NCRTSOLUTIONS.BLOGSPOT.

COM

Class IX Chapter 5 Introduction

to Euclid's Geometry Maths

Exercise 5.1 Question 1:

Which of the following statements are true and which are false? Give reasons for your

answers.

(i) Only one line can pass through a single point.

(ii) There are an infinite number of lines which pass through two distinct points.

(iii) A terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides.

(iv) If two circles are equal, then their radii are equal.

(v) In the following figure, if AB = PQ and PQ = XY, then AB = XY.

Answer:

(i) False. Since through a single point, infinite number of lines can pass. In the

following figure, it can be seen that there are infinite numbers of lines passing

through a single point P.

NCRTSOLUTIONS.BLOGSPOT.COM

(ii) False. Since through two distinct points, only one line can pass. In the following

figure, it can be seen that there is only one single line that can pass through two

distinct points P and Q.

(iii) True. A terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides.

Let AB be a terminated line. It can be seen that it can be produced indefinitely on both

the sides.

(iv)True. If two circles are equal, then their centre and circumference will coincide and

hence, the radii will also be equal.

(v) True. It is given that AB and XY are two terminated lines and both are equal to a

third line PQ. Euclids first axiom states that things which are equal to the same thing

are equal to one another. Therefore, the lines AB and XY will be equal to each other.

Question 2:
NCRTSOLUTIONS.BLOGSPOT.COM

Give a definition for each of the following terms. Are there other terms that need to be

defined first? What are they, and how might you define them?

(i) parallel lines (ii) perpendicular lines (iii) line segment (iv) radius

of a circle (v) square Answer:

(i) Parallel Lines

If the perpendicular distance between two lines is always constant, then these are

called parallel lines. In other words, the lines which never intersect each other are

called parallel lines.

To define parallel lines, we must know about point, lines, and distance between the

lines and the point of intersection.

(ii) Perpendicular lines

If two lines intersect each other at , then these are called perpendicular lines. We

are required to define line and the angle before defining perpendicular lines.
NCRTSOLUTIONS.BLOGSPOT.COM

(iii) Line segment

A straight line drawn from any point to any other point is called as line segment. To

define a line segment, we must know about point and line segment.

(iv) Radius of a circle

It is the distance between the centres of a circle to any point lying on the circle. To

define the radius of a circle, we must know about point and circle.

(v) Square

A square is a quadrilateral having all sides of equal length and all angles of same

measure, i.e., To define square, we must know about quadrilateral, side, and
NCRTSOLUTIONS.BLOGSPOT.COM

angle.

Question 3:

Consider the two postulates given below:

(i) Given any two distinct points A and B, there exists a third point C, which is between

A and B.
(ii) There exists at least three points that are not on the same line.

Do these postulates contain any undefined terms? Are these postulates consistent?

Do they follow from Euclids postulates? Explain.

Answer:

There are various undefined terms in the given postulates.

The given postulates are consistent because they refer to two different situations. Also,

it is impossible to deduce any statement that contradicts any well known axiom and

postulate.

These postulates do not follow from Euclids postulates. They follow from the axiom,
Given two distinct points, there is a unique line that passes through them.

Question 4:
NCRTSOLUTIONS.BLOGSPOT.COM

If a point C lies between two points A and B such that AC = BC, then prove

that . Explain by drawing the figure.

Answer:

It is given that,

AC = BC

(Equals are added on both sides) (1) Here, (BC

+ AC) coincides with AB. It is known that things which coincide with one another are
equal to one another.

BC + AC = AB (2)

It is also known that things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
Therefore, from equations (1) and (2), we obtain

AC + AC = AB

2AC = AB

Question 5:

In the above question, point C is called a mid-point of line segment AB, prove that

every line segment has one and only one mid-point.

Answer:

Let there be two mid-points, C and D.

NCRTSOLUTIONS.BLOGSPOT.COM

C is the mid-point of AB.

AC = CB

(Equals are added on both sides) (1)

Here, (BC + AC) coincides with AB. It is known that things which coincide with one

another are equal to one another.

BC + AC = AB (2)

It is also known that things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.

Therefore, from equations (1) and (2), we obtain

AC + AC = AB

2AC = AB (3)

Similarly, by taking D as the mid-point of AB, it can be proved that

2AD = AB (4)

From equation (3) and (4), we obtain

2AC = 2AD (Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.)
AC = AD (Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.) This
is possible only when point C and D are representing a single point.

Hence, our assumption is wrong and there can be only one mid-point of a given line

segment.

Question 6:

In the following figure, if AC = BD, then prove that AB = CD.

NCRTSOLUTIONS.BLOGSPOT.COM

Answer:

From the figure, it can be observed that AC

= AB + BC

BD = BC + CD

It is given that AC = BD AB

+ BC = BC + CD (1)

According to Euclids axiom, when equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders

are also equal.

Subtracting BC from equation (1), we obtain

AB + BC BC = BC + CD BC

AB = CD

Question 7:

Why is Axiom 5, in the list of Euclids axioms, considered a universal truth? (Note that

the question is not about the fifth postulate.) Answer:

Axiom 5 states that the whole is greater than the part. This axiom is known as a

universal truth because it holds true in any field, and not just in the field of

mathematics. Let us take two cases one in the field of mathematics, and one other

than that.

Case I

Let t represent a whole quantity and only a, b, c are parts of it.

t=a+b+c
NCRTSOLUTIONS.BLOGSPOT.COM

Clearly, t will be greater than all its parts a, b, and c.

Therefore, it is rightly said that the whole is greater than the part.

Case II

Let us consider the continent Asia. Then, let us consider a country India which belongs

to Asia. India is a part of Asia and it can also be observed that Asia is greater than

India. That is why we can say that the whole is greater than the part.

This is true for anything in any part of the world and is thus a universal truth.
NCRTSOLUTIONS.BLOGSPOT.COM

Exercise 5.2 Question 1:

How would you rewrite Euclids fifth postulate so that it would be easier to understand?

Answer:
Two lines are said to be parallel if they are equidistant from one other and they do not

have any point of intersection. In order to understand it easily, let us take any line l

and a point P not on l. Then, by Playfairs axiom (equivalent to the fifth postulate),

there is a unique line m through P which is parallel to l.

The distance of a point from a line is the length of the perpendicular from the point to

the line. Let AB be the distance of any point on m from l and CD be the distance of any

point on l from m. It can be observed that AB = CD. In this way, the distance will be

the same for any point on m from l and any point on l from m. Therefore, these two

lines are everywhere equidistant from one another.

NCRTSOLUTIONS.BLOGSPOT.COM

Question 2:

Does Euclids fifth postulate imply the existence of parallel lines? Explain.

Answer:

Yes.

According to Euclids 5th postulate, when n line falls on l and m and if

, producing line l and m further will

side of 1 and 2 which is less than meet in the

If

The lines l and m neither meet at the side of 1 and 2 nor at the side of 3 and
NCRTSOLUTIONS.BLOGSPOT.COM

4. This means that the lines l and m will never intersect each other. Therefore, it can

be said that the lines are parallel.