Is 822 Code of Pratice For Inspection of Welds

IS : 822 - 1970
( Reaffirmed 2003 )
Indian Standard
CODE OF PROCEDURE FOR
INSPECTION OF WELDS
( Third Reprint NOVEMBER 1996 )
FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU
LICENSED TO RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LIMITED - JAMNAGAR REFINERY,
UDC 621.791.053 : 620.1
Q Copyright 1971
BUREAU, OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC3
NEW DELHI 110002
Gr8 September 1971

Pc622-1970
Indian Standard
CODE OF PROCEDURE FOR
INSPECTION OF WELDS
Welding General Sectional Committee, SMDC 14

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ku R. Gaora Indian Oxygen Ltd, Calcutta
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S~BX J. K. ARLUWALIA Stewarts k Lloydr of India Ltd, Calcutta
Saar M. M. Gaoeti ( Ati )
ti F. V. BADIXI Dinctorate General bf Technical Development
SEE+IN. C. B~ucssx National Test Hour, Calcutta
SEBI D. P. CEIATTBBJEE Directorate General of Supplies and Dir- ( 1m.
pection Wing)
SQx B. N. DM National Metallurgical Laboratory ( CSIR ),
Januhedpur
SEU S. P. DAE~UPTA Central Mechanical Engineering Research Iu&ute
( CSIR ), Dugapur
SHBI B. SEX ( Altame& )
Rxwwzxv~ Erre~twsn ( Dstaxor-I), Public Workm Department, Government of Haryana
B & R B~AXCE, CIUIVDIQABH
&EOVT~VE &WINEEB (ELEC- Cmtral Public WorL Department,New Delhi
TWJAL), ELm~srou. DIVISION
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TBICAL~.hXTRALE~BI-
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CALCv'lTA(&~~)
EUOW'IVEENO~NXER, PWD Public Works Department, Government of Tamil Nadu
GIH~BAL SUPRRRZTMDENT,
PWLlOWORKSWOBIBEOPS
A#DSTOBSS(hntat8)
SmuN. GHOI)E Bharat Heavy Plate & Vewla Ltd, Vinklupatnam
Sapr C. P. GHOSH Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Hdquuten
Szau M. M. Grrrrr Ministry of Defence ( DC1
Sgar S. K. H~nx
_ . Mahk Electric Worka, Born b, y
SEEIA.P.A~~AL(AII~~&) 1
JOIUT DIBSCZOB R~SEABOE MinistryofRaihvayr
( Mm1 ) , RDSO, C~TTABA~~JA~~
CRLYIST ANDM~ALLUBOUT,
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BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
18:822-1970
MQnbm Rcpresrnting
SHIU M. V. D. KAXATH Indian Engineering Association, CUcutta
SEBI B. V. S-a ( Alternate )
SBBI T. V. Mzrnrw Hiadurtan Steel Ltd, Ranchi
SH~XD.R. MEIITA (Atem&)
SEBI 5. V. NADKABNI Advani-Oerlikon ( Private ) Ltd, Bombay
Sasr V. G. G. NAYAR Power Cablea Pvt Ltd. Bombay
SERI A. M. LOTEE ( &#malr )
Smu S. K. PATHAK Braithwaite & Co ( India ) Ltd, Calcutta
SHBI S. BALASUBRAHMANYAM ( Alhmtr)
SEBI K. P. PATNAIX Durgapur Steel Plant ( HSL), Durgapur
Cot S. G. Pmaa Directorate General of Employment & Training
SEW H. L. PEUBHAKAR Bharat Heavy Electric& Ltd. Tiruchirapalli
Srrax V. G. JAOANNATA ( Altrrnutr )
S-1 G. RANABAO Association of Principals of Technical Institutiotu
( India ). New Delhi
SH~I K. G. IC. RAO Tata Engineering & Locomotive Co Ltd, Jamahedpur
SHBX K. MADKAVA RAO Mining & Allied Machinery Corporation Ltd,
Durgapur
S-IN. K~ISHNAMUBTAY (Altermak)
sarrrS. CLROY Central Boilers Board, New Delhi
SEBX N. K. SETHI Bharat Heavy Electricala Ltd, Hardwar
Sm A. N. S~BBABIUANYAM Larsen k Toubro Limited, Bombay
SHSUV.R. SUBRAMANIAN Indian Oxygen Ltd, Calcutta
SERI J. C. ACEABYA ( Al&mate)
SBBI M. K. THOMAS Hinduatan Aeronauticr Limited, Bangalore
Sara K. TROMAS( Al&mot8 )
Smu T. N: Vuv Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, Vtikhapatnam
S-R. K. SRIVA~TA~A, Director General, IS1 ( Er-o&a M& )
Deputy Director ( Strut & Met )
SIRIlo~
SEBI M. S. NADARAJ
Auirtant Director ( Strut & Met ), IS1
Panel for Inspection of Welds, SMDC 14 : P 24

cbwaur
Saul S. K. PATRAK Braithwaite & Co ( India ) Ltd, Calcutta
Maabrr3
SHBI D.P. CRATTERJEE Directorate General of Supplies & Dispomb
( Inspection Wing )
SEEI S. P. DABC+VPTA Central Mechanical Engineering Research Inrtitute
Durgapur
JOINT DIBSOTO~ R~~AROE Ministry of Railways
( h&c-I ), RDSO, CHITTABANJAN
SBlH T.N. VELV Hindurtan Shipyard Ltd, Visakhapatnam
2
Indian Standard
CODE OF .PROCEDlJRE FOR
INSPECTION OF WELDS
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institu-
tion on 22 December 1970,after the draft finalized by the Welding General
Sectional Committee had been approved by the StructuraI and Metals
Division Council.
0.2 Thii standard has been prepared to serve as a guide to inspection of

welds. It covers the various stages of inspection and the methods which
may be adopted.
0.5 During inspection of welds reference may have to be made to other

Indian Standards. A list of such standards is given in Appendii A.
0.4 This standard keeps in view the practice being followed in the country
in this field. Assistance has also been derived from the following:
Weld quality control and inspection. Canadian Welding Bureau,
Toronto.
Welding inspection, 1968. American Welding Society, New York.
0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this

standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS : 2-MO? The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the ape&fled value in
this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1This standard covers the recommended procedures for the inspection
of welds.
1.1.1This code is not limited to any specific process, method of
manufacture or type of fabrication, but is intended to be a general guide,
fioan where the provisions should be selected for individual applications.
*Rulesfor re&m&lgoff numerial vdues ( raivr ) .

3
uI:322.1970
1.2 This standard does not stipulate any acceptance standards. These
shall be subject to mutual agreement and would depend upon the nature
and end use of the weldment.
2 TERMINOLOGY
3.1UF~pp~e purpose of this standard, the definitions given in IS : 812-1957*
.
2.2 Terms relating to methods of mechanical testing of metals shall be
aa defined in IS : 5869-1969t.
3. SYMBOLS
3.1 Symbols for welding used as working drawings shall be as given in
IS : 8134956:. If other symbols are used, a complete explanation of
their meaning shall be given.
4 STAGES OF INSPECTION
4.1 Inspection for welding shall be carried in three stages :
a) Preliminary stage Before commencing fabrication by
welding
b) In process stage During fabrication by welding
c ) Final stage After welding
5. INSPECTION BEFORE COMMENCING FABRICATION BY

WELDING
3.0 Inspection before the commencement of the job should cover alI
aspects of the job with a view to eliminating all potential sources of
defects.
,5.1 Dr8*g mssd SPecifications

5.1.1 The contract specifications should Ix studied to ascertain the
standard of quality required, and the end use of the products.
5.1.2 The standard specifications prescribed for the contract, and thq
general standard specifications applicable to the class of work should be
examined carefully.
3.1.3 All the relevant drawings should be studied in, respect of weld
details, dimensional tolerances, process specifications, and any special
requirements specified.
+Gloasary of terms .reIating to welding and rutting of metals.

tGlouary of icrms relating to methods nf ~nrchnrp -1 testing of metals.
$Scheme of symbols fopvelding. ( Since revised ).
4
1s: a22 - 1970
51.4 Where the contract specification does not indicate all the
standard specifications applicable, or where it has been left partly or
wholly to the discretion of the inspector, the standard specifications to be
a plied on the job shall be decided in consultation with the customer.
&e fabricator should be informed about such decisions and the standards
of inspection and acceptance should be clearly laid down at the
preliminary stage.
5.2 (klection of Welding Process
5.2.1 The process of welding proposed to be adopted by the fabricator
shall be in accordance with the job specification and, where necessary,
should be proved capable of producing welds of the required quality.
53 Material Speei6eations
5.3.1 The materials to be used shall be in accordance with the job
specification or approved drawings and any deviation shall be duly
approved.
5.3.2 Only tested materials shall in general be used for welded work.
Where the job permits the use of untested material, separate tests should
be carried out to ensure that satisfactory welds can be produced consis_
tently with the material used.
5.4 Inspection of Material

54.1 The material shall be examined and compared with the
manufacturers test certificates, in respect of cast numbers, ISI Certification
Marks, where applicable, inspection stamps, etc.
5.42 The material shall be examined for surface defects, rust and
corrosion products, presence of contaminants, and any other factor which.
may hamper the production of a satisfactory weld;
5.4.3 Since lambrations are deleterious in welding, it is essential that
the cut edges and weld preparations be examined for their presence. It
is an advantage to use some non-destructive method such as liduld
penetrant or magnetic particle flaw detection on the edges or to subject
to ultrasonic flaw detection.
5.5 &kction of Consumables
!i.!i.l The welding electrodes, welding wire, flux, gases, or other
consumables proposed to be used for the job shall conform to the
requirements of the relevant Indian Standard specifications or to the job
specifications.
5.52 Conformity with the standard may not however be adequate,
since a wide range of products may be covered by a standard. It is,
5
Isr82!2-1970
therefore, necessary to ensure that the specific selection made gives welds
of the necessary quality. In particular this applies to jobs where the
welds are completely or partially free from inclusions and porosity
(commonly known as radiographic quality welds) are demanded, since
only some types of electrodes covered by the standard may give the
required quality.
5.6 Iaepection of Consumablea
5.6.1 The consumables to be used on the job shall be examined to
ensure that they have not deteriorated, and are stored as recommended
by the manufacturer with a view to preclude potential damage.
5.6.2 Manticturers labels should be examined to ensure that the
consumablea conform to the latest specifications.
5.6.5 For important jobs it is advisable to get a test certificate for each
batch of consumables supplied to the user; and to verify that these teats
show confbrmity with the required standards.
57 Weldiag Procedum
5.72 Complete welding procedure should be laid down by the

Uricator unless the procedure to be adopted correspondsto the relevant
Indian Standard code of procedure.
5.7.2 The procedure selected by the tabricator shall conform to all the
relevant drawings and specifications and it shall be capable of producing
welds of the required quality consistently under actual working conditiona.
The procedure shall lay down only such preparations and tolerances that
may be achieved during production work.
5.7.5 Welding procedures which are specially laid down should be
qualified (that is, proved acceptable ) by a qualiication test carried out
by operators of requisite skill using the approved consumables and
materials under conditions closely approxsmating to those during
fabrication. These test pieces shall be subjected to all the tests which
will a ly to the actual weld and to any other tests which may be
requireT to demonstrate the quality of fhe weld.
57.4 Procedures conforming to the relevant Indian Standards do not
normally require procedure qualification tests. But these may be carried
out,. if desired by the inspector,, especially when the standard providea n
wide latitude of choice.
5.6.1 The. welding equipment to be used on the job shall be in atstir-

factory operating conditiou and appropriate for the job in question,
6
xs : 822* 1970
5.92 It is advisable to ensure that all welding equipment and accessorier

used by hrr fabricator conform to the relevant Indian Standard
specificati
5.8 ne functioning of the welding plant shall be examined, and
wher, necessary, tests shall be carried out to ensure that the plant is
capable of consistently producing welds of the required quality.
5.9 Welders and Operator8
5.9.1 Welders -All welders employed shall be trained, tested and
certified according to the appropriate Indian Standards applicable for
thepb.
5~9.2 Operators- Operators employed for mechanized welding shall be
trained and tested to execute the required job.
5.9.3 Such qualifying tests shall be made using the consumables and
equipment approved for the job under conditions closely approximating
to those during production.
5.9.3.1 The validity of the certificate of welder-or operator shall
lapse if for any reason he has not worked as a welder or operator for a
period of six months.
59.4 A record shall be maintained of the welders and operators who
are qualified by certificates or tests for the respective categories of work
,n the job. This record shall be made available to all concerned so
that it can be ensured that all welding is done by duly qualified welders.
5.10 Testing Facilities

5.10.1 The fabricator should have facilities for performing all the tests
required on the job, or shall be able to call upon the facilities of an
outside agency or testing establishment.
510.2 Testing equipment should be in good condition and shall be
calibrated and certified as required.
5.10.3 The testing equipment shall be operated by staff conversant tiith
the testing techniques and able to operate the equipment properly and
reliably.
5.11 AnciUary Eqmipment and FaciIWea
511.1 The fabricator should have adequate and suitable equipment
for cutting, straightening, rolling, planing and other methods of prepara-
tionrequired for different classes of welded fabrication.
5.11.2 The fabricator should possess jigs, Axtures, clamping device+
m&p&ton, handling equipment, etc,to suit the class of work.
7
Is t 822 - 1970
5.113 There should bc adequate. facilities for storage of materials and

consumables.
5.11.4 There should be adequate facilities for drying the welding
consumables.
5.11.5 Where preheating or other heat treatment is required, the
fabricator shall possess adequate equipment for the operations and for
indicating and controlling the temperature.
6. INSPECTION DURING FABRICATION BY WELDING
6.0 Inspection during fabrication by welding is done from the following
Points of view:
a) Ensuring that the procedures, consumables, operators, etc, on the
job have been previously approved.
b) Examining assemblies, weld preparations, etc, prior to welding tq
ensure that they are in conformity with the approved procedum
and conducive to good welding.
c) Visual inspection during welding to ensure that the tiork b
process produces a good finished weld, and that defects in iniw
stages are removed prior to further work.
d ) Testing of welds which may become inaccessible or more difficult
to inspect at a later stage.
e) Permitting modifications, additions or permissible alternatives to
procedures, consumables and welders previously approved.
,6.1 hspection of Prepared Materials

6.1.1 The materials previously inspected and approved should be
re-examined just before welding is commenced with special emphasis on
the weld zone. The weld and the adjacent area shall be free of dirt, rust,
oil or other foreign material which may affect the quality of the welding.
6.1.2 The edge preparation for the weld and the weld zone should be
checked for conformity with the requirements of the approved welding
procedure, and shall be within acceptable tolerances.
6.1.3 The cut faces shall be examined for nick marks, cracks, SC&,
burrs, etc, and these shall be rectified prior to welding. Where the
material is gas cut and by virtue of its thickness and composition; is
susceptible te cracking during cutting, particular attention should be paid
to crack detection on the cut surface, preferably using some-method of
non-destructive testing. This would apply even if subsequent machining
has been carried out, since cracks may not have been removed completely
bv machining.
3
6.2.1 The method and sequence of assembly and the jigs and fixtures
shall correspond to those previously approved, and shall permit welding
according to the approved procedure.
6.2.2 The fit-up, gaps, orientation and welding position should corres-
pond to thoseon the approved welding procedure.
6.2.3 Due precautions to minimise distortion and ensure dimensional

accuracy of the finished fabrication shall have been taken without
imposing undue stresses on the welds.
6.2.4 Tack welds shall be ofadequate sire, en th and pitch and carried
out ysin the correct welding procedures and. %y qualified welders (see
IS1 I-Ian fibook on Manual Metal Arc Welding for Welders).
6.2.5 Temporary fittings, clamps, fixta es, stiffeners, etc, where used,
shall not interfere with the welding, and shall conform to accepted
practices for the particular class of work.
6.3 Welding Consumables
6.3.1 Electrodes and other welding consumables shall be of types

previously approved, and shall be in good condition. In particular it
shall be ensured that these are clean, and have been dried according to
the manufacturers recommendations.
63.2 If during fabrication it is found necessary or aesirable to alter,

amend or make additions to the list of consumables previously approved,
the new consumables proposed shall be duly approved. Whereas strict
equivalents or identical types of alternative brands may be approved
without further tests, change of : -ype or category of consumable will in
general require fu--ther tests to zn;ure that these will produce acceptable
results when used wish the approved procedures.
6.3.3 If during fabrication there is an incidence of defects which may

be attributed to the consumables, the defective consumables should be
replaced by another batch of consumables or by another brand of identical
type, subject to the approval of the inspector.
6.4 Operators and Welders
6.4.1 All operators and welders usrd on the job shall be persons who
have been previously approved by virtue of certificates or qualification
tests.
X6:622-1970
6.4.2 If &y addition to the list of approved operators and welders for
various categories is to be made, such additions shall be approved on the
same basis as for initial approval. This will apply to inclusion of more
o rators and welders for a given class of work, to transfers from one
C iz3s to another and to the approval of welders for class in addition to
those for which they have been previously approved.
6.43 If at any time during the job there is any reason to question the
capability of an operator or welder, for example, due to the incidence of
defects in welds made by him, the inspector may, at his discretion, withdraw
approval previously granted to him and demand tests for re-approval.
Such operators shall not be used on the job until they are requalified.
6.5 weldin Procedure

65.1 The welding procedures followed shall conform to these laid
down and duly approved in respect of all the relevant details.
6.53 Where it becomes desirable or necessary to amend, alter or

deviate from the approved procedures, the revised procedures shall be
fully laid down and approved on the same basis as for initial approval.
Where the changes are of such a nature that they are not likely to affect
the quality adversely, the tests for qualification may be waived provided
that it is demonstrated that welds of satisfactory quality can be produced
after incorporating the changes.
6.53 If it is found that despite conformity to approved welding

procedures, welds of acceptable quality are not produced, such approval
may be withdrawn. The same procedure may be submitted for re-
approval, however, if it could be demonstrated that the procedure was
not responsible for the defective weld.
6.5.4 Particular attention shall be paid to the observance of special
requirements such as sequence of welding, preheating, peening, heat
treatment, etc.
6.55 It shall be ensured that test coupons, extension pieces, etc, are
provided as required by the job or as s ecified in the relevant Indian
Standard. Additional test coupons shall Ee provided if demanded by the
inspector.
6.6 Inspection during Wcldiiq

6.6.1 Besides ensuring that the approved welding procedures are being
followed, it should be seen that the techniques conform to good welding
practice. For example, the thorough removal of slag from an arc weld, or
the dressing of spot welding electrodes, although implied in the procedure
will fall in the category of good practice.
10
18 : 822 - 1970
66.2 Welds which would become inaccessible or more difficult to

Impact at a later stage shall be inspected completely at this stage.
6.6.3 For important welds, inspection during the welding process; and
in between runs, is essential. With careful inspection during welding it
is possible to identify potential sources of defects and eliminate them at
the early stage.
6.7 Deviationm
6.7.1 If any deviations from approved procedures or from approved lists
of consumable,s, processes or operators are detected, the welding shall be
stopped pending an appraisal of the consequences of such deviations.
6.7.2 It is essential that the fabricator be made to understand the
importance of approvals and the dangers of unauthorised deviation.
6.7.3 If such deviations are detected after completion of a part or the
whole of a job, suitable rectifications should be made or remedial measures
are taken at the discretion of the inspector.
6.7.4 Where such deviations have produced welds of doubtful quality,
the fabrication would not be deemed as acceptable unless adequate tests
show that the quality achieved is satisfactory, or unless necessary
rectifications are carried out subsequently to achieve this quality.
7. INSPECTION AFTER WELDING

7.0 Inspection after welding is done with a view to assessing:
a) the quality of the weld by tests on extension pieces or the actual
fabricated component ; and
b) the correctness of the whole weldment (that is, the fabricated
component) by visual and dimensional inspection, by leak and
load tests on the actual fabricated component.
7.1 Visual Inmpection

7.1.1 The completed weld and the welded fabrication as a whole should
be examined visually, preferably with the assistance of a magnifying lens
or a magnifying torch.
7.1.2 Visual inspection should cover all the visible aspects of the weld
and the weldment.
7.1.3 .The following types of weld defects may be detected during visual
examinations:
a) Weld defects occurring at the surface such 8s blowholes, pipes,
exposed porosity, exposed inclusions, unfilled crate, unfused welds,
etc;
11
IS : 42 ; 1970
b) Surface cracks In the weld metal or in the parent metal adjacent

to it;
C) Damages to the parent metal such as undercut, burning, over-
heating, etc;
d) Profile defects such as excessive convexity or concavity, overlap,
unequal leg lengths, excessive reinforcement, incompletely filled
excessive penetration bead, root grooves, shrinkage
:=::I etc; and
e) Incorrect finish, for example ripple marks, weaving faults, chip
ping and peening marks, spatter, under-flushing (excessive
grinding ), excessive indentation of spot welds, uneven welds etc.
7.1.4 The following types of faults on the weldment may also be

detected by visual examination:
a) Distortion due to welding, that is, local shrinkage, camber, bowing,
twisting, rotation, buckling, waviness, etc;
b) Linear, eccentric, angular and rotational misalignment of parts;
c) Incorrect location of components; and
d ) Visible dimensional errors.
7.2 1n~pccti0n of Weld Dimensions
7.2.1 Inspection for the correct dimensions shall be carried out in the
case of fillet welds, spot welds, seam welds, etc, where the size is specified.
They shall be inspected using suitable gauges and taking into considera-
tion the permissible tolerances.
7.2.2 Dimensional inspection of the completed weldment shall be
carried out using tools and measuring instruments appropriate to the type
of fabrication and the dirnensional accuracy required.
7.3 Mbaical Tmting

7.3.9 Mechanical tests (often described as destructive tests because
their applic&on will destroy the weldment ) can be performed on:
a ) prototype or sample welds, and
b) extension pieces or test coupons.
7.3.0.1 Mechanical tests may comprise of all or some of the

following:
a ) Tests for determining strength and ductility -Tensile test, bend
test, impact test, load test, etc;
b) Tests for determining continuity, fusion and soundness-Bend
test, slug test for spot welds, etc ;
12
IS:822-1970
c) Tests fordeterminingpenetration and internal weld configuration-

Macrosect;on, etching, etc; and
4 Tests for determining metallurgical properties and local variations

in the weld and the heat affected zone- Microscopic examination,
hardness surveys, chemical analysis of borings from the cross
sections, etc.
7.3.1 Prolotypes
7.3.1.1 For small weldments a prototype is welded and tested to
destruction. This test may comprise an overload of the type of load to
which the weldment is subjected in service or some form of fatigue test.
7.3.1.2 For larger weldments in repetitive work a prototype is welded

and sectioned at various places, Such sections would be subjected to the
required mechanical tests.
7.3.2 Somplc Welds
7.3.2.1 Sample welds are normally required only for establishing the
correct welding procedure and would be part of the inspection before
fabrication.
7.3.2.2 In certain types of welds additional sample welds are nlade

on test pieces using the same machine settings, operiltors and other condi-
tions that would be obtained on the job. These test pieces are subjected to
various tests, and may be deemed to he equivalent to testing the actual
weldment.
7.3.3 Extension Piects and Test CW/IONS
7.3.3.1 Many specifications specify extension pieces or test coupes

which would be welded as part of the main weld and subsequently detach-
ed for testing. In fusion welds such extension pieces would serve the
additional function of run-on and run-off pieces required to ensure the
soundness of the full length of the weld.
7.3.3.2 Extension pieces and coupons should be of the same composi-

tion and with the same weld preparation as the parent material of the main
weld. It would be ideal if they are off-cuts from the parent material and
attached so that the direction of rolling is the same as that on the parent
material.
7.3.3.3 Extension pieces are subjected to mechanical tests and the

results of such tests shall be deemed to indicate the properties of the main
weld.
13
ISi922.1970
7.3.4 Tests for Defermining Slrcngth and Duclilip
7.3.4J Tensile fesfs :

a) Transverse tensile test,
b) Reduced section transverse tensile test (with a reduced section
at the weld to cause tensile failure in the weld ),
c) Longitudinal tensile test,
d) All weld metal tensile test,
e) Tensile (shear) test for spot welds,
f) Cruciform tensile test for fillet welds, and
g) Tensile tests on lap welds (shear on longitudinal and transverse
fillet welds).
7.3.4.2 Bend tests:
a) Free transverse bend test,

b) Guided transverse bend teat,
c) Longitudinal bend test,
d) Side bend test, and
e) Fillet weld bend test.
7.3.4.3 lm#act tests:

a) Charpy V-notch impact test, and
b) Explosive impact test.
7.3.4.4 Load f&s---bada may be applied on the weldment by jacks?

weights, pulley blocks, or universal testing machines until failure taker
place.
7.3.3 Tests for Detekning Confinti& Fusion and Soundnessof Weti

7.3.3.1 Bend fests
a) Free transverse bend test,
b) Guided transverse bend test,
c) Longitudinal bend test,
d) Side bend test, and
l ) Fillet weld bend test.
7.3.3.2 Nick break tests for butt and fillet welds.

7.3.3.3 Slug tests for spot welds.
14
73.6 Tests for Determining P~netrrliw and Inhmal Wtld Co&w&
7.36.1 Macro-examination.
73.g.2 Etching of macrosection with proper etching solution.
7.g.7 T&r for Determining Me&ll~~gic~l Ropcrrics aad Local Vu&ions in
h u&d and Heat Affectrd&ru
737.1 Microsco~k cxaminrtion:
a ) Examination of microstructure,
b ) Number and size of inclusions, and
c) Grain size measurements.
7.3.7.2 HadncJs survgs:

8) Hardness survey of weld and heat affected xone on ~tion,
and
b) Measurement of micro-hardness.
73.73 ch0mical ana!ysiis.

a) Chehcal analysis of borings taken from the macrosection or the
surf&e of the weld, and
b) Ghemical analysis by spectrographic method.
7.4 N-e Teaiing

7.4.1 General-Non-destructive testing covers the examination of welds
by all the processts which do not require destruction of weldmeut by
sectioning or cause damage to it or render it unusable. While this
includes methods such as visual and dimetiional inspection non&stru&ve
testing will normally cover the use of the following metbodsz
a ) Lliographic examination,
b) Ultrasonic testing,
c) Magnetic particle flaw detection,
d) Liquid penetrant flaw detection, and
e) Eddy current testing.
The general application of the methodr, their advantage8 and
limitationa are given in Table 1.
7.4.1.1 Before aelecting the method of non-destructive testing, it is

neceuary to consider the following 6ctor~ :
a) Portions of the weldment to be inspected;
15
18:822*1970
b) End use of the weldment and the functional significance of

discontinuities or flaws in the weld;
c) Material, thickness, shape and surface condition of the weld;
d) possible or expected defects, their type, size and location; and
e) Acceptable standards.
7.4.1.2 All the methods of non-destructive examination are compara-
tively expensive and would increase the cost of inspection. Their use
should, therefore, be limited to the extent actually required in order to
assess with reasonable confidence the absence of unacceptable flaws.
7.4.13 Used judiciously, non-destructive methods given in 7.4.1 are
the most significant and useful among the various methods of inspection
available.
7.4.2 Radiographic Inspection-In radiography the ability of short wave-
length radiitions, such as X-rays and gamma rays, to penetrate objects
opaque to ordinary light is utihsed to produce a shadow of any internal
defect on the image. The defects are recorded on a film sensitive to the
radiation or may be viewed on a fluorescent screen.
7.4.2.1 Radiography may be performed using X-rays generated from
X-ray tubes, gamma rays emitted by radioactive isotopes or electron
beams emitted by betatrons and linear accelerltors.
7.1.2.2 Radiography may be employed for the inspection of welds of
all types and thickness ranging from minute welds in electronic compo-
nents to welds upto half metre thick employed in heavy $abrications.
The maximum thickness of material (in terms of steel thickness) which
an be inspected with various industrial X-ray generators are giveh in
Table 2. In Table 3 are given the optimum range of thickness which
may be tested with commonly used radioactive isotopes.
7.62.3 For material other than steel, the limits of thickness may be
obained by dividing thovc shown in Tables 2 and 3 by the radiographic
equivalent factors given in Table 4.
7.4.2.4 Thickness above the range given in Tables 2 and 3 may be
penetrated by electron beams emitted by betatron ( 25 Mev ) upto 500 mm
and by the electron beams emitted by Linear accelerator ( 12 Mev ) upto
650 mm.
7.4.3 Selection of Sowce - Selectim of source for radiography depends
upon :
4 availability of sources,
b> thickness range to be examined,
4 shape of weldment and its accessibility,
4 availability of power supply, and
4 use of panoramic exposures.
1s:s22-1970
TAw 1 WIDELINES FOR USE 01 DIIFRRRNT MRTHO]wI OF NON-DRSTRUCIIVR IIXAMINAIIOH OP WELD$I
(Chuw 7.4.1)
APPLICATIONR TYPU or FAULTS INDICATED ADVANTAOM ( LIHlTA~IOiW
SL kkl!IiOD
No. I
i) Radiography
a) X-rays Aircraft structures, structural steel work. AU typ d internal tivn such as cracks, a) Trained technicians needed,
ship building, pressure vead~ ad piping, porosity, inciusio~, b) Radiation hazards,
boilers, penstockr, clactronic parts, etc _fusion, inoompleta pclvtratton c) High cost of equipment, and
d) Power source needed.
d) Adjustable energy lev
sensitivity, and
e) Fluoroscopy techniques a lable.
b) Gamma rays Piro;z;k, penstocks. pressure vecaels and AM t+s of internal &ws Such u a&, a) Provides permanent reco d on film, , a) Trained technicians needed,
rtructural rteelwork, ship pipittg, porosity, ioeluriOt& Iack of b) Techniques szzed b) Radiation hazards,
fusion, incomplete penetration c) Reference dr defects c) Fixed energy levelr per source,
buildin)g, etc
available, d) Source loses strength continuously,
d) Low initial cost, t and
e) Portable and independe t of power e) Generally lower sensitivity and
rupply ( for site work ), d defintion than X-rays.
f) Makes panoramic expo i urer [ideal
for jobslike p&work-). 1 .
ii) Ultrasonics All types of welded work in metallic and Internal defecta such as cracks? porosity, a) Safe to use. No radiatio haxards, a) Entirely dependent on the interpret-
non-metallic materials inclusions, lack of fusion, mcomplete b) Fast, results available im ediately, ation skill of operator who requires
penetration Sensitive, much experience and training,
:, Indicates presence of la ationa and b) Unsuited to the examination of weld-
other planner defects . missed by ments of complex shape or configur-
radiography, and ation ( e.g. backing ringr ),
a) Indicates depth of flaw albo. C) Requires surface contact or immersion,
and
d) Surface must be ground smooth and
clean.
Magnetic-particle Welds (particularly fillet weldr) in all Cracks, porosity, inchuions and diiort- a Simple to use and inter Material must be ferromagnetic,
iii)
ferro-magnetic materials tinuities 8t or close to the surface b Relatively inexpensive, Demagnetisation may be needed, and
t) Portable. c) Power source required.
Ail welds in ferrous and non-ferrous Surface defects only, such as surface a) Simple to use and inter&et, a) Will only detect surface defects on
iv) Liquid-nenetrant
materials and in non-metallic materials cracks and blowholes b) Relatively inexpensive, the accessible surface,
c) Portable, and requires no elaborate b) Surfaces must be clean and dry, and
equipment, and c) Rust or paint will mask defects.
d) Will work on all materi Is.
t
Welds in materials with good electrical Defects at i very &se to the surface a) zacEot require COht# with the a) Difficult to set and interpret, and
VI Eddy-current such as cracks, linear discontinuities. I b) Limited to materials with &
conductivity.
electrical conductivity.
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
s8t822-i97e
TABLE 2 TYPE OF CONVENTIONAL INDUEhIUU XlRAY GENERATORS

AND TXiEIR APPLICATIONS
( Claw 7.4.3.2)
3SAK TYPE OF SoBme bf~X JM THUJK~~EEI~

Or &fATBltIAL
~OLTAQB !#sA ~XLZ ab iNSPEOTED ( &PBOX )
(1) (21 (3)
kV (Peak) mm
50 Micro radiography, wand and plutia
loo 50 ( aluminium ), 75 ( magncslum )
150 None or lead foil 25 ( steel or equivalent )

Fluorescent 40 ( steel or equivalent )
200 Lead foil 40 ( rteel or equivalent )

Fluorescent $0 ( rteel or equivalent )
250 Lead foil 50 ( rteel ur equivalent )

300 Lead foil 65 ( rteel or equivalent )

Fluoracent 90 ( steel or quivalent )
400 Lead foil 75 ( Heel or equivalent )

Fluorescent 100 (steel or quivalent )
1000 Lead foil 125 ( rteel or quivalent )

2ooo Lead foil 225 ( steel or equivalent )
TABLE J APPLICATION OF ARTIFICXAL GAMMA MY SOuRCBi

( Clovsr7.4.2.2!
ELEMZNT IaOToma HAxr-Lxru EmmaY OP

it. MAIN GAMMA TEX- 01)
RAYLINE
ii> (2) (3 (4) (5) (6,

MeV mm
i) Thalium Im 170 130 daya W34.0052 5-1s

Zll Iridium Ir 192 75 days O-31, o-47,030 5-20
iii) Cheaiu~ cs 137 33. yean o-66 20-60,

iv) Cobalt co60 5.3 yearr i-33, l-17 So-150
v) Cerium ce 144 140 daya l-3 3(Ll!lO
19
x9:822-1970
TABLE 4 APPROXIMATE RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIVAIZNCE

FACTORS OF SEVERAL METALS
(Cfuure 7.4.2.3 )
SL MXZAL oa ALLOY loo0 GAYYA

No. K?P iE kVP RAYS
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
i) Aluminium 0.12 0.13 -
ii) Magnaium -
iii) 24 ST Alloy @IS 0.14 -

iv) Steel 1.0 1.0 1.0
v) 18-8 Stainless Steel 1.0 I.0 -
vi) Copper 1.5 1.4
vii) zinc I.4 1.3 -

viii) Braas* 1.4. 1.3, 1.2* 1.1.
ix) Lead 14.0 12.0 5.0 2.3
qin or lead in the brass will increase these factors.
7.4.3.1 In general, X-ray sources wi!l give more sensitive radiographs

of &gher contrast and better definition in a shorter time. Isotopes ( gamma
ray sources) are more advantageous for work at site, for pipework and
where heavy thicknesses are to be inspected. Their initial cost is also
lower.
7.4.3.2 The source selected for the radiography of a particular weld
on the basis of the factors mentioned above shall be able to produce radio-
g&u of the requisite quality ( density and sensitivity ).
7.4.4 Indication of Dcfccts on a Radiograph - The indication of defects on
the radiographs depends upon their nature and orientation with respect to
the beam of radiation. Table 5 showsAe types of faults in fusion welds
and their radiographic images (see Part VI of IS : 512-1957* ).
7.4.5 Interpretation of Radiographs and Assessment of Defects - Radiographs
should ix interpreted by viewing with adequate illumination in a darkened
room. Before interpretation it should be ensured that the radiograph has
adequate density and sensitivity as indicated by a suitable image quality
indicator.
--
lGlossnry of terms relating to welding and cutting (#I~lrc-I&.
20
7
A... ,.
. . . . . .._. ~.
IS:822.1970
, --f
. TABLE 5 RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGES OF DEFECTS IN FUSION WELDS
( (law 7.53)
DEFECT DESCRIPTION IMAGE

Porosity Gas pockets or voids Round ed shadows of various
sizes and densities, occurring
singlv, in clusters or scat.
tered
Slag inclusions Slag entrapped during welding Elongated or irregularly
shaped shadows
Lack of fusion Lack of side fusion, root-fusion A dark shadow usual] y
or inter-run fusion elongated
Incomplete penetration Unpenetrated cavities at the A linear indication straight,
\\ root or between runs dark and usuaily at the
centre of the weld
\
\\ Cracks Narrow discontinuity produced
by tearing of the metal
Fine dark line,
wandering
straight or
% when in a plastic or cold

condition
Capillary pipe A fine pipe at the fusion face A straight dark but rather
usually caused due to lami- diffuse shadow
nations in tbe parent
material
Pipe ( wormhole ) Elongated or tubular gas Elongated or very dark round
.,, . ..
pocket snadow ( depending upon
the orientation of the pipe )
.1
7.4.5.1 Correct interpretation of radiographs requires experience and
should be done only by those inspectors who are properly trained and who
possess adequate experience.
7.4.5.2 In the interpretation of radiograph and deciding the degree of
faults, guidance may be derived from the reference radiographs published
by International Institute of Welding. But these radiographs should not
be used as acceptance standards.
7.4.6 Ultrasonic Testing In ultrasonic testing a high frequency sQund
wave is propagated into the metal under test. Any discontintilty in the
--1- metal will result in the reflection of the wave thus indicating the presence
of faults.
The initial signal and the reflected signals are usually indicated on a
cathode-ray tube and appear as vertical indications ( commonly called
\ pips ). The equipment uses an electronic pulse generator to generate an
electrical wave which is converted into a sound wave by using piezo-
electric crystals mounted in the probes , which also pick up the reflected
! ~ound waves and convert it into electrical waves to be fed back into the
cathgde-ray tube.
1
i
21
.-
I
I
!
I
,,
IS : 022- 1970
Ultrasonic testing may be done with straight probes which generate

a longitudinal wave perpendicular to the surface of contact, an le probes
which give out shear waves at the specified angle or special IJ ace wave
probes.
Testing may be done using a single probe as transmitter and receiver
or by a double-probe method with one probe functioning as the tranr-
mitter and the other receiving the echoes.
The method can be used successfully on welds in steel from about
10 mm in thickness to over 5 metres.
7.4.6.1 Saliant features of ultrasonic testing :
Zndications- In most of the equipment now in use, the wavy line
on the screen has to be interpreted for the presence of echoes
indicating d&continuities. It is necessary to scan the weld in
different directions before the size and the location can be inter-
preted. Although new types of equipment are being developed to
indicate the size of flaws, such refinements are in the development
stage and at present the operator has to assess the indications in
the form of pips to determine.the fault.
Sensitivity - Minute faults if oriented normal to the ultrasonic
beam will give distinct pips which could be mistaken for echoes
from gross faults. Even a slight increase in the cross-section of
the part under examination will register on the screen. Normal
d&continuities such as grain boundaries or microporosity may
generate such a degree of background noise that a signal from a
flaw is indistinct. Thii extreme sensitivity of the ultrasonic
method to variations in the acoustic impedance is the chief cause
of misinterpretation of readings.
Operators - In view of the difficulties in interpreting the indications
on the screen and identifying the type and size of discontinuity,
ultrasonic testing can only be done by experienced and highly
skilled operators.
The success of the method depends almost entirely upon the
skill of the operator in making the correct settings, eliminating
sources of spurious indications and in correctly interpreting the
indications.
Recording - Usual types of ultrasonic testers do not have any
methodb of recording the results of the tests apart from phe
graphing the screen, but such photographs only indicate the screen
image at a particular setting but not the results of scanning.
Other types of recording equipment are being developed, but moat
of these can only be used on fully automatic set-ups.
IS : 822 - 1970
e) Slhrrfoys Indications - These may arise out of variations in acoustic

im@ance, g&n boundaries, couplant, surface condition or elect-
rouic fults in the equipment. Use of test blocks can identify
some of them, but it is dependent on the skill of the operator to
detect and eliminate spurious indications.
7.4.6.2 Interpretation and awssmant - In view of the features of the

prm enumerated in 7.4.6.1, the interpretation and assessment of type,
Gae of flaw and location should be left to the operator.
The Inspector will only be expected to assess the functional accept-
ability of the weldment ba+d on the flaw detection report of the ultrasonic
operator.
In case the indications of discontinuity by the ultrasonic testing
method are doubted, it is preferable to corroborate&is by using radio-
graphy. Where such an alternative is not possible, the area which is
suspected to contain the defect should be again scanned at other positions
and with other probes to cea&m the presence of the defect.
7.4.7 Mega& Particle Fhw htection - Magnetic particle flaw detection
is baaed on the principle that if a ferre-magnetic object is magnet&d, the
discontinuitiea in the material such aa cracks and inclusions, lying at an
angle to the magnetic lines of ferce. cawe an abrupt change in the path
of the magnetic flux gowin through the object. Thii results in local flux
leakage at the surface over t6 t discontinuity. If at this stage, fine particles
of f-magnetic material, either dry or suspended in a liquid, are a lied
over the surface some of these ticler will be attracted towarda the Ppeak-
age field and pile up and bri Jar ge the discontinuity setting up a magnetic
pattern outlining the discontinuity.
7.6.7.1 M&A-The following methods of magnetization are
8vailable:
4 Magnetic flow method - The job (part to be tested ) is placed bc
tween the poles of a permanent magnet or an electromagnet.
b) Cutr~t J%W method - Longitudinal etization : Where .the

passage of electric current throu h a ma?n
coi of reveral turns around
the part to be tested produces a f ongitudinal magnetic field within
it.
cl Current Jaw method-circular magnetization- Wwre the passage of
electric current through the part or through a straight conductor
enclosed by the rt creates a circular magnetic field around it.
Current is pas J through the part by placing it between the
machine contact plates of a current flow ty testing machine, or
by using prod type contacts to produce Ye ocal circular magneti-
zation.
23
IS,: 322 - 1970
7.4.7.2 The magnetic particles may be! applied while the current is
flowing (continuous method j or after the current has ceased to flow
(residual method). The use of the latter depends upnc the strength of the
magnetising force and the capacity of the material to retain the magneti-
aation.
The magnetic particles may either be applied in the form of dry
powder ( dry method ) or as a suspension in a suitable liquid medium
( wet method ). The magnetic particles may be red or black to provide
adequate contrast and should be visible under normal white light. For
increased visibility when working with the wet method, the magnetic
particles which are coated with a fluorescent dye are rendered visible by
black light ( near ultraviolet light ).
7.4.7.3 The following are the salient features of magnetic particle flaw
detection:
a) Indications - Discontinuities are indicated by the pattern in which
the magnetic powder is collected around the leakage fields. Fine
elongated discontinuities which are parallel to the field are not
indicated, and should be detected by using a field at right angles
to them. Deep discontinuities are indicated by the piling up of
the magnetic powder at the lines of the flaws.
Subsurface discontinuities show fuzzy or indistinct patterns
which may easily remain undetected. Change of magnetic per-
meability, abrupt change of section and over magnetized welds may
lead to false indications.
b) &&cation -The method may be applied only if both the weld
metal and the parent metal are ferromagnetic. For satisfactory
results, the surface should be clean, dry and reasonably smooth.
c) Dcmugnetization - For some applicaticns it is necessary to demag-
netize the weldment before the test. This may be done either by
mrne form of heat treatment or by using an alternating current
reducing the magnitude of the current gradually to zero.
d) Ruording of indications - Defects may either be recorded by photo.
graphy or by lifting off the pattern with transparent adhesive tape
or a piece of adhesive coated tracing cloth.
7.4.7.4 Inkrjmtation and assessmeq - Defects in the iusion welds
generally indicated by magdetic parricle flaw detection Cmefhod, and the
powder patterns formed are as follows:
Defects Powder Pattern
Surface cracks Stirp piled-un patterns
Subsurface cracks Diffused powder patterns
24
IS : 922 - 1970
Incomplete penetration Diffused indication similar to that

for subsurface cracks
Subsurface porosity and Diffused indications
slag inclusions
Incomplete fusion Pronounced accumulation of
powder along the edges of the
weld
7.4.8 Liquid Pcnctrant Flaw Detection - In this method of testing a suitable
liquid penetrant is applied to the surface of the portion under examination
and remains there for a sufIicitnt time to allow the liquid to penetrate into
any defects open at the surface. ARtr the penttrant time, the txctsa
pane&ant which remains on the surface is removed. Then a light coloured
powder absorbent called the developer is applied to the surface. This
developer acting as a blotter draws out a portion of the penttrant which
had previously seeped into the surface openings. As the petrant is
drawn out, it diffuses into the coating of the developer, forming indication
of the surface discontinuitits of flaws ( su also IS : 3658-1966. ).
7.4.8.1 The following types of penttrants are used:
a) Thin oil when chalk powder is used as the developer;
b) Dye penttrants which form indications vislblt in the normal light;
and
c) Fluorescent penetrants which make the defects visible in ultraviolet
light.
7.4.8.2 The components under test may be dipped into the penetrant
or, where only a local area of a component is to be tested, the penetrant
may be applied by brush. It is necessary that the component to be tested
is clean, fret from all contaminants and dry.
7.4.0.3 After necessary penetration time, the surface film of the
penetrant on the component is removed by appropriate means. Where
the ptnetrant contains an emulsifier or where the penttrant is treated wiib
an emulsifier after penetration, a water spray is used to remove the txcta
penetrant. Great cart should be excercised to ensure that while the
surface is cleanj the ptnttrant from the defect is not removed.
7.4.8.4 On applying the developers the defects appear as amber
coloured lines when the oil and chalk process is used, and as red ( or the
colour of the dye ) when dye penttrant has been used. Where fluorescent
penetrant is used the components should be inspected in a dark room
under black light. Defects appear as bright green outlines against a dark
purple background.
*Co& of practice for liquid pcnctrant flaw detection.
25
7.4.8.5 b&rprtfation and asstssmeut -The indications generally take the
shape of the discontinuity and its definition depends upon the depth and
size of the defect.
Because of the inherent human factors involved in applying and

removing penetrants, faulty indication, and when the cracks are choked
with corrosion products, liquid penetrant method of flaw detection should
be used with some caution.
7.4.9 Eddy Current Testing- This process depends upon eddy currents
ret up in the material under test when a suitable probe is brought close
to the material.
The process is difficult to use and interpret, and is seldom used for
weId testing. It has however the advantage of being able to detect fine
cracks without touching the weldment. New types of this equipment are
b&g developed to eliminate some of the difficulties in adjusting the equip
ment and reducing the spurious indications.
7.5 Leak Temta-For certain types of enclosed weldments such as in

vessels, tanks, pipe lines, penstocks, etc, it is essential that the weld is leak-
free under the working pressure. Leak tests are usually carried out at a
pressure higher than the working p&sure using some suitable liquid or
gas*
73.1 While selecting the fluid for leak test, the end use of the compo-
nent and the substance it has to store or carry should be kept in view.
For example, use of a highly sensitive liquid of low viscosity may be more
stringent than needed for containers of viscous liquids.
7.5.1.1 Water is very commonly used for leak tests because of its
cheapners and moderate viscosity. But if the vessel or pipe has to carry a
fluid of lower viscosity, the absence of leak at a certain test pressure with
water does not indicate the absence of leak at the same pressure with the
less viscous fluid. Leak tests with water are therefore normally carried out
at pressures higher than the working pressures.
7.5.1.2 The oils which are to be contained in the vessel or pipe may
themselves be used at an increased pressure. Leaks may be detected by
wing the welds in the suspected zones with chalk or the developer used
in liquid pent&ant tests.
7.5.1.3 Liquid penetrants may also be used to detect leaks with or

without the application of pressure. The liquid penetrant coated on one
side of the weld may be examined for leakage by applying the developer
on the other side of the weld.
26
1S:822.1970
7.5.1A Compressedair or other gases at pressure are sometimes ustd

for leak tests.Leakage may be detected by the hissing noise of the ercap.
ing air or gas or by the drop in the pressure. Use of air or gas is not
recommended since failure of the vessel or pipe may be disastrous.
7.5.1.5 Certain gases like ammonia and sulphur hexafluoride (stable
gas ) may be used even at normal working pressures since their presence
even to the extent of a few parts per million can be detected using concen-
trated hydrochloric acids which forms white fumes with the gas.
7.5.2 Assessment of Test - In the majority of the cases any leakage would
normally be treated as a rejection and would need the rectifidtbn
( JCC7.5.1). It is advisable to tap with a light hammer approximately 1.5 kg
in the vicinity of the weld during leak test, t0 dislodge the particles which
may be blocking the path of leakage.
7.5.2.1 Before attempting the repair of a leakage it is necessary to
examine the whole region of the leak to determine the cause for the leeage.
Serious faults on the inside of welds are often detected by small lea
through a crevice of an otherwise sound outside weld.
7.5.2.2 Any weldment which is to be subjected to a leak test and on

which a leak has been detected and repaired should al-ways be reterted to
ensure that the repair has eliminated the leak and has not initiated Other
leakage paths.
7.5.23 Leak tests should always be done after the welding is camp.
lete, and should not be followed by other welding or repair work unless
this is to be subsequently followed by a similar leak test.
7.6 Load Test, Proof Teat and Overload Teat

7.6.6 In view of the complexity of the stress pattern in welded camp
nents especially when residual stresses are locked in these tw give a
practical and concrete appraisal of the correctness of design calculations.
bf stress causes local yielding to a certain extent and thus results in a
degree of stress relief.
7.6.1 Proof tests, load tests and overload tests are carried out on weld-
ments by applying a 1Oad greater than or equal to the design load, but not
great enough to cause damage t0 acceptable products.
Load may be applied by pressure, weights, jacks, ropes, chains, filling

with liquids, or in testing machines.
During testing, it may be adequate t0 inspect for local damage of the

weldment and for permanent set or yielding, or it may be necessary to .use
strain gauges.
27
IS:822-1970
7.6.2 The overload and proof tests are usua.lly carried out at 50 percent
overload, that is, at pressures or loads 50 percent higher than that
encountered in service. Alternatively these are done at 50 percent higher
than the design load or minimum allowable pressure.
7.6.3 The following types of overload tests are performed:
a) Pressure tests for vessels, tanks and pipe lines;
b) Static overload tests for welded structural members
and compo-
nents;
cl Impact, knocking and hammer tests for completed weldments such
as rolling stock;
4 Proof tests for welded chains, ropes, etc; and
4 Load and overload tests of small weldments on universal tensile
testing machines or special purpose machines.
7.6.4 Assessmrnt -During and after load, overload or proof tests some
of the following would be determined:
a) Strain at important locations;
b) Local deformation or deflection under load;
c) Permanent set, yielding, etc, after the load is released;
d) Cracking or rupture of the welds;
e) Leakage ( if leak tests are combined with these tests ); and
f) Evidence of cold working, hardening or embrittlement of the weld
zones.
The nature and permissible limits of the above factors would depend
upon the requirements of the specifications applicable to the class of weld-
ment and its end use.
8. EVALUATION OF WELD QUALITY

3.0 The purpose of inspection before, during and after fabricTa2eo;eii
welding is to assess the quality and to exercise control over it.
and the weldment shall conlbrm to the required standards of quality.
The inspector should therefore be able to evaluate the quality of the
welding and determine with a reasonable degree of certainty whether the
weld or the weldment contains any faults which would render it
unacceptable.
8.05 The process of evaluation of weld quality consists of mhe following
steps:
a) Determining the standard of quality, the range of permissibk
defects, the finish and the dimensional tolerances required in tb
weld and the w.eldment.
28
IS:922-1970
b) Laying down specifications, where needed, for the procedures to

be adopted to achieve the necessary quality.
c) Specifying the methods and the extent of testing required to assess
the quality actually achieved in terms of the required quality.
d) Ensuring that adequate precautions have been observed in the
process and sufficient tests have actually been carried out.
e) Interpreting the results of the tests and the inspection carried out
and inferring from these results whether the required level of
quality has been achieved in the welds and the weldment.
a.1 Required QpaIity

8.1.1 The requisite quality standards should be specified in the contract
specifications either by reference to the provisions of one or more standard
specifications or by mutual agreement between the purcharer and the
supplier.
9.1.2 The requisite quality is dependent upon the end use of the weld-
ment. In assessing the required quality the following factors afl&cting
the service condition of the weldment should be taken into accousm
4 stress
_ Maximum stress, mature of the stress whether static, dyne-
mic, repeated or alternating.
b) Presmre and tem@rahtre in service- High pressure or vacuum, high
temperature and creep-resistant applications or low temperature and
cryogenic applications, fluctuations in p_ressure and temperature,
non-uniformity of temperature distribution, etc.
4 Effect of failure of a weld in service - Risk to human life and property,
posribiity of explosive or catastrophic failure, possible lossof prestige
and goodwill, probable financial compensation, other hazards such
as radioactivity.
4 Scial PropcrticJ requrred- Ductility, resistance to cOrmsiOn, impr-
meability, electrical or magnetic prop&es, etc.
4 Snfdce Jinish and appccuonce- Smoothnts, straightness, coaformity
to true geometric shape, significance of deviations from the
appearance in terms of function and in relation to aesthetic value+
etc.
f) ~#k&ft;3 - Useful life, permanence, obsdlasence, expend-
1 .
Is>Customersatisjlzction - Goodwill, prestige, saleability, dependability,
export worthiness, competitiveness, etc.
L1.9 The required quality should be realistic in terms of the quality
that can be achieved at reasonable expense. The specification of the best
possible standard or a nildefti standard may be idealistic and commer-
29
ISr#2-197a
&ally impractical for most applications. It may only be justi6able in

exceptional applications where it is necessary to achieve defect free welds
due to the disproportionate cost of other components whose satisfactory
performance may be impaired by the presence of even minor defects in
the weldment.
8.2 QpaIity control
6.2.1 In order to ensure that the required quality will be achieved it is
necessary to ensure that the welding technique ado ed is capable of
achieving the required quality consistently. The fatF ities, equipment,
proc~ses, consumables, operators, welding procedure should all be such
that welds of the required quality are produced.
8.2.2 It is equally necessary to ascertain that due care has been tahen
during the process to ensure that the techniques and equipment have been
used to the best advantage and that the procedures and precautions speci-
fied have been followed. No factor which might affect the quality
adversely should be ~veAAed.
&2.3 Carrying out adequate tests to detect faults after they occur is no
substitute for taking steps to prevent faults. With good quality control
before and during a process, a lesser, and therefore less expensive, degree
of testing is required.
g.3.1 The list of tests normally applicable to the inspection of welds and
we&nents is given in 7. For a particular application, the choice of the
tertr and the degree of assessment should be ascertained after a realistic
apisal of requirement, based on the following factors :
a) Required quality ( SMU1 ) and the provisions in regard to testing
in the contract specifications or other applicable standard speci-
fications;
b) Extent of quality control ( see 6.2 );
c) Types and degrees of defects that can be expected to occur, their
probable frquency and location;
d) Significance of defects in relation to location and service
conditions;
e) Facilities available for testing, and the ability of the available
methods to detect the significant defects that can occur;
f) Degree of confidence required in the evaluation of the quality
actually achieved; and
s) Cost of snch testing.
IS : 8?l@i
1970
83.2 The methods and extent of testing shall be chosen judiciously, and
should normally be laid down clearly prior to the commencement of
fabrication. This has the advantage of exerting a cautionary influence on
the manufacturer and his operators and will result in better quahty being
aimed at and achieved. Excessive testing will however have a negative
effect since quality control measures may be neglected owing to the xsis_
#laced confidence that any defects would be detected during subsequent
testing and would not pass unnoticed.
8.3.3 Visual inspection being a vital part of the testing,. and should be
first to be carried out and the results be given due weightage.
83.4 It shall be ensured that the required tests are being carried out
correctly and honestly and that their results are b&g recorded clearly and
comprehensively.
8.4 Interpretation of Tests and Evaluation of Weld QIIIuty
8.4.1 Compilationof TCSLRecords - The records of the various test results
and inspection procedures adopted on the weldment should be collected
and arranged so that they may be correlated and related to the specific
portions of the weldment.
8.4.2 Interpretation of Test Results - Indications shown by the various test
methods should be interpreted in terms of weld defects, their sizes and
extents. Due attention should be paid to the particular features of each
method of testing, especially in regard to its sensitivity or insensitivity in
detecting specific types of defects.
8.4.3 Evaluation of Weld Qualtiy - The evaluation of the quality of the
weld depends upon the interpretation of the results of the various tests
carried out, and upon the skill of the inspector in assessing the results of
the interpretation.
8.4.3.1 Weld quality achieved should always be related to the required
uality ( see 8.1) and shall be evahiated as superior to the requirement if
t e weld is to be accepted.
Ia Where defects occur they should be assessed
either as acceptable or unacceptable.
a!! Repair8
8.3.1 Wherever the weld defects are evaluated to be oeyond the accept-
ability limits for the particular weld, it is necessary either to repair the
d&ctive portion or to reject the weld, according to the nature of the defects
and the weldment.
0.3.2 Where repairs are to be carried out, the proposed method of
rectification shall be abproved prior to commencement of the repair. For
critical applications it may be necessary to perform a test on a sqxuate
test piece to demonstratmhat the proposed rectification procedure is capable
of g.Sng acceptable results.
31
8.3.3 It is essential that the area to be repaired is inspected after the
defect has been cut out or otherwise removed. In order to ensure that the
defect has been completely removed, and the weld preparation thus formed
& conducive to a defect-free repair.
8.5.4 All repairs shall be carried out by qualified welders. They should
-10&1y be done by adopting same process and using the same consum-
rbles as for the original weld. A deviation may be permitted if the
adequafe quality is ensured.
8.5.5 The repaired weld should be subjected to adequate tests to evaluate
its quality. The repaired portion should be subjected to as many of the
tests made on the original welds as considered reasonable. In general, all
the non&structive tests carried out on the original weld should be repeated
on the repaired weld.
6.5.6 After evaluation of the quality of the repaired portion, the overall
quality of the weldment should be assessed and used as the basis of
acceptance of the weldment.
9. ACCEPTANCE
9.1 Acceptance of the finished weldment will be the culmination 01 rne
entire process of inspection before, during and after fabrication and of the
evaluation of the quality of the weldment in terms of the required quality.
9.2 Such acceptance should be final and unambiguous and should imply
that the weldment is of the required quality as far as it was possible to
assess on the basis of the inspection carried out.
9.3 Acceptance should in general be documented by the issue of a suitable

certificate of acceptance. Where necessary suitable permanent markings
such as the inspectors personal hardstamp may be used to indicate accept-
ance of the specific weldment. Similar steps would be required also in
the event of the weldment being totally rejected, where in addition to a
document indicating rejection and the reasons for rejection, permanent
identification of rejected weldments should be made.
9.4 Whereas the inspection report would contain full details of the inspec-
tion carried out, and the findings at each stage of inspection, acceptance
certilicates will generally not contain such details, but will be confined to
certifying that after carrying out the inspection in all respects, the weld-
ment has been found to be of acceptable quality,
32
IS t 822 4970
APPENDIX A
( czuuse0.3 )
LIST OF INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODES OF
PRACTLCE RELEVANT TO THE INSPECTION OF WELDING
A-L Standards listed below pertain to or may require to be consulted in

connection with the inspection of welding. This list is only indicative and
does not cover very unusual applications..
a) Materials
1) Rolled Steel
IS : 226-1969 Structural steel ( standard quality) (fourth revision)
IS :80&1964 Rolled steel beam, channel and angle sections
( retist-d)
-IS: 961-1962 Structural steel (high tensile) (revised)
IS: 1079-1968 Hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip (second
revision )
IS: 1173-1967 Hot rolled and slit steel, tee bars (jrslre~ision)
IS: 1252-1958 Rolled steel sections bulb angles
IS : 1730-1961 Dimensions for steel plate, sheet and strip for
structural and general engineering purposes
*IS : 1731-1961 Dimensions for steel flats and for structural and
general engineering purposes
*IS ; 1732-1961 Dimension for round and square steel bars for
structural and general engineering purposes
IS: 1762-1961 Code for designation of steel
IS: 1852-1967 Rolling and cutting tolerances for hot-rolled
steel products
IS: 1863-1961 Dimensions for rolled steel bulb plates
IS : 1977-1969 Structural steel (ordinary quality )
IS : 2002-l 962 Steel plates for boilers
IS: 2049-1963 Colour code for the identification of wrought
steels for general engineering purposes
1 S : 2062-1969 Structural steel ( fusion welding quality )
( jirst revL ion )
!S : 3039-1965 Structural steel ( shipbuilding quality)
IS: 3503-1966 Steel for marine boilers, pressure vessels and
welded machinery structures
IS : 3747.1966 Steel for flanging and pressing
Since rcvimai. 33
IS r 022 - 1970
2) Steel Castings
IS : 2856-1964 Carbon steel castings suitable for high

temperature service (fusion welding quality)
3) Other Metals
IS : 737-19& Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys, sheet
and strip (for general engineering purposes) ( rcviscd)
IS : 1550-1967 Copper sheet and strip for the manufacture of
utensils and for the general purposes (jrst revision)
4) Tubes
IS : 1161-1968 Steel tubes for structural purpose (ssrond r&ion)
IS: 1239 (Part I)-1968 Mild steel tubes, tubular5 and other
wrought steel fittings: Part 1 Mild steel tubes (second
revision )
IS: 1914-1961 Carbon steel boiler tubes and superheater tubes
IS :3589- 1966 Electrically welded steel *pipes for water, gas and
sewage (200 to 2 000 mm nominal diameters)
IS : 3601- 1966 Steel tubes for mechanical and general engineer-
ing purposes
IS : 4310-1967 Weldable steel pipe fittings for marine purposes
IS : 4922-1968 Seamless, steel tubrr (suitable for weldings)
for aircraft purposes
b)Electrode# and Conwmablem

1) Wdding Ro& and Electrodes
IS: 814-1970 Covered electrodes for metal arc welding of
structural steel (third retiioa)
IS :815-1966 Classilication and coding of covered electrodes
for metal arc welding of mild steel and low alloy high
tensile steel (revised)
18:1278-1967 Filler rods and wires for gas welding (Jut
revision )
IS: 1395-1964 Molybdenum and chromium molybdenum low
alloy steel electrodes for metal-arc welding (rdDisbd)
IS: 2680-1964 Filler rods and wires for inert gas tungsten (UC
welding
IS : 2879-1967 Mild steel for metal arc welding electrode core
wire (j&St revision )
34
IS : a22 - 1970
IS : 4972-1968 Resistance spot-welding electrodes

IS : 5206-1969 Corrosion-resisting chromium and chromium-
nickel steel covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding
IS: 5511-1969 Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding
of cast iron
2) Automatic Arc Welding Wiri and Flux
IS:36131966 Acceptance tests fat wire flux combination for
submerged arc welding
3) Gas Welding
IS : 5760-1969 Compressed argon
c) Welding Equipment and Accessories

1) Arc Welding
IS: 1851-1966 Single operator type arc welding transformers
(jrst rekion )
IS : 26351966 dc electric welding generators ( retised)
IS:.2641-1964 Electrical welding accessories
IS : 45591968 Single operator rectifier type dc arc welder
2) Resistance Welding
IS : 4894 ( Part I)-1968 Resistance welding equipment: Part I
Single-phase transformers
IS : 4864 ( Part II )-1968 Resistance welding equipment: Part II
Single-phase rocker arm spot welding machines
IS:4864 (Part III )-I969 Resistance welding equipment:
Part III Single-phase spot and projection welding machines
d) Terminology and Symbols

1) TefminoloBly
IS : 812-1957 Glossary of terms relating to welding and cutting
of metals
IS: 813-1961 Scheme of symbols for welding ( a&cd)
l) Training and Testing of Welders

1) IS : 817-1966 Code of practice for training and testing of metal
arc welders (rctised)
2) IS: 1181-1967 Qualifying test for metal-arc welders (engaged
in welding structures other than pipes ) (.l;rrt retisiot~)
35
Is:m-1970
f ) Codes of Procedure
IS:819-1957 Code of practice for resistance spot welding for
light assemblies in mild steel
IS: 823-1964 Code of procedure for manual metal arc welding
of mild steel
IS: 2811-1964 Recommendations for manual tungsten inert-gas
arc-welding of stainless steel
IS:4944-1968 Code of procedure for welding at low ambient
temperatures
g) Mechanical Testing
1) Tcnsik Testing
IS: 1521-1960 Method for tensile testing of steel wire
IS: 16081960 Method for tensile testing of steel products other
than sheet, strip, wire and tube
IS : 1663 ( Part I )-1960 Method for tensile testing of steel sheet
and strip: Part I Steel sheet and strip of thickness 0.5 mm
to3mm
IS : 1663 (Part II )-1962 Method for tensile testing of steel sheet
and strip: Part II Steel sheet and strip of thickness above
3mm
IS: 1894-1962 Method for tensile testing of steel tubes
2) Impact Test
IS : 1499-1959 Method for clarpy impact test ( U-notch) for
steel
IS : 1598-1960 Method for izod impact test for steel
3) Bend Test
IS : 1403-1959 Method for reverse bend test for steel sheet and
strip less than 3 mm thick
IS: 1599-1960 Method for bend test for steel products other
than sheet, strip, wire and tube
IS : 23241963 Method for bend test on steel tubes
4) Hardness Test
*IS : 1500-1959 Method for Brine11 hardness test for steel
*IS : 1501-1959 Method for Vickers hardness test for steel
+IS:1586-1960 Methods for Rockwell hardness test (B and
scales) for steel
*since rcviud. 36
ISr822-1970
1S : 5972-1969 Method for Rockwell superficial hardness test

(N and T scale) for steel
h) Non-Destructive Testing
IS : 1182-1967 Recommended practice for radiographic exami-

nation of fusion welded butt joints to steel plates (firsl
rcsision )
IS : 2478-1963 Glossary of terms relating to industrial radiology
IS: 2595-1963Code of practice for radiographic testing
IS : 2598-1966 Safety code for industrial radiographic practice
IS: 3657-1966 Radiographic image quality indicators
2) Ullrasonics
IS: 2417-1963 Glossary of terms relating to ultrasonic testing
IS: 3664-1966 Code of practice for ultrasonic testing by pulse
echo method ( direct contact )
IS : 42251967 Recommended practice for ultrasonic testing of
steel plates
IS: 4260-1967 Recommended practice for ultrasonic testing of
welds in ferritic steel
3) Moptic Particle Flaw Detection

18:3415-1966 Glossary of terms used in magnetic particle flaw
detection
IS: 3703-1966 Code of practice for magnetic particle flaw
detection
IS : 3658-1966 Code of practice for liquid penetrant flaw
detection
4) Tesling of Welds
IS: 3600-1966 Code of procedure for testing of fusion welded
joints and weld metal in steel
j) Applications: Use and Design
1) Slructurul Steel Work

IS:800-1962 Code of practice -for use of structural steel in
general building construction (n&d)
37
ISr.s22-1970
IS : 803-1962 Code of practice for design, fabrication and

erection of vertical mild steel cylindrical welded oil
storage tanks
IS : 805-1968 Code of practice for use of steel in gravity water
tanks
IS : 1024-1968 Code of practice for use of welding in bridges
and structuressubject to dynamic loading
Is:2751-1966 Code of practice for welding of mild steel bars
used for reinforced concrete construction
38
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ReglOMl ouhzes:
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IS : 822 - 1970

Gr8 September 1971

Welding General Sectional Committee, SMDC 14

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Panel for Inspection of Welds, SMDC 14 : P 24

0.2 Thii standard has been prepared to serve as a guide to inspection of

0.5 During inspection of welds reference may have to be made to other

0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this

*Rulesfor re&m&lgoff numerial vdues ( raivr ) .

5. INSPECTION BEFORE COMMENCING FABRICATION BY

,5.1 Dr8*g mssd SPecifications

+Gloasary of terms .reIating to welding and rutting of metals.

5.4 Inspection of Material

5.72 Complete welding procedure should be laid down by the

5.6.1 The. welding equipment to be used on the job shall be in atstir-

5.92 It is advisable to ensure that all welding equipment and accessorier

5.10 Testing Facilities

5.113 There should bc adequate. facilities for storage of materials and

,6.1 hspection of Prepared Materials

6.2.3 Due precautions to minimise distortion and ensure dimensional

6.3 Welding Consumables

6.3.1 Electrodes and other welding consumables shall be of types

63.2 If during fabrication it is found necessary or aesirable to alter,

6.3.3 If during fabrication there is an incidence of defects which may

6.4 Operators and Welders

6.5 weldin Procedure

6.53 Where it becomes desirable or necessary to amend, alter or

6.53 If it is found that despite conformity to approved welding

6.6 Inspection during Wcldiiq

66.2 Welds which would become inaccessible or more difficult to

7. INSPECTION AFTER WELDING

7.1 Visual Inmpection

b) Surface cracks In the weld metal or in the parent metal adjacent

7.1.4 The following types of faults on the weldment may also be

7.2 1n~pccti0n of Weld Dimensions

7.3 Mbaical Tmting

7.3.0.1 Mechanical tests may comprise of all or some of the

c) Tests fordeterminingpenetration and internal weld configuration-

4 Tests for determining metallurgical properties and local variations

7.3.1.2 For larger weldments in repetitive work a prototype is welded

7.3.2 Somplc Welds

7.3.2.2 In certain types of welds additional sample welds are nlade

7.3.3 Extension Piects and Test CW/IONS

7.3.3.1 Many specifications specify extension pieces or test coupes

7.3.3.2 Extension pieces and coupons should be of the same composi-

7.3.3.3 Extension pieces are subjected to mechanical tests and the

7.3.4 Tests for Defermining Slrcngth and Duclilip

7.3.4J Tensile fesfs :

7.3.4.2 Bend tests:

a) Free transverse bend test,

7.3.4.3 lm#act tests:

7.3.4.4 Load f&s---bada may be applied on the weldment by jacks?

7.3.3 Tests for Detekning Confinti& Fusion and Soundnessof Weti

7.3.3.2 Nick break tests for butt and fillet welds.

7.3.7.2 HadncJs survgs:

73.73 ch0mical ana!ysiis.

7.4 N-e Teaiing

7.4.1.1 Before aelecting the method of non-destructive testing, it is

b) End use of the weldment and the functional significance of