ANIMAL DIVERSITY- I

INTRODUCTION :
Taxomony (Gr.) - study of nomenclature, classification and
their principles. This word was given by ''Candolle''(Taxis
arrangements. Nomos - Law)

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TAXONOMY :

Aristotle : - ''father of zoology ''. (Book : Historia Animalium)

Father of ancient animal Classification. He classified animals
into two groups on the basis of their
natural similarities and differences into

(i) Anaima :- Those animals which don't have Red blood or in

which RBC are absent e.g. Sponges,
Cnidaria, Mollusca, Arthropoda. Echinodermata like
Invertebrates.

(ii) Enaima :- These animals have red blood. This group

includes all vertebrated and it has been further divided into two sub
groups.

(a) Vivipara :- It incldues animals which give birth to young-

ones e.g. Man, Whale and other mammals.

(b) Ovipara :- It includes animals which lay eggs. e.g.

Amphibians, Pisces, Aves, Reptiles etc.
 Pliny :- He classified animal into groups : -
(a) Flying (b) Non-flying
John-Ray :- He gave & defined the term '' species'' as the smallest
unit of classfication. He gave ''concept of species ''. According to
him, the organisms which develop from the similar type of parents,
belong to the same-species.
Mayr : - According to him similar species are those which are
capacble of interbreeding in natureal condtions. Modern definition of
species is conied by ''Mayr''.
Binomial system of Nomenclature was devised by Gesparrd-
Bauhin. But the detailed information about Binomial system was given
by Linnaeus. In 1758 in the 10 th edition of his book ''Systema
Naturae'' he gave the classification of known 4236 animals and
presented the Binomial system of nomenclature of animal. He is also
known as ''Father of Modern-Taxonomy''
In binomial system the name of each animal has two parts. First part
has its genus name and second part has its species name. First letter
of genus name must be written in Capital letter and species name is
written in small letters eg. Canis familiaris. In certain species, sub-
species are also found. For naming the sub species three words are
used. First name is for genus, second for species and third for sub-
species. The method of nomenclature of Sub-species is termed as
the Trinomial nomenclature and it was given
by ''Huxley and Strickland''. eg. Homo sapiens sapiens.
G.L. Cuvier : - Coined the term Phylum.
Julian-Huxley (1940) : - Proposed New systematic.
Engler and Prantl : - Proposed Phylogenetic classification.
Key for identification of animal was developed by John Ray.
Invertebrate and Vertebrate term was given by Lamarck.
 Robert Whittaker (1969) : - Proposed Five-Kingdom system
classification to show phylogenetic relationship.

(1) Monera (2) Protista (3) Fungi (4)

Plantae (5) Animalia

Linnaeus classified animal kingdom into 6-classes.

(1) Mammalia (2) Aves (3) Amphibia (4)

Insecta (5) Pisces (6) Vermes

SEQUENCE OF CLASSIFICATION :
Smallest unit of classification is ''Species''. Genus includes various
types of species. Family is made up of various genera. Many families
join together to form an Order, many order join together to form
a class and many classes form a Phylum. All the phyla unite to form
the largest unit i.e. Kingdom.

Various grouping levels or ranks in classification known as Obligate

categories.

e.g. kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus

Species

Based on this, all animals are included in the animals kingdom

groups and written in the following Hierarchical manner. For example
obligate category of man can be written as
 TAXA Category
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species Sapiens

IMPORTANT
PHYLA :
Storer and Usinger classified whole animal kingdom into 31 phyla. Out
of which 10 are major and 21 are minor phyla. Main phyla are :

1. Protozoa -
e.g. Amoeba, Paramoecium etc.
2. Porifera -
Sponges etc.
3. Coelenterate -
Hydra, Jellyfish etc.
4. Ctenophora (minor phylum) -
Beroe etc.
5. Platyhelminthes - Tape
worm etc.
6. Nemathelminthes-Nematoda -
Ascaris etc.
7. Annelida -
Earthworm, Leach etc.
8. Arthropoda - Insects,
Scorpion, Fly etc.
9. Mollusca -
Snail, Pila, Octopus etc
10. Echinodermata - Star fish
etc.
11. Hemichordata -
Balanoglossus
12. Chordata - Fish,
Snake, Birds, Monkey etc.

Basis of Classification.
METAZOA :

Animal groups are characterized by mobility, and the presence

of a sensory or a nervous system. These systems receive
stimuli from the environment and respond by exhibiting some
behaviour.

The only exception are the porifers (pore-bearers) or the

sponges. They have no cell that can be termed as nerve
cell.

Like plant life, early animal life also arose in sea.

 The animals which live on the sea floor are
called Benthonic (e.g., echinoderms, corals and deep sea
fishes), whereas, which swim about actively in sea are
called Nektons.

The multicellular eukaryotic organisms with holozoic mode of

nutrition are called as metazoans.

Based on complexity of organization, metazoans are further

sub-divided into two sub-kingdoms,
the Parazoa and Eumetazoa.

Parazoa : Parazoa includes the sponges in which the cells are

loosely aggregated and do not form tissues or organs.

Eumetazoa : Eumetazoa includes the rest of the animals, the cells

are organized into structural and functional units called as tissues,
organs and organ systems.

SYMMETRY :
Two type of symmetry are usually seen in the animals :
(i) Radial symmetry : The animals with radial symmetry are called
as Radiata. For example, Cnidarians (hydra, jellyfish and
starfish). Biradial symmetry is present in sea anemone.
 For sessile animals, radial symmetry is advantageous, as it allows
food to be gathered from all sides.
They may develop appendages all round the mouth to capture and
push prey into it.
Their sensory and nerve coordination surrounds the mouth. We see
this in coelenterates.

(ii) Bilateral symmetry : - The animals with bilateral symmetry are

called as Bilateria. The body can be divided into right and left halves
in only one plane.
Bilateral symmetry arose when animals on the ocean floor became
mobile.
A crawling animal is most likely to encounter food with the end that
goes first. So the mouth developed at this end.
With the mouth, sensory organs and a coordinating brain also
development at the front end.
These organs helped in sensing food. So we see how the head,
enclosing the brain, became associated with the mouth end. This
is cephalization.
Asymmetric organisms cannot be divided in any plane to produce two
equivalent halves.
GERM LAYERS
Germ layer give rise to all the tissues/organs of the fully formed
individuals. On the basis of germ layers, animals can be
(i) Diploblastic : In Diploblastic animals the body cells are
arranged in two layers, an outer Ectoderm and an
internal Endoderm with an intervening Mesoglea.
(ii) Triploblastic : If the body wall in animals is made up of three
germ layer i.e. ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, they are called
as triploblastic animals.
BODY PLAN
Animals have three types of body plan :
(i) Cell aggregate : Cell aggregate type of body plan is present in
sponges.

(ii) Blind sac : Blind sac type of body plan is present

in Platyheiminthes and Coelenterates, where the
alimentary canal has only one opening.

(iii) Tube within tube : Tube within tube type of body plan is
present in Nemathelminthes, Annelida,Arthropoda, Mollusca,
Echinoderms Hemichordates and Chordates. The digestive system
is a continuous tube with an opening at each end.
Tube-within-a-tube body plan has been achieved in two different
ways in two evolutionary lines.
In one called the Protostomes, the first opening to develop in the
embryonic digestive tube is the mouth; the anus develops later. This is
seen in the annelid, mollusc and arthropod line.
In the other, the Deuterostomes, the anus develops first and the
mouth is formed later. This occurs in the Echinoderms Hemichordates
and Chordates (including the vertebrates).
BODY CAVITY OR COELOM
On the basis of coelom, animals can be
(i) Acoelomate : The animals in which the coelom is absent are
called as Acoelomates, for example flatworms. In them the space
between ectoderm and endoderm is filled with parenchyma eg.
Platyhelminthes.
(ii) Pseudocoelomate : The body cavity is not completely lined with
mesoderm. Instead, the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in
between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is called as
pseudocoelom e.g roundworm.
(iii) Eucoelomate : The true coelom is a body cavity which arises as
a cavity in embryonic mesoderm. In this case, the mesoderm of the
embryo provides a cellular lining, called as coelomic epithelium or
peritoneum, to the cavity. The coelom is filled with coelomic fluid
secreted by the peritoneum. The coelom is found in Arthropods,
Molluscs,Annelids, Echinoderms,
Hemichordates and Chordates. True coelom is of two types :
(a) Schizocoelom : It develops by the splitting up of mesoderm. It is
found in annelids, arthropods and molluscs. Body cavity of
arthropods is called heamocoel.

1. Enterocoelom : The mesoderm arises from the wall of the

embryonic gut or enteron as hollow outgrowths or
enterocoelomic pouches. It occurs in Echinoderms,
Hemichordates and Chordates.
Segmentation
In some animals, the body is externally and internally divides into
segments or metameres with serial repetition of atleast some organs.
For example, in earthworm, the body shows metameric
segmentation and the phenomenon is known as metamerism.

Notochord
Notochord is mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the
mid-dorsal surface during embryonic development in some animals.
Animals with notochord are called chordates and those animals which
do not form this structure are called non-chordates, e.g., Porifera to
Echinoderms or Hemichordates.

BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM

Blood vascular system is basically of two types : Open and Closed.

(i) Open type : In open type, the blood is pumped by the heart into
the blood vessels that open into blood spaces (sinuses). There is no
capillary system (i.e., most arthropods, some
molluscs except cephalopods and tunicates). These sinuses are
actually the body cavitites, and are called haemocoel. The pressure of
the blood is low; it moves slowly between the tissues, and finally,
returns to the heart via the opened veins. In fact, distribution of blood
in the tissues is very poorly controlled. The pigments, which carry
oxygen, remain dissolved in blood plasma. Body tissues and visceral
organs exhange respiratory gases, nutrients and waste products,
directly with blood.

1. Closed type : Many invertebrates and all the vertebrates,

including humans, have a closed circulatory system. In
closed type, the blood flows around the body through the
specific blood vessels. In this system, the same blood regularly
circulates in the body under high pressure, and returns back to
the heart without leaving the system of tubes. The heart pumps
the blood into the aorta, which branches in the body into the
arteries, and in the tissues into the arterioles, to form the
capillary network. The venules of the capillary network carry
the blood back to heart via veins and vena cava. This helps in
supplying the nutrients and oxygen to the tissues, and
removing waste materials and caron dioxide from it reveals a
comparison between open and closed circulatory systems.

Comparison of Open and Closed Circulatory Systems

Open System
Closed System
These are usually low pressure systems. These
are usually high pressure systems.
Blood conveyed directly to the organs without formation Blood
is conveyed directly to the organs through capillaries.
of capillaries.
Distribution of blood to different organs is not well regulated.
Distribution of blood to different organs is well regulated.
Blood returns to the heart slowly.
Blood returns to the heart rapidly.
Found in most arthropods, non cephalopod mollusks and tunicates
Found in cephalopods (octopus, squids) and vertebrates.

PHYLUM - PROTOZOA
It is 3 rd largest phylum. One celled performed all the biological
activities like multicellular animals. So they are termed
as ''Acellular'' organism, proposd by Dobell.

Protozoans were first studied by Leeuwenhoeck.

And the name Protozoa was coined by Goldfuss.

Study of protozons is known as Protozoology.

They are world wide, Cosmopolitan and mostly Microscopic,

Aquatic, Terrestrial, free living (Amoeba) or parasitic
(Plasmodium).

Solitary or colonial (Proterospongia).

 Many causes serious diseases or pathogenic.

Protozoans are samll microscopic, Eukaryotic

Unicellular, Colourless, Spherical, Oval, Bell shaped, Spindle shaped
slipper like having irregular Symmetry

Level of body organisation of Protozoans is Protoplasmic level.

Consists of uninucleate or multinucleate protoplasm

mostly nacked or some have body bounded by delicate
membrane or a firm pellicle/Test/Lorica/shell.

In few groups of protozoa CaCO 3 & Silica shell as

exoskeleton is found. e.g. Radiolarian group & Foraminiferan
group.

Number of nuclei vary from one to many. Few show

nuclear dimorphism. e.g. Paramoecium.

Body performs all necessary biological activity so in

them subcellular Physiological division of Labour is found.
 Locomotion by means of (1) Finger-like Pseudopodia
e.g. Amoeba
(2) Whip like Flagella
e.g. Euglena
(3) Hairy cillia
e.g. Paramoecium
(4) By contraction
(5) No locomotory organelles

Nutrition of Protozons are

mainly holozoic (Amoeba), Mixotrophic. (Euglena),
Parasitic, Saprozoic (Plasmodium) and Digestion is intracellular take
place in food vacuole.

Respiration and Excretion takes place by exchange of gases

through body surface. Some excretion may occur
through contractile vacuole.

Nitrogenous waste is Ammonia.

Some fresh water protozoans get rid of excess water through

contractile vacuole and phenomenon known
as Osmoregulation. Amoeba has one and Paramoecium has two
vacuoles.

Reproduction takes place by

 Asexual
Sexual

(1) Binary fission (Amoeba)

(1) Syngamy (Plasmodium)

(2) Transverse fission (Paramoecium)

(2) Conjugation (Paramoecium)

(3) Longitudinal fission (Trypansoma, Euglena)

(4) Multiple fission (Plasmodium)

(5) Budding

Some also form cyst which help in unfavorable condition for

reproduction of organism. They do not have natural death because
in unicellular animals there is no division of somatoplasm &
germplasm so these are considered as immortal.
WITNESS FEW COMMON PROTOZOANS
PHYLUM PORIFERA (Common Name - Sponge)
WITNESS FEW COMMON SPONGES

Ellias proved that sponges are animals.

Robert Grant gave the name Porifera.

Study of sponges is known as Parazoology.

 Phylogenetically evolved from choano flagillates (Proterospongia)
Mostly marine but few are found in fresh water also. They
are sessile, solitary or colonial. Entire body with pores i.e.
numerous mouthlets Ostia and one opening for exit Osculum.
Sponge have various body form and shapes i.e. Vase shape,
cylindrical with radial symmetry (Leucosolenia),irregular shape
(asymmetrical).

Sponges have Cellular level of organisation with two germ layer

i.e. Diploblastic and do not posses head
and appendages.
Body wall consists of

(i) Outer Dermal layer or Pinacoderm

(a) Pinococytes (Flat cell)
(b) Porocytes (oval)

In case of Sycon pinacoderm is divided

into exopinacoderm and endopinacoderm.
Endopinacoderm lines the incurrent canal.

(ii) Inner Choanocytic layer or Choanoderm / Gastral layer

Collar cell or Choanocytes (Flagellated)

(iii) Between these two layers gelatinous material Mesenchyme

(Mesohyl) is present which is
non-cellular.
 It Consist of Amoebocytes = gives rise to different types of cells of
both pinacoderm and Choanoderm

Body wall enclose a large cavity the spongocoel or paragastric

cavity.

Choanocytes with flagella is lined in Spongocoel and radial

canal.

Ceaselless beating of flagella cause current of water which enter

through ostia perforating porocytes and
various canals and enters in spongocoel and finally leave through large
aperature osculum.

Canal system : Canal system of porifera helps

in nutrition, respiration, excretion and reproduction. Canal are
developed due to folding of inner wall. There are four types of canal
systems.

Skeleton is internal, consist of tiny

calcarious Spicules (calcoblast) or siliceous spicules
(silicoblast) or fine spongin fibre (spongioblast ), or of both
located in mesenchyme.

There are four types of spicules in sponges

(1) Monaxon (Usually at osculum) (2) Triaxon (3) Tetraxon

(4) Polyaxon [Hexa -radiated]
Scleroblat secrets spicules and Spongioblast secrets spongin fibre.

Digestive cavity and mouth is absent. Nutrition is holozoic.

Digestion is intracellular and occurs in
food vacuoles of choanocytes.

Food particle is taken by collar cell and pass them to

amoebocyte.

Food is stored in thesocytes.

Distribution of food from ingestive cell to other is brought about

by the movable amoeboid cell. -
Trophocytes

Respiration and Excretion takes place by diffusion of gases

through body surface. Excretory matter is
Ammonia.

Sponges do not have nervous system.

Reproduction takes place by means of

 1. Asexual - By Fragementation,

Regeneration in sponges was demonstrated by Wilson. It is

brought about by archacocytes.
By Budding Special cell
mass Gemmules containing Archaeocytes.
Also called as Endogenous budding and the process is
known as Gemmulation.

(ii) Sexual - Sponges are Hermaphrodite, fertilization internal and

cross fertilization, Protogynous condition is found .
PORIFERA

(On the basis Skeleton divide into three classes)

Classes
e.g.
- Calcareous spicules
- Relatively large.
- Exclusively marine in shallow water

- Ascon or sycon type C.S.

Leucosolenia (smallest)

*Scypha (Sycon-Urn sponge

Leucilla

Clathrina

Grantia

6 rayed siliceous spicular (Glass sponge) Collar cells

small Exchesively marine and inhabit in deepwater

Leucon type

Euplectella - (Venus flower basket, Bridal gift in Japan)

Hyalonema - (Glass rope sponge)

Pheronema -(Bowl sponge)

1 or 4 rayed silicious spicules or sponging fibre or both Small collar

cells Marine or fresh water in deep or shallow water.

Leucon/Rhagon

*Spongia (Euspongia) - (Bath sponge)

*Spongilla - (Fresh water sponge)

Ephydatia - (Sulphur sponge) Freshwater
Cliona - (Boring sponge) harm ful to Oyster
Hippospongia - (Horse-sponge or Horny sponge)
Chalina - Marmaid's gloves
Poterion - Neptune's Cup
Oscarella - Skeleton absent
Chondrosina Skeleton absent
Halichondria Bread sponge
Haliclona Finger sponge

Proterospongia = connective link between Protozoa-Porifera

Largest sponge Spheciospongia

Hypothetical simple sponge & between larva & sponge Olynthus

Shrimps ( also called as Spongicola fish) A crustacean, shows

commensalisms with Euplectella

PLYLUM-COELENTERATA
 Leuckart coined name Coelenterate.

Hatschek named Cnidaria on the basis of stinging

cells. Peyssonal & Trembley established animal
nature of Coelenterata.

Cnidology-Study of cindaria

Mostly marine, few fresh-water (Hydra.) Carnivorous, some are

fixed or free floating.

Coelenterates have two types of forms (Dimorphic)

(1) Polyp
(2) Medusa
- Cylindrical in shape
- Mostly sessile, but some are motile
- May be solitary or Colonial
- Types of structures : -
Gastrozooids (Hydranth) - For Nutrition
Dactylozooids - For Protection
Gonozooids - For Reproduction

- Umbrella like
- Free swimming
- Always solitary
- Types of structures : -
Phyllozooids - For Protection
Nectophore - For swimming
Gonophore - For Reproduction
Pneumatophores - For Swimming
Either or both zooids may occur in a species.
If both forms are found in a group it is called Cormidia.
If both are found in a species, two form alternate in life cycle.
(Alternation of generation or Metagenesis)

Group of different types of zooids in polyp or medusa shows

polymorphism.

Coelenterates are usually having radial symmetry, Some

Anthozoans have Biradial symmetry.
Coelenterates have two Germ layers (1) Ectoderm (2)
Endoderm i.e. They are Diploblastic

Coelenterates have Tissue level of organisation.

No head and appendages. The oral end (mouth) often bears

slender, flexible process hollow tentacles.

Body wall consists of -

(a) Epidermis (Outer layer) - Formed of 7 different types of cells.

Stinging cells or Nematoblast or Cnidoblast (for offence & defence)

characteristic of coelenterata. Inject Hypnotoxin.
Cnidoblasts : A Undischarged ; B Discharged discovered and
regeneratin in Hydra.
 Interstitial cells (Totipotent and act as reserve to replace worn
out cells/germ cells/Nematocyst) ;
Epithelio - muscular cells ; Glandulo muscular cells ; Sensory
cells ; Germ cells

(b) Gastrodermis (Inner layer) - Formed of 5-different types of

cells such as
Endothelia - muscular cells or Nutritive cells (with food vacuole)
; Interstitial cells ; Sensory cells ;
Nerve cells ; Germ cells

Between these two layers, gelatinous Mesogloea is present which

contain free cells. Mesogloea is secreted by both the above layers.

Body of coelenterates may be supported by horny or

calcareous exoskeleton.

Cavity of the Coelenteron is having single aperture. Mouth serve

both purpose i.e. incomplete digestion tract (Blind sac).

Digestion is Extra-cellular as well as Intracellular i.e. takes place in

Coelenteron as well as food vacuole. Coelenteron is also responsible
for distribution of food besides partly digesting it. This dual role named
coelenteron as Gastrovascular cavity.

Respiration and Excretion takes place by diffusion of gases

through body surface.
Excretory matter is Ammonia.

Nervous system present both in polyp & medusa and form a loose
net work of nerve fibres on either side of mesogloea (Diffused type).
Neurons are non-polar. Sensory cell are also present. Medusa have
sense organ Rhopalia or statocyst/Tentaculocyst.

Sexes may be separate or united. Coelenterates can

reproduce Asexually by Budding (Polyp) and by
Sexually-(Medusa).

Gonads have no duct. Fertilization may be External or internal.

Cleavage is Holoblastic.

Development includes larva.

Larva of Obelia Planula (free living) and scyphistoma larva fixed

polyp like.

Larva of Aurelia Ephyra , Scyphistoma

Coelenterata is classified into three classes

Anthozoa (Actinozoa)
Exclusively marine
Only polyp form
 No manubrium
Velum absent.
Mesogloea contains cells & fibres
Gastro vascular cavity have compartment
i.e. mesenteries
. Gonads -Endoermal and shed gametes into the digestive tract
escape via mouth
Cnidoblast is present in epidermis & Gastrodermis
e.g. This class has two types of animal
(1) Anemones - Skeleton absent
*Adamsia - sea anemone
Metridium - Sea anemone
(2) Coral - CaCO 3 Skeleton
Astraea - the star coral
*Pennatula - the sea pen
*Gorgonia - the sea fan
Pteroides - Sea feather
Renilla - Sea pansy
Tubipora - Organ - pipe coral
Alcyonium - Dead man's finger (Soft
coral)
Corallium - Red coral (Moonga)
*Meandrina - Brain coral
Madrepora - Stag-Horn coral
Fungia - Mushroom coral
Scyphozoa
Exclusively marine
Medusa form is more common
Polyp form reduced or absent and have small manubrium
Velum absent. [Acraspedote]
Mesogloea is thick, gelatinous and contains cells.
Gastrovascular cavity undivided.
Gonads are Endodermal and shed the gametes into the digestive
tract when escape through the mouth.
Cnidoblast is present in epidermis & Gastrodermis
e.g*Aurelia - the Jelly fish, Moon jally,Larva - Ephyra
Rhizostoma - Many mouth (Polystomum)
Cyanea - Sun Jelly
Hydrozoa
Fresh water as well as marine
Polyp & medusa often show polymorphism
& metagenesis.
Polyps with manubrium
Medusa have a velum (Craspedote)
Mesogloea is Acellular
Gastrovascular cavity undivided.
Gonads are Ectodermal and shed gametes directly in to the
surrounding water.
Cnidoblast is present only in epidermis
e.g.*Hydra - Fresh water polyp
 *Obelia - the sea fur, (Polyp, Blastostyles,
Medusa shows metagenesis)
*Physalia- the Portuguese man-of-war. (Neurotoxic,
gas gland present)
Bougainvillea
Vellela - Little sail
Millipora (Sting coral)

PHYLUM CTENOPHORA :

Ctenophora name was given by Eschescboltz. Commonly

called Sea-gooseberries or Comb-jellies or Sea-walnuts.

Nematoblasts are absent, so they are also called acnidaria

Exclusively marine and pelagic (float on sea surface) and

show Bioluminescence.

Body form may be spherical, cylindrical or Pear-shaped.

Body is soft transparent jelly like having

Biradial symmetry with tissue grade body organization.

Triploblastic Mesoglea contains amoeboid mesodermal cells

called Colloblast, Amoeboid cells and smooth muscle cell.
 Locomotion takes place by the presence of 8 ciliary comb
plates on the body surface.

Special sensory structure statocyst at the opposite end (absoral

end) of the mouth is present.

Tentacles may be present or absent. When present, the

number of tentacles are 2. They are solid and possess
adhesive cells called as colloblasts (lasso cells).

Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular. These are

carnivorous animals

The animals move by cilia, which join together to form comb

plates, there are eight median comb plates forming locomotory
organs.

Resp. system, skeletal, circulatory & excretory system are

absent.Nervous system is diffuse type.
All animals are Bisexual. Complex type of sexual
reproduction is found. Metagenesis is absent.
Gonads = endodermal, Fertilization is external.
< >Regeneration is normally found.
< >Development is of indirect type. Life cycle involves a free
living Cydippid larval stage.
Asexual reproduction is absent.
< >Regeneration & paedogenesis is normally found.
 e.g. *Pleurobrachia Beroe - Swimming eye of cat.
Velamen
Cestum Venus's girdle
*Ctenoplana Commensal with Alcyonium.
Hormiphora
Euchlora rubra with cnidoblast (Exception)

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES :

Gagenbaur suggested the name Platyhelminthes. Includes flat

worms, free living (terrestrial, fresh
water or marine) or parasitic.
Study of worms causing parasitic infestation in human
is Helminthology. Most members of this phylum are the parasites of
vertebrate. Some are found in aquatic habitat.

Body organisation is of organ and organ system level of

organisation.

Body is Triploblastic.

Body is Bilaterally symmetrical. I st bilateral animals.

Anterior and posterior parts are clear. (I st phylum to

have cephalization).
 Locomotary organs are absent in these animals but adhesive
organs are present like suckers, hook etc.

Epidermis is syncytial and is some times ciliated. On the body

wall of parasitic animals a thick cuticl is present which protects from
the digestive-enzymes of the host. It is secreted by Epidermis.

Muscles in the body-wall are mesodermal. Below the

epidermis longitudinal, circular and oblique muscles are present.

Nervous system is Primitive and ladder like having brain ring

and 1-3 paired longitudinal nerves connected at intervals by transverse
commissures. Sense organs occur in free living form.

These are acoelomate. In between various organs a solid, loose

mesodermal tissue called Mesenchyma
or Parenchyma is present, which helps in transportation of food
material.

In Turbellaria and Trematoda classes an incomplete (Blind sac

body plan and without anus) digestive system is present. In animals of
class Cestoda, digestive system is completely absent.

Skeleton and circulatory systems are absent. Turgidity of the

fluid in the parenchymal meshes maintains the form of the body
(Hydroskeleton)

Animal respire through body surface. Anaerobic respiration in

internal parasite like Taenia.
 Excretory organs are protonephridia or flame-cells. Flame -
cells are also termed as the Solenocytes. They also help
in osmoregulation.

All animals of this phylum

are Bisexual except Schistosoma (blood fluke). Reproductive system
is complex and well-developed.
Fertilization may be self or cross and internal. Cleavage
is spiral & determinate.

Development may be direct or indirect. In indirect development,

larva may be one or of more types. In
these animals yolk/vitelline glands are present which provide
nutrition to the eggs.

Divided into three classes

Turbellaria
Trematoda
Cestoda
Free living fresh water or marine known as Planarians or Eddy
worm.
Body is unsegmented and leaf like covered by
delicate ciliated epidermis.Rod shaped Rhabdites in epidermis.
Mouth is often ventral and anus absent. Alimentary canal is present.
(Branched)
Reproduction - asexual sexual and shows good power of
regeneration, no larva.
 Suckers - absent
e.g.
* Dugesia (Planaria) - fresh water, Nocturnal, Cannibalism, slow
creeping omnivorous. Sexual as well as asexual (Transverse Binary
fission), good power of regeneration. Pharynx can be everted.
Reproduction

Microstomum - Enemy of Hydra

Gunda
Convoluta - Symbiont on
Zoochlorella and Diatoms, algae.

Endo-Parasite, known as flukes, or flat worms.

Body-Unsegmented and leaf like, covered by tegument, (Fine
spines) No epidermis in adult.
Mouth - anterior & anus is absent. Alimentary canal-branched.
Life history - includes larval stage & involve, more than one host.
Suckers - for attachment in the host
e.g.
*Fasciola (Sheep liver flukes)
Cause liver rot disease
Prim. Host - Sheep & Goat
Sec. host Snail (Planorbis ; Limnea ; Bulinus)
Show polyembryony , Life-cycle involves, Micacidium, Sporocyst,
Redia, Cercaria and Metacercaria larval form
Miracidium (free-swimming larva).
 Schistosoma (the blood flukes)
Paragonimus (Lung fluke worm) (In lungs of man and pig)
Diplozoon - Ectoparasite on the gills of fish. (Monogenetic)
Opisthorchis - Human liver fluk or chinese liver fluk

Endo-Parasite Intestinal parasite, known as tape worms

Body-Ribbon like, covered by tegument. No epidermis in adult
Mouth and Anus absent (food from body surface). Alimen tary canal
absent.
Life history - includes larval stage & involve, more than one host.
Each proglottids has one or two sets of male & female reproductive
organ.
Scolex has suckers & hooks for attachment
Body divided into scolex, neck and strobilla of few to numerous
proglottids. No true segments
*Taenia solium - Pork tapeworm
Prim. Host = Man (cysticercus in the infective stage)
Sec. Host = Pig (Concosphere is the infective stage)
Shows multiplication in larva stage namely
Oncosphere, Hexacanth,Bladderworm and Cysticercus.
Causes disease Taemiasis or Cysticercosis.
Taenia saginata - Beef tapeworm
Echinococcus - Dog tapeworm
Hymenolepis - Smallest tapeworm in man's intestine - 10 cm,
200 proglottids (Monogenetic)
Moniezea - Endoparisite of ruminates
PHYLUM - ASCHELMINTHES (NEMATHELMINTHES OR
NEMATODA) :
Grobben gave the name = Aschelminthes
Gagenbaur nameditas as Phylum Nemathelminthes. Phylum
includes round worms.

Aquatic, tarrestrial, free-living or parasites.

Animal of this phylum are Cylindrical, tapering at both

end without segmentation.

Bilaterally Symmetrical - Triploblastic, Organ-system level

and having tube within tube plan.

Anterior end does not show distinct head.

No appendage.

Body wall consist of

Cuticle - Firm, non living, resistant to digestive enzymes of host.

Moult (changed) many times during growth period (usually four times).

Epidermis - Syncytial
 Muscle layer - Longitudinal fibres divided into four quadrants.
(each with 150 muscle cells)

Body cavity is Pseudocoel (developed from blastocoel) and

contain Pseudocoelomic fluid.

High fluid pressure in the pseudocoelom maintains body shape. It

is called Hydroskeleton.

Digestive tract is complete and differentiated into mouth,

pharynx, intestine & Anus.
Mouth is surrounded by 3 - lips having sensory papillae and amphids.
Pharynx is muscular. It is used to suck food. Intestine is non
muscular.

Respiration is through body surface by diffusion.

Circulatory system is undeveloped

Nervous system comprises of circum pharyngeal ring (Brain).

Sense organs
like Papillae (Tangoreceptors), Amphids (chemoreceptor) are present
on lip.
Paired unicellular Phasmids (chemoreceptor) are found near
hind end of body.
 Excretory system is H-shaped formed by single cell
called Renette cell.
Excretory substance is ammonia.

Reproductive system is developed and sexes are generally

separate.

Sexual dimorphism is present.

Male is smaller than female and curved from its caudal end.

Male has penial spicule for copulation. Genital tract joins digestive tract
to form cloaca.

Female is larger than male and straight. Genital tract open

independently. Female lays numerous eggs with Chitinousshell.

Fertilization is internal and development is mostly direct.

Cleavage is Holoblsatic spiral and determinate type.

Number of cells are fixed from larva to adult such development is

known as Eutely.

Classification :
On the basis of caudal receptor or phasmids, Aschelminthes can be
divided into 2 classes-
ClassAphasmidia
Members of this class lack phasmid.

Many types of amphids are found.

One pairs of excretory canal are present.

Caudal adhesive glands are found.

Ex.
Enoplus , Desmoscolex , Trilobus , Lapillaria

ClassPhasmidia

(i) Phasmid is present.

(ii) Caudal adhesive glands are not found.

Ex Ascaris*

It is parasite of small intestine.

It is also called roundworm.

 Rhabditiform larva exists in the life cycle of Ascaris.

Ascaris leads to disease called Ascariasis.

Infective stage of Ascaris to man is embryonated egg with

2nd stage juvenile.

Trichinella spiralis (Trichinia worm) : occur in voluntary

muscles cause trichinosis.

Trichuris trichiura

It is also called whipworm.

It is parasite of large intestine of man.

No larval stage in the life cycle.

It leads to anaemia and Diarrhoea.

Enterobius

It is also called pinworm or seatworm.

It is parasite of human intestine.

 It causes enterobiasis.

No intermediate host.

*Ancyclostoma

Cause - Ancyclostomiasis.

It is also called hookworm.

Its larva penetrate through sole of the person.

Live in intestine and suck tissue fluid.

*Wuchereria

It is also filaria worm.

Its life cycle gets completed in two hosts. Man is the primary
host, while female culex/Aedes mosquito is the secondary host.

It leads to a disease called Elephantiasis.

Adult worm blocks lymph duct this leads to swelling of limbs.

 Females are ovoviviparous. Female lays juvenile microfilaria.

Infective stage to man is microfilarae.

Dracunculus

They are also called Guinea worm and also referred to as

fiery serpent.

They are digenetic, man is the primary host

while waterflea (Cyclops) is the secondary host.

Completely eradicated from India (eye worm)

Loa-loa (eye worm)

Found in subdermal connective tissues. Some times they pass

across eye ball.

Tabanas fly act as vector.

PHYLUM ANNELIDA :

Lamarck coined the term Annelida.

 Free living found in moist soil, fresh water, sea or few are parasite.

Body is Soft, elongated, cylindrical or flattened divided into

segments or metameres by ring like, grooves
called Annuli.

Symmetry Bilateral, Triploblstic, Organ-system level

having tube within tube plan, metamerically
segmented.

Anterior end forms a distinct head with sense organ in few annelids.

Appendages are simple unjointed, and locomotory having Chitinous

Setae and Parapodia with setae.

Body wall consist of

(i) Cuticle Thin moist albuminoid cutical allow free exchange of

gas.

(ii) Epidermis Single layered epidermis made up of supporting

cell, sensory and glandular cell.

(iii) Muscle layer (1) Circular layer, (2) Longitudinal layer.

Muscle are smooth/unstriated.
 Body wall may have minute chitinous setae.

Locomotion by means of setae or parapodia or both. Absent in

leeches

First Protostomi animals.

Body cavity is true coelom lined by mesodermal coelomic

epithelium (Schizocoel.)

It is divided by transverse septa into compartment. It is filled

with coelomic fluid that contains cells.

As such there is no Skeleton. Fluid filled coelom serves as

a hydrostatic skeleton.

Digestive tract is complete, straight and extends through entire

body. The gut has both circular and
longitudinal muscles. Few annelids are sanguivorous. Digestive
gland are developed for the first time
in Annelida.

Respiration is through moist skin i.e. Cutaneous respiration.

Some have gills (branchial respiration).

Circulatory system is closed. Some blood vessels enlarge to act

as pumping heart.
(Heart appear first time in annelids)
The blood is red with haemoglobin dissolved in
plasma (Erythrocruarin). It has amoeboid corpuscles only.

Few Annelids like Sabella have Chlorocruarin as a

respiratory pigment.

Hirudinaria has circulatory system with haemocoelomic

system.

Excretory organ is Nephridia. Coiled tubules also helps

in osmoregulation.
Excretory matter (1) Ammonia in aquatic form (2) Urea in land form

Nervous system consist of a circumentric nerve ring, double,

midventral, nerve cord with ganglia.
Sense organ chemoreceptor, photoreceptor & tentacle, palp, eyes
may be present.

Sexes may be separate or united. Asexual reproduction

by budding or fission. In some cases. Atoke
(asexual), Epitoke (sexual) phenomenon also found (Nereis).

Cleavage is spiral and determinate unequal &

holoblastic. Regeneration is usually found. Life history
includes a trochophore larva in few annelids.

Nereis
Inhabits in sea - shore between tide mark, burrower, nocturnal,
carnivorous, gregarious, fertilization - in sea.
Parapodia in each segment except first & last. During breading
body divides in two parts.
Anterior asexual part - Atoke and posterior sexual
portion Epitoke. This change is known as epitoky.

Annelida
Based on presence or absence/of Parapodia, Setae and Sense
organs

Polychaeta

1. Almost all are marine

2. Cephalisation is more distinct. Head with well developed eyes,

tentacles and olfactory palps.

3. Setae numerous and are present in parapodia helps in locomotion

and also in respiration. Suckers are absent.

4. Clitellum absent

5. Animals unisexual and gonads are formed only during

breeding season.

6. Development is indirect. Larval stage is called Trochophore.

e.g.*Nereis Sand worm/clamworm
Aphrodite - Sem mouse
Arenicola - Lug worm
Seballa - Peacock worm
Chaetopterus - paddle worm
Shows bio- florescence,great power of regeneration.
Eunice - Palalo worm
Polynoe - Scale worm
Terebella - respire by gills
Glycera Smooth blood worm
Oligochaeta

1. Most of the members are terrestrial, but some are aquatic.

2. Cephalisation absent. No distinct head, eyes, tentacles

and olfactory palps.

3. Setae for locomotion.Number of seate is limited and situated in setal

sac present in body wall, a single setae is present in a bag.
Parapodia & sucker are absent.

4. Clitelium is present permanently for cocoon formation. Fertilization

is external and is held in cocoon.

5. Bisexual or hermaphrodite cross fertilisation & external.

6. Development is direct. No larva.
e.g.
*Pheretima
Eutyphaeus
Lumbricus
European earthworm
Dravida
Megascolex
Largest earth worm
(S. India)
Dero Fresh watered
Nais Fresh watered
Tubifex Blood worm
(Fresh water)
Indicator of organic

Hirudinea

1. Aqatic, terrestrial, ectoparasite and sanguivorous.

2. Cephalisation absent. No distinct head, eyes, tentacles

and olfactory palps.

3. Parapodia and seate are absnt. Suckers at both the ends.

4. Clitellum (9-11 segments) develop only in breeding season.

5. Animals of this class are bisexual. Fertili- zation is external.

6. Development is direct.

Number of segments are fixed ie. 33 segments. Each segment

subdivided into numberous rings. called
''Secondary external annulation''
Anticoagulant Hirudin in the saliva
Saw like chitinous teeth in buccal cavity Circulation with haemo-
coelomic system.
Coelom is divide in tubes having coelomic fluid and haemoglobin. A
special mesodermal tissue Botryoidal tissue made up of
adipose tisssue for fat storage / supposed to be excretory.

e.g.*Hirudinaria Fresh water leech

Pontobdella Skate sucker.
Hirudo Medicinal leech (Highly modified)
Glossiphonia Fresh water leech
Haemadipsa Terrestrial leech
Haemopis Horse leech
Acanthobdella Extroparasite with setae connecting-
link between oligochaeta Hirudinea

Archiannelida
1. All Marine
2. Cephalistion absent.No distinct head, eyes, tentacle present and
olfactory palps.
3. Parapodia and setae are absent.
4. Clitellum absent
5. Animals are unisexual
6. Development is indirect. Larval stage is called Trochophore.
Segmentation is Mainly intermal
e.g Polygordius Connecting-link between Annelida & Mollusca
(living fossil) Larva known as Loven's Larva
without external and internal segmentation.
Seate are rare and usually have long prostomium or proboscis.
e.g., Bonelia, Echiuris
PHylum ARTHROPODa :
It is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, including 900,000
species. The largest class is insecta
with 750,000 species. General characters are

They are triploblastic coelomate and bilaterally symmetrical animals.

The body cavity is full of haemolymph (blood) and it's known as

haemocoel. The true coelom is restricted to gonals.

The body is covered by chitinous cuticle, which forms the

exoskeleton. Strengthen by deposition of
minerals (Cal. Phosphate & Carbonate).
 They have a segmented body, each segement bearing a pair of
jointed appendages covered by a jointed
exoskeleton.

Exoskeleton is made of chitinous cuticle that is shed at intervals.

The process of casting off of skin or integument is known

as ecdysis or moulting. Chitnnous exoskeleton is secreted by the
underlying epidermis.

The body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen. In some

cases the head and thorax is fused to
form cephalothorax.
In insects the thoracic segments have legs and wings, the abdomen
has no legs in insects.

Muscles are striated.

Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book 1 st time

developed in Arthropoda. lungs or tracheal
system.

Excretion takes place through green glands or malpighan tubules

coxal gland.

Excretory matter = Ammonia (Aquatic) ; Uric Acid (Terrestrial)

Nephridia (Perpatus)
 Sensory structures in arthropods are antennae for perceiving
odour, eyes, statocysts or balance organs
and sound receptors (in chirping crickets and cicadas). Eyes are
compound. In honey bees, butterflies
and months and insects, the gustatory receptors are present on
their feet.

The heart is dorsal pulsatile, many chambered and the circulatory

system is open (Haemocoel). Blood
haemolymph colourless.

The central nervous system consists of a circumentric ring formed

by paired pre-oral ganglia connected
by commissures to a solid, dorsal ganglionated, ventral nerve
chord.

In land arthropods, the fertilization is always internal. Few aquatic

has external fert.

Arthropods are oviparous. In some like the scorpion, the eggs

hatch within the female body. They bring
forth the young ones alive. They are viviparous.

Advancement Over Annelida

Distinct-head in all species.

 Jointed appendages serving a variety of functions.

Jointed exoskeleton for protection and muscle attachment.

Striped muscles arranged in bundles for moving particular parts.

Special respiratory organs such as gills, trachea, book lungs in

majority of cases.

Well developed sense organs such as compound eyes, statocysts

auditory organs, taste receptors etc.

Endocrine glands and pheromone secretion for communication

CLASSIFICATION :

The phylum arthropoda is divided into five classes.

Class 1. Crustacea

The body is divisible into cephalothorax (head +

thorax) and abdomen.

Dorsally, the cephalothorax is covered by a thick

exoskeletal carapace.
 There are present two pairs of anternnae and a pair
of stalked compound eyes.

Respiration is carried out either by body surface or by

gills.

Excretion takes place usually by antennary glands (

= green glands)

Sexes are usually separate. Sexual dimorphism is also

seen.

Development is usually indirect

Examples : Palaemon (Prawn), Macrobrachium (Prawn),

Atacus (Cray fish), Palinurus
(Lobster), cancer (Crab), Lucifer (Shrimp), Eupagurus
(Hermit crab), Oniscus (wood
louse), Daphnia (Water-flea), Cyclops, Balanus (barnacle).
Tiny crustaceans such as
Daphnia and Cyclops act as zooplankton which form
important link in the food chain in water.

Class 2. Chilopoda

Body is long and segemented, which is divisible in to

head and trunk.
 Each trunk segment bears a pair of legs. The first pair
of legs are modified in to poison claws.

There is a single pair of antennae and ocelli.

There are present many legs.

Respiration occurs by tracheae.

Excretion takes place by Malpighian tubules.

Development is direct

Examples : Scolopendra (Centipede)

Class 3. Diplopoda

Body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen.

There is a single pair of antennae and ocelli.

Except first thoracic segment, (It does not have

legs) each thoracic segment bears a pair of
legs, however each abdominal segment has
two pairs of legs
 Respiration occurs by tracheae

Excretion takes place by Malpighian tubules

Development is generally direct e.g. julus (Millipede)

Class 4. Insecta (Hexapoda) [Largest number of species]

Body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen.

There is a pair of antennae, and a pair of

compound eyes.

The thorax consists of three segments with three

pairs of legs and usually two pairs of
wings. Mesothorax has thick and leathery false wings
called as tegmina and membranous
metathoracic wings.

The abdomen may consists of ten segments.

Respiration usually takes places by tracheae. (No

respiratory pigments).

Heart is tubular and divided into chambers

 Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs. Uric
acid is chief excretory waste.

Sexes are separate.

Development may be direct or indirect e.g.

silverfish, cockroach, bedbug, locust, termites,
butter flies, rat flea, beetle , wasp, aphid, glow
worm etc.

Maggot is the larva of Housefly

Insects communicate with each other by ectohormone called
as Pheromones. Pheromones are chemicals secreted to the outside
of the body and perceived (as by smell by other individuals of same
species). They help in communication amongst the organisms of
same species.

Ex. Musa domestica House fly

Tachardia lacca (Lacifer) Lac Insect

Dactylopis Cochineal bug

Lytta Blister Beetle

Apis Honey bee

 Bombyx Silkworm

Anopheles

Culex

Aedes

Locusta
(Locust)

The insects may be divided into four groups on the basis of their
mode of development.

Insects without Metamorphosis (Ametabolous

Development). Certain insects, such as silver fish, does not undergo
metamorphosis. These insects are most primitive and wingless.
There are present three stages in the life history; egg,
young and imago (adult)

Insects with gradual Metamorphosis (Paurometabolous

Development). In this type of metamaophosis,
the life history includes egg, nymph (young) and imago (adult).
The nymph resembles the adult in its
mode of life but differs in structure, the young being without
wings. Gradual metamorphosis. Occurs in
cockroaches, grasshoppers, locusts, termites, stick insects,
praying mantis, bed bug and lice.
 Insects with incomplete Metamorphosis (Hemimetabolous
Development). In this type of
metamorphosis the life history includes egg, naiad (young)
and imago (adult). The naiad differs from
the adult in both mode of life and structure. Incomplete
metamorphosis occurs in dragon flies and may
flies.

Insects Complete Metamorphosis (Holometabolous

Development). In this type of metamorphosis the
life history includes egg, larva, pupa and imago (adult). Complete
metamorphosis occurs in butterflies,
moth, beetles, house flies, mosquitoes, fleas, honey bees ,
ants , wasps. The larvae of butterflies and
moths is called caterpillar. The larva of houseflies is known
as maggot. The larva of beetles is termed
grub and the larva of mosquito is called wriggler. The young one
formed after every moulting is called
as instar. The period between two molting is stadium.

Hypermetabolous. Each larval stage differs from the others in

habits, food and mode of living e.g.
Blisterbeetle

Type of Mouthparts in insects

Generally mouth parts of an insect are one labrum, one labium,

one hypopharynx, two mandibles and
two maxillae. Following type of mouth parts are found is insects.
 Biting and chewing type e.g., Grass-hooppers, cockroaches
and crickets.

Piercing and sucking type.e.g. mosquitoes, bedgugs

Chewing and lapping type. Lap means to drink by scooping

with tongue and lapper is that which laps
liquid e.g. honey bees.

Sponging type. eg. House fly. (Musca domestica.) It lacks

mandibles. Feeds on sugar by dissolving in
saliva and sucking.

Siphoning type e.g. Butterflies and moth. Here the

proboscises formed by the modification of
maxilla.

Lac Insect

Lac is produced commercially by an

insect Tachardia lacca (Laccifer lacca).

Lac is actually secreted for its protection and not for the food of
the insect.
 Male insects are winged and structurally complete, but females
are degenerated.

Lac or shellac is an exuviate (secretion) of mainly female.

Lac is resinous substance

Cochineal Bug

Dactylopis cocccus lives upon cactus. Dead and dried bodies

are used for making a dye called cochineal dye.

Blister Beetle

Lytta is a genus of blister beetle. The drug cantheridine is

prepared from its blood.

Cantheridine is widely used for healthy growth of hair

Red Ants

Red ants are used for the production of formic acid.

Glow worm
 Wingless female and larva of certain beetles like Lymphyris
notiluca which emits greenish light. Also yields luciferin

Honey Bee : A hive consists of a vertical sheet of wax with a

number of hexagonal cells for rearing young bees (brood cells),
storing food (storage cells), royal chamber and chamber of
themselves.

Bee is a social, polymorphic and colonial insect. It has three main

castes queen, drones and workers.

Queen is the only fertile female of the colony which continues to

lay eggs for 25 years.

Drones are male honey bees. They develop from unfertilized eggs.
Drones and virgin queens take part in nuptial flight. After copulation
the drones are not allowed to come back into hive.

Workers are sterile females.

Scout bees search for food and intimate the same to worker bees
by dances-round dance for less than 75m and tail wagging
dance for longer distances.

Prof. karl von Frisch got Nobel prize 1973 for decoding the
language of bee dances. Workers have pollen collecting apparatus,
honey storing mechanism and wax secreting glands.
 Young workers secrete royal jelly. Royal jelly is given to queen or
potential queens.

Honey contain simple sugars (fructose and levulose), Vitamins

and minerals. It is a tonic, laxative and sweetening agent. True product
of honey bee is bees wax.

Class 5. Arachnida

The body is usually divisible into cephalothorax and

abdomen.

The cphalothorax bears simple eyes and six pairs

of appendages (One pair of chelicerae,
one pair pedipalpi and four pairs of legs)

Antennae are absent.

Respiratory organs are book lungs or trachea or

both

Excretion takes place by Malpighian tubules

or coxal glands or both

Development is generally direct.

 Examples : Scorpion, spider, Tick, Mite, Aranaeus (garden
spinder), Palamneus (Scorpion), Buthus
(Scorpion)

Spiders spins the web by means of a secrection of

abdominal glands.

There are two more classes in the phylum Arthropods.

These classes are Onychophora and Merostomata.
Peripatus is an important examples of the class
Onychophora, which has characters of Phylum
Annelida and Arthopoda. Hence it is called "connecting
link" between annelida and arthropoda . It
breathes by trachea.

*Limulus. (the king crab or horseshoe crab) is good

example of class Merostomata which respires with book gills. The king
crab are called "living fossils". A living fossil is a living animal of
ancient origin
with many primitive characters.

Larvae of different Arthropods

(a) Bombyx (Slikworm) Caterpillar / Silkworm

(b) Beetles, honey bee Grub
(c) Musca (Housefly) Maggot
(d) Culex, Anopheles Wriggler
(e) Pennaeus (Marine prawn) Mysis, nauplius,
protozoea
 (f) Cancer (Crab) Megalopa metanauplius,
zoea

Arthopoda is the biggest phylum. About 9,00, 000 species are

there . Largest class is insecta.

Von Siebold established phylum Arthoropoda.

Arthopods are Aquatic (Freshater/marine), Terrestrial, burrower,

parasitic.

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA :

It is second largest Phylum.

Mollusca (Soft bodied) are marine or fresh water or terrestrial.

Johnston coined the name Mollusca.

Study of this phylum is known as Malacology & study of shells of

molluscan is known as Conchology.

Body is unsegmented with variety of shapes. Neopilina is

exceptionally segmented. (connecting link).

Molluscs are usually bilateral. Few are

secondarily asymmetrical (snail) due to twisting (Torsion) during
growth.
 Triploblastic with Organ system level.

Body wall includes one layered epidermis (usually cilited) with

unstripped muscles found in bundles.

Body parts consist of

(i) Head with sense organ. Head is absent in Pelecypoda &

Scaphopoda.

(ii) Dorsal visceral mass containing organ system.

(iii) Ventral foot for locomotion.

(iv) Thin fleshy fold or outgrowth of dorsal body wall covers the
body. This fold is called mantle or
pallium. It encloses a space mantle or pallial cavity between
itself and the body. The mantle
usually secretes an external limy shell. Shell is made up
of Calcium carbonate and Concheolin
protein.

Shell may also be internal (Cuttle fish), reduced and even absent
(Octopus)
 Coelom is greatly reduced. It is represented by cavities in
the pericardium, kidneys and gonads. Space among the viscera
contain blood and form haemocoel.

Digestive tract is complete. Buccal cavity contain a rasping organ

the Radula, with transverse row of teeth.

Anus opens into the mantle cavity.

Digestive glands are known as hepatopancreas.

Respiration is usually by gills i.e., Ctenidia. But respiration may

takes place by body surface also.
Dentalium respire by Mantle.

Pila respire by pulmonary sac on land and by gills in water.

Circulatory system is open. It includes dorsal pulsatile

heart and a few arteries that open into sinuses.
Cephalopoda has closed type of circulatory system
Blood has a copper containing, blue respiratory
pigment Haemocyanin. Blood is colourless with amoebocytes.

Excretory system includes 1 or 2 pairs of sac like kidneys, which

open into the mantle cavity. Kidney of molluscans
are Metanephridia known as Kaber's organs or Organ of
Bojanus. Excretory matter is ammonia or uric acid.
 Nervous system comprises three paired ganglia

(1) Cerebral (above the mouth) (2) Pedal (In the foot)
(3) Visceral (in visceral mass)

These are inter connected by (1) Commissure (Joins similar

ganglia)

(2) Connectives (Joins dissimilar ganglia)

Senses organ includes (1) Eye - Present over a stalk

called ommatophore (Gastropoda).

(2) Statocyst/Lithocyst - For equilibrium

in foot

(3) Osphradia - Chemoreceptor/Olfactory as

well as for testing chemical &
physical nature of water.

Sexes usually separate (snail has ovotestis). Gonads have ducts.

Fertilization may be external or internal. Cleavage is spiral,
determinate, unequal and holoblastic.

Development is - Direct or indirect.

Trochophore is very common larva of Mollusca phylum.

Larva - Glochidium (Fresh water mussel) and Veliger (Pila)

Precious pearl of the size of tennis - ball is made by a mollusk -

Tridekna

Nacre layer is called Mother of Pearl. This layer is made up

of CaCO 3 and choncheolin protein.

Father of pearl industry - Kokichi Mikimoto

Molluscs are classified on the basis of shell, Foot, Nervous system and
Gills into seven classes

Cephalopoda
- Marine

Shell-Internal and reduced it may be external (Nautilus) or absent

(Octopus)
Redula - Present
Foot - Modified into a funnel and partly into 8 or 10 sucker bearing
arms that surround the mouth
Locomotion is by expelling water in jet through siphon (Jet
propulsion). Ink glands in some squids for offense and defense. When
the squid is attacked, it emits a cloud of inky fluid through its siphon.
This 'smoke screen' interferes with the vision and chemoreceptor of
the predator and thereby helps the squid to escape.
- Closed blood
circulation.
- Hectocotyle for
sperm transfer
- Larva absent
e.g. Sepia-Cuttle fish*
10 arms having
Chromatophores.
Tethys - Sea-fly
Loligo - Squid
(Radula absent)
*Octopus - Devil fish 8 arms
Nautilus - Tiger shell
Pelecypoda Bivalvia or Lamellibranchiata
- Marine/fresh water
Head-Absent
Shell-Consist of two valves Movably hinged dorsally.
Redula-Absent Foot-Plough or Wedge shaped for burrowing
Redula-absent
Larva-Glochidium Trochophore
e.g.
Unio-Mussel (fresh water)
Mytilus-Mussel (marine)
Lamellidens-mussel
Ostrea
Teredo-Ship worm.
*Pinctada-Pearl oysters.
Pteria- Indian pearl oyster.
Tridekna-Highest economic value
Pecten - Scallop
Gastropoda
- Marine/fresh water/moist soil. largest class.
- embryo grows into an asymmetrical adult due to twisting/torsion of
visceral mass during development. mouth & anus lie on same side.
Head-With eyes & tentacles.Shell - Spirally coiled
Radula Present
Foot - Large & flat
Larva - Trochophore or Veliger.
e.g. *Pila-Apple-snail (Shell used in but-tons)
Cypraea-Old currency
Limex-Slug (shell less)
Helix
Turbinella-Shankh
Doris-Sea lemon
Aplysia- Sea hare*
Planorbis-Land snail
Lymnea-Land snail

Scaphopoda
- Marine
Head - absent. Shell-Tubular, open at both end.
Redula-Present
Foot - Conical and use for digging
Larva - Trochophore
e.g.
*Dentalium-Tusk shell. (Respire by mantle)

Polyplacophora/ Amphineura
- Marine
Head - reduced without eyes and tentacles.
Shell - Present or absent. 8 dorsal plates present.(Multivalved)
Radula Present
Foot - Reduced/absent.
Larva-Trochophore
e.g.
Chiton-The coat of mail shell (Sea-mica)
Chaetopleura-*
Aplacophora
- Marine, Worm like
Head-Small without eyes & tentacles
Shell - Absent.
Redula - Present
Foot-Reduce/absent.
Larva-Trochophore
e.g.
- Neomenia

Monoplacophora
- Marine, common character of Annelida and Arthropoda.
Head - Indistinct
Shell - Dome-shaped with mantle.
Radula - Present
Foot - Flat muscular
Larva - Trochophore
e.g.
- Neopilina
Living fossils Connecting link of Annelida and Mollusca and
only segmented mollusk with nephridia.

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA :
Name Echinodermata was given by Jacob Klein.

All are Marine except Synapta similis.

Generally live at bottom and slow moving.

Body shape is star like, cylindrical like, melon-like, disc-like,

flower like.

Body unsegmented with bilateral symmetry in larva and radial

pentamerous (arranged in five or
multiple) in adult.

Echinoderms are triploblastic with organ - system level of

organization

Echinoderms do not have head.

Tube feet (podia) which comes out through radial area
i.e. Ambulacral used for locomotion. They are extended and retracted
by variation in hydraulic pressure of fluid in them and by contraction
of their muscle.

Body wall of echinoderms consists of

(i) Epidermis - Single layered & ciliated.

(ii) Dermis - Below the epidermis thick dermis having mesodermal

endoskeleton of calcareous plate
(Ossicles). It has spines.

(iii) Muscles - Smooth and lie below dermis.

 Minute pincerlike structure pedicellariae comes out through skin.
They keep body surface clear of
debris by opening & closing. These are made up of three
calcareous plates.

Echinoderms have true Coelom lined by ciliated mesothelium.

Enterocoelous contain fluids with free amoeboid cells
called coelomocytes.

Coelom is divided into many tubes and sinuses, which together

form 3 systems.

(i) A unique water filled ambulacral or water vascular system with

tube feet to help in locomotion. A perforated
plate madreporite permits entry of water into ambulacral system
which also help in food and gas transport system. Structures like
Pollian vesicle, tiedmann body or recemose, stone canal are also
found in water vascular system.

(ii) Haemal system.

(iii) Perihaemal system.

Respiration takes place by gills called dermal branchiae or

papulae in most of Echinoderms like Starfish, genital bursae in Brittle
star, cloacal respiratory trees Sea- Cucumber, Peristomial gills -
Sea urchin. tube - feetsalso helps in respiration in all Echinoderms

Digestive tract is complete, (incomplete -brittle star).

Circulation system is reduced and open type called haemal
system /Perihaemal system. No heart or pumping vessel.

There is no specialised excretory organ system. Nitrogenous

waste (ammonia) diffuses out via gills, bursae, respiratory tree and
tube feet. Amoeboid cells in coelomic fluid also perform excretory
function by absorbing excretory matter.

Nervous system is simple and primitive type includes a Nerve ring

and radial nerve cord with simple sense organ. (No brain)

Echinoderms resemble chordates in early embryonic

development.

Echinoderms have separate sexes.

Fertilization is external (no copulation). Life history includes

ciliated, bilaterally symmetrical larva that undergoes metamorphosis
and change into a adult (Deuterostome).

Larva
Star fish Bipinnaria, Brittle star
Ophiopluteus
Sea urchin Echinopluteus, Sea
cucumber Auricularia
Feather star Doliolaria,
Few echinoderms (star fish) have great power of regeneration. They
break off their arms for defence
purpose. This phenomenon is known as Autotomy

Echinoderms in angry or frightened state vomits out viscera (internal

organ). This phenomenon is known as Evisceration.
Heart urchin has lophophore (Ciliary structure)

Divided into Five classes

Crinoidea
Body form - Plant like fixed with cirri.
Arms - Highly branched

Spines - Absent
Pedicellariae - Absent
Ambulacral groove - Oral and ciliated

Madreporite - Absent
Anus Oral

Viscera - Extend upto arms

Respiration - Tube feet

Suckers Absent

Larva - Doliolaria
*Antedon - Sea lilly (most primitive)
Holopus
Neometra - Feather star
Neometra - Feather star
Holothuroidea
Body form-Long & cylindrical
Arms - Absent
Spines Absent
Padicellariae - Absent
Ambulacral groove Absent

Madreporite - Internal
Anus Aboral

Viscera - No Viscera into arms.

Respiration-Cloacal tree

Suckers Present

Larva - Auricularia

*Cucumaria - Sea cucumber

Holothuria
Synapta
Echinoidea
Body form - Globular/disc like.
Arms - Absent
Spines - Present
Pedicellariae - Present
Ambulacral groove Absent
Madreporite - Aboral
Anus Aboral
Viscera - No Viscera into arms.
Respiration - Peristomium gills
Suckers Present
Larva - Pluteus
Mouth - with biting & chewing tooth apparatus Aristotle's
lantern (Masticating apparatus with 5 teeth)
*Echinus-sea urchin
Clypeaster- Cake urchin
Echinarachinus-sand dollar
Echinocardium-heart urchin
Salmacis
Ophiuroidea
Body form - Flat & star like
Arms - Five or multiple of five.
Sharply marked with the central disc
Spines - Present
Pedicellariae - Absent
Ambulacral groove - Not visible
Madreporite - Oral
Anus - Absent
Viscera - No Viscera into arms.
Respiration - Genital bursae
Suckers Absent
Larva - Ophiopluteus
Ophiothrix (Brittle star)
*Ophiura
Asteroidea
Body Flat & star like.
Arms - Five or multiple of five not sharply marked with the central disc
(Show Autotomy).
Spines - Present.
Pedicellariae - Present.
Ambulacral groove - Situated at oral surface.
Madreporite - at Aboral surface
Anus - At aboral end.
Viscera - Extend upto arms
Respiration - Dermal branchiae or papulae
Suckers - Present
Larva - Bipinnaria - Brachiolaria
- Dipleura
* Asterias - starfish
Solaster - Sea star
Pentaceros - Sea pentagen
 Astropecten

PROTOZOA - HEMICHORDATA

The term Hmichordata was given by Bateson.

Animals of this phylum are all fossorial, and their tunnels are U -
shaped.

Body worm like, and soft.

Body is divided into three parts.

A - proboscis B - Collar C - Trunk

Body wall has single layered epidermis. No dermis

Body cavity is enterocoelus, that is divided into Protocoel,

Mesocoel and Metacoel.

Mostly ciliary feeders. Complete alimentary canal is present in

digestive system. This is straight or U - shaped.

Circulatory system is open type. Blood is colourless with ameoboid

corpuscles.
Heart is dorsal.
 Skeletal tissue is absent.

True notochord is absent.

A notochord like structure is found in their buccal cavity, that is

called Buccal diverticulum or Stomochord (a hollow out-
growth arises from roof of buccal cavity).

Post anal tail is Absent.

Dorsal heart, ventral nerve cord, no respiratory pigment.

Respiration by gills.

Excretion is done by a single glomerulus. This single glomerulus

is situated in the proboscis known as Proboscis gland.

Central nervous system is just like non chordates. Brain is

present in the form of nerve - ring.

Mostly animals are unisexual and reproductin is sexual.

Fertilization is external. Cleavage holoblastic.

Development is direct or indirect because some animals

have tornaria larva just like bipinnaria larva or echinodermata in
their developmental stages.
Hemichordata is divided into two Classes
(1) Enteropneusta 2)
Pterobranchia
e.g. e.g.
*Balanoglossus. (Tongue worm or Acorn worm)
Rhabdopleura

*Saccoglossus

Earlies included Hemichordata in Chordata phylum. Hyman (1959)

kept in separate phylum Hemichordata in invertebrates.

Hemichordata is connecting link between Non-Chordata &

Chordata.