Classification

The variety of the

life

Lesson
#2
 Classification?

 Animals are separated into

groups or categories so that
they are more easily studied
and discussed by scientists
and others.
The method of arranging and
grouping of organisms on the basis of
similarities and differences is called
classification.
 The modern system of
putting different organisms
into certain groups was
developed by the Swedish
botanist and zoologist Carl
Linnaeus in the eighteenth
century.

He gave each species a

Latin name, consisting of
the genus and the species.
This is known as binomial
nomenclature.
 For example, the scientific
name for the rabbit is
Oryctolagus cuniculus. It is
known by this name all over the
world by the scientific
community.

Similarly, the binomial name for human

beings is Homo sapiens.

Homo is the genus, and sapiens is the

species.
 Binomial nomenclature
 Binomial nomenclature is the formal naming
system of naming different species.
 It was introduced by a Swedish naturalist
Linnaeus in 1735.
 It is sometimes known as the latin name of an
animal.
 The first name is the genus and the second is
the name of the species.
 For Example a human is a Homo sapiens.
 When handwriting, a Binomial Nomenclature of
a animal should be underlined, while when word
processing, it should be in italics.
 The genus should have its first letter capitalized,
while the species should be all lower case .
Binomial system of classification
 Binomial = two
names (genus and
species)
 Worldwide system
used by scientists
 The genus always
has a capital
letter e.g.
Panthera leo is
the binomial name
for lion
Species

The
The smallest group
smallest groupofof
organisms
classified
organisms which can interbreed
classified which can
with each other
interbreed toeach
with produce
other to
fertile
produceoffspring
fertile offspring.
The smallest group of organisms
classified which can interbreed
with each other to produce ferti
  Kingdom
Seven Levels of
Classification  Phylum

 Class

 Order

 Family

 Genus

 Species
Five Kingdoms
 Kingdom Animalia

 All animals are multicellular, mitochondrial

heterotrophs—they have multiple cells with
mitochondria and they rely on other organisms
for their nourishment.
Kingdom Animalia
 Many-celled organisms
 Cells have a membrane
around the nucleus
 Get nutrients and energy
by eating other organisms
 Reproduce with eggs.
Some eggs develop inside
the mother's body, and
some develop outside the
mother's body.
 Examples are bears, fish,
frogs, butterflies, and
starfish
Kingdom- Animalia
 Animal-Kingdom is made up of two main
groups.

Animals with backbones Animals without backbones

Called Vertebrates called Invertebrates
1.Fishes 1.Molluscs
2. Amphibians 2. Worms (Annelids)
3. Reptiles 3. Arthropods
4. Birds 4. Nematodes
5. Mammals
Vertebrates
Class- Reptilia

Class- Pisces Class-Amphibia

Class- Aves Class- Mammalia

 Vertebrates 17

Mammalia (class) Reptilia (class)

Aves (class)

Pisces (class)

Amphibia (class)
Class-Pisces
Almost all fish live in water except few like
mudskipper, which can spend short period
of time breathing air. Examples- Herring,
Perch, Shark
 Vertebrates with scaly skin
 They have fins to help with swimming and
balance
 Fish get oxygen for respiration from gills
 Fish have a sense organ called a lateral
line, which runs along each side of the
body. This senses vibrations in the water
 Their eggs are surrounded by soft jelly
and laid in water
 Eyes but no ears
 Cold- blooded animals
 Do not look after their off springs
 Class- Amphibia
 Some live in water and some on
land. However they must return to
the water to lay their eggs.
Examples- Frogs, Toads,
Salamanders
 Vertebrates with smooth, moist skin
 They have 4 limbs, back legs
normally longer and often webbed
to make swimming efficient.
 They lay soft jellylike eggs in water
young (tadpole) lives in water and
has gills but adult often lives on
land.
 Respires with skin and lungs
 Eyes and ears present
 Cold- blooded animals
 Do not look after their off springs
 Class-Reptilia
 Most of them live on land although
some spend lot of their time in the
water (crocodiles) Examples-
Lizards, Crocodiles, Snakes,
Tortoises and Turtules
 Vertebrates with dry rough and
scaly skin
 They have either 4 limbs, or none
(snakes)
 They lay eggs with rubbery
waterproof shells on land
 Eyes and ears present
 Lungs for breathing
 Cold-blooded animals
 Usually no parental care
 Class- Aves
 Examples- Pigeon, Flamingo, Kiwi,
Penguin, Ostrich
 They have feathers covering their
bodies and scaly skin on legs
 They have 2 limbs, 2 wings
 They have hard shelled eggs
 They have beaks. Most birds can
fly
 They have no teeth
 Homoeothermic or warm-blooded
animals.
 Lungs for breathing
 Parental care is well marked.
 Class- Mammalia
 Mammals show greatest intelligence among
all animals. Examples- Humans, Mouse,
Elephants, Tiger,
 The have hair or fur covering their bodies.
 They have 4 limbs
 Offspring are developed internally, inside a
womb
 Female mammals have mammary glands,
so that they can feed their young.
 They also have four different types of
teeth(incisors, canines, premolars and
molars)
 Warm-blooded animals
 Eyes, ears with pinna(External flap) to help
them hear
 Lungs for breathing
 Heart has four chambers
 Brain and sense organs are well developed.
 Parental care well developed reaching its
climax in humans
Phylum-Arthopods
 Arthropods are very common
animals on the Earth. There are more
kinds of arthropods in the world than
all the other kinds of animals put
together. They are a very successful
group, because they have a
waterproof exoskeleton that has
allowed them to live on dry land. The
characteristics of arthropods are
 They are invertebrates( they have no
backbone)
 Several pairs of jointed legs
 Hard exoskeleton covering their body
which protects & supports them.
 The body is divided into multiple
segments
 There are many classes
of
Arthropods
 Class- Crustaceans
 Class- Aracnids
 Class- Insects
 Class- Myriapods
Class- Crustaceans
 Crustaceans include crabs,
lobsters & woodlice.
 Their exoskeleton is especially
strong as it contains calcium
salts.
 They have more than 4 pairs of
legs (crab has five pairs) and
two pairs of antennae and
compound eyes.
 Their body is made up of a
combined head-thorax region
known as a cephalothorax.
 An abdomen is also present.
Each of these parts are made
up of many segments.
 They breathe through gills, so
most of them live in wet places
and many are aquatic (water-
living
 Class- Aracnids
 Arachnids include spiders,
scorpions mites and ticks.
 Like crustaceans their
body is divided into a
cephalothorax and
abdomen..
 They have four pairs of
legs and no antennae.
 There are usually several
pairs of simple eyes.
 They breathe through gills
called book lungs.
 Class- Insects
 Insects are the most successful group
in the world and form a very large class
of arthropods. Their success is due to
their exoskeleton which stops their body
from losing too much water and drying
out. Examples- Bees, houseflies,
butterflies, mosquitoes, beetles etc.
 Their body is divided clearly into a
head, thorax and abdomen.
 The thorax is made up of three
segments & the abdomen around 10-
11.
 They have three pairs of legs( attached
to the thorax) and most insects also
have two pairs of wings ( also attached
to the thorax)
 They have a single pair of antennae
and compound eyes.
 Breathe through trachea
Class- Myriapods
 Myriapods includes
Centipedes (carnivorous)
and Millipedes (herbivorous).
 They have a head and a
segmented body which is not
divided into thorax and
abdomen.
 They have many pairs of
legs, single pair of antennae
and simple eyes.
Kingdom- Prokaryotes
 One-celled organism
 Cells have no membrane
around the nucleus
 Reproduce by splitting in
two(binary fission)
 Absorb nutrients from outside
their bodies
 Some cause diseases, but
others are helpful to people
 Examples: bacteria
Kingdom- Protoctists
 Most are one-celled, but some
have many cells.
 Cells have a membrane around Paramoecium Didinium
the nucleus
 Some get nutrients and energy
by eating other organisms
 Some get energy from the sun,
and nutrients from the water
around them
 Most reproduce by splitting in
two
 Examples are paramecium,
amoeba, and kelp
Kingdom- Fungi
 Most are many-celled
and some are one-celled
organisms
 Cells have a membrane
around the nucleus
 Get nutrients and energy
by absorbing/ digesting
the surface they live on
 Most reproduce by
spores
 Examples are yeast,
mushrooms, bread
molds, and lichens
Kingdom-Plants
 Many-celled organisms
 Cells have a membrane
around the nucleus,
contain chlorophyll, and
have cell walls
 Get energy from the sun
and take in nutrients from
their surroundings
 Most reproduce from
seeds; some reproduce
from other special parts
 Examples are ferns,
trees, grasses, and
bushes
There are 2 types of plants
1. Ferns and Mosses (do not have
flowers)
2. Flowering plants
 Ferns
 Do not produce flowers
but reproduce by means
of spores(underside of
fronds)
 Ferns have 3 major
parts:
 1.Rhizome
 2. Frond
 3. Reproductive structure
called sporangia.
Flowering Plants

 Plants with roots ,

stem and leaves.
 Reproduce
sexually by means
of flowers and
seeds
 Seeds are produce
inside the ovary in
flowers.
Flowering plants are divided
into 2 groups:

1.Monocotyledon

2.Dicotyledon
 Virus
 A virus is a non-cellular
particle made up of genetic
material and protein coat
that can invade living cells.
 Not alive.
 Cannot move, feed, excrete,
show senitivity, grow or
reproduce.
 Can cause common diseases
such as cold and influenza
and more serious one such as
AIDS.