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    Introduction To Toxicology 2017 by Dr. Perez

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    John Christopher Luces
    Toxicology is the study of poisons and their adverse effects on living organisms. The risk of toxicity is determined by both the toxicity of a substance and the level of exposure. Some key factors that affect an individual's response to toxic substances include the chemical and physical properties of the substance, the duration and route of exposure, and individual characteristics like age, health status, and metabolism. When treating a poisoned patient, the priorities are emergency stabilization, clinical evaluation, minimizing further absorption, enhancing elimination, administering antidotes if available, and providing supportive care.

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    Introduction To Toxicology 2017 by Dr. Perez

    Uploaded by

    John Christopher Luces
    50 views15 pages
    Toxicology is the study of poisons and their adverse effects on living organisms. The risk of toxicity is determined by both the toxicity of a substance and the level of exposure. Some key factors that affect an individual's response to toxic substances include the chemical and physical properties of the substance, the duration and route of exposure, and individual characteristics like age, health status, and metabolism. When treating a poisoned patient, the priorities are emergency stabilization, clinical evaluation, minimizing further absorption, enhancing elimination, administering antidotes if available, and providing supportive care.

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    Introduction to Toxicology 2017 by Dr. Perez (1)

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    Toxicology is the study of poisons and their adverse effects on living organisms. The risk of toxicity is determined by both the toxicity of a substance and the level of exposure. Some key factors that affect an individual's response to toxic substances include the chemical and physical properties of the substance, the duration and route of exposure, and individual characteristics like age, health status, and metabolism. When treating a poisoned patient, the priorities are emergency stabilization, clinical evaluation, minimizing further absorption, enhancing elimination, administering antidotes if available, and providing supportive care.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    50 views15 pages

    Introduction To Toxicology 2017 by Dr. Perez

    Uploaded by

    John Christopher Luces
    Toxicology is the study of poisons and their adverse effects on living organisms. The risk of toxicity is determined by both the toxicity of a substance and the level of exposure. Some key factors that affect an individual's response to toxic substances include the chemical and physical properties of the substance, the duration and route of exposure, and individual characteristics like age, health status, and metabolism. When treating a poisoned patient, the priorities are emergency stabilization, clinical evaluation, minimizing further absorption, enhancing elimination, administering antidotes if available, and providing supportive care.

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    of 15

    INTRODUCTION TO

    TOXICOLOGY
    Ella Joy Nogas-Perez, MD, DPSCOT, FPAFP
    Clinical Toxicologist
    Poison Treatment And Control Center
    Southern Philippines Medical Center
    GENERAL INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE

    To understand the basic principles of


    toxicology and their applications
    WHAT IS TOXICOLOGY?
    DOSE
    POISONS RESPONS
    E
    = Pharmacology PRINCIPLE

    Adverse effects of
    chemicals or
    physical agents on
    living organism
    DEFINITION OF TERMS
    TOXICITY
    Ability of a substance to cause injury to a
    biologic material

    POISON
    Any agent that is capable of producing
    deleterious effect(s) in a biological system,
    seriously injuring function or producing
    death
    - XENOBIOTIC
    - TOXIN
    DEFINITION OF TERMS
    POISONING
    Overdose of drugs, medicaments, chemicals
    and biological substances

    Ingestion of a substance not intended for


    consumption
    RISK = (TOXICITY) x (EXPOSURE)
    RISK
    the potential (likelihood) that
    injury (biological damage)
    will occur in a given situation

    TOXICITY
    is the ability of a substance to
    cause injury to biologic
    material
    RISK = TOXICITY X EXPOSURE

    TOXICITY AND Potential exposure TOXICITY AND No exposure


    HIGH RISK LOW RISK
    QUESTION 01

    Poisoning should be considered in the following situations

    A. A 50 year old man experienced dizziness, weakness and chest tightness after walking
    through a newly sprayed mango orchard
    B. A 10 kg child presented at the emergency room with jaundice, high grade fever and
    bleeding. She was initially given Paracetamol drops (100mg/ml) 1 ml every 4 hours for
    the last 3 days
    C. A 20 year old male who had been on Cloxacillin 500 mg every 6 hours developed
    generalized reashes
    D. A 15 year old child presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea in a restaurant
    FACTORS AFFECTING RESPONSES TO
    TOXIC AGENTS

    Chemical & physical


    properties of the
    substance

    Individual factors
    Exposure Individual practices
    PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

    PHYSICAL STATE: liquid, gas, fume, mist, dust, vapor, etc.

    SOLUBILITY: in biological fluid/material such as water, blood


    and lipids (fat)

    VAPOR PRESSURE: > 1 mm Hg rapid volatilization

    VAPOR DENSITY: > 1 (heavier than air)

    REACTIVITY: chemical
    EXPOSURE SITUATION:
    DURATION, FREQUENCY, ROUTE, DOSAGE
    ACUTE EXPOSURE: Ingestion, Single dose, less than 24 hours
    Ingestion, multiple/divided doses, within 13 hours
    Inhalation, continuous 4 hours, effect appears within 14 days

    SUBACUTE EXPOSURE: repeated daily exposure, less than 1 month or 21 days


    SUBCHRONIC EXPOSURE: repeated daily exposure, 90 days or 3 months
    CHRONIC EXPOSURE: daily exposure throughout lifetime

    FREQUENCY: Frequency is critical to the concentration levels


    of the substance in biological fluids/at target site(s);
    may be expressed as number of exposures/time period
    EXPOSURE SITUATION:
    DURATION, FREQUENCY, ROUTE, DOSAGE
    Decreasing order of effectiveness in
    toxicity
    Dosage (Dose)
    1. Parenteral
    2. Inhalational - is the unit of chemical/unit of biological
    system (mg/unit body weight; mg/body
    3. Intraperitoneal surface area; mL/unit body weight, etc.)
    4. Intramuscular
    5. Subcutaneous Paracetamol 500 mg tab x 25 tab
    (12,500 mg)
    6. Intradermal Weight: 50 kgs
    7. Oral and dermal
    DOSE: 250mg/kg
    INDIVIDUAL FACTORS

    AGE
    GENDER
    GENETIC BACKGROUND
    NUTRITIONAL STATUS
    GENERAL HEALTH STATUS
    ABSORPTION / DISTRIBUTION / METABOLISM / EXCRETION
    GENERAL APPROACH TO A POISONED PATIENT

    I. Emergency Stabilization
    II. Clinical Evaluation
    III. Minimizing Absorption of the poison
    IV. Enhancing elimination of the absorbed poison
    V. Administration of the antidotes
    VI. Supportive therapy and observation
    VII. Disposition

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