is an extension of the original Intel 8086 design which had a
word size of 16 bits.
12)What is a register
ans:-In computer architecture, a processor register (or
general purpose register) is a small amount of storage
available on the CPU whose contents can be accessed more
quickly than storage available elsewhere. Typically, this
specialized storage is not considered part of the normal
memory range for the machine. Processor registers are at
the top of the memory hierarchy, and provide the fastest way
for a CPU to access data.
1.What is a Microprocessor?
Microprocessor is a CPU fabricated on a single chip, program-controlled device, which
fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and executes the instructions.
3. What is Bandwidth ?
The number of bits processed by the processor in a single instruction.
<3> Register:-Data is stored in a register and it is referred using the particular register
(except IP).
<4> Register Indirect:-The address of the memory location which contains data or
operand is determined in an indirect way.
<7> Based Indexed:-The effective address of the data is formed,in this addressing
mode,by adding content of a base register to the content of an index register.
<8> Relative Based Indexed:- The effective address is formed by adding an 8 or 16-bit
displacement with the sum of contents of any one of the base registers and any one of
the index registers,in the default segment.
<9> Intrasegment Direct Mode:-In this mode,the address to which the control is to bve
transferred lies in the segment in which the control transfer instruction lies and appears
directly in the instruction as an immediate displacement value.
<10> Intrasegment Indirect Mode:-In this mode,the displacement to which the control is
to be transferred,is in the same segment in whgich the control transfer instruction
lies,but it is passed to the instruction indirectly.
<11> Intersegment Direct:-In this mode,the address to which the control is to be
transferred is in a different segment.
<12> Intersegment Indirect:-In this mode,the address to which the control is to be
transferred lies in a different segment and it is passed to the instruction indirectly
sequentially.
37.What is an Interrupts
Def:- An interrupt operation suspends execution of a program so that the system can
take special action.The interrupt routine executes and normally returns control to the
interrupted procedure, which then resumes execution.BIOS handles Int 00H-1FH,
whereas DOS handles INT 20H-3FH.
39.What is an Operand?
A:-The data on which the operation is to be performed is called as an Operand.
43.What is an Instruction?
A:-An instruction is a binary pattern enetered through an input device to command the
microprocessor to perform that specific function.
46.Define Variable?
A:-A Variable is an identifier that is associated with the first byte of data item.
47.Explain Dup?
A:-The DUP directive can be used to initialize several location & to assign values to these
locations.
48.Define Pipelining?
A:-In 8086,to speedup the execution program,the instructions fetching and execution of
instructions are overlapped each other.this is known as Pipelining.
A digit of the binary number or code is called bit. Also, the bit is the
fundamental storage unit of computer memory.
The 8-bit (8-digit) binary number or code is called byte and 16-bit
binary number or code is called word. (Some microprocessor manufactures refer the
basic data size operated by the processor as word).
The interrupts of 8085 are INTR and NMI. The INTR is general
maskable interrupt and NMI is non-maskable interrupt.
17. How clock signal is generated in 8086? What is the maximum internal
clock frequency of 8086?
The 8086 does not have on-chip clock generation circuit. Hence the
clock generator chip, 8284 is connected to the CLK pin of8086. The clock signal supplied
by 8284 is divided by three for internal use. The maximum internal clock frequency
of8086 is 5MHz.
18. Write the special functions carried by the general purpose registers of
8086.
The special functions carried by the registers of 8086 are the following.
Register Special function
1. AX 16-bit Accumulator
2. AL 8-bit Accumulator
3. BX Base Register 4. CX Count Register 5. DX .Data Register
The bus interface unit and execution unit are the two functional units
available in 8086 architecture.
The segment registers of 8086 are Code segment, Data segment, Stack
segment and Extra segment registers.
Generally I/O devices are slow devices. Therefore the speed of I/O
devices does not match with the speed of microprocessor. And so an interface is
provided between system bus and I/O devices.
26. What is the difference between CPU bus and system bus?
The CPU bus has multiplexed lines but the system bus has separate
lines for each signal. (The multiplexed CPU lines are demultiplexed by the CPU interface
circuit to form system bus).
If the 1/0 device initiate the data transfer through interrupt then the 1/0
is called interrupt driven 1/0.
29. Why EPROM is mapped at the beginning of memory space in 8085
system?
31.What is DMA?
The direct data transfer between I/O device and memory is called
DMA.
The I/O devices are generally slow devices and their timing
characteristics do not match with processor timings. Hence the I/O devices are
connected to system bus through the ports.
33.What is a port?
The port is a buffered I/O, which is used to hold the data transmitted
from the microprocessor to I/O device or vice-versa.
When I/O devices are memory mapped, some of the addresses are
allotted to I/O devices and so the full address space cannot be used for addressing
memory (i.e., physical memory address space will be reduced). Hence memory mapping
is useful only for small systems, where the memory requirement is less.
When the I/O device needs a DMA transfer, it will send a DMA
request signal to DMA controller. The DMA controller in turn sends a HOLD request to
the processor. When the processor receives a HOLD request, it will drive its tri-stated
pins to high impedance state at the end of current instruction execution and send an
acknowledge signal to DMA controller. Now the DMA controller will perform DMA
transfer.
43. How many machine cycles constitute one instruction cycle in 8085?
Each instruction of the 8085 processor consists of one to five machine
cycles.
The opcode fetch cycle is a machine cycle executed to fetch the opcode
of an instruction stored in memory. Every instruction starts with opcode fetch machine
cycle.
46. What operation is performed during first T -state of every machine cycle
in 8085 ?
In 8085, during the first T -state of every machine cycle the low byte
address is latched into an external latch using ALE signal.
In the second T -state of the last machine cycle of every instruction, the
8085 processor checks whether an interrupt request is made or not.
76.What is Polling?
can be used as output port. If mode (MD) pin is tied LOW then it
work as tri- state buffer and so it can be used as input port.
The internal devices of 8255 are port-A, port-B and port-C. The ports
can be programmed for either input or output function in different operating modes.
The baud rate is the rate at which the serial data are transmitted. Baud
rate is defined as l /(The time for a bit cell). In some systems one bit cell has one data bit,
then the baud rate and bits/sec are same.
is an example of USART.
90. What are the control words of 8251A and what are its functions ?
The control words of 8251A are Mode word and Command word.
The mode word informs 8251 about the baud rate, character length, parity and stop bits.
The command word can be send to enable the data transmission and reception.
91. What are the information that can be obtained from the status word of
8251 ?
The status word can be read by the CPU to check the readiness of the
transmitter or receiver and to check the character synchronization in synchronous
reception. It also provides information regarding various errors in the data received. The
various error conditions that can be
checked from the status word are parity error, overrun error and
framing error.
The return lines, RLo to RL7 of 8279 are used to form the columns of
keyboard matrix. In decoded scan the scan lines SLo to SL3 of 8279 are used to form the
rows of keyboard matrix. In encoded scan mode, the output lines of external decoder are
used as rows of keyboard matrix.
is the time taken by the processor to scan all the rows one by one
starting from first row and coming back to the first row again.