Irjet V4i5122 PDF
Irjet V4i5122 PDF
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Abstract - The electric power industry has been economical way. So it is necessary for the utility companies
experiencing a procedure of restructuring since the nineties to plan for generation in hourly basis for the whole day. The
decade. The restructuring process of electrical power system unit commitment (UC) can be defined as the selection of
specifies the splitting of vertically integrated utilities to generating units i.e. start up and shut down arrangement
generation, transmission and distribution companies with a which supply power to the load of the system at a minimum
system coordinator known as independent system operator cost over a specified time period as well as providing a fixed
(ISO). Restructuring process leads into a competitive climate amount of reserve, known as spinning reserve. The unit
among power generation companies. The generation commitment selects units which are to be turned on or
companies i.e. GENCOs plan their generators to maximize turned off and generate the power and the reserve margin
profit as opposed to fulfill load demand request. Scheduling of for each unit. In general the commitment and the generating
power generations and reserve generations, planning for arrangement are done on hourly basis. Unit commitment
operation, maintenance etc. are crucial aspects in power determines the on/off status as well as the active power
system. Unit commitment decision concerns of identifying the output of the generator while satisfying the objective
units which are to be committed or de-committed during each function subjects to some constraints. Unit commitment is
hour over a specified period, by considering some constraints considered as a standout amongst the most noteworthy
such as power demand constraint, power generation optimization task in the operation of energy framework. Unit
constraint, reserve constraints, constraints on the startup and commitment assumes an imperative part for the financially
shut down of units etc. So, in the profit based unit commitment utilization of energy creating unit in the power framework.
the main objective is to maximize the profit which can be There was a general expert to control all exercises of
obtained by subtracting the cost from the revenue rather than generation, transmission and distribution of power, which is
minimization of cost as in traditional unit commitment. There known as vertically integrated market. So it was tough to
are many optimization techniques which can be used for unit split the cost involved in generation, transmission and
commitment problem. Here, Modified Pre-Prepared Power distribution. Since nineties decade the electric power
Demand (MPPD) table is used for scheduling of units which are industry has been experiencing a continuous procedure of
to be committed over the specified period. Artificial Bee Colony move and rebuilding. The restructuring procedure includes
(ABC) algorithm is used to solve for the generation of the the detachment of generation, transmission and distribution
committed units in each and every hour. The suggested companies from the vertically integrated utilities, with a
method has been analyzed on a system having 10 units with a central coordinator known as Independent System Operator
scheduling period of 24 hours. (ISO) to balance supply and demand in real time and to
maintain system reliability and security. The restructuring
Key Words: Restructuring process, Competitive process has been introduced in all the power activities. In
climate, Power generation, Reserve generation, Profit deregulated environment, the unit commitment problem has
based unit commitment, Modified Pre-prepared Power a different objective that includes the electricity market than
Demand table, Artificial Bee Colony algorithm that of traditional system. The main objective is to maximize
the profit of the individual generating companies i.e. GENCOs
1. INTRODUCTION and that profit can be found by subtracting the total cost of
In power system planning, operation, maintenance generation from the revenue. The unit commitment under
and scheduling of generation are vital angles. The power deregulated environment changes its objective from
demand varies all the day and the load curve shows power minimization of the cost to maximization of profit. GENCOs
demand variation with respect to time during the course of made a schedule which generates power less than the
the day. The load pattern of many utilities varies between forecasted load demand but create maximum profit.
peak and off peak hours. It is not economical that all the
units are on-line for the whole duration. Therefore, there is a For power industry reliability is an important aspect. There
problem of Unit Commitment for the generating companies should be provision of backup power for power failure.
so that they can meet the varying power demand in Therefore reserve generation is included in the unit
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 620
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
committed units. The RCU table is obtained from RMPPD The intelligent behavior of foraging bees can be summarized
table by substituting the binary values such a way that if any in three steps.
element in the table is non-zero, then it is replaced by 1. At the very first step, the bees start to explore the
Therefore, if the value is 1, then it is indicate that the unit is environment randomly so that they can find a food source.
in on state. Similarly if the binary value is 0, then the unit is At the second step, when the bees find a food source, the bee
in off state. can be referred to as an employed forager. Now the
Step 8: In this step we incorporate the no load cost. employed bees start to exploit the discovered scouts. The
Formulation of MPPD table is based on incremental fuel cost employed bees find the nectar amount and then return to the
(). Therefore no-load cost is not assumed in MPPD table. hive and give the nectar information to other bees. At the
There is a simple procedure to amalgamate the no-load cost. third step, the onlooker bees watch the dance performance
i) Production cost at the average of minimum output of the employed bees and choose a source site depending on
power and maximum output power is the frequency of the dance proportional to the quality of the
evaluated for all units. source.
ii) Now according to the production cost all units are
arranged in ascending order. 3.2.2 Control Parameter of ABC Algorithm
iii) On/off status of the units is also modified according There are for the most part four control parameters
to the ascending order of the production cost. utilized as a part of ABC algorithm and they are the number
iv) Keep going on-state unit at every hour is of employed bees, the number of unemployed or onlooker
distinguished. Status of the units are bees, the limit value and the colony size. Generally, the
supplanted as follows: number of employed or onlooker bees is equivalent to the
If any unit on the left side of the last on-state unit is in off quantity of food source. The value of limit is the quantity of
state then it is converted as on- state unit. trials for discharging a food source.
Step 9: Now it is required to check for the minimum 3.2.3 Steps involved in ABC algorithm
up time and down time constraints. In the event that the off Step 1: Initialization of Food Sources:
time of the unit is not as much as the minimum down time, Initially the food sources are generated by control
the status of the unit will be off. Similarly if the on time of the variable between their boundaries.
unit is more than the up time of the unit, then the unit will be (3.7)
on. This information is applied in the RCU table to perform
the final unit commitment scheduling. Where i=1, 2..SN
SN= Number of food source
J=1, 2. D
3.2 Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm
D= Number of optimization parameter
3.2.1 Introduction Step 2: Searching of Food Source by the Employed Bees:
Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm was proposed Now the employed bees produce a modification on
by Dervis Karaboga in 2005 which simulates the forging the position of the food source and for this they use the
behavior of a bee colony. This algorithm provides populace following expression.
based inquiry method. Here the food position are changed by
(3.8)
the simulated honey bees with time and the target of the
honey bee is to discover the spots of food source with high Where = Neighbouring food source of
nectar amount lastly the one with most noteworthy nectar. i= 1, 2SN
The food source represents a conceivable solution of the j=1, 2..D
optimization issue. The ABC colony consists of three types of k=1, 2.SN, which is different from i
bees and they are employed bees, onlooker bees and scout is a random number in the range [0,1]
bees. The employed bees occupy one half of the colony and
the onlooker bees occupy the other half. If then (3.9)
At first the employed bees search for the food sources. The If then (3.10)
number of food source and the number of employed bees are
equal. The employed bees find a neighboring food source Step 3: Finding the fitness value
around that area and the corresponding nectar amount of The fitness of the solution i can be found as
the food source is evaluated. Now, the employed bees convey Fitness (i) = 1+abs f(i) , if X<0 (3.11)
this information to other bees by a form of dance in the = 1/(1+f(i)), if X0 (3.12)
dancing area i.e. in the hive. Now, each onlooker bees which Where f(i)= objective function with the value of
is equivalent to the number of food source watches the
The objective function can be directly used as a fitness
dance of employed bees and decide on a food source to
function for maximization problem. The fitness value
exploit based on the information shared by the employed
represents the nectar amount of the food source
bees. Now the abandoned food sources are discovered and
these are replaced with the new food sources which are corresponding to and . If the source at is greater than
discovered by scouts.
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
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in terms of fitness value, the employed bees memorize the 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
new position and forgot the old one. The proposed method has been tested on systems
with 10 units. The unit data and load demand, Reserve and
Step 4: Calculating the Probability value Forecasted Price data for 24 hours for the systems with 10
The onlooker bees assess the nectar information. units has been taken from reference [8]. The final
The onlooker bees pick a food source contingent upon the commitment schedule for 10 units system is shown in the
probability value which is related with the food source. table-1. The comparison of the results obtained by proposed
method with various methods is shown in the table-6.
Probability, = (3.13)
Now for each source a real random number is generated Table-1: Commitment schedule for 10 units system
within the range [0, 1]. If the probability value of that food Hour U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U10
source is more than this random number then a modification 01 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
on the position of this food source is occurred by the 02 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
onlooker bees. Now the onlooker bees either memorize the 03 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
new position by forgetting the old one or keep the old one. 04 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
05 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
06 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
07 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
08 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
09 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
10 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
12 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
13 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
14 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
15 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
23 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
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5. CONCLUSION
The generator maintenance planning in
restructuring environment is a testing errand for the power
engineers. So, the reason for this work is to acquire the
optimal solution of unit commitment under deregulated
environment. While tackling the profit based unit
commitment problem, the data with respect to the
forecasted price is known. Here the unit commitment
scheduling is done by Modified Pre-Prepared Power Demand
table and the generation of scheduled unit is tackled by ABC
algorithm. The feasibility of the proposed strategy has been
executed with the frameworks of 10 units in regard to load
demand.
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