Fortran Ionosphere HAARP Flesh-and-Blood Bent Ionospheric Model 1973

JI
AFCRL-TR-73-C,657 SAMSO TR-73-252
DOCUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION

* OF THE BENT
IONOSPHEPrJC MODEL
iII Prepared By:
Sigrid K. Llewellyn
Rodney B. Bent
Atlantic Science Corporation

P. 0. Box 3201
Indialaatic, Florida 32903
Prapared for:.
Space & Missile Systems Organization

Department of the Air Force
Worldway Postal Center Box 92960
Los Angeles, California 90009
Contract Number F04701-73-C-0207
July 1973
Approved for Public Release

Distribution is Unlimited.
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3. REPOR, TITLE
Documentation and Description of the

Bent Ionospheric Model i
A. 091CI P TI v NO0TIES (Ty/jpe atitrepot# and Incluslivo dlato)
Scientific, State- of-the-Art, Final

"SAUTHO (III(irtastrame, middle InIt#i#l, hleatnamo)
Sigrid K. Llewellyn
Rodney B. Bent
4, RIEPORT OATS a. TOTAL NO, OF PAGS Ib 6 NO. OF R1EPS!
* July 1973 1 9
90. CONTRACT 0 GMANT NO. I.
ORSIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMERIS)ll
73-C-0207
F04701- 86660101 AFCRL-TR-73-k.657
h.PRQJKCTNo. 56311601
62IOlF 61102F le16 N P RPOiT N0421 (Any7Whrniolmfere Mlat way 66 asaelled
I0. OITMRIBUTION STATEMENT
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
II. SUPPLrMENTARY NOTES I&. SPONIOCRING MII6TARY ACTIVITY

Space & Missile System Organization (Y E)
Tech, other Worldway Postal Canter
Los Angeles, CA 90009'
IS. A111STRACT
Thjs report documents the computer programs of the Bent Ionospheric Model and
briefly describes the development of the model. The FORTRAN Program is
designed for general use and can generate ionospheric data on a world-wide
basis for any past or future date. For a given condition consisting of station,
satellite and time information, the electron density veruus height profile is
computed from which range, range rate, and angular rofraction corrections as
well as vertical and angular total electron content are obtained. The model has
the addtional capability of improving its predictions by updating with actual
ionospheric observations. Considerable tests in the past have proved this
empirical model highly successful. Also included in the documentation is an
alternate version of the ionospheric program to be used when stringent space
and time requirements are imnposed by the operating system. However, several
options of the standard program are not incorporated and the accuracy of the
results is somewhat reduced.
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
DDINOV.. 1473 Unclassified

1 Sculity Classlficetlon
Security Casilcation LO
14 LINK A LINK LINKC
KEY WORDS ROLE, WT PROLIE: W ROLE[ WT
Ionosphe re
Electron content
Model ionospheres
Refraction corrections
Electron density
mI
-- - -
Unclassified
security C La.a emtkr.. _n
....................................- .*
FOREWORD
This document was prepared by Atlantic Science Corporation of
Indialantic, Florida, for the Air Force Space & Missile Systems Organiza-
tion (SAMSO), System 821B under Contract F04701-73-C-0207. This con-
tract was jointly sponsored by funds from SAMSO and The Air Force
Cambridge Research Laboratories. The document is assigned the USAF

Report No. SAMSO TR-73-252.
Captain R. Collins and Major R.H. Jesson served as Project Officers
of this program. Appreciation is also due to Mr. J. Klobuchar of AFCRL
who closely monitored the progress of this contract.
The majority of the development of the model was funded by NASA/
Coddard Space Flight Center and monitored by Mr. P. Schmid, Code 591.
The remaining portion of the model development was funded by the Air
Force Space & Missile Systems Organization (SAMSO), System 621B under
Contract F04701-72-C-0380 and monitored by Capt. L.J. Plotkin and
Major R.H. Jesson.
The principal investigations in this work as well as the earlier develop-
ment were performed by Rodney B. Bent and Sigrid K. Llewellyn.
Mrs. Llewellyn was totally responsible for the software development and
implementation.
Publication of this report does not constitute approval of the reports
findings or conclusions. It is published only for the exchange and stimula-
tion of ideas.
B.W. P'arkinson, Colonel, USAF
Deputy for Defense Navigation Satellite Systems

iii
H
ABSTRACT
This report documents the computer programs used in the Bent i

Ionospheric Model and briefly describes the development of the model.
The FORTRAN Program is designed for general use and can generate
ionospheric data on a world-wide basis for any past or future date. For a
given condition consisting of station, satellite and time information, the
electron density versus height profile is computed from which range, range 1
rate, and angular refraction corrections as well as vertical and angular total
electron content are obtained. The model has the additional capability of
improving its predictions by updating with a ctual ionospheric observations.
Considerable tests in the past have proved this empirical model highly success-
ful. Also included in the documentation is an alternate version of the ionospheric
program to be used when stringent space and time requirements are imposed
by the operating system. However, several options of the standard program
are not incorporated and the accuracy of the results is somewhat reduced.
I V
i-o-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Description Pag

1.0 Scope I
2. 0 Applicable Documents 2
3. 0 Requirements - Technical Description 3
3. 1 Function Allocation Description 5
3. 2 Functional Description 9
3. 3 Storage Allocation, File Description 81
3.4 Computer Program Functional Flow Diagram 109
4.0 Quality Assurance 114
4. 1 Test Plan, Procedure Gross Reference Index 114
4.2 Other Quality Assurance Provisions 115
5. 0 Preparation for Delivery 131
6. 0 Notes 132
6. 1 Ionospheric Model Developme-nt 133 J
6.2 Model Accuracy and LimitLtions 155
10. 0 Appendix I - Program Listings 165
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Description Page
1 25 Point Pattern of Ionospheric Points

Around Station 65
2 The Exponential, Parabolic and Bi-
Parabolic Profile 144
3 The Fluctuation of the Decay Constants
with Magnetic Latitude 145
4 Variation of k due to Solar Flux, fF2
and Magnetic Latitude 146
5 The Seasonal Variation in the Predicted
k Values 147
6 The Comparison of Measured and
Predicted y. 148
7 Variation of ya as Function of foF2
and Local Time 149
8 The Seasonal Variation of Predicted y,
as a Function of Local Time 150
9 The Predicted Global Status of Monthly
MeAian f.272 151
10 The Predicted and Actual Monthly Median
Values of foFZ VZ
11 An Error in the NOAA foF2 Predictions 13
12 Deviations in f.F2 Evident over a Distance
of 1000km IS4
13 Percentage of Daytime Ionosphere Eliminated
for Different Evaluation Conditions 156
14 Family of Curves from the Appleton-Beynon
Equation i62
vi
/ /*,
'I I
LIST OF TABLES 1
Table Number Description Page
1 12-Month Running Average of the

Zurich Relative Sunspot Number 91
2 12-Month Running Average of the 10.7 cm
Solar Flux at Ottowa 92
3 Monthly Mean of the Solar Flux 93 $
4 Cross Reference List of Conditions i
Examined in 5 Test Cases 116
5 Input Card Deck to PROGRAM ION
for 5 Test Cases 117 -J
6 Output Results frorn PROGRAM ION
for 5 Test Cases 118
7 Input Card Deck and Output Results for
Preprocessor PROGRAM TABGEN for
3 Test Cases 128
e Irnput Card T)irk to PROGRAM IONI for
3 Test Cases 1Z9
9 Output Results from PROGRAM IONI for
3 Test Cases 130
/i
iH I
GLOSSARY
A Azimuth angle of measured ray path

E Elevation angle of mei.sured ray path
6E Error in E due to refraction
EdE , time derivative of the elevation angle
dt
foF2 Critical frequency of the F2 layer
f Wave frequency
Height of maximum electron density of foFZ
h: F2 above surface of the earth
h3 Height of satellite
S-s, time derivative of satellite height
dt
k,, kg k3 Decay constants of the lowes, middle and upper
topside exponential layer of the profile
M factor I
M(3000)F MUF(3000)F2/foFZ
MUF(300C)r2 The maximum useable frequency to propagate
(by reflection from F2) over 3000kmn
N Electron density at height h

N, Maxirirm electron density
NT The total electron content in a vertical direction
R. Mean radius of earth
AR One way range correction
SROne way range rate correction
ya Half thickness of bottornside bi-parabolic layer
Yt Half thickness of topside parabolic layer
Ok Latitude and longitude of the ionospheric point, where
the wave passes through the densest pr-rt of the Lonosphere
S, X5 Station latitude and longitude
Vill
1. 0 Scope
Thiq specification establishes the requirements for complete identification

of Items #0001 and 0002, "Documentation and Description of the Bent Ionospheric
Model, ' to be formally accepted by the procuring activity.
The Bent Ionospheric Model is an empirical world-wide computerized

alogrithm capable of predicting the ionospheric electron density profile and
the associated delay and directional changes of a wave due to refraction. The
following documentation of this model is formatted in accordance with Para-
graph 60. 5, computer program product specifications, MIL-STD-483,
"IConfiguration Management Practices for Systems, Equipment, Munitions,
and Computer Programs."
Sections 3. 1 and 3. 4 outline the overall program structure,

Section 3. 2 gives a detailed description of each program component,
Sections 3. 3 and 4. 1 incorporate the program operation description,
Section 6. 1 and 6. 2 outline the ionospheric model development and present
its accuracy and limitations, and Appendix I contains the program listings.
I, ,
I.t
2. 0 Applicable Documents
The documents of exact issue shown, form a part of this specification

to the extent specified herein. In case a conflict occurs between the referenced
reports and the detailed content of sections 3,4,5, and 10, the detailed content
shall be considered a superseding requirement for this CPCI.
Refe renceli
1. E,. V. Appleton & W. J. G. Beynon, Proc. Phys. Soc. 52, Pt. I,

518 (1940); Proc. Phys. Soc. 59, Pt. II, 58 (1947)
2. R. B. Bent, S. K. Llewellyn, M. K. Walloch, "Description
and Evaluation of the Bent Ionospheric Model," Vol. I,
SAMSO TR-72-239 (Oct. 197Z)
3. S. Chapman & J. Bartels, "Geomagnetism," Vol. I1, Oxford at
the Clarendon Press (1962)
4. D. C. Jensen & J. C. Cain, "Iterim Geomagnetic Field,
J. Geogr. Res., No. 9, 3568-3569 (Aug. 1962)
5. W. B. Jones, R. P. Graham, M. Leftin, 'Advances in Ionospheric
Mapping by Numerical Methods, " ESSA Technical Report
ERL 107-ITS 75, (May 1969)
6. W. B. Jones & D. L. Obitts, "Global Representation of Annual
and Solar Cycle Variation of foFZ Monthly Median 1954-1958,"
OT/ITS Research Report No. 3 (Oct. 1970)
7. A.>N. Kazantsev, Tr. IRE AN SSSR, 2, 36, (1956)
8. R. G. Maliphant, "The Refractive Deviation of Radiowaves that

Penetrate the Earth's Ionosphere," DRTE Report N;). 1090,
(Sept. 1962)
9. F. G. Stewart, M. Leftin, ''Relationship Between 10. 7 cm (Jttowai
Solar Radio Noise Flux and Zurich Sunspot Numbers,
ESSA Technical Report (Oct. 1970)
I U
.1
2
3. 0 Recuiremcr.L. - echnical Description
In the area of satellite corn-nunications the refraction incvrrt d o,

wave propagating through the ionosphere is most important. The Bent I
Ionospheric Model is an empirical world-wide algorithm capable of accuratF
estimating the electron density profile and the associated delay and direcio1na'
changes of a wave due to refraction. The mrodel computes the electron density
versus height profile from which the range, range rate, and the angular
refraction corrections for the wave are obtained as well as the vertical and
angular total electron cont'-nt. Although the model is presented for ground
to satellite communications, it is readily adaptable for ground to ground,
or satellite to sc.tellite communications.
The only required inputs to the model are satellite and station position
and time information and a limited amount of solar data. Fur the model's
additional capability of improving the ionospheric predictions by use of actual
ionoipheric observations, measured values of electron content or the critical
frequency of the F2 layer, foF2, can be incorporated along with the observation
station and time information. This update option uses a weighted mean
technique that can accept, for the update, several measurements from
different stations separated in time and space from the time and location at
which the ionosphere is to be evaluated.
The updating process is generally used for predicting ionospheric

conditir)ns or refraction corrections after the fact. when observations are
generally available. However, the model's prediction accuracy without update
accounts for approximately 75 to 80 percent of the ionosphere which can improve
with update to approximately 90 percent. Thr. model, therefore, may be
applied for future predictions or after the fact calculations. Since the model has
been developed on a world-wide basis, predictions are not limited to any
particular land mass or segment of the world. The updating technique does,
however, require that ionospheric observations be from stations within
2000 km radius of the evaluation site. The model is applicable fur determining
3
wave refraction and ionospheric characteristics up to 2000 km in height and
for all radio wave frequencies as lung aa the vertical component is slightly
higher than critical frequency.
Built into the model Lre the combined influences of geographical and
geomagnetic effects, solar activity, local time, a"d seasonal variations.
These combined effects are the results of an extensive investigation of a
vast ionospheric data base that included over 50, 000 topside soundings, 6, 000
satell'te measurements of electron density and related foFZ, and over 400, 000
bottomside soundings. The data base, which formed the basis of the model,
extended over the period of 1962 to 1969, covering the minimum to maximum
of a solar cycle. For further information regarding the development and

evaluation of the Bent Ionospheric Model, see Reference 2 and Section 6. 0.
Ji
3. I Functional Allocation Description
The ionospheric PROGRAM ION is written in FORTRAN IV code anti has
a simple load structure with no overlay requirements, The following

program/subroutines comprise the CPCI, and the attached diagram identifies
the calling routines and the Pubprograms called for each computer program
component;
CPCs : PROGRAM ION, and SUBROUTINES REFRAC, PLOTNH, PROFLI,

PROFL2, BETA, SICOJT, DKSICO, MAGFIN, GK, DKGK.
The following library subprograms are required
ABS, AMOD, ATAN, COS, EXP, LOGI0, SIGN, SIN, SQRT.
All internal data transfer between the individual CPCs occurs through labeled
common blocks and through the calling sequences, which are both described
under Section 3., 2 1.3 for each CPC, The external data transfer consists of
input coming from the data card deck into PROGRAM ION and from the iono.
spheric coefficient data 'Lape into SUBROUTINE REFRAC, and of output of the
results from PROGRAM ION and SUBROUTINE PLOTNH to the line printer;
these files are described in detail in Section 3, 3. 1. The functions perfurmed
by the program are described in Section 3.4 and referenced to the CPCs to
which they are assigned.
An alternate version of the ionospheric program is included in this

documentation, consisting of a preproressor TABOEN and a reduction program
IONI. Both programs are written in FORTRAN IV code, have a simple load
structure with no overlay requirements, are run as separate entities, and are
only linked by the data file (disc or tape ) produced by the preprocessor and
utilized in ION1. PROGRAM TABGEN requires the following SUBROUTINES
SICOJT, DKSICO, MAGFIN, GK, DKGK, and the library functions AMOD,
ATAN, COS, SIN, SQRT. All internal data transfer occurs through the calling
sequences; the external data transfer consists of input coming from the data
card deck and the ionospheric coefficient tape and of output of foF2-h, tables
to disc or tape, all in PROGRAM TABOEN. PROGRAM IONI requires the
I
j
following SUBROUTINES REFRCI, PROFL2, BETA and the library functions
ABS, AMOD, ATAN, COS, FLOAT, SIN, SQRT. All internal data transfer
occurs through the labeled common blocks and through the calling sequences.
The external data transfer consists of input coming from the data card deck
into IONI, from the preprocessed disc or tape fle with foFZ-h, tables into
SUBROUTINE REFRCI, and of output of the results from PROGRAM IONI to
the line pzinter. The second attached diagram shows the program structures,
the data file@ are described in Section 3.3. 1, and the functions performed by
the preprocessor and reduction program are outlined in Section 3. 4.
Whenever ionospheric predictions are desired, PROGRAM ION should

have preference over the program set TABGEN-IONI, ION will yield more
accurate results than ION1 where approximations are introduced through inter-
polating the foF2-h, tables and through bypassing the iteration on the height
estimate rifthe ionosphere. ION also has the additional features not included
in ION1 ol computing range rate corrections for range differencing, of plotting
the ionospheric profile, and cf updating the predictions with actual ionospheric
observations. For many applications ION will be suited even for real-time
processing. The program set TABGEN-IONi should only be used when
stringent -ore space and/or run time requirements are imposed that cannot
be met by PROGRAM ION, or when program modifications for special
applications are attempted, Running PROGRAM TABGEN in a preprocessing
mode results in the significant core space and run time reduction of PROGRAM
ION 1.
I
/I
I
ION
I
CPC No. I
REFRAC PLOTNH
CPC No,Z CPCNo,3
IPROFLI PROFL2 BETA

CPC No.4 CPC No.5 CPCNo,6
SICOJT DKSICO MAGFIN OK DKOK

iCPC No.77 LCPCNo,8 CPCNo,9 CPC No. 10 CPC No. l1
SICOJT
L CPC No, 7
T ABGEN V
S(generates file
SCPC No, 12 %ith oF2-h, tables)
SICOJT
CPC No.
LDKSICO
CPC No. 8
MAGFIN
CPC No.9
OK
C?.No, 10
DKGK
CPC No, 11
SICOJT
CPC No, 7
ION 1
CPC No, 13
REFRC I
CPCC No
NPC.114 oF2-h,
(uses file tables)
with
PROFLZ BETA
CPC No. 5 CPCNo.6
1z I
3. 2 Functional Descrip-ton
This paragraph contains the detailed technical descriptions of the
computer program components identified in Paragraph 3, 1 of this specificati.

i
The instruction listings contained in Appendix I specify the exact configura~i.
of the Bent Ionospheric Program ION aid the alternate version TABOEN - ION 1.
Following are specifically the jescriptions for:
CPC No. I PROGRAMION

CPC No. 2 SUBROUTINE REFRAC
CPC No. 3 SUBROUTINE PLOTNH
CPC No. 4 SUBROUTINE PROFLI

CPC No. 5 SUBROUTINE PROFLZ
CPC No. 6 SUBROUTINE BETA
CPC No. 7 SUBROUTINE SICO3T
CPC No. 8 SUBROUTINE DKSICO
CPC No. 9 SUBROUTINE MAGFIN
CPC No. 10 SUBROUTINE QK
CPC No. 11 SUBROUTINE DKGK
Particular to all subroutines is the fact that none of the input variables
transferred through common or the calling sequences are modified during
excution of the program code, The units internal to all subroutines are
kept in meters for distances, radians for angles and times,meters/second
for linear velocities, radians/second for angular rates, MHz for frequencies
and Gauss for magnetic field itrength.
Included are also the descriptions of the routines that are required
in addition ot the ones listed above for the alternate version of the ionospheric
program, consisting of separate preprocessor and reduction programs:
CPC No. 12 PROGRAM TABOEN

CPC No. 13 PROGRAM IONI
CPC No. 14 SUBROUTINE REFRC1
9
3. 2. 1 Computer Program Component I
CPC No. -1, main PROGRAM ION, in writen in FORTRAN code. It

handles the card input and the printing of the resltts for the entire program,
except for the list and plot of the profile which is done by SUBROUTINE PLOTNH
upon call from ION. ION transfers the input conditions through commons JEVAL/
and/UPDT/ and by calling SUBROUTINE RPFRAC receives the computed profile
parameters and refraction corrections through camrnon/CORR/.
3.2. 1. 1 CPC No. I Descriction
ION reads the selections for the output ard update options from cards,
it reads the station, satellite and time information for the condition to be
evaluated, and as needed, reads the solar data from cards. If the option
for updating the predictions with measured ionospheric data was chosen, the
number of observations to be used for the update and the corresponding observation
along with station and time information are read from cards. Up to eight
measurenrents can be used simultaneously for updating any one evaluation
condition, All input data is listed for reference in the print out,
The input data is converted to the internal units of meters for distances
and radiara for angles and times. The variables specifying the evaluation
condition itre transferred through common/EVAL/, the update conditions through
".ommon/,IPDT/to SUBROUTINE REFRAC. Through REFRAC and other routines
called by A..EFRAC ionospheric profile parameters, vertical and angular electron
content, refraction corrections to elevation angle, range, and instantaneous
range rate are computed as desired and returned to ION through comrnon/CORR/.
ION printi the results as requested and calls SUBROUTINE PLOTNH for an
electron denbity profile plot and list, whenthis type of output is specified,
If the refraction correction to range rate, obtained by range differencing

over a finte time during which the ionosphere can undergo changes, is requested,
the input lor the evaluation condition above relates to the first range observation,
and additi)nal satellite and time information that is read from card relates to ,he
last range observation used in the differencing technique. Upon ret"rr .he
10
I11
second range correction from -EF'RAC, ION computes the request(
correction by differencing the two range corrections and dividing by th |

interval; the result is printed.I
Any number of evaluation conditions can be processed by supplying

additional input data and repeating the program steps outlined above, Fo'-
more details about the input data and outpuL options refer to the input data
desrription under 3.3. 1.
3.2. 1,2 CPC No. I Flowchart
The flowchart is shown on the page following 3. 2. 1.5.,
3. , 1. 3 CPC No. 1 Interfaces
a) Library subprograms required: none

b) Other subprograms called: SUBROUTINES REFRAC, PLOTNH
c) Calling program: none
d) Calling sequence: PROGRAM ION
e) Common blocks: EVAL, UPDT, CORR
Variables in common:
See description for EVAL, UPDT, CORR under SUBROUTINE REFRAC,
CPC No. 2.
f) File requirements: card reader, line printer
The requirements for the input data card file are specified under 3, 3. 1.
3.2. 1.4 CPC No, I Data Organization
Variables defined in data statements:
Name Dimension Descrition

LYRMO I 00, initialization constant for (year 11 0O+month)
IDRD 1 00, default condition: range rate correu-tLon for
observation over finite time is not desired
IOPT 1 1, default conditiont computation of critical
frequency and corresponding height is desired
Name Dimension Description
MEAS 5x3 Array containing hollerith daa for print out
Other constants defined in data statement:

GOM0, Q1000=1000, Q3600=3600; DR=I*, HR=l hour, PIZ=360 converted to radians,
Important variables are described under 3. . 1. 3 e),of SUBROUTINE REFRAC,

CPC No. 2.
3.2. 1. 5 CPC No. I Limitations
Up to e.ght measurement entries can be used simultaneously for updating

the predictions for any one evaluation condition. If update with more than eight
conditions is requested, the program uses the first eight entries, ignores any
additional input data and prints a medmage to that effect.
Error tests on the sequence, units and formats of the input data are not
performed, except on the dates of the molar data cards. However, mistakes
in the set up o the card deck are revealed in the printout of the input data
that is listei along with the results.
12
CPC No. I Flowchai-t, PROGRAM ION
flag
oututand No Any Print f 0 F2
update n hmI
datdaeopin
o t nsc desired
ARead & pitrofile

number of up- <i~ra., el, contN
p
umbeeac" desired
Read &~print dte ondi
evaluation yes
condition
o' update param~eters &
Iupdate rI
Units ~ \ crnt ent
Solr dta Yes

lo f pr fl
d t
em N ot Y eap Read & print No&R
Nodt or fors poile list,
s olar~ . flu~
ef a c io
Cov tcorrectieons des
U, ni a Y~ a13
P-rit _.'E-, I
L
PROGRAM ION (continued)
xA for N
range difforen-
cing wanted,.-
TRead & print

\ additional
Convert
unit 1
Crl REFRA
'4or a6R for new
condition
Compute 51A
for range
L differencing
Print AlR
6A
14
ii V
3, . 1 Computer Program Component 2
CPC No. 2, SUBROUTINE REFRAC, is written in FORTRAN code and

Is called from thermain PROGRAM ION, REFRAC prepares the coefficient
and solar input data, it obtains the ionospheric profile parameters via PROFIA
and PROFL2, it performs an optional updute using up to eight observatior
entries, it computes the ionospheric refraction corrections ABR for range,
,lA for instantaneous range rate and obtains the refraction correction AE
for the elevation angle via LETA.
3, 2. 1. 1 CPC No. 2 Description
R.EFHAC prepares the coefficienti to be used in SUBROUTINE DKSICO for

the computation of the time dependent coefficients which in turn are required
for the computation of critical frequency foFZ and M(3000)FZ, At first it is
checked if the coefficients are already available for the desired date, and if not
available, the proper coefficients are read from tape. These general coefficients
are valid for any condition and do not have to be updated or replaced, but can
be adjusted for any time in the past or future.
The general foF2 coefficients were derived using the work of Jones and
Obitts (Referenue (6); they provide annual continuity and are valid for approx-
imate 10 day period&, for the spans from day I to 10, day 11 to 20, and day 21
to 30 (or 28, 29, 31) of each month. There are coefficients for 36 periods to
cover the whole year, The general foFZ coefficients W., , represent the
coefficients to a accond order polynomial in the 12-month running average of
solar flux F., (observed Ottowa 10. 7 cm solar flux). They are evaluated for
the specific Fla of the evaluation date to yield the specific foFZ coefficient met
U1 , (stored in array U) used in SUBROUTINE DKSICC;
Uli W .0,,P + W0,1 1 , Fla + W 3I, FX

Fl , for i =0,1 , .... 12 and
k:0, lo .... 75.
15
.....................................
The general M(3000)FZ coefficients available from NOAA, Boulder,
are valid for monthly periods. There are coefficents for 1Z periods to cover
the whole year, and for each period there are two sets Vt ,w (0) and V, k (100),
one for a l2-month running average of sunspot numnber S2 = 0 and the other
for S, = 100. The coefficients are adjusted by interpolating or extrapolating
the two sets to the specific S2 of the evaluation date yielding the specific
M(3000)F2 coefficient set U, k (stored in array UM) used in SUBROUTINE DKSICO;
U1k = V I,k(0)+ [V ,k (100)- V1 ,

1 (0) - 2 '', fori=0, 1,.,,8
100 and
k= 0,, ... 48.
The 10.7 cm Ottowa solar flux data is prepared for use in SUBROUTINES
PROFLI ani PROFL2. The difference AF between the daily value F and thu
12-month running average of the solar flux is formed, LF = F- F;, . If the daily
solar flux iti not available, F1 2 i' substituted, If the daily solar flux is greater
than 130, 1310 is substituted which is a limit imr.posed by the data base on which
developmen: of the model was founded.
The firat paramneters for the ionospheric profile, the critical frequency
ftFZ and th. corresponding height h, Are obtained via SKJBROUTINE PROFLI,
On option REFRAC updates the predicted fF2 with observations of foFz

or with ver'ical or ingular electron contert reduced from Faraday rotation
meaburements from other , ;p to eight update obshervat.-)ns of either
type separated by different amounts in time and space from the cva!natirn tirnt:
and station can be accepted. To obtain the best possible update, the obeervation ;
times and stations shouid be the closest to the caluation condition available,
in any came, the update station should be within 2000 krn of the evaluation
5 ire.
If the bse rvation is angular electron content N,A, it is reduced tr total

vertical el( ctron content Nt by,
N R, co0e) a
16
Ii
E being the elevation angle of the observation, and R, the mean earth r..diuL.
For each update observation the predicted foFZ is obtained by calling SUBROU] (N f
PROFLi, and the update ratio r is formed for foFZ observation3,
r foF2 obs.
foFZ pred.
"Ifthe observation is electron content, the additional profile parameter NT /N.

As obtained via SUBROUTINE PROFLZ, and the following ratio is formed,
r 1 24 X I 0 where foFZ is in M-Iz

1.24 10OfF0f pred. _v.L_2Pred.
and since the maximum electron density is N,=I. 24 x 1C0 f o F2 2 , and NT is

approximately proportional to foF2 2 , the electron content information is
reduced to a foFZ ratio,
r N _75__
_. foF Z obs.
N, pred. foFZ pred.
If there is only one update condition, the ratio r is used for the final
ratio R to update foFZ. If several n conditions are used for the update,
a mean technique combines all n ratios r, to the final ratio R
.veighted
having as weights w, the time differences t1 between observation an.
evaluation times and/or the earth central angles a, between the ionospheric
points at which the rays from the observation and evaluation stations pass
throvuh the ionusphere,
wi
R - 1=1
W=1
W, = Nt. ,if observatijns are from one station at different times,
W, = a, if obst -vations are from several stations at the same time,

w, = At, al, i observations are from several stations at different times.
At - It-tol and
coo a = sin, ainho + cos cos 6o cos
17
where t, X,and to, c$
X ko are the time, latitude and longitude of the ioro-
spheric points for evp.luation and obiervation condition respectively. The
final ratio R udatem the critical frequency by the same overall percentage
t by which the predictions deviate from the ionospheric observations,
2
foF upd. foF2pred. x R
By callirg SUBROUTINE PROFL2 the remaining profile parameters

are obtained: y, the half thickness nf the bottomside bi-parabolic layer,
yt the half thickness of the topside parabolic layer, kj, ks, k, the decay
constants for the lower, middle, and upper section of the topside exponential
i
layer, NT/N. the ratio of the total integrated electron content to the maxi-
mun electroa density, rn. the multiplier of the A', rate of change in height,
term in the range rate equation.
The one.way ionospheric refraction corr'ection AE to the elevation

angle E is calculated via SUBROUTINE BETA. The total integrated electron
content NT a..ong a vertical path through the ionosphere and the angular
content along, the line of sight N Aare computed as:
NN.
The one-way ionospheric refraction correction to range AR im given by

the equation:
4f .3 10I '2 N 40.3x1'24 x10"-2 foF 2
AR N
1 "I+h, Re +h
where f is tle transmission frequency, .- + )d fu=

are uplink aiid downlink frequencies.
The one-way ionospheric refraction correction to range rate AA consists

of two terma, one multiplied by the altitude rate , the other by the elevation
rate
18
-7
x~10
4 0. 3 x1.Z24wO i + AR (~h~inE cosE
cotE~7 1.
~R,+h. R, +
This range rate correction fonnulation applies only to instantaneous

range rate measurements, since it assumes that the only variation in the
total electron content over the time of the observation is due to the
positional change of the satellite and that the ionosphere between station
and satellite remains constant for the duration of the measurement.
Corrections to range differencing are discussed under 3. 2. 1. 5.
The signs of the refraction corrections are set for the corrections
to be subtracted from their respective observations. The units in all
equations abuve are kept in meters, me; ./sccond, radians, radians/

4
second and MHz.
t
3.2. 1.2 CPC No. 2 Flowchart
The flowchart is shown on the page following 3. 2. 1.5.
3.2. 1. 3 CPC No. 2 Interfaces
a) Library subprograms requirec: ABS, ATAN, COS, SIN, SQRT

b) Other subprograms Lalled: SUBROUTINES PROFLI, PROFL2, BETA
c) Calling programs: PROGRAM ION
d) Calling sequence: SUBROUTINE REFRAC

e) Common blocks: EVAL, UPDT, CORR
Common Variable Dimension I/O Description
Name Name
EVAL FS 1 I Transmission frequency (MHz)

EVAL FLAT I I Latitude of station (radians)
EVAL FLON I I Longitude of station (radians)

EVAL ELEV I I Elevation to satellite (radians)
19
Common Variable Dimension I/O Description I
"Name Name
EVAL AZ 1 I Azimuth to satellite (radians)

EVAL HS 1 I Height of aatellite (mn)
EVAL EDOT I I Elevation rate (raclians/sec)
EVAL HDOT 1 t Altitude rate (rn/sec) I
EVAL TIME 1 I Universal time (radians)
EVAL FLXD 1 I Daily solar flux
EVAL SIS 1 I 12-month running average of sun..
spot numbe:
EVAL SIF 1 I 12-mionth running average of solar flux
EVAL IYR 1 I Year (laat 2 digits)
EVAI, MON 1 I Month (=I through 12)
EVAL IDAY 1 I Day (=1 through 31)
EVAL IOPT 1 I Control constant for optional cornputa-
tions: =1 to comnpute foF2 and h,,
42to also compute remaining profile
paiarne'.rs and electron content,
=3 to compute %R in addctlon, =4 to
also compute AR
EVAL IDEL I I Control constant to compute AE be-
sides profile parameters and electon
content, :0 conriute, zI not
EVAL IDRD 1 I Flag to eliminate unnecessary (ornputa-
tions during calculation of the second
range rorrection uied in the difierenc,
ing for the range rate correction,
=0 for first, =1 for second calculation
EVAL IUPDT 1 1 Update flag, -0 no update, -I update
EVAL TTP I I Unit assignment of general iono-
spheric coefficient tape
UPDT ULLAT 8 I Latitudes of update stations (radians)
UPDT UJLON 8 1 Longitudeb of update stationrs (radians)
UIPDT ULEV 8 I Eevation angles of obzervations 'radians)
20
i
4i
II
Common Variable Dimension I/O Description
Name
UPDT UZIM 8 1 Azimuth angles of observations (radians)
UPDT UT 6 I Universal time of observations (radians)

'UPDT OBS 8 1 Observation of fQF2, vertical or angular
electron content (MHz or electrons/rmn2
UPDT ITYP 8 1 Observation type, =1 for foF2, =2 for

vertical, =3 for angular electron content
UFDT NUPDT 1 1 Number of update conditions

CORR DRANG 1 0 Range correction (m)
CORR DRATE i 0 Range rate correction (m/sec)
CORR DELEV 1 0 Elevation angle correction (radians)
CCRR FOFZ 1 0 Critical frequency (MHz)
CORR HM 1 0 Height at maximum electron density
(mete r )
CORPR YM 1 0 -Ialf thickness of the bottomsid3 bl.
parabolic layer (meters)
CORR YT 1 0 Half thickness of the topside parabolic
layer (meters)
CORR XK 3 0 Decay constants of lower, middle and

upper section of the exponential top-
side layer (1/meter)
CORR TOTN 1 0 Total vertical electron content

(e/m 3 column)
CORR TOTNA 1 0 Total angular electron content
(el/r column)
File requiremonts- general coefficient input tape, line printer
f)
The format of the general coefficient tape is described under 3. 3, 1.
.. 21
_.. j
3.2. 1.4 CPC No. 2 Data Organization
Name Dimension Decription
R I Mean earth radius (meters)

STRS Approximate height of stationary satellite used
when updating with observed electron content
i(meters)
TOL 1 Tolerance for differencea in positions or obser.

vation times of multiple -update stations below
which they are assuned et be identical (radians)
MONDY 1 Ijnitialization constants for last and first

MOND I (monthx 100 + day) for which coefficients are
in core
LYRMO I Initialization constant for (year 1100 + month)
Other cons'ants defined in data statements:
QOr0, Ql=L, Q100=100, Q130=130, QPI. 0

1, QNM=I. 24x 1, RN3=,49972.
PIl180', P[2-360* converted to radians.
Other important variables are described under 3.2. 1. 3 e).
3.2. 1. 5 CPC No. 2 Limitations
The daily value of solar flux transferred to SUBROUTINE PROFL2

for the corrputation of the decay constants for the topside exponential
profile is t:-uncated at a maximum value of 130. This is the boundary
that was in- posed by the data base during the model development and is
thus a limit to the model since the extension of solar flux beyond 130 could
result in inialid profiles.
The dimnensions of several arrays restrict the update procedure to be
applied to t.ae predictions of any one evaluation condition, to not include
more than ight observation entries.
The ra ige rate correction formula in this routine applies only to

instantaneoas range rate measurements, since it in assumed that the only
22
variation in electron content over the time of the observation is due to th)P
j positional change of the satellite and that the ionosphere between station f
and satellite remains constant. If the range rate corrections are desired
for observations obtained by range differencing over a finite time interval
during which the ionosphere can undergo significant changes, a range
correction differencing technique should be used over the same time
interval. This type of correction can optionally be requested, it requires
additional satellite and time information and is handled directly in PROGRAM
ION, CPC No. I.
If the ionospheric coefficients are not found on the tape for the evaluation
date, an error condition has occurred, .eiehbage is printed out, ind
control is transferred to PROGRAM ION to proceed with the next data case,
23d
--------------------
~...-.-.-.--.-
CPC No. 2 Flowchart, SUBROUTINE REFRACri
EnterA
omnpute as
I InitializearofInpo
constants C, h
ene ral r
Yes witmdatee
escoeff. in cor
or current> t.ds
No
ead
coaff.
tape
roper No Print error7 ?

coefficients mnessage
~Nfound?,.
YesConvert angular
Yes to vertical elect,1
pecifc *.~content
~
oeff, sets
eady om
G7omp~ite 1st,
art of p rofil
No __or update cond.
rrr, fic(PROFLI)
coeff. Ua'1etd f'or
2
IoF , M(3000)1-
n
c y mp u t ito fl5
Is ~Yes Form updiate

etdalyvauClobservation Iratio
iff, between cail /r
ffF2-as .
of solar flux i N
24
" 5r'.U1 TNE REFRAC (contrur.-d,
C >
Compute Zn conitio2nd
omput.o2nd
an le
cond.
orforupte le of oval.
artfor ion. pro
updae
(P
a er atiofocond
OFL2) f conditiona
educe ratio of Conpute

be. /pred, N, to oevation angle
correction &E
Ltio obs./pred. (BETA)
ur>
onen.
Compute rt.
&angularve
electron content
ore No
an one up-
ate cond. Compute inst.
range rate cor-
-- Yes rection tR and
" tR
Form Y_3- ran aecorr.
Tyo
wveights FF
u Return
observations---
7Comnbine weights!
&OfF2 ratios to
fom final up.
Ldat;.e ra-tio~J
tUpdate foFZ of -
eval. conditionf
V.
- ~with update ratio
25
2
3. 2. I Computer Program
1 Component 3
CPC No.3, SUBROUTINE PLOTNH, is written in FORTRAN code, It
is called from the main PROGRAM ION and lists and plots the electrci
density veriJus height profile.
3.2. 1. 1 CPC No. 3 Description
PLOTtNH plots a graph of electron density N versus height h at 25 km

height increments from 25 km to 1000 km and it prints a list of electron
densities for corrosponding height values from 25 km to 2000 km at 25 km
increments
The ele ctron density is modeled differently in five height layers (see
Figure 2 in Section 6. 1). k, , 1j, k. denote the decay constants for the lower,
middle and upper section of the exponontial topside profile, and y,y, are
the values cf half thickness for the topside parabolic layer and for the
bottommide bi-parabolic layer respectively. The height limits for each
layer are first determined and the value of electron density at the start
point of the various laysrs N, ,N 0 ,Nj ,N 9 . The height increments measured
from the stirt point of I;he various layers are donoted as variables b1 ,b.,
a:, ,a) . T], electro-. density equations are:
N N I'1 for h. y.-- h.
N N , for ho 1.h ~h 3 +d
h
N =No e for
oa h ! h < hl hc+(1012km.h, )/3
N = Ni ekva for hi sc h < hszh,+(1012 km-h,)/3
N = Ng e ' for he "' h " 2000 km
26
where h. is the heigh. at the maximum electron density, d is the distance
above h, at which the lower axponential layer starts, and the electron densitie-
at the start points of the various layers,
2
N. 1,.24 x I ('O foF2
NN e 1
k.- (h,-ho)
3.2.1.2 CPC No. 3 Flowchart
The flowchart as shown on the page following 3, Z. 1. 5.
3.2. 1.3 CPC No.3 Interfaces
a) Library subprograms required: EXP, LOGIO,SQRT

b) Other subprograms called: none
c) Calling program: SUBROUTINE REFRAC
d) Calling sequence: CALL PLOTNH (FOF2, HM, YM, YT,XK)

Variables in calling sequence:
Name Dimension I/O DescripLion
FOFZ 1 1 Critical frequency (MHz)
HM 1 1 Height at the critical frequency (meters)
YM I I Half thickness of the bottom bi-parabolic layer
(meters)
YT I I Half thickness of the topside parabolic layer
(mete rw )
XK 3 I Decay constants for lower, middle, and upper
section of the topside exponential layer (1/meter)
e) Common blocks: norne

f) File requirements: line printer
"K 2
Variables dsfined in data statement:
Name Dimen-sion DesEcri~ion
IBLANK 1 Hollorith ''blank" oymbol used for plotting

MARK I Hollorith * symb,)l used for plotting
Other conttantu listed in data statement:-
Q0:0, Q0=1, Q3=3, QI24E=I, 24x0ClO QIO1ZE=101Z000, Q1025E=1025000,

I
Q25E=25000, Q10-10, 027=27, Q2025E=2025000,
Other imprtant variables are described under 3.2. 1. 3 d).
3. Z. 1. 5 CPC No. 3 Limitations
If elet:tron density values are computed smaller than IC0H or larger
than 5 x1 i)2 (electrons /meter ), they exceed the limits of the graph and
automaticidlly are not plotted. Since theme cases do not normally involve
error conditions, a message is not required and the values are printed
as computed in the electron density versus height list.
28
I
CPC No., Flowchait, SUBROUTINE PLOTNH
-EnterrA \
Sf~rset electron
Print title A for/ ectn
graph & density 0
ds 0
table
,Co-mpute heights (
&electron densi.
ties for start
.. . eat curenl, hos.
' Doepiu1tntion for
InltializC loops eight + 1000 k--
'over heights at
l0Z3 km
at current h.cat,
rl.int elddans.
eight &
Decrere t e
height byShiPlottlog (elidefNi 7 )
T ""~Height> 25k
7Seatlo'wear heighti
limit for
highest layer No
Print scale
for the
uenComnput i.dni graph
Ut ~leowe Yes with equations
uthis -- fur this layer
Set hn~i~ layer-

Ketu rn
)
Set height limit N
for next lower I
Lowest
ra
(
layer ayer" eachd
Yes
A
29
3. 2. 1 Computer Program Component 4
CPC No. 4, SUBROUTINE PROFLI, is written in FORTRAN code, It
is called fromn SUBROUTINE REFRAC and computes the ionospheric profile

parameters critical frequency foFZ and the corresponding height h. at the
location where the wave passes through the ionosphere,
3. 2, 1. 1 CFC No. 4 Description
PROFLI computes the ionospheric characteristics foFZ and M(3000)F2

following th(! analymis of Jones, Graham and Leftin (Reference 5). First
the trigonomretric functions of the multiples of the Greenwich hour angle t,
- 1800% t ! 180, t-O at Greenwich noon, ae computed via SUBROUTINE
SICOJT for ate in DKSICO. The time depondent coefficientn are computed
via SUBROUTINE DKSICO based on the co,.fficient sets U1, prepared in
REFRAC. lvtilizing the foF2 and M(3000)F2 coefficient sets (in arrays U
and UM)the time dependent coefficients rrespectively for the o.F2 and
M(3000)F2 evaluation are prepared,
Defined by the latitude 6 and longitude k at which the ray from station to
satellite passes through the ionosphere is the ionospheric point. It is
calculated a i a function of the station latitude s, longitude ks, and the
elevation an4le E and azimuth angle A to the satellite;
0 arc s(#iin 6 cos a cos 6, sin a coa A
% t. arc sin ( sinA sina
where a is tie earth central angle between the station and the ionompheric
point,
- ' R, cos E
-~- - E - arc sin 0 + h,
-R
R. is the mcan earth radius, and h. is the height of the ionosphere at the
maximurn electron density above the surface of L.he earth. Since h, i. L
30
Ii
be determined later or. in this subroutine, a first estimate of he is requirad
and assumed as h,=300 krn. After computing the actual h. predictior, the
new value is compared with the estimate and if it deviates by more than I krn,
all computations starting with the determination of the ionospheric point
are repeated using the new h,.
The position dependent fun.ctions requi: ed for th, foF2 and M(3000)FZ
computations are all evaluated at the ionospheric point which can differ by
up to Z2' from the station position. First the earth's magnetic field
components X-north, Y.east aid Z-vertical up are computed at the ionospheric
point via SUBROUTINE MAGFIN, and they form in turn the modified magnetic
dipx as a function of the magnetic dip I;
I z
arc sin , I I arc tan 4X +y
Based on the following coordinates, ionospheric latitude, longitude and

rnoi;fied magnetic dip, SUBROUTINE GK evaluates the geographic coordinate
functiuns for the foFZ computation. Zxtr-cted from these functions is the
sub,,et which forms the geographic coordinate functions needed for the
M(3000)FZ computation.
SUBROUTINE DKOK mltiplies and sunms the proper sets of time

dependent coefficients and position dependent functions and forms M(3000)FZ.
With the Appleton-Beynon equations (Reference 1 ), a second order poly-
norrial in M(3000)F2, the height of the maximum electron density is obtained
in ieters;
he= 11346.92 - 5Z6. 40 x M(3000)FZ + 59.8Z5 [M(3000)FZIj2 e
h, is compared with its estimate and if the difference is greater than I ksn,
the computations abcve starting with the ionospheric point determination
are iterated on using the new value for he.
31
L!
Using the proper time dependent coefficients and position dependent
functions, SUBROUTINE DKOK computes the 10 day:mean of the critical
frequency which then is adjusted for day to day chanlgs in the ionosphere
and for additional magnetic latitude variations, following the model
description in Section 6. 1. The magnetic latitude of the ionospheric point
is determined as,
S= arc sin ([ino sinik - coso coso CO

cos -XE ) ] ,
where 6, k are the latitude and longitude of the ,ur idic north pole and
interpolating the model constants (array CENT) to (b. results in ca,
The daily vaiiation from the mean value is dependent on AF, the difference
between the 6aily value and the 12-rnonth running average of the solar flux
and on thc model conste.nt c, (variable PER), The foFZ computed by DKGK
is multiplied by the adjustment factor (c, eF+c2 ) to Yield the final predicted
foFZ,
The unito in the above equations are kept in meters, radians and MIHz.
3.2. 1. 2 CPC No. 4 Flowchart
The flowchart is shown on the page following 3. 2. 1.5.
3. 2. 1. 3 CPC No. 4 Interfaces
a) Library subprsgrams required: ABS, ATAN, COS, SIN,SQRT

b) Oth.-- nubprograms 'ailed: SUBROUTINES SICOJT, DKSICO, GK,
MAGFIN, DKGK
d) Callinig Aequence: CALL PROFLI(FLAT, FLON, ELEV, AZ, T.ME,
DFLUX, U, UM, OLAT, OLON, FOFZ, HM, HLAT)
32
) Variables in calling sequence:
Name Dimension 1/0 Description

FLAT 1 I Station latitude (radians)
FLON 1 I Station longitude (radians)
ELEV 1 I Elevation angle to satellite (radians)
AZ 1 I Azimuth angle to satellite (radians)
TIME I I Universal time (radians)
DF LUX I I Difference between the daily value and the
12-month running aversge of the solar flux
U 13 076 I Art.y containing coefficients used for the foFZ
computation
UM 9 x49 I Array containing coefficients used for the
M(3000)F2 computation
OLAT 1 0 Latitude of the ionospheric point (radians)
OLON 1 0 Longitude of the ionospheric point (radians)
FOF2 1 0 Critical frequency foFZ (MHz)
HM 1 0 Height at the maximum electron density h.
(meters)
HLAT 1 0 Magnetic latitude of the ionospheric point
(radians)
e) Common blocks: none

f) File requirements: none
3. 2. 1. 4 CPC No. 4 Data Organization

K 10
KN 10 Interger indices and index arrays used for the
KMl0 1 computation of foFZ and M(3000)F? in SUBROUTINES
NFF I DKSICO, GK and DRKK
NMF I
R 1 Mean earth radius (meters)
SPLAT 1 Sine function of the Zeographik latitude of the magnetic

north pole
33
C PLAT I Cosine oohthe geperaphc latitude of the magnetic
,, north pole
PLON I Geogrphic longitude of the m.natic north polo

(radians)
HI I Coefficients used in the forrrla expressing h,
HZ 11. as a second order polynomialci M(3000)FZ
H3 I
PER 1 Model constants used for adjudtAng f o FZ for daily
CENT 3 variation, dependent on the da3q value and the
12.rmonth running average of solar flux and magnetic
latitude
Other constants listed in data statements:

Qlrl, Q1000-'1000, QIP999i=. 999999, Q3T6=3 10"; D180=180',
DG(l)=59, ZiG(Z)=28, DG(3)a-.33' converted to radians.
Other imporlant variables are descrioed under 3, 2. 1. 3 d),
3. ,2, 5 CP? No, 4 Limitations
There a -e no program restrictions connected with this subroutine,

and the limitations to the accurary of ths results obtained from the
fnrmulaa are discussed in Section 6, 2, i
34
rl
F U
CPC No, Flowchai-t, SUBPROUTINE PROFLI
*Ente r
0Aorapi futogah s
$olompt estinefo (3oCF2 conp, ntepF2t mode
ornpute tim
bf height of~~high ( at max.0,KIcosatsCN
electrons densi
am Lte tin-.rp dutfo o
(DKSiCO
n''- 1"""XI -c_
Setheght Nos
lyvrai 11
&le timue anglr Ye.dal fu
(SuuheIC
OJ)&r ntclt
~oin ______ Copute
M(0 00FZ
et~~~tl~ma DKGK))
(MAGFINtimut magne)
Compute
d(1) ifie dM
7Lter lattud oftoo
D -SCO B4p
hegtatmx
elcrn5est
.C. __5__.1,tt___
CPC No. 5, SUBROUTINE PROFL2, is written in FORTRAN code. It

is called from SUBROUTINE REFPRAC and computes the following iono-
spheric profile parameters: the values of half thickness y,, y, for the
bottommide bi-parabola and the topsido parabcla respectively, the decay .
values kjk, ,k, for the topside exponential layers, the ratio N,/N, of the
total content :o the maximum electron density, and the multiplier rn for use
in the range ,ate computation,
3. 2. 1. 1 CPC No. 5 Description
PROFL2 evaluates the ionospheric profile based on the model constants

preseznted in graphic form in Section 6. 1. The local time is computed from
the universal time t and the longitude %of the ionospheric point,
t oc = ++
The half thic-ness y. of the bottornside bi-parabola varies with critical

frequency fo2'2- and local time. Values of the half thickness are tabulated
in array YM''AB at 1 MHz increments for foFZuZ, 3,, ., 10 M1-z and at
2 hour intervals for tle =0Q, 2#... 22 hours. To obtain y, for the given
conditions, tae tables are interpolated in two dimensions between the
fixed values; local time interpolation is carried continuouely across the
0/24 hour mirk, and the boundary values are assumed whenever foF2
is outside th, limits 2 and 10 MHz,
For sea tonal adjustments computation of the parameter f (variable

DSZA) is recuired. is the deviation of the daily value X from the
yearly averageT of the noontime solar zenith angle. First the solar
declination 6 is evaluated for the given day,
8 -. sin [-6.5 (JDAY-80)],
6,&x=23,4444' is the maximum solar declination, :DAY is the day of the

year, For stations in the northern hemisphere and outside the tropics,
36
-- ' #A--
with latitudes > 23. 4444', xu5; for stations in the southern hemisphere
and outside the tropics, X= -6. In the tropics the yearly average of
the noontime solar zenith angle is computed as,
ma +o~arc min;6
Obeing the latitude of the ionospheric point, The daily noontime molar
zenith angle is y, 1;.5 , and the difference A '
The half thickness of the bottornside parabola y, is multiplied by

a seasonal adjustment factor that varies with /y, local time and magnetic
latitude 4, Adjustment factors are tabulated in array YRAT at 8' incre.
ments for X-624, 16, 8, 0, .8, .16, .24 de-rAs, at 6 hour intervals for
t =5, 5, 11. 5, 17, 5, 24. 5 hours where the absolute value of the magnetic
latitude is greater or equal 15', and at 12 hour intervals t1 0 , =3, 15 hours
where 10.1:S 5'. The seasonal adjustmont factor for the given conditions
is obtained by three dimensional interpolation; the local time interpolation
is carried continuously across the 0/24 hour mark and the magnetic latitude
interpolation is only performed between 5 and 15 degrees.
The decay constants k1 , k, k. for the lower, middle and upper layer
of the exponential topside are related to the daily solar flux F through
the first order polynomial,
k, = S, x F + C , 1 1, 2,,3,
The slopes S, , stored in array SLOP, and the intercepts Ci in array CEPT
uf this straight line relationship vary with magnetic latitude 0. and with
fo F2. For each of the three topside layers, S, and C, are tabulated at
30' intervals for 10.1 = 15,45,75 degrees, and at 3 MHz increments for
f 0 FZ=2, 5, 8, 11 MHz, To obtain the decay constants for the given conditions,
the tables for Si and C, are interpolated in two dimension between the
fixed values,and whenever foF2 is outside the limits 2 and 11 MHz or i16
is outside 15 and 75 degrees, the boundary values are used,
37
Seasonal effects are imposed on the topside by maultiplying the decay
constants by season adjustment factors that vary with the deviation 6X in
the solar zenith an4gla and with local time, -The adjuaument factors are -
tbulated in array RATX for etch of the three topsics. layers at 8" increments
for &Km24, 16, 8, 0,-8, .1.6, - 2.4 degrees, and At 6 hoaw intervals for
t, .Z, 8, 14,20 hours. They are interpolatedi fi each ki, i=,1: ,3 in two
dimensions to the given conditions; the local 1,tirm izterpolation is carried
continuously across the 0/24 hour mark.
The hr.lf thickness of the topside parabola, extending from the point
of maximum electron density to the lower exponential layer, is dependent
on y. and foI"Z through the relat-onship,
Ye , for foF2n _ 0. 5
y. [1 + 0. 133333 (fol2- 10.5)] , for foFZ> 10.5
The distance d above the height at maximum electron density h. where the
slopes of the parabola and the lower exponential layer are the same is,
The total vertical electron content NT is obtained by integrating the

electron den sity profile from zero to the height of the satellite hs. The
program cormputes the ratio of total electron content to the maximum electron
density N, /N', (variable XNTNM) by one of the following six equations de-
pending on the upp*r integration limit. At the same time, the multipler
mn (variable RR)) required for the instantaneous range rate computation
is evaluated and its formulation also varies depending on the height of the
satellite, I :r a satellite below the bi.parabolic layer of the ionosphere:
N, INI 0,
M 0
38
obr a satellitr in the bottomside bi-parabolic layer with half thickness y, t
N7 N.
2(h. _hs~ 1 h h
j~(h. _hs).~ -
-S
m
For a satellite ir. the topside parabolic layer with half thickness Yt:
Nh)
NE 1 (h, .h, ) 31
y. (h,
.hj +
For a satellite in the lower exponential !ye of the topside with decay
constant k,
N N( ,~ 1--w- ) -;T ( 1 e'hs ) + No
and the height of the bottom of the lower exponential layer is ho = h, d, and
, *: , 8" , + 1(h.h
N- IN 7i5 ho ) + 3-
-yT
For a satellite in the middle exponential layer of the topside with decay
constant k2
N~
N* " -_+_..L( .k ~ 9 h.h.)}
7t kki kq
39
aad the height of the bottom of the middle exponential layer is:
i%= h, . (+ , o012 x Oe.h ),

3
m -- .k(h%.ho)0 1c(hs-h 1
For a aatellite in the upper exponential layer of the topside with decay I
constant ka:
I -k (h, -ho 1 1 %(eh
N?
( =N* 1 -- -hr
k3 (h,~h~[
kg ka k@
and the heigh: of the bottom of the upper exponential layer is,
h ho + (1. 0 12 106 - ho
Se k1 (h, -ho) e.l (h h,) ek (ha. )

rftt
3. 2. 1.Z CPC No. 5 Flowchart
The flowchart is rhown on the page following 3, 2. 1. 5. 4
3. 2. 1.3 CPG No. 5 Interfaces

A
a) Library subprograrr required: ABS, AMOD, ATAN, EXP, SIN, SQRT

b) Other sLibprograms calluidt none
c) Calling programi SUBROUTINE REFRAC
d) Calling tiequence: CALL PROFLZ (OLAT, OLON, HS, TIME, IDAY, MON,
FLUX, MOF2,HM, HLAT, YM, YT,XK, RRM, XNTNM)
40
K
Variables in calling sequence-,
ii
Nome Dimension I/O Deucripion-
OLAT I I Latitude of ionospheric point (radians)
OLON 1 I Longitude of ionospheric point (radians)
HS 1 I Height of satellite above earth's surface (meters)
TIME 1 I Universal time (radians)
IDAY 1 I Day (.l through 31)
MON I I Month (=I through 1Z)
FLUX 1 I DALly solar flux value
FOF2 1 I Critical frequency (MHt)
HM 1 I Height at maximum electron density (meters)
HLAT 1 I Magnetic latitude of ionospheric point (radians)
YM 1 0 Half thickness of the bottomn bi-parabolic layer
(meters)
YT 1 0 Half thickness of the topside parabolic layer
(meters )
XK 3 0 Decay constants for lower, middle and upper
section of the topside exponential layer (i/incter)I
RRM 1 0 Multiplier of the i te rm i n the range rate
formula (dimensionless))
XNTNM 1 0 Ratio uf total vertical electron content to the
elcctron density (meters)

f) File requirements- none
3. Z. 1.4 CPC No. 5 Data Organization
Variables defined in data statementst

Name Dimencion Description
Sol I Maximum solar declination (radians)
SOZ 1 Multiplier to convert 365 days to 2mT radians
(radians /day)
41
Name Dimension Descipion
RN4 I Average frequency to which topside sounders measured
the ionospheric profiles is RN41xf o Fz
1-, 0l2 1 Average height to which topsid, exponential layer
was modeled (metors)
CEPT 4 x3 x3 Model constants used for compnuAng the decay constants
SLOP 4 x3 x 3 for the lower, middle and uppex section of the topside
exponential layer, dependent on daily solar flux,
critical frequency and magnetic latitude
RATK 4% 4 x3 Model constants used for adjusting the computed decay
constants for the lower, middle and upper exponential
topsides for seasonal effects, dependent on the differ-
ence between the yearly average and the daily value of
the noontime solar zenith angle and on local time
YMTAB 12i 9 Model constants used for computing the half thickness
of the bottomside bi-parabola, dependent on local time
and critical frequency
YRAT 7x 6 Mv'odel constants used for adjusting the computed half
thickness of the bottomside bi.parabola for seasonal
effects, dependent on the difference between the yearly
average and the daily value of the noontime solar
zenith angle, on local time and magnetic latitude
Other constants listed in data statements for convenience:

QO0, 01=1, Q2-2, Q31c3, 04v4, Q5=5, Q6=6, Q8=8, Q24=Z4, Q37=37,
Q1000=1000, QP05=. 05, QP1333=. 133333, OP95=. 95, Q2PSZ. 5,
Q01P5=10. 5, Q8015=. 533333333;
D5=5', D7P57. 5', DB=8, Dl0=10, D16=16', D30=30', D135:l35%,
D180=180', ])IH=901, PIZ:360', DEG(1):75', DEG(2)=450, DEG(3)=l5*
converted to ra4ians.
Other impor:ant variables are described under 3. Z. 1, 3 d).
3. 2. 1. 5 CPC No. 5 Limitations
There a'e no progrmmirg restrictions connected with this subroutine,

and the limitLtions to the accuracy of the results obtained frmrn the formntlas
are dlicussae in Section 6. 2.
42
CPC No. 5 Flowchart, SUBROUTINE PROFLZ
I
C Enter \A' B
Compute kj using Compute ratio j
Compute daily solar flux IL atellite as rNmnd uti

interpolated values above par& plierm for sat,
local time .SLP40 CPT
1 c lay in topside exp.
SLi,Z.,3 - laye r _
No
Interpolate 2 dim.
,L'b' .'rK
Interpolate 2 :-o..at" lts"--Y C m
I&, in;
for m.aboi.t,
mpute.N./Nm
table YMTAB to table RATK V) atelli y* i patoic
specific local time upecificISZA & b blicara topside
' r,.Y
i& foF2 to get ymn local time to get ad
it ustrnent -fact.!or ki No
.Compute differenco
between yearly ave!, 'AdJu it k. i. 1, 2, 3
for ueasonai
~Compute NT /Nrn
effects atllite No and m for sat, in
vby multiplying wyith
<ipa
b el ottomi ,ee
rabl1c
*noontime molar interpolated factor
e
enith
11 e, ASZA-
Interpolate 3 dim, Compute Yt Set

table YRAT to dependent on NT/Nmu 0 and
IjpeCLfic ASZA local foF2 and Ym r
Mime & magn. Iat.fo |
Iadiustment factor J
Adjust yrn for sea- Compute lower
sonal effects by height limit@ of
nrultiplying with various ion.
interpolated factor layers
Interpolate 3 dim,
table SLOP and B
'CEPT to specific
oF2 ana magt. l.!
get SlPi, CPT1 ,
go
,23
43
H
CPC No. 6, SUBROUTINE BETA is written in FORTRAN code. It

is called frorm SUBRUJTINE REFRAC and computes the ionospheric
refraction correction for the elevation angle.
I[
3. ?. 1. 1 CPC Nn. 6 Description

BETA ccmputes the angular ref-raction correct.a,-to the elevation
angle. Using the results of Maliphant's work (Referiance 8),the deviation

angle a is ex-)ressed as the angle between the true ray path above the
ionosphere awd the apparent ray path.
I (fOF2)G t tok-to0 mecatc~ N?

r
0 N,
where f is th: transmission frequency, f 0 F2 the critical frequency, NT

the total electron content, N. the maximum electron density;
r. = R, + h, - 0.5333 y,,
and P, is the earth radius, h. the height of the maximum electron density,
and y. the hat: thickness of the bottom layer of the ionosphere;
co = arc kin ( cosE ) E being the elevation angle,
and I is a fur ction of the squared deviation factor (sec-, xfF2/ff and
Is intefpolattd from tabulated values 'l arc min(..f
Ro . )ONE
After determinating athe following two auxiliary equations are evaluated,
X, = F(R, +h, ) R,' cou2E]6 + R, cosE tan
X' = R, sinE - R. cosE tan
44
The elevation angle correction AE is then given by,
AE = arc cos-
M2X+X: -2X2,Xs c:o s a)
3,2. 1.2 CPC No, 6 Flowchart
The flowchart is shown on the page following 3, 2, 1. 5.
3. 2. 1. 3 CPC No, 6 InterfPces

a) Library subprograms required: ABS, ATAN, COS, SIN, SORT
b) Crter subprograms call'd: none
d) Calling sequence: CALL BETA (FRAT,XNTNM, HS,HMYM, SE, CE,
DELEV)
Variables in cailing sequence:

Name Dimen',,cn 1/0 r~scription
FRAT 1 I Square ratio of critical frequency to the trans-
mission frequency
XNTNM I I Ratio of total electron cortent to the electron
density (meter)
HS I I Height of the sat-.1ite above the earth's surface
(meters)
HM I I Height of the maximum electron density (meters)
YM I I Half thickness of the bottom layer of the ionosphere
(meters)
SE I I Sine function of the elevation angle
CE I I Cosine of the elevation angle
DELEV 1 0 Ionospheric refraction correction to the elevation
angle (radians)
e) Common blocks: Pone

f) File requirements: line printer
45
3. _. 4 CPC No. b Data OrFanization
_.

Name Dimensions Description
XAX 5 Values of the squared deviatim factor

(sec c x foF2/f) for whichte function ' is
t.bulated
YAX 5 Tabulation of the function . as given in Refe 'ence 8

R, I Mean earth radius (meters)
Q0=0, Q1-i, QZ=Z, 05333=. 5333 5
Other important variables are described under 3. Z.. 1. 3 d).
3. 2. 1. 5 CPC- No. 6 Limitptions
The equLtions for the deviation angle a whLch are coded into SUB-
ROUTINE BEITA are accurate everywhere except right about reflection
conditions, Whenever the deviatiln factor (sec o, x foF2/f) is less than
0. 9, all equations are valid; this means the results are correct whenever
thn 7ompone -t of the wave frequency vertical to the ionosphere is slightly

la. ger than the critical frequency (1. 1 xfoF2). But the more the deviation
faL)or excee is 0. 9, the larger the errors might be in the computation for
and thereforc LE. An error check, progranmned into the routine, tests
if the deviation factcr is greater than 0.9 in which event a iero elevation
angle correction is returned and an error message is printed,
46
CPC No. 6 Flowchart, SUBROUTINE BETA
Enter
:11
C ompute
squa red
deviation factor
Interpolat?'
" table
Squarn Print error

deviation factor moslage, met
"Pater tha Jelev. correction
Form
deviation
angle
C omrpute
elevation angle
correction
Return
47
CPC No. 7, SUBROUTINE SICOJT, ii coded in FORTRAN code. It is

called from SUBROUTINES PROFLI and MAGFIN and performs auxiliary
computations by expressing the multiple Angle trigonometric functions.
3. 2. 1. 1 CPC. No. 7 Description
SICOJT computes the trigonometric functions fox multiples of the

angle. It formsa ein(jT), coa(JT) for jml. ,,L by computing sinT, cosT
for the single angle T, and by using for multiple anglea the recursive
equations:
min (j+l))T -inT coo(jT) + cosT sin(jT)

Cox !Ftj+1)T 3 cosT cot(jT) - sinT sln(jT ).
3.2. 1.2 CPC: No. 7 Flowchart
The flow-hart ij shown on the page following 3,2. ,. 5.
3. 2. 1,3 CPC No. 7 Interfaces
a) Library subprograms required: COS, SIN

b) Other auzprograrns called: none
c) Calling Frogramr.u SUBROUTINES PROFL) %nd MAGFIN
d) Calling sequence, CALL SIC JT (L, C, S, T)
Variable. in calling sequence:

Narne Dir-nanion 1/0 Description
L I The largest integer by which T is to be multiplied

C L 0 Array containing values cos(jT), j=l .... , L
S L 0 Array containing values sin(jT), j=l ,...L

T I I The angle (radian.)
48
e) Common blocks; none
f) File requirementst none
3. 2, 1.4 CPC No, 7 Data Organization

SImportant
variables are described under 3. 2, 1. 3 d).
3.2. 1.5 CPC No. 7 LimitationA
None.
I4
I'
49
CPC No. 7 Flowchart, SUBROUTINE SICOJT
Enter
Compute
co, T, min T
Compute for next
ultiple angle
co (jT), sin(JT)
0l~ asied
-4-0multiple angle s,
conaidered I
QReturn
50
'F
CPC No. 8, SUBROUTINE DKSICO. is written in FORTRAN code.

It is called from SUBROUTINE PROFLI and calculates the time dependent
coefficients which are required for the computation of critical frequency
and associated height,
DKSICO forms the orthonr~rmal coefficients D, for a fixed time T

represented by the Fourier series representation,
1k +
These coefficients are to be used for the computation of the ionospheric

characteristics in DKGK, The number of harmonics retained in the series
is H, higher harmonics are not considered since they are produced more
by noise than by real physical variation, For the f 0 FZ computation H-6
and for the M(3000)FZ computation H=4 are sufficient. The coefficients
Uj , are either a monthly predicted coefficient set for M(3000)F2 or a
ten day predicted coefficient set for foF2, which are both specific subsets
derived from the generalized foF2 and M(3000)F2 coefficients in SUB-
ROUTINE REFRAC. The Dk coefficients are computed for each term in
a series with cutoff point K, K=75 for Lhe series expressing foFZ and
K=48 for the series representing M(3000)F2.
3. 2. 1. 2 CPC No. 8 Flowchart
The flowchart is shown on the page following 3. 2. 1. 5.
3.,2. 1, 3 CPC No. 8 Interfaces
a) Library subprograms requiredl none
51
c) Cal,,ing programr: SUBROUTINE PP.OFL I
d) Calling sequence: CALL DKSICO (MX, LH, D, SITIME, COTIME, DK)

Name Dimension I/O Deacription
MX 1 I Cutoff index cutoff poW, of series +1
LH 1 I Number cf harmonics retained in Fourier series
representation of Dk
D (LHZ+l)xMX I Predicted coefficient array Ujk for foFZ or
for M(3000)FZ I
SITIME IH I Array of values sin(jT)
COTIME LH I Array of values cos(JT)
DK "iAX 0 Array of coefficients Dk at fixed time T, k=0, K.,

1) File requirementsu none
3, 2. 1. 4 CPC No, 8 Data Organization
Importait variables are described under 3, 1.1,3 d),
3. 2, 1. 5 CPC No. 8 Limitations
None.
5i
52
-4 I
CPC No. 8 Flowchart, SUBROUTINE DKSICO
Enter
Set index k for

1lat coefficient
soi
Set 15t term of

kth coefficient
Form and add

next term to
kth coefficient
__._ aNrm onickA dde

Si~nto
Yes
Set index for WNo eesr
next coefficient coefficients
Return
53
F f
3, 2, 1 Computex Program Component 9
CPC No. 9, SU.BROUTINE MAGFIN, is written In FORTRAN code.

It is called from SUBROUTINE PROFLI and evawame. the magnetic field
components at the point whore the wave penetrates the ionosphere. The
field componeints are required for the computation of the critical frequency ,
and the assoclated height.
3.Z, 1.1 C PC No. 9 Description
MAGFUN computes the earth's magnetic field components at a desired

location following the spherical harmonic analysis of the magnetic field
by Chapman ,nd Bartels (Reference 3) and using the coefficients gS, h,
given by Jeni en and Cain (Reference 4) for Epoch 1960. The X-north,
Y-east, and Z-vertical (up) components of the magnetic field are used
for the cornpiation of the modified magnetic dip in SUBROUTINE PROFLI.,
Using the specified point (0,),), the colatitude is introduced

p=90'-t, and the ratio R=R. /(11 +h; ), where R, is the radius of the earth
and h1=300 kin is the F2 layer height on which the coefficient analysis was
based. The ;rigonometric iunctions sin(m%), cos(rn% ) for the multiple
longitude angie k aru computed via SUBROUTINE SICOJT. The magnetic
field components are defined in the following equations and are obtained
by first expres sing the multiple of the Rssociated Legendre function and its
derivative, tlien accu.mulating the terms of the inner sums and finally
forming the 'juter sums.
X R=\+3 j 1
ci P, (COSeo ncoln) + h uinlmX
-4
y- Y
- sine
--. ') R'-+" m Pon (cos(:) g' sin(mk) - h,' co(mX )
Z * (n+l) R , , (cout) r g4 cos(nJ ) + h' sin(mr ).%

o=0
54i
The multiple of the associated Legendrf function is given by,
P" ,,(costp) @i
. ... , n-r
_cosm"'a - (-'Co. ) -1). :s'A-2-2
"
+ (n-mXn-m-lXn-m-ZXn-m-3) con-.
(2 ) (4) (Zn. i(Za.3) o
3.Z.1.Z CPC No. 9 Flowchart
The flowchart is shown on the page foVlowing 3. 2. 1. 5,
3. Z. 1. 3 CPC No. 9 Interfaces
a) Library subprograms required: ABS, SIGN, SIN, S.RT

b) Other subprograms called: SUBROurisE SZCO:T
c) Calling prograrnl SUBROUTINE PROFLI .
d) Calling sequence: CALL MAGFIN (POS, UNE)
Variables in call.ing sequornce:
Name Dimeni=n1-/O Description
POS 3 I Array containing l:.titude, londitude and height

(radians and metoirs)
UNE 3 0 Array with Z (vertical up), X(north), and

Y(ceast) cornponents of magnetic field (gauss)
at the l.cation specified by POS

f) File requirements: none
CT 7 7 Array containing coefficients for the computation of

the associated Legendre function
G 7: 7 Array of g' coefficient. given in Reference 4 for
the earth magnetic field for Epoch 1960
H 7 A7 Array of h'r, coetficients given in Refer.nrie 4 for the

earth magnetic field for Epcch 1960
55
RE I Mean earth radius (meters)
* Other constants listed in data statementia

P(I, I)=I, DP(I, I)=0, SP(1)*0, CP(I)=I, Q000; R899x89.9*
converted tc radians
Other important variables are described under 3. Z. 1. 3 d).
3. Z. 1. 5 CPC No. 9 Limitations
None.
I 5
56
I
CPC No. 9 F'lowchart, SUBROUTINE MAGFIN
Enter
Compute min,
Cco. for multipi
l ong.,angles.,
\(SICOJT)/
Accumulate
outer Fums
Clear outer
sums, prepare
loope ot
7Increment a mA
sures, prepare',
conribtio[ loop
to 'LSet magnetic t
last erinodexe aum. r seurs
innear inner
Legenpre oCompute
La
loo
function and an
e rivate
Iast terrmo?fori nnrsm fo
nne r sim Reteru
COmptite Ipiiegnr'.
fnction andi
derivative for
turrent inNices
Accumulate
inner sums
Fi
I nc r e ment .- 'o
6 inner loop _f'erms

-. added to"-
i i n d e x, "."..e
*.nnr' . ? uumm
Yet
A)
57
CPC No. 10, SUBROUTINE GK, is written in FORTRAN code, It is

called from SUB'ROUTINE PROFLI and calculate@ the geographic coordinate
functions which are required for the computation of critical frequency and
associated height,
3, 2, ,1 CPC No. 10 Description
OK computes the geographic coordinate functions Gk as a function of

latitude 0, longitude X, and modified magnetic dip xzx(o,X ), which itself
is dependent on the geographic position, There coordinate functions are
to be used for the computation of the ionospheric characteristic f0 F- in
subroutine DKGK. The functions G0 represent the main latitudinal variation
and the first order through 8th order longitudinal variation terms, The
main latitudinal variation io expressed as,
GX = sin'x for k=0, it ., l,
and the jth o der iongitude terrnu are computed as,
(s~nx) Cos" 0 C' ,-(k for It even

G (= nxK -/ co0 sin(j=m o (rn+l),. , , (rn .l),
The longitud,. orders are j=l, 2, .. , 8 whilc k=12, 13, ... 7, and tho index-
ing is definel by: rn -- 2, n'r.=36, ni, i54, m4 -64, rn,=68, rnr70, M7, 72,
rn,= 74.
3,2. 1.2 CP.- No, 10 Flowchart
58
3.2. 1. 3 CPC No,. 10 Int'.rfaces
a) Library subprograms required: CO$, SIN
c) Calling prograrn: STU.BROUTINE PROrL 1
d) Calling -equtnce: CALiL OK (K,C,G)
Nan-,e Dimension I/O Description
K 10 I Integer iadex array containing (mn -1)

C 3 I Array containing modified magnetic dip, geographic
latitude and longitude (radians)
G 76 0 Array w'th geographic functions Gk, k=0, 75
) Cornr'mn blo)cks: none

f File requirements: none
3,2. 1.4 CPC No. 10 Data Organization
C)nstants defined in data statements:
QIzi, N -=JHighe~t order of longitude included in Gk computation.
important %ariahlcs arc deBcribed cnder 3, 2. 1.3 d).
3. . 1, C'PC No. 10 lirnitations
N in.
59
CPC No. 10 Flowchart, SV'BROUTINE GK
Enter
Comput~e terrne
of Gk due to
main latitudinal
variation
Prepare loop
over 8 orders
of longitudinal
variation
Compute first 2
iterrs for this
vnrder longitude
of Gk
terms ior thidYLe F

"-. order long.-- -,
Computo reunain-
ing terms for
'this orucr 'c)ngL-,
tde Cj"k
Preparc fu- next No Higshes t

Order ton. -- ,-r crdr I nng. ter m
calculation cmue
IYes
Return
60
3 2. 1 Computer Program Compcnent 11
CPC No. II, SUBROUTINE DKGK, is written in FORTRAN code. It

is called from SUBROUTINE PROFLI and computes the critical frequency or
the associated height depending on the input.
3. 2. 1.1 CPC No. 11 Description
DKGK computes the ionospheric characteristic J, by forming a series

of products of time dependent coefficients Dk and position dependent geo.
graphic functions G.,
kX,T( : D (T ) Gx( k
The coefficientw Dk are precomputed for a fixed time T, and the geographic
functions G, are for a fixed latitude 0 and longitude k, K is the cutoff point
for the approximate series representation of fn. For the determination of
the ionospheric characteristic >=foF2 the cutoff point K-75 is used and
for the calculation of n=M(3UOO)FZ the cutoff point is K=48. The inputs
D, and Gk are specifically set for either the foFZ or the M(3000)F2
computation.
3. 2. 1. 2 CPC No. II Flowchart
The flowchart is shown on the page following 3. 2, 1. 5.
3,2 . 1. 3 CPC No. 11 Interfaces
a) Library tubprugrarns required: none

b) Other subprogram.3 called: none
-) Calling program: SUBROUTINE PROFLI
d) Calling sequence: CALL DKGK (MX, G, DKSTAR, OMEGA)
61
Name Dimens.,on I/O Description
MiX 1 I Cutoff index=cutoff point K of series +1
G MX I Array of geographic functions G0, k=O, K
K..,
DKSTAR MX I Array of coefficients D., k=0, ... K

OMEGA 1 0 Ionospheric charact.ristic foF2(MI-Hz) or M(3000)F2
(dimensionless)
e) Commoz, blocks: none

f) File requiremente: none
3, 2. 1.4 CP: No. 11 Data Organization
Importa.'it variables are described under 3.2. 1.3 d).
3. 2. 1. 5 CPC No. II Limitations
N one.
62
CPC No. 11 Flowchart, SUBROUTINE DKGK
Ent er
Form let
term of series
Form and add

nexta term
eries to
No
Cutoff
(Nto
point for series
reached
"Yea
CReturn)
63
SI
CPC No. 12, main PROGRAM TABOEN, is written in FORTRAN code,

For any specified date and station preprocessor TABOEN computes values
of critical frequency and corresponding height for 14 time intervals at each
of 25 locatio)ns around the station covering the visible ionosphere. The

resulting f 0 F2.h 1 tables are written onto file for use in the ionospheric
reduction p-ogram ION 1.
TABGEN reads the date, station, and solar flum information fronm card
far which f, F2-h, tables are to be generated, It lists the input data for
reference in the print out and converts the units of the angles to radians,
The genera. coefficients are read from tape if not already available and
the specific coefficient sets required for the foFZ and M(3000)FZ computa-
tion are prepared as well as the solar data. The applicable procedures are
already described in the first four paragraphs of Section 3, 21,1. , CPC No, 2,
A pattern of 25 points is generated around the station as shown in

Figure 1; te point distribution covers the visible ionosphere in fairly
even densit-r. The earth central angle a between station and ionospheric point
varies in 7' increments, while the azimuth A is 0 for -.=0", and rotates in
90 steps fcr .%=7o, in 45' steps for a 140, and in 300 steps for -z21 oit
of the north.rn position, For each ionospheric point the geographic latitude
Sand longitide . and the magnetic latitude , are reduced from the station
position 05 k3, the position of the magnetic north pole k, and a and A;
k,
Sarc sin (sin ;0 cos a - cos , sin - cos A)

SsinA sina
k x, + arc sin is )
Co
r
arc sin sin sin 0 + cos 0 Cos y cos(%-X) .
64
Earth central angle between
station and ionospheric point
O/f
Nt
Azim. =90 450 30
Azimfuth of ionospheric
around Station
Figure Z.2SPoint Pattern of Ionospheric Points
65
The position dependent functions required for the foF2 and M(3000)12
computation are evaluated using SUBROUTINE MAGFIN and GK as described
in the third paragraph of Section 3.2. 1. 1, CPC No. 4.
The diurnal variation at each of the 25 points is produced by evaluating

the critical frequency and corresponding height at 14 different time intervals
at 0, 2,4, 5,6,7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18,20,22 houzs of local time. The time
pattern is densified around sunrise to properly represent the rapid change
in the ionosphere during that time. foF2 and M(3000)F2 are computed
by preparing the time dependent coefficients via SUBROUTINES SICOJT
and DKSICC and combining the time dependent coefficients and position
dependent functions by calling SUBROUTINE DKGK. The height of the
maximum electron density he is computed with the Appleton-Beynon equation
(Reference I) in units of km;
he = 1346. 92 - 526.40o M(3000)F2 59 825 [M(300o)2 }

The critical frequency is adjusted for day to day variations as a functior.
of F, the d.fferonce between the daily value and che 12-month running
average of the solar flux, Using the model constants c (variable PER)
and c. obtained by interpoiating the constant table (array CENT )to the
magnetic lawitude of the ionospheric point, foF2 is multiplied by the ad-
justment factor (c. F .c 2 ),
For each point and time foFZ and h, are coded into one 8 digit .ntegcr,
the first four digits defining he in units of k-km the last 4 digits specifying
f,)F2 in unit i T-0 MHz. The foFZ-h. table is accumrn ated for all 14 time
intervals and all 25 points, and is written to tape or disc file along with the
date, stationi, and solar flux information. The process can be repeated for
any number of cdate and station conditions desiredby specifying additional
input data and repeating the steps outlined in this section.
66
.i-L
3.2, 1. 2 CPC No. 12 Flowchart
3. 2. 1. 3 CPC No. 12 Interfaces
a) Library subprograms required: AMOD,ATAN,COS,S;N,SQRT

b) Other subprograms called-: SUBROUTINES MAGFIN, GK, SICOJT,
DKSICO, DKOK
c) Calling programs: none
d) Calling sequence: PROGRAM TABGEN
f) File requirements: general coefficient input tape, output disc or tape
file with foF2.h, tables, card reader, line printer
The formats of the general coefficient input tape of the foF2-h. table
output file and the requirements for the input data card file are speci.
fled under 3, 3. 1.
3. Z. 1.4 CPC No. 12 Data Organization

JAZ 4 Index array specifying number of azimuth angle divisions
for each earth central angle used in 25 point pattern
ITP I Unit assignment of general ionospheric coefficient tape
JTP I Unit assignment of file with [oFZ-h, tables
MONDY I Initialization constants for last and first (monthx 100+day)
MOND 1 for which coefficients are in core
L'iRMO I Initialization constant for (year x 100+month)
K
KN
KMI0
NFF
NMF
10
10
1
I
1 Integer inaices and index arrays used for the computa.
tion of foFZ and M(3000)F2 in SUBROUTINES DKSICO,
GK, and DKOK
67
K _,
PER I Model constants used foe. adjusting foF2 for daily
CENT 3 variation, dependent on the daily value of the 12-
month running average of solar flux and magnetic
latitude
SPLAT 1 Sine function of the geographic latitude of the magnetic
north pole
CPLAT 1 Cosine of the geographic latitude of the magnetic north
pole
PLON 1 Geographic longitude of the magnetic north pole (radians)
Xl 1
H I Coefficients used in the formula expressing h. as a
H3 second order polynomial of M(3000)F2
Other constarts listed in data statements:

8
Ql=l, Ql0=lo, Q100=100, Q130=130, Q3T53xu0 , QPI=. 1, QP5=. 5;
D R=I', PI2='.60, D7 =7 0, DH RI:lh, D THR 2 =2, D 1S0=1S0',
DG(l)=59', DG(Z)=28*, DG(3).-33 converted to radians.
3. 2. 1.5 CPC No, 12 L~mitations
The dails value of uolar flux transferred through the data file to the
ionospheric reduction program for computation of the decay constants for
the topside e):ponential profile is truncated a 2 maximum value of 130. This
is the boundary that was imposed by the data base during model development
and extensior of molar flux beyond 130 could result in invalid orofiles.
Approxir-Ations are introduced through bypassing the iteration on the

height estimate of the ionosphere. In this case the latitude and longitude
of the ionospheric points are not effected, only the heighL itself at which
the magnetic field corriponents are evaluated, Error estimates for these
approximations are not yet available,
If the iorospheric coefficients are not found on the tape for the specified
date, an error conaition has occurred, a message is printed out, and the
program is t!rminated.
68
The solar input data cards are checked for conslstcncy Df the date
and if disagreement is found, a message is printed and the programn is i
terminated.
9i
_____________________
-I
CPC 1o.
12 Flowchart, PROGRAM FAEGEN
Q start c
Compute latitude
TA Solar and longitude
data available for this ion.
point
Read & print
date an~d /No
station~ _s
Compite
Read solar magnetic field
data from "compone nts
ca rds and FN
<ITerminate >-..-~--
N.~ B
~es rint
"F-orm specific modified

-;coefficient sett magnetic dip
1"; . t... for iC)"F2
M
Convert -_EL.2m.Putati.n._
..
units Y alculate gec
Dfunctions for
\oFz comp,
"I _ (G~
_..
~ne rl FS e t da'ily value &
<coeff. availabl1 diff. hetwe in rgerahc
-4J urnda~ly & lZ-niu. +rgogahc
functiond fur i
currentf'
""-ror a & lar
"Noux ,/3000)F2 , ?.i
lt .,o.p
ad 2.u n . ..A .....
ficIent
pointEa rar,-1nd
station by vary- I
ling earth co.ntrail 11atituciv f'), V I
ajeiin andhi I t Ilt tu on )on
- Propr No, Print error

K coefficierts
"fou n, ' ai /
/ r lhica tia
r
ri0te rvals
70
PROGRAM TABGEN (continued)
Computee sain\, Interpolate model

for multiple constants CENT
I aor
time angle ma&gnetic
Clatitude
FS-IC -_C
:
fF2 for
Adjustvariatiun
Fdaily
alculate tim 11
ependent coef- daily ation
ficients / ith flux aud
na gn. latitude
Sen,
Co'mpute
More times? ->~ Im
et next K F
M(3000)F2
.-
(DKGK) 1
No
Compute hMo r re Yes Select next

ion points point
-T N o
Comnputei WiefF 2 -hrn

f' tiablie, a~te,
(DKGK) station, flux
tto file
71
3.2. I Computer Program Component 13
CPC No, 13, main PROGRAM IONI, is written in FORTRA.N code,

It handles the card input and the printing of the results for the entire
program. ION1 transfers the input conditions through common/EVALl/,
and by calling SUBROUTINE R.EFRCI receives the computed profile para-

meters and r-fraction corrections through cornmon/CORRl/.
3. 2, 1. 1 CPC No. 13 Description
IONI reeds the station, satellite, and time information for the condition
to be evaluatid from cards. The input data in converted to the internal
units of meters for distances and radians tor angles and times. The variables
specifying th-, evaluation condition are transferred through cornn-on/EVAl I/
to SUBROUTTNE REFRC 1, Through REFRC I and other routines called by

REFRC I, ionospheric profile parameters, vertical and angular electron
content, refraction corrections to elevation angle, range, and Instantaneous
rangc rate a:-e computed, They are returned to IONI through cornmon/CORRI/
and are prinled.
Any number of evaluation conditions can be processed by supplying

additional in'ut data and repeating the prograrr steps outlined above. Fo-
more details about the input and output data refer to the file descriptions
under 3. 3, 1,
3.2. 1. 2 CP-: No. 1 Flowchart
The flov chart is shown on the page following 3. 2. 1, 5.
3. 2. 1. 3 CPZ No, 13 Interface
a) Library subprograms required: none

b) Other s'ibprograms called: SUBROUTINE REFRCI
c) Calling programs: none
72
a) C~i!ing seuonce: P ROG RAM ION I
e) Common ulocks: EVALI, CORRI
Variables in Common:
See description for EVALI, CORRI under SUBROUTINE REFRC I,
C P-" No. 14
f) t'ile requirements: card reader, line printer

The reouiren ents for the input data card file are specified under 3. 3. 1.
3.2. 1.- C -C No. 13 Data Organization
('Co tants defin.-d in data statement:

QO 0, Qi )00711000, Q36003600. DR=I, HR-l" converted to rzdians.
Ipaortant variables are described under 3.2, 1. 3 e) of SUBROUTINE
REFRC1, C:PC No. 14.
3. Z. C; PC No. 13 Limitations
i-rr " ttests un the sequence, units, and formats of the input data are
not zorciormed. However, mistakes in the met up of the card deck are
r-,ealed i:" the pri ;oit of the input data that is listed along with thu results.
ION I is a prokram fur speucial applications and limited us' compared
to t ,-e gcnc ral purpose PROGRAM ION. Not included in ION I a 'e the addi-
tiolnol tatorros oi ION of plotting the iun(;Lpheriu profile, of updating the
prt-dictions with a, tal ionospheric obs,,rvations, and of computing range rate

cur ret tins for range differencing. For the purpose of saving space only
four digits are (arried for foF2 and h. in the fFFZ-h, tables which eliminates
ti',o option of u: ffc rencing rang(' C t71,tctions where

r ho 5th and 6th digit of
f012 ai e significant to the result. B3-cause of approximations in TABGEN

and t( FRC I, [ON I ialeo yield8 less a kurat" rt.sults than ION.
73
CPC No. 13 Flowchart, PROGRAM IONI
Start B
A Print vertical
& angular
electron
Read and print content
evaluation
condition
Print AE,
A~R and
instant.
........ esT
Stp
-- Stop T errnrinrate
? A
N ou
Convert
units
CalREFRC
I
tor profile para
\meters and rk-
\raction crr
Print foFZ ,hr

& other pro-/
file para-
rneter7
74
3. 2. 1 Computer Program Cinponent 14
CPC No. 14, SUBROUTINE REFRCI, is written in FORTRAN code and

is called from main PROGR.AM ION1. REFRCI extracts the /oFZ-h, tables
from tape or disc file and interpolates the values in the tables to the specified
position and lime. The remaining profile parameters are obtained via
SUBROUTINE PROFL2, the ionospheric refra tion corrections to range AR,
to instantaneous range rate \A are computed and SUBROUTINE BETA provides
the elevation angle correction AE.
3.2. 1. 1 CPC No. 14 Description
REFRCI retrieves the foF2-h, tables from the tape or disc file that was
prepared by the preprocessor TABOEN, if the tables for the given evaluation
condition are not already available. Data for up to four station and date
combinations can be kept in core simultaneously which greatly reduces the
10 requiremnents for data reductions where a few stations are observing inter-
mittently. In addition, if new data is requested, it automatically replaces
of the four tables the one having been in core for the longest time.
The earth central angle between station and ionospheric point, the
geographic latitude and longitude, and the magnetic latitude of the ionospheric
point are conmputed using the equations shown in Section 3.2. 1. 1, CPC No. 4.
tinme
tnc is c omputed fr:on the universal time t and the longitude k,
Critical freqoency and corresponding height are extracted from the
fFZ-h, table containing data for 14 time intervals during the specified day
,It caih of 2 OL'ations cov(wring the visible ionosphere around the givcn
station. A linear interpolation process is used in three dimensions, in

azirnuth, earth ivrntral angle, and locai time. First it is arranged for index-
ing purposes that azimuth lies between 0 and 360 degrees, zentral angle be-
tween 0 and 90 degrees, and local time between 0 and 24 hours. The indices
75
S* I
and increments f,; r the into rpolation are computed for all three variables.
Continuous interpolation is insured between 22 and 0 hio:rs of local time

and between the highest value and 0 degrees of azimuth for each central
angle. The limiting values at 21 degrees are used if due to some rare f
occasion or an error condition, the earth central angle should exceed 21 degrees;
this value wait arrived at for the extreme rondition of an ,bserver looking
horizontally at a 453 km high ionosphere.
By calling SUBROUTINES PROFLZ and BETA the remaining profile

parameters and the refraction correction to the elevation angle are evaluated
respectively. Vertical and angular total electron content as well as the
refraction correctionis to range and instantaneous range rate, are computed
following the description ir the last five paragraphs of Section 3.2,. 1, 1,
CPC No, Z.
3. 2. 1. 2 CPC No, 14 Flowchart
The floA chart is shown on the page following 3, 2, 1, 5.
3. 2. 1. 3 CP,: No. 14 Interfaces
a) Library subprog arns required: ABS, AMOD, ATAN,COS,FLOAT,SIN,

SQRT
b) Other si.bprogranms called: SUBROUTINES PROF,.,2, BETA
c) Calling 3rogram: PROGRAM ION 1
d) Calling lequence: SUBROUTINE REFRCi
e) Common blocks: EVALI, CORRi
Common Vi~riable Dimension I/0 Description
Name N:Lme
EVALI F; 1 I Transmission frequenry (MH7)

EVAI,1 F AT 1 I Latitud_ of station (radians)
EVALI F -ON I I Longitude of station (radians)
76
I -I
Common
C Variable Dimension I/0 Description
Name Name
EVALl ELEV I I Elevation to satellite (radians)
EVALI AZ 1 I Azimuth to satellite (radians)
EVALI HS 1 I Height of satellite (m)
EVALI EDOT 1 I Elevation rate (radians/sec)
EVALI HDOT I I Altitude rate (m/see)
EVALI TIME 1 I Universal time (radians)
EVAL1 IYR 1 I Year (last 2 digits)
EVALI MON I I Month (=1 through 12)
EVALI IDAY I I Day (=I through 31)
EVALI JT? I I Unit assignment of ionospheric
file with foF2-h, tables
CORRI DRANG 1 O Range correction (m)
CORRI DRATE 1 0 Range rate correction (m/seec)
CORRI DELEV 1 0 Elevation angle correction (radians)
CORRI FOFZ 1 0 Critical frequency (MHz)
CORRI HM 1 0 Height at maximum electron density
(meters)
CORRI YM 1 0 Half thickness of the bottornside bi.
parabolic layer (meters)
CORRI YT 1 0 Half thickness of the topside parabolic
layer (mete rs
C-ORRI XK 3 0 Decay constants of lower, middle,
and upper section of the exponential
topside layer (I/meter)
CORRI TO1N 1 0 Total vertical electron content
(e/ma column)
CORRI TOTNA 1 0 Total angular electron content
(e/ml column)
f) File requirements: ionospheric input tape or disc file with foFZ.h.

tablet. The format of the file containing the foF2-h, tables is
described under 3. 3. 1.
77
3. 2. 1. 4 CPC No. 14 Data Organization

JAZ 4 Index arrays used in defining the 25 point pattern
KAZ 4j around the station
NO 1 Initialization constants for storage condition of
NR 1 foFZ-h, tables
R I Mean earth radius (meters)
SPLAT I Sine function of the geographic latitude of the magnetic
north pole
CPLAT 1 Cosine of the geographic latitude of the magnetic
north pole
PLON 1 Geographic longitude of the magnetic north pole
(radians)
RM
TOL
I
I
Estimate for radial distance of ionosphere from
earth center (meters)
Tolerance allowed in identifying station latit'de
and longitude (radians)
I
Q0=0, QI0=, QZZ, QC-7, QOO=100, Q3PS=3. 5, Q4P5=4. 5, QNM=l, 249i0Q,
0 HR=lr converted to radians.
RN3=. 49972; PI2-36 ', DR=I,
Other imporlant variables are described under 3.2. 1. 3 e).
3.2. 1. " CP: No. 14 Limitations
Approxi nations are introduced into the computation of the critical

frequency and the height of the inaximum electror density by two facts;
through the linear interpolation in space and time of the precomputed
foF2-h. tabl !s, and through bypassing the iteration on the height estimate
of the ionosphere. Thus caution should be used anu further tests of accuracy
requirementi might be desired when using this program version. An
estimate of *he expected errors in given in Section 6.2.
78
The rtnge rate correction formula in this routine app]ies only to -:
eous range rate measurements since it is assumed that the only variation in
electron content over the time of observation is due to the positional change
of the satellite and that the iono3phere between station and satellite remains
constant. Range rate corrections to observations obtained by range dlffer-,-.:
over a finite time interval during which the ionosphere can undergo distinct
changes, cannot be computed by this routine because the foFZ-h, tables do
not carry enough significant digits. For this purpose PROGRAM ION should
be used.
If the foF2-h, table for the specified date and station is not found in the
data file, an error message is printed out and control is transferred to
PROGRAM IONI to proceed with the next cata case.
i
I
79
--
4
CPC No. 14 Flowchart, SUBROUTINE REFRC I
Compute indices
& increments for
initialize interpolation in
constants c o n m a n t si ce n t r a lme
local a n gl e
[&azimuth ,
Perform inter-
Yes / olation in local
.. bles in core fo time, azimuth
J esta.
"curre central angle
REad ilwth
m opt n
foF2-hni part of profile

tables (PROFLZ)
Compute
P1o5
r No Print error levation angle
2-hrtable mesage/ correction jE
-. found(BTA
...Yes
. - V, Compute vertical
Foirm azimuth & angular
& earth central electron content
angie from sta.
on. pnint I,tto
S~Compute cor-
Compute geo. reand to

AR and to i
lat tude & lung.
& rnagn. latitude rangto rtt, %R
for ion. point
. --.. i
.............
B
Compute
local time
80
3. 3 Storage Allocation
Th,, size ro .iuire-nints and stJrage allocations of the total pr3p rr-
and the individual components were extracted from computer runs of the
programs on the CDC 6600 computer system, In the load maps that are
shown on the following pages the starting addressea of the program and
system functions in the detailed breakdown are listed in octal words.
The total core space requirements are:
37604 oLtal = 16260 decimal words for the Bent Ionospheric PROGRAM ION;
24232 octal = 10394 decimal words for the preprocissor PROGRAM TABOEN,
63,X4 octal - 3412 decimal words for the raduction PROGRAM ION I
of the alternate version of the ionospheric program.
Following arg the size requirement-. for tie individual components:
Component Size in decimal words

C OM MON /EVAL/ 20
COMMON /U PDT/ 57
COMMON /CORR/ 12
PROGRAM ION 3641
SUBROUTINE REFRAC 5426
SUBROUTINE PLOTNH 366
SUBROUTINE PROFLI 624
SI'BROUTINE PROFL2 IU85
SUBROUTINE BETA 180
SUBROUTINE SICOJT 64
SU:BROUTINE DKSICO 72
SUBROUTINE MAGFIN Z
SUBROUTINE GF 147
SLBROUTINE DKGK 39
COMMON /EVAL / 13
COMMON /CORRI/ 12
PROGRAM TABGEN 10394
PROGRAM IONl1 34"'
SUBROUTINE REFRACI 19R8
81
4- -----4
Luad Map i(;r PROGRAM ION:
-PROGRAM -- --A COE SS- -- B ---CMC-

ION L-0021i VLcoo
REFRAC 007642 EVAL 0 00 1C C
CORRLP 0 2C15
PLO0T NI 2Q~ fC3214
PRCFL2 0.2425
9ETA 026347?
SICOJT 2PR
MAGF'IN k04
IS K 0 31053
ALGOFE 706
ABS$ r!360
AMOOJ Z0b
A6NLCGE 0?0374.
i
ELYG1 0
EXrEw;04
SINCCS *3 00 5
CORTI U0 67?
SORTE 4!i71
SET9A 0307'4(,
cc,.; S?2372
ATANE c .2 Lo5b
5YSEtli 03?537
IFENCPZ 015L.7
INPUTFS C 3.)62b2
NPUTC; 034~107
K00EP VO4265
KRKE-i 0765
OUTPT~i 0!74.36
RE wI Nm 0 3753?
82
Load map for PROGRAMI TAB3GEN,:
-PROCPAP ---- ACORESS- -- LA9ELED---COMMON--
MAGFIN 0254
* DKGKI 02i775
AM0OD u2.6 0 47
*4 2 " 44-.
ATANI 026060
S PT 1 026155
0262-41 .
GETBA026223
-5--S
r - 426442
~ClSs 027655
01111
ATANE
INPUO$
r!2774.i
%YS.T.E. D30-02 2
t.NCFIL9 A31032
83
Load map for PROGRAM ION I-
-PROGRAP----AVORESS- --LPELELD--- CCMMCNh

1 WALL 00Q4LO
- .-. .. CORRi 000119
CORRi. u0 0 1
-- O~-~-41- a 6g4-1 ------.---
9ETA 0114656
-Al-S-S015142
AMOOSc:4
ATANS 015155
EXPE 015237
-s $IC
14 6 015305
SORT$ 0153b2
SORT
E-0194.06
GSTBA 01S54S0
Coss 017 062

S-1 N4-- C14'
ATANE 007146
-5*s~'S4E'1 &17227
IFENCF$ 0C2k37
INPUTC$ 02C577
K<OOER-I 02(?26
KRAKERS 2 742
04JT 3TC S 021,126
RK02t.222
E I
3. 3. 1 Data Baae Characteristic - File Description
External data transfer in and out of the ionospheric model ION is

handled through three filesa the input data cari deck read in PROGRAM
ION, the input ionospheric coefficient tape read in SUBROUTINE REFRAC,
and the output to the line printer is written in PROGRAM ION and SUB-
ROUTINE PLOTNH.
Program File Type Mode I/O Fortran Description Details

Unit No, Under
ION Tape BIN I I Ionospheric coeff. tape 3. 3. 1. 1
ION Line printer BCD 0 6 Output listing from ION 3. 3. 1.2
ION Care! reader BCD Input data deck to OCN 3. 3. .3
The alternate version of the ionospheric prograrn Lonsists of two

separate entities, the preprocessor TABOEN and the reduction program
IONI. External data transfer in and out nf TABGEN is handled through
fo',ur files: an input data card deck, data output to line printer, the ino-ut
oriosphoric coefficient tane, and the output disc or tap i'41e with f F2-h,
tables, External data transfer in and out of ION1 is handled through the
:o1,wi~ng 3 data fillcs: an input uata card dec (, the input data file with
2 -h. tables, oud o.t'ut to the in, priite .
Pro'rom File TFype Mode :/0 Ffortran Description Details

Unit No. Under
TABGE', Tape B'N I I I:)n. c,)Uff. tape 3. 3. 1 1

IABGEN D, d 0ape
or BIN C 2 Vile with foF2-htablee 3. 3. 1. 4
TABGiFN :,ine p-inter BCD 0 b Output listing from 3. 3. 1,.
T ABGEN
TABCEN Cord reade r BCD I Input data deck to 3. , 1, 6
TABGEN
ION I Di4L o)r tape BIN I 2 File with foFZ-hptables 3, 3. 1.4
ION I Card reader BCD I Input data deck to ION 1 3. 3, 1. 8
IONI Line printer 11CD 0 6 Output listing from 3, 3, 1. 7

ION 1
* -
3. 3. 1. 1 Ionospheric Coefficient Tape
There are 36 fixed length records on the cape followed by a doouble

end.of-file. Each record contains, in 3848 words, the generalized 10-day
foF2 and 30-day M(3000)F2 coefficients to be used for one third of one month.
The 36 records are in time sequence and valid for the periods January 1-10,
January 11-20, January 21-31, February 1.10, February 11-20, February 21-
28 or 29 ..... ,December 21-31.
Word Mode Fortran Name Description

1 Iiteger LOND =(monthxl00+day), first date for which
coefficients are valid
2 I1tege r LONDY =(mronth I100+day), last date for wlu ch
coefficients are valid
3-2966 I.eal WCOEF Array of dimension 3Q13176 of general-
izud foF2 coefficients valid for the tinro0
interval specified by words I and 2
2967.3407 1,eal UM Array of dimension 9x4q of M(3000)FZ
coefficients valid for a 12-month running
average of the sunspot number = 0, and
to be used for the time interval spec'ifiod
by words 1 and 2
3408-3848 Real UM I Array of dimension 994q of M(3000)FZ
coefficients valid for a 12-month running
av. rage o! the sur pf)t n~irn-ier -- 100, :[n'1
to bi uti'd for t'ic tine interrv l ppc'ified
by word-, I -.nd 2
The formation of the specific cuoi'fi.:ie'i t sets for f,)FZ and M(3000)F2 fr )m.
the general ( oefficients is discussed unuCt- 3.2. 1. 1, C13C No, 2,
3. 3. 1. 2 Line Printer Output listing from ION
The typical output format of the results from ION ia shown for simne
test cases unider 4. 1, In addition, the following e ror me.sagei niky k)
Lr:
Printed in PROGRAM ION, 'Error in anlar input data for year a. 1nd
month . where upon the com-puter run is terminated,
86
7-.!
!Printed in PROGRAM I1)N, "Remaining update data not used'; if more
than eight update conditions* are supplied, the first e-ight are ased, the re-
raining cards are skipped over,
Printed in SUBROUTINE P.EFRAC, "Coefficients not found on tape for

year, month, day = ...... ", where upon control is transferred to
PROGRAM ION to proceed with the next data case.
Printed in SUBROUTINE BETA, "Ray is reflected at ionosphere or near

reflection condition, elevation angle correction is not computed," where upon
control is transferred to SUBROUTINE REFRAC to proceed normal w,'h the
remaining computations.
3. 3. 1.3 Tnput Data Card Deck to ION
The input card deck to ION specifies the. output and update options and
it defines the evaluation and update conditions and th,3 required solar data.
The set up procedure for the card deck is described below followed by a
description of the solar data and by the detailed card type and format in.
formation.
a) Procedure to Set Up Card Deck for ION
** Specify options **
Card type I ISEL(l) - ISEL(5), output options for ionospheric profile

and refraction correctione. =0 wanted, =I not wanted.
Card type ? IUPDT, IDRDAV, update option and output option for correc-
tion to range differencing. =0 not wanted, =1 wanted. If
=1, additional input data is required, cards 9 and 10 and/or
card 11.
** Specify evaluation condition *'
Card type 3 FS, FLAT, FLON, station information: wave frequency,

latitude and longitude. If refraction corrections are not
desired, FS is not used and should be left blank or set
=0 or positive.
Card type 4 : ELEV, AZ,HS, EDOT, HDOT, satellite information: elevation
angle, azimuth, height, elevation rate, altitude rate. If
the instantaneous range rate correction is not desired, EDOT
and HDOT are not used and should be left blank or set to any
value.
87I
T 7
Card type : IYR, MON, IDAY, TIME, time information: year, month,
day, time.
** Specify solar data **
** If the year and month of this condition are the same as the year and month
of the previous coi-ition, skip cards 6, 7, 8.
Card type 6 . IYR, MON, FLX(l)-FLX(16), date and daily values of observed,
solar flux for the first 16 days of the month. If future pre-
1
dictions are to be evaluated, leave array FLX blank.
Card type 7 . IYR, MON, FLX(17 )-FLX(31), date and daily values of ob-
served solar flux for the latter part tf the month. If there
are less than 31 days to the month, the additional spaces
are normally left blank.
Card type 8 : IYR, MON,SIS, SIF, date and 12-montrh running average of
sunspot number and solar flux,
Preparation of solar data is discussed under b).
** Specify update data **
** If update is not desired, IUPDT=O on card 2, skip cards 9 and 10,

"Cardtype 9 : NUPDT, number of observation conditions to be used for
"updating the predictions for the evaluation condition.
Maximum = 8.
** If update is not desired for this particular evaluation condition, NUPDT-0,

skip card 10.
Card type 10: ULAT, ULON, ULEV. UZIM, UTOBS, ITYPE, update data:
latitude, longitude of observation station, elevation and azi-
muth of observation, obst rvation time, value of measure-
ment and type. When the observation is critical frequency
set elevation to 90 and azimuth to 0'. For vertical and
angular content use the appropriate angles.
** Repeat card 10 until all NUPDT conditions are defined.
** Specify additional data for range differencing
* If corrections to range rate by differencing technique are not desired,

IDRDAV- 0, skip card 11.
Card type 1 : a
ELEV, AHS, TIME, sateldte information, elevation,
azimuth, and height and time information for theev cond
observation used for the range differencing.
** Repeat cards 3 through 11 for any number of conditions desired.
** Terminatt vwith card 3 containing a negative value for the wave frequency
FS.
88
b) Preparation of Solar Data
The solar data can be extracted from the "Solar-Geophysical Data"'
monthly publications, issued by NOAA, Boulder, Colorado.
The daily values of solar flux are to be copied from the table "Daily
Solar Indices" (normally page 7) under the column "Observed Flux Ottowa
:.' 2800'' MHz (corresponds to 10. 7 cm wavelength ). If future predictinns are
to be evaluated and therefore no measurements available, the daily flux

values required on card with the appropriate year and month are to be left
blank, The program automatically checks for this conditlon and inserts the
beot estimate for the daily flux values which is the 12-month running average
of the solar flux.
The 12-month running average 1,, for month j of a solar index 1 with
a mean value T for month k is defined as,
12
+
+
-
r+I
T;
1=-- 5
The monthly means of the index for the month under consideration, for I through
5 month past and prior and half the value of the monthly mean for 6 months
past and prior are added and divided by 12, yielding an average over 12 months
centered around the specified month. The 12-month :'unning average
(=smoothed) of the sunspot numbers S, 2' for month j are listed in the 'Solar
Geophysical Data' publication (normally page 9) in table "Smoothed Obseived

and Predicted Sunspot Numbers' and are to be used for past as well as future
evaluations.
The IZ-month running average of the solar flux is computed from the
accumulated monthly means using the formula above. Thc monthly means are
listed along with the daily values nf solar flux, If not enough advance data is
available to form the 12-month running average, that value can be approxl.
mated -with a 11. 5, 10. 5 or 9, 5-month running average;
69
#I
approx. Fxa.s, kk3
2'12 + F+ 1,2,or 3
12. 5.k + or.
If not even enough data is available to form a 9. 5-month running average,

an estimate of the 1Z-month running average of the solar flux can bc derived
from the la-month running average of the sunspot number for which tabulated
predictions are available. The relationship between-solar flux and sunspot
number wam arrived at by Stewart and Leftin, Reference 9.
approx. F1,2 63.75 + 0.728 x$q + 0. 00089OSY1
The attached tables contain the final 12-month running averages for
sunspot number and solar flux from 1960 on and the monthly means for solar
flux from 1970 on.
90
T--
Table 1. 12-Month Running Average of the Zurich Relative Sunspot Number
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Jan. 128.9 80.2 45. 2 29.4 19.5 11.7 27.7 75.0 102.6 110.0
Feb. 125.0 74.8 41.8 29.8 17.8 12.0 31.3 78.8 102.9 109.6
Mar. 121.6 68. 8 39.8 29.7 15.4 I1. 5 34,5 82. 2 104. 7 108. 0
Apr, 119.6 64.3 39. 4 29.0 12.,7 13.6 37.4 84, 6 107.2 106.4
May 117,0 60.1 39 2 28.7 10.8 14.6 40.7 87,5 107.6 106. 2
June 113.9 55.8 38 3 28, 2 10.2 15.0 44.7 91.3 106.6 106,1
July 108.6 53, 1 36 8 27, 7 10, 3 15. 10. 3 94. 1 105. 2 105.8
Aug. 102,4 52.5 34.9 27. 2 10,2 16,4 56.6 95,3 104.8 106.4
Sept. 97.9 52. 3 3Z. 7 26.9 9.9 17,4 63,1 95. 3 107.0 105.4
Oct. 93, 3 51.4 30, 8 6, 0 9.6 19, 7 67.6 95, 0 109.9 104. 1
Nov. 87.9 50.5 30.0 23.8 10. 1 22.3 70.2 97.1 110.6 104.6
D-c. 83.7 48.7 29.8 21.3 11.0 24.5 72.7 100.6 110. 1 104.9
1970 1971 1972
Jan, 105.6 80.4 70.8

F .b. 106. 0 77. 8 71, 2
Mar. 106. 2 74.4 72. 4
Apr, 106,1 70.9 73 4
May 105. 8 68, 1 72. 9
June 105. 3 66. 7 70, 5
July 103,8 65, 5 68, 1
Aug, 101. 0 65. 0 65. 4

Sept, 97, 2 66.4 62. 0
Oct. 93.9 u7. 1 60. 3
Nov. 89. 4 67.6 5o., 5
Dec. 84. 1 69.9 54.8

iI
rable Z. IZ-Month Running Average of the Solar Flux at 10. 7 cm Wavelength (Ottuwa)
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Jan. 178.7 128.9 97,9 81.8 76.4 73.8 85.7 128. 1 150.0 150.2
Feb. 174.6 124.1 95.2 81.8 75 5 74.4 88.4 131.5 149.4 150. Z
Mar. 170.8 119. 1 93.1 81.8 74.4 '*4.9 91.2 134.3 149.3 150. 1
Apr. 168.6 115.1 91.7 81.5 73.3 75.4 93.8 136.3 150.4 150,0
May 166.2 110.8 91.1 81.2 72.5 75.8 96.5 138.8 150.8 150,8
June 162.9 106.6 90.4 81.0 72. 2 76.0 10.0.1 141,7 149,9 151.4
July 157.8 103.7 89.2 80,6 72.3 76.4 104.6 145.0 147,8 111,4
Aug. 151. 8 102.4 87.7 80.3 72.4 77.2 109.7 147 8 145,.5 15Z,
Sept. 147.4 102.0 85.8 80.1 72..2 78,3 115.3 148.2 146.0 152.8
Oct. 143.1 101.5 84.2 79.8 72..1 80,0 119,6 147,4 148.3 15Z.S
Nov. 137. 9 101. 1 83,1 78, 7 72. 5 81, 9 122,8 147, 9 149, 0 153, 7
Dec. 133.1 100.2 82.3 77.3 73.2 83,6 125.7 149.3 149.4 154,4
\I
1970 1971 1972
Jan. 154.7 135. 0 120. 5
Feb, 155. 1 132. 5 121,2

Mar. 155.2 129.9 122. 1
Apr. 155.2 126.6 123. 1
May 155. 2 122. 8 123, 2
June 155. 8 1 19. 7 121, 7
July 136. 3 116. 5 120.3
Aug. 155.0 114.7 118.0
Sept. 151.4 115.5 115.0
Oct. 147.6 116,1 113,5
Nov. 143. 3 1 16.7 111, 8
Dec. 138.6 118.9 108.6
92
Table 3. Monthly Mean of the Solar Flux
S1970 19 71I 1972 1973
January 158.3 162.6 114.8 102.2
February 175.4 137.8 141.8 98,7
March 158.4 111.9 128.5 100.4
April 162.0 116,7 112.9 105.0
May 168,4 109.9 129.6 97,0
June 154,9 101,7 135.4 91.2
July 152,0 117,4 122.0
Auguat 138,2 114,1 125.7
September 143.2 104,0 113.7
October 148. 3 107. 2 121, 1
November 162.0 114.0 101.6
December 152.8 124.5 102.9
93
c) Card Type and Format Information
C Output options for ionospheric pirofile and re.raction corrections
1 020 30 40 50 60 70 so
Format (515)
S , - . - - -, ' -'
Word Program
No. Variable Units Format Column Description
I ISEL(1) 15 1-5 z 0 profile paramoters and total content

desired, =1 i,ot desired
2 ISEL(2) - I5 6-10 = 0 profile plot desired, zl not desired,
3 ISEL(3) .- I 1 1-15 0 elevation angle correction aesLrea,

I not desired
4 ISEL(4) 15 16-Z0 = 0 range correction desired, : I not desired
5 ISEL(S) - 15 21-25 : 0 instantaneous range rate correction
desired, = I not desired
If words I-5 above are all -1, only the
critical frequency and corresponding
height will be completed,
94
iJ
a!
: Card Type 2.
IIii Update option and output option for correction to range differencing
20 40 0
50 S1070 8
Format (215)
Word Program I
No, Variable Units Format, Column Description
I IUPDT -- 1 5 1.5 Update flag: 0 no update for any of

following evaluation conditions,
1 update in sotrn or all of the following
evaluation conditions
2 IDRDAV I 5 6-10 Output option: (mcorrection to range
rate obtained by differencing technique
is not requested, I desired
'ii L
Card Type 3
Station data :'or evaluation condition
0 20 040 50 60 70 al
FS L--FL AT- I -FLON-
Format (F 10,4, ZF 10. 5,%
Word Program i
No. Variable Lnits Format Column Description
I FS MHz F O. 4 1-10 Transmission frequency
2 FLAT degree FIO. 5 11-20 Station latitude
3 FLON degreei FI0. 5 21-30 Station longitude (positive east, 0-360 degrees
96
-!
Card Type 4
Satellite data for evaluation condition
10 20 30 40 0 70
LELEV- AZ ! HS EDOT HDOT
Format (2 F10. 6, FIo. 0, 2D15. 8)

I
Word Programn
No. Variable Units Format Columni Description
ELEV degree FIG. 6 1-10 Elevation angle to satellite
2 AZ degree FI0,6 11.20 Azimuth angle
3 HS km FIU. 0 Z -30 Height of satellite above surface ot earth
4 EDOT rad/ae D 15. 8 31 .45 Elevation rate
5 HDOI rn/sec D15. 8 46-60 Altitudc rate
97
"I
Ii
Card Type 5
Time data for evaluation condition
1 0 20 30 Q 50 60 70
Format (315, F 10.7)
Word Program
No. Variable jnits Format Column Description
I IYR -- I 5 1-5 Year (last 2 digits)

2 MON -- 15 6-10 Month (1 through 12)
3 IDAY -- I 5 11.15 Day (=I through 31)
4 TIME iours F10. 7 16-25 niversal tinme
98
Card TyT-r 6
Daily solar flux data for first part of month
10 601
d 70 23
I I Ii,:iI I ItI[ ' ; I ;I ' I III I ,. I,. ,
-r -
Format (212, 4x, 1614)
N,. cVariablezr n Fornatt ColumnI Dcscription
I -- 1 2 1-2 Year (last 2 digits)
2 MON -- I 3-4 Month (Il thro,1gh 12)
3 PI,XI1) - 4 9-12 Daily solar flux xlC for oay I of mronith
4 1]'LX() -2 4 13-1o Daily solar flu~c xlO for day 2 of month
FI-X( I)U 14 ;69-72 Daily solar flux xlO for day 15 of the month
99
IA
Card Type 7
Daily solar flux data for second part of month
I0 20 o 60 0 70 4
Faormat {22 511)
Word Program]
No. Variable Units Format Column Description
IYR - I 2 1-2 Year (last 2 digits)

" "MON - I 2 3-4 Month (z I through 12)
3 FLX(17) - I 4 5-8 Daily solar flux x 10 for iay 17 o: Jnto

4 FLX(18) .- 14 9-12 Daily solar flux x 10 for -ay IS of in, nth
17 FLX(31) 14 b1-64 Daily sclar flux xI for "ay 31 uf mnonth;

if the month has less than 31 .ays, tne
spare locations are left blank
l00
H
A Card Type 8
71
Final or predicted 12-rnnnth running averagas of sunspot numo',r ians molar flux
I,
/ 1
/
10 20 30 40 so 6Q 70 20
' I~ II ,I - .'
Format (212, 2I5)
Word ramr
gPro
.No, Variable Units Format Colurn Deacr ption
YR -- I Z 1-2 Year (Iazt two dig ti)
M ON -- I Z 3-4 Month (= 1 through 12)

3 SIS - - I 5 5 9 2-rronth running everagc, of sunspot
number x 10
4 SIF 1 10-14 12-month runr,nin average of solar flux x 10
101
ii
Card Type 9
Update control constant
1i0 go 3 40 50 60 TO
70
SFormat (I 5)
Word Program D
No. Variable Units Format, Colu'mn, Descri# on
___ - ___
I NUPDT . I 5 1-5 Number of update conditions, maximum 8
I1
102
K Card Type 10
Update data condition
20- ULE W
, UZIM, ,,, tT
1:I 30 40 _,ii,
7 so
L-uL AT- -L ON -- LV U L-U L OBS
rGrnmat (F 10, 5, ZF10,6, F10.7, D15.B, 15)
Wurd Prog ram-

N, Variable U'nite Format Column Deacriptofnn
1 U LAT degree FIC, 5 1i10 Latitude of updaLe Station
2 U .LONdegree Fl0. 5 11-20 Longitude of update statron (positive e&st,
0-360 degrees)
3 U LEV degrem F,0, b6 l -30 Elevation angle of observation (=90 for f F2
data, x elevation to satellite for vertical
and angutlar clectron content)
4 U ZIM degree Fl0, 6 31-40 Azimuth angle of observation
5 UT hours FIo. 7 41-50 UnivesaIl timne of observation
6 OBS MHz or D15. 8 51-65 Observatlon to be used ior update
e/m 2
7 ITYPE e / I 5 66-70 Obaervation flag, m I for foF2, - 2 for

vertical elsL~ron content, = 3 Angular election
content
103
'I-
,
:, Card Txes 11. . .. .
Sa: 11ite and time formatoan fQo sacoi, obeervationu.s-d for rnge ffs renc~nj
1: 1,
,20 I!
.40 50 .o70..
LELEV1~ AZ
Fornmat (ZF1O.6, F1OO, F1o.7)
Woird Prog rok

No. Variable Units Fornat Columnn Dosrpton
1 ELEV dcgree F 10.6 1. 10 Elevation, angle to satel.ite

2 AZ uigreei Flo, 6 1-20 Azimuth. angle
3 HS Km FIG. 0 Z-1-30 Height of wate.L>te above surfacL of earth
4 TIME nours FIG. 7 31.40 Tniversal trnme
104
jL _ "1
"- -" . -," - .- - . .. .... .- - - -a- n w. - "a - - .6 .- ,
fi' 3, 3,_ 1,4 lonca hark Data File with fFZ-hl Tables
The file with fQFZ-h, te.blwm is generated in PROGRAM TABOEN for
ause in the alternate ionoipheric version PROOGRAM IONI, It consists of

fixed length records, am many a. were generated in PROGRAM TABOEN,
terminated by a mingle (3 1.of.-fils, Each record contains, in 354 words,
the dCte, the station position, the daily solar flwcx And values of critical
frequency foFi and corresponding height h,, The values for fFi and
h1 are tabulated for the given date for 14 dLfferent tirmes at each location of
a Z5 point pattern around the station which covers the ionosphere visible
from. that station.
Word Mode Fortran NLame Description

I Integer IYMD DLte: year, 10000- rnonth,100 day
a Real FLAT Latitude of station in radians
"3 Real FLON Longitude of station in radians
4 Real FLUX Value of daily molar flUX (if the daily
flux is greater than 130, the lirnit
value of 130 is substitutod)
5.354 Integer IFH Array of dimension 14s25 containing
packed integer tabulated vLIues for
fOFZ and h, for 14 local time hours
at each location of the 25 point pattern
around the station, Each integer has
S digits, the first 4 digits define h, in
units of kin, the lamt 4 digits give
oFZ in uts of MHz,
3. 3,1,5 Output Listing from TABOEN
The only line printer output from TABGEN is the printout of the input
data conditions, In addition, the following error messagem may occur:
Printed in PROGRAM TABOEN, 'Error in solar input data for year

and month * .'', where upon the computer run is terrinanted,
105
I
"Printed in PRiOGRAM TABOEN, ,Coefficients ,ot found on tape for
year, -month, day ... .. ,,ti ahre upon the cornpv*r i"4&, toznir' d
.3. 3. 1. 6 Inpu2t Data Deck to TAEGEN
The input to TABCEN consists of card type 12, skown on the next page
containing date and station information and of card tntes 6,7, 8 am described
under 3, 3. 13 c) specifying the solar data,
Card type 12 1 IYR, MON, IDAY, FLAT, FLON, year, month, day,
latitude and longitude,
If the yea; and month of this condition are the same am the year and
1*
month of the previous condition, skip cards 6, 7,8,
Card type 6 IYR, '.XON, FLX( 1)- FLX(16), date and daily values of
observed solar flux for the tirst 16 days of tho month,
If 'uture predictions are to be evaluated, leave array FLX
blank,
Card type 7 IYR, MON, FLX(17).FLX(31), date and daily valueI of
observed solar flux for the latter part of the month, If
there are less than 31 days to the month, the additional
apaoem are normally left blank,
Card type 8 IYR, MON, SIS, SIF, date and 12-nonth running average
of sunspot number and solar flux,
Preparation of the molar data is discussed under 3. 3. 1, 3 b),
"* Repeat carcim 12, 6, 7,8 for any number of conditions desired,
** Terrainatu with Lard 12 containing a zero or negative value for the

year IYR,
3, 3, 1.7 Ouiput Listing from IONI
The typical output format of the results from IONI is shown for sorme
test cases urder Section 4, 1, In addition, the following error messages
may occuri
1 06
S " - " . - . .,- . - , . . . . ... -. - . -... - - - -.
ii L
Card Type 12
Date and station evaluation condition
20 4
- a FLAT FLON
Format (315, 2F l0,. 5)
JJ
Word Program
No. Variable Units Forrn&t Colu nm Descripton
IYR 15 1-5 Year (last 2 digitm)

2 MON -- 15 6-10 Month (=I through 12)
3 IDAY -- 1 5 11-15 Day (m- through 31)
4 FLAT digreei FIO, 5 16-25 Station l&titude
5 FLON degreei FI0, 5 Zb.35 Stati,)n longitude (positive east, 0-360 degrees
10T
107
Printed in SUSKOUTINE REFRCJI, "foF-.h, t'abs for this stAtion
and date not foun4 i file, " where upon control is tramnferred to PROGR.A4M
IONL to proceed with tho next data. case,
Printed in SUJBROUTJTNE BETA, "Ray is reilecte4-at ionosphere or- near
reflection condition, elevation angle correction is not computed, " where
upon control is transferred to SUBROUTINE R.FRC I to proceed norma~l with

the reMaLinlnj comrputations.
3.3. 1.8 Input Data Deck to IONI
The input daLt& to IONI involves only card types 3,4, ind 5 as they are
described under 3.3. 1. 3 c) to specify the evaluation condition.
Card type 3 FS, FLAT, FLON, station information- wave frequency,

latitude and longi1tude. Set FS=0 or positive, if refraction
corrections are not requested.
Card type 4 ELEV, AZ, HS, EDOT, HDOT, satellite information:

elevation anile, azimuth, height, elevation rate, altitude
rate. If the inmtantaneour range rate correction is not
desired, EDOT and HDOT Lre not used and can be left
blank or set to any value,
Card type 5 IYR, MON, IDAY, TIMZ'., .me information: year, month,
day, time,
S* Repeat cards 3 through 5 for any number of conditions desired.
'* Terminat( with card 3 containing a negative value for the wave frequency
FS.
108
3.4 Computer
2 trogram Functional Flow Diagram
The functional flow diagram of the Bent Ionospheric Program ION is pre.
aented as well as the diagrams for the alternate version TABOEN.IONI,
The labels to the right top of each block specify tz"i prograrn/subroutines
that perform the unction described in the block, Lowaer level flowcharts
disclosing more details are listed under the individual computer program
component descriptions n Section 3,. , I,Z.
1.09
Functional Flow DiL&ram for ON
St&rtC
*- -. ?rrRCFL1 PROFL2)
A omput* prediction
natching update
CION osra~
Read and prepare
data for evluation
& update conditionREFRAC
& Rclar data as I
neeied from cardsl Compute firnal
uplate ratio and
update critical
frequency
Bt
Yes oefficien
available PRC| L2
Co:-npute rernain-
No REFAC ing ionospheric
general
e. o- profile parameter,
effi ients frorn
o
tapt & form speci--
sets
sLC
levati , No
-HHI
L1 ( gI correctic E
Coripute critical "N desired
frequency and
corsaponaing Yes BETA
;ht !Comnpute ionospher c
levation angle
refraction
cori ection _eN
< U p d.
desired
110
No Rag
REFRAC rate correction
Cormpute vertical desired
?
ana anjular total Yen
electron contentA C
7 om~put. initanta-
neoas refraction
correction to range'
rate
Nc ange
ererint desired pro.
rflie pararmeters L
Yet REFRAC refrac:ton correc-
Compute ionou ions along with
[refraction correct, nput conditions
o range
"e. 'electron~ density

,O Iversus height
crpute ran~e ra profile
rf>,b 0'o
. ,o ieMdifferencong yey-e""
range df,
echnique, print i
More Ye'> er
condition - A / Pe ON
",../ .__wRead input and
data prepare
lor
oracditionl cfnotrion B
tpI e ch niq
11 u e,1
Functional Fiow Diairam for TABGEN
Start
TA BCEN
tenerave 25 point
pattern *f visible
TABGEN ionosp .re arcund
Atation
Reai and prepare
data for evaluation
contiitlon from TABOEN
Set up 14 hours
of
local tirne, with
nrraller intervals
.it sunrize
Coefficient Yes L
Savailable TABGiEN'
FCompute critica l.
NN frequency & corre.
-ponding height for
Read general co. each specified
if i -ints frorr. V
apo and form \ TABOEN
Write record w.th
foF 2 -hrm table, date,
station and ilux to
file
No TABOEN conditionm
RUad solar data

fr~rn cards
Strc
112
--
Functional Flow Diagram for IONI
Start 3i
BETA
I Compute iono-
spheric elevation
ION I angle refraction
R~ead & prepare correction
data for evaluation
c onditior. frurn R R
cards
REFRC
Conmpute vertical
L~ angular total
electron content
Yet
Compute ione.
spheric refraction
Read required corrections to
record from W~e range & to instant,
w'th foF2-hrn range rate
ta~bles 0N' i
Print desired pro-
REFR.C Ifile parameters &
Interpolate table in iro ractlon
[ions
cowei
along with
-
time & position to

get critical input conditions
frequency & corre-
sponding height
M rPROFLe
conditio~ns
Compute remaining
ionospheric profile
parameters No
Stop
OJ
113
4.0 Quality Assur~zce A
II
All sapects a-,the i=pspheric model were testedthoroujhly during and
after the 6evelopmnent phase and some of the resultsAre shown in Section 6. .]
The shape of the electron de-tsity versus height profS. was comnpared with
"actual composite profclts nL.om d at NA$A/GSFC =4 they were always in

S~close
I
agreerrnent, The intelrated electron content wA&l compareds extensively
with the vert.cal electron content derived from Fa:r&Ay rota'.1on measure
rnenta. The resul'.s of t)is wcrk performed for SAMNO. are described
in Reference 2. The predictions alone accounted for 7u to 80/ of the actual
electron content and after updating with ionospheric observations, up to

90% of the iotosphere was estimanted, The ionospheric refraction corrections
were tested in orbit etermiration work performed at NASA/GSFC. The
iteratve learit square reductioni programs were run with and without iono.
spheric corrections and the final RMS values of the nmeasurement residuals
were greatly rcduced by 30 to 75% upon use of ionospheric corrections,
After rn'difying the ionospheric program to its current form, a number

of test cases were run and the results including all possible outputs were
compared with results from previous runs before modifications, The same
test cases Ilited under 4, 1 should be checked out whenever the program is
duplicated and transferred to another computer system to insure tha* all
parts of the .rogram are in working order.
4. 1 Test Plsn/Procedurr
The follewig pages show a list of the input card deck and the corres-
ponding printed output results for test cases I through 5 and a cross referencc
list in TPble 4 of the various conditions tested. The five test cases evaluate
the functiont of the ionospheric program for various possibilities in latitude,
longitudo, local time, season, and solar activity effecting the ionospheric
profile and tkerefure also electron content and refraction corrections. Each
of the five tioit calsS computes all possible output resultsl critical froquen-y
114
and corresponding height, the values of half thickneks and the decay conitants
for the shape of the profile, the profile plot and list, vertical and angular
electron content and refraction corrections to elevation angle, to range,

to instantaneous range rate and to range dilferencing.
K
For the standard ionospheric PROGRAM ION the input is listed in

Table 5 for all five test cases, and the ouput in Table 6, For the alternate
version of the ionospheric program, the input and output of the preprocessor
PROGRAM TABGEN are shown in Table 7 and the input and output of the
i:eduction PROGRAM ION1 are giver, in Tables 8 and 9 respectively. Only
* test cases 1,2, and 5 are presented for the alternate program since the
update capability tested in cases 3 and 4 is not included in this version,
4. Z Other Quality Assurance Provisions
Whenever the program is reproduced for use on another system, the

program card docks should be duplicated and vwrified, If the program is
* transferred to a system with compatible binary coding, the binary magnetic
tape containing the ionospheric coefficients should be copied and verified,
If the program is to be used on a computer with different binary word or
record structure, tne binAry .apelshould be copied to a BCD tape and at the
new location, tranoferred back onto a binary tape, Care should be taken that
durinig the binary to BCD tape copy process no loss of significance will occur,
which means the format (E17. 11) is required for the general foFZ coefficients
and the format (E14, 8) is required for the general M(3000)FZ coefficients.
The binary tape format is described under 3. 3. 1. When tape and card decks
are available on th. new system, the test runs described in 4. 1 should be
performed and the results compared with the output results in the tables for
agreement,
115
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S 5.0, PreparatioL for Delivery
The completed CPC1 (Computer Product CondiguratioA Item)for the

i Ben1t Ionospheric Model consists of-three -part which' aeI p vkld
c e d, htahp d
separately: a magnetic tUpe, card decks, and k doc0 mntationznnulIl, The
tape is mailed first class or airmail and is nmrixed with 'Special Handling.
Electro Magnetic Item, The card delks and rauals can bs #hApped third,
class. For storage of the magnetic tape and tb.. card dock, a cool and dry
place shov.1d be selected to insure that the good condition of the items Is
preserved. The following list described the deliverod items in detail:
a) Magnetic tape containing the general ionospheric coefficients in

either BCD or Binary code depending un the compatibility of the
computers between which the transfer occurs,
b) Card decksl
1) Fortran card deck to copy the BCD tape with ionospheric
coefficients to a Binary tape of the proper form, This deck
is not needed ifthe required Binary tape is suppllee in place
of the BCD tape,
2) Fortran card deck for PROWAM ION, Standard veroion of
the ionospheric program,
3) Data cards for testrun of PROGRAM ION.
4) Fortran card deck for PROGRAM TABGEN, preprocessor
for the alternate version of the ionospheric program.
5) Data cardi for teetrun of PROGRAM TABGEN.
6 Fnrtran card deck for PROGRAM IONI, reduction program
for the alternate version of the ionospheric program,
7) Data cards for testrun of PROGRAM IONI,
5) Additional data cards of solar input data from 1962 to 1973,
c) Manuali 'Documentation and Description of the Bent Ionospheric

Model, ' For the setup and checkout of the programs, Section 3,3. 1
File Desc:iptlon and Section 4, 1 Test Plan should be consulted.
131
I r ....
_
6.0 Notes
Soction 6. 1,d"e4ribu&1athe, development of thq toncephezic model,
t daahe 6s,
ee- on -whih the snuayst$s was 1otUidys4 tht"Su!.tifcaonhl
for the derivation af each atep in the development, In Socon 6. 2 the
accuracy and the limitations of the model are outlned- Justifications of
epprcximationij used in the model are given along with estimcates of the
resulting erroa,-
6 onosphewic- Model Developmnent
61 For several yearz scientists have investigated man~y 4iff~rnt
approaches to modeling the onos .eic.profile Gn L',heo~rsti.-C& b~4#4. -h
name - and types of these .inet1odr sre well Xnacwt endv 11lmo b Aa- iscued here,
but it is obvious after all. the years that a good, theoretical ionospheric profil.!
2tilt, does not exist,
The object of our past investigations wasn to Comos up with sn Ionospheric,

profile that could. give much improved resula for refraction corrections in
satellite con rnuniCati.-n1 to gr 0 W~ld or to s.,nother satellite than had been obtaineci
with the Chapman and many other theoreticaL profiles. It would have been
Pointless for us to sit down and investigate another theoretical approach when
so many more comrpetent scientists are working on this problem, For this
reason we decided that in this present time of computersL anepirical modelI
taken from & vast data bass may provide us with the profile we were looking for,
It was olur intention to acquire ionospheric data of any kind that h~lpsd
us build .ip a data. base covering minimum to maLXimum Of A solar cycle and
providing informa~tion %%p to 1000krm, The loweir layers of the Ionosphere were
neglected in terms of their irregularities altho.ugh their electron content was
added into the larger F layer; this wasn done to simplify the approach and as
the prime objective Was to obtain refraction corrections through the ionosphere,
01- At leasnt to a point above 150 krin, such an elimination would not be very
dctrimrentaL,
Data fromn bottornside ionospheric sounders waa obtained over the

year 1962 through 1969 covering 14 stations approximately along the American
longitudes having geographic latitudes 76 degrees to - 12 degrees or magnetic
latitudes 85 degrees to 0 degrees. This data Was in the form of hourly profiles
of the ionosphere up to the f 0 F2 peak. Topside soundings were acquired for
the years 1962 to 1966 covering the, magnetic latitude ran1ge 86 degrees to
-75 degrees and providing electron density profiles from about 1, 000 km down
to a height Juat above maximum electron density, As the topside data was
133
pI
not available near the solar maximumn,electron density probe data was -
obtain.d4 from the AXrio 3 llalits over thpexi-od.&Ly .967 to April 1,968
from 70 degrees north to 70 d[grasi south geographic lMLiude and linilked
in real timre to foFZ values obtained from 13 stations on tMh ground.
6., 1 I lonoepheric Profile
In order to anAlyse the vast amount of tata that we,. oitained a number
Of assumptions had to be made, In the first ,ie thc t1opdi sounding data
did not geograpnically cover the entire gl,,i and the behtornside data war
only available for land MaIsss and riot over the OCeLMnIJ however, asa localC6
time effect is fur more slignifica.nt thiLz a longitude effect, the data was
analysed as a flinction of latitude and local time, Geooraphic longitude was,
however, taken into account for the determination of maximu'n electron density
by using the ITS coefficients for foFZ which are a function of latitude, longitude,
timne and solar activity, Secondly a theoretical profile was determinea to which
the data would 'it, This profile which is used in the evaluation discussed later,
is shown in Figure 2 and is the resl t Of earlier work by Kazantsev (Reference 7),
and unpublishec, work of Bent (1967) while at the Radio and Space Research
Station in Engli.nd and requirms the knowledge of the paramreters k, , k5 ,k,
Y Ya foFZ, and h,, The equation of the upper topaide is exponentlal, nmely,
N = N.e"t
the lower onoiphervis a bi.parabola,
and the top and botnmoid are fit together with a parabola,
N i
134
.N is the electron density
wh~N. 'isthe mt ciumun value of ele ction' diensliy

NI the maximum electioiidensiy f 0? aupBih ecpo.n..tia
eis
a a
Lyer
a and b are vertical distances
y1 is the half thickness of the lower layer
y, is, the half thickness 94 te upper P&rab~olic layer
k is the decay constant for an *XtPon*Ztial prOfile.
The uppur parabola extends from the height of the ma4xmrurn electron
density up to the, point where the slope of the parabola matches the elope of
the exponential layer. The data investilatei included over 50, 000 topside
soundings, 6t 000 satellite electron density and related iO2 measurements,
and over 400, 000 bottomoilde soundini.,
6, 1.2 Topuideaonosphere
The Initial approach wasn to take the topside soundings and break them
down into zones .5 esrees of latitude by 40 minutes of local time eliminating
data in the eaLMs or.-s that have similar times and profiles, and therefore
are duplicated. I'ni resulted In over 1,Z00 different areas in the northern
and southern hemisphere with a reasonably constant density of data in each
area, By these means it was possible to Investigate the decay constant k
In the exponential topside profile as a function of local tie, latitude, solar
flux, sunapot number Lnd season. One of the major concerns was whether
the decay constant k would be uniform for each sounding over the range
1,000 km to thw minimurn height, and investlgations showed that such &n
exponential profile does not exist, The layer was, thereto'e, divided into
three equal heaight sections from 1,000 krn to the minimurn recorded height
and the exponent k computed for the center point in each section, Figure I
shows such a division where the values under investigatton are the decay con.
stants k,, kU, ka, In most cases the topside soundings do not reach the height
S13
of maxirnurn electron 4644gty LAed thereforo the gr4.iont at this lower point was
rnathemratically Equat~. to thOe point where the gradient of the 'nose' parabola- .
a the same, 'ExtenLsive "&y 1i4 of the acuire4 data shwed these gradionts
At
pint
te he v/ue SfF.Z, which defincas the lowse,.in umalnrro
yj,/4.4 lte oid
density .
Psounding, is 0. 43 foF2. (;Nc in Fierigr 2 is the qquivslepA electron -density to
the frequency fu:FZ),
For an in'tial test the decay coOLtantU k foi- each of .h# thre3 layers, upper,
middle, and loer topside were'plotted aa f"CtiOn 0;-!&gnetic lattude Lrtnd
ikF-, Values iorn the northern and southern hernisph;os were treated indepen-
dontly at first, but the "alysix aho'od that there was e,x;ellent correlation
between the two, Figure 3 shows the relatioz;ship betw4een the three decay
constants k and magnetic 1&tit.4e for all local iMre, so)lfr activity, and season,
The equatorial LnoMaly and a 40 delree trough show in the lower topside layer,
The 65 degree trough is not as evident ao it is when the same analysis is done
for various locol tirmes which suggests the physical variances of theme anomalies
should 58 inve6igatKed in Morn. detail.
It was fotnd that correlations in k for specific fl'2 did not bear any
further local timne correlation, hut bore a significant variation with solar'
activity and magnetic latitude, However, the correlation with bolar flux was
considerably b(tter t4an that with sunspot number, even allowing for the delay
in the affect re.tching the ionosphere, so all further correlatio1n were with
the Ottowa 10,' crn solar flux. All these correlations were then plotted in
graphical form to enable firal interpolation,
Urnfortuni44y th. Alouette data did not cover the period at the peak of
the solar cycle, but the Director of the U. K, Radio &, Space Research Station
made avLileAble electron density data from
rthe Ariel 3 i.ttellite to cover thiI
period. The ;ta had already been reduced thoroughly and the 3atellite electron
density at abogi 550 km was provides with the sub.satellite foFZ value obtained
from 13 tLatiQgn around the world, If the satelsitc was not directly over an
136
IL _ _ _/
fionosonde at the time of observation, the foF3 values from two or three
transmitters in the general area had beoz interpolated in time and positior.tq
give the sub.satellite value. Tlhese i r4qrpo~a.tions had been carriod out taking
care to modify the values for uneven ionospheric Iredientls, Psat that-WaL in
doubt was eliminated. While these values did- not give the three exponential
decay constants at each point, it was found tht !or similar conditions of solar
flux and position, the Ariel 3 date4 it vezy closely to the profiles deduced
frorm Alo. Dttt 1. The profile equations Oevelope for the lower asoar activity
period related to the topside sounders could, therefore, be extended to the
larger solar flux values and still be in good agreernent with the Ariel 3 data.
Typical results from this analysis are shown in the graphs of Figure 4, The
original data c. vb wsre Itio regular, and since the variations were mainly
caused by the relatively low data density in each group after division of the
large data base, the data Was smoothed by the fitting of straight lines, :n
order to interpret these graphs and obtaiii a profile, we need the value of f 0 FZ,
and the magnetic latitude position, These values will indica&te which graph
relates the 10, 7 cm flux t( the decay constants k for the upper, middle, and
lower portions of the topside ionosphere, Yigure 4, therefore, shown the basis
of obtaining the 3 ndepmndent slopes of the topside ionosphere as a function of
foF2, latitude, and solar fluy.
A further cr~rrelation to investigate the seasona& effects on k was carried

out with sonie 15, COO totally different Alouette sourndinj's and fluctuations in the
k values of t 15o were noted forn the average spring and autumn values, The
seasonal variation is rrionitored by observing the changs in the daily maixnimum
solar zenith angle from the equinoctial mid-day value, Figure 5 shows the
seasonal fluctuation in k for each of the three layers in ti e topside profile,
There is consireiaable svideense that this seasonal relationship has an added
.OCAl time factor and this point will shortly be under i;,vestigation,
ixarnination of the apper part of the 'nose' of the N.h profile is difficult
because topside sounding information rarely gives any values in the0 region,
137
Evidence from many leading scientlits also irnplies that th topside profiles
have about a 4.4% errox in the effective distance from the sounding satellite
indicating the obtained topoide profiles are too low near 14m peak. This
evidence is basetd on comparisons with two-frequency dats, b&ckscatter

results, Faraday rotation and overlap tests etc, Prelininary results in
this empirical model showed thLt a parabola in this regiaoa gavo the better
comparison wit, integrated total electron content when compared with two.
"frequency and Faraday rotation data. A simple parabola hoving a half thick.
noes yt was fitted between the bi.paraborla and the expoemwtial layer. Upon
initial teat y, was set equal to the half thickness of the tk.parabola y, for foF2
values below 10 5 MHz, and yj increases with foF- valus rising above
10, 5 MHz, Fur her investigations of this problem are planned in future work,
The final itep in predlctizg the shape of the ionosphere is arrangLng for
the gradient in the upper parabolic layer to be the same as the gradient in
"the lowest part )f the topside exponential layer, This is the cise at a distance
d x I/k [ (l+y% k)i - 1] above the height of the rnaximumn electron density,
6, 1, 3 Bottomsic,e lonomphere
Modeling he bottornilde ionospher~c profile war a sormewhat easier

task because fui each profile the value uf foF2 was known and the electron
density versus K.eight profile from h, , to h,,x was also known, Once -rore the
geographic effect of longitude was eliminated and replaced with the more irinple
local tine corrilatlon, From Figure 2 we see that the equaticn of the lower
layer is a parabola squared or a bi.parabola, Th~s was found in general to
fit the real prof le somewhat batter than a simple parabola. The unknown in
this equation is the half thickness of the layer y. and in the reduction of the
data the y, value was treated in a similar way to a topside k valut.
The irregilaritiea in the ionosonde data due to the 1I wer layers of the
ionosphmre war( smoothed out because the prime objective nf he work was to
simplify the rio tel, but keep the tot4a content as acturate as yossible. The
138
sounding dat% was therefore integrated up to the peak electron density (N,) and
forced to fit the bi-parabolic equation along with the value of N, obtained from
the sounding. In each instance thu value of y, was computed ready for further
correlation,
A number of real profiles from variuus stations at different local times

were compared with the computed profile and excellent igreement found,
A further 12, 000 soundings fronmi ll 14 stitions were analyzed and the computed
value of y. compared to the actual measured value. These results are shown
in Figure 6 along with the RMS errora. The two tests indicate that the bi-
parabolic profile is, on &veroag, in close agroement to the real profile.
Investigations, similar to those carried out for the topside decay constants,
correlated y, with solir flux : FZ, local time and season, Surprisingly,
no direct correlation wab found between y, and solar flux, but a defiite
correlation existed in local time and also in the solar zenith aiigle at local noon
which represents the season,
Figure 7 indicates how y, can be determined from local time and 1oF2,
and Figure 8 shown the seasonal update as a function of local time for the
sunrise, sunset, night and daytime period. In the cases where foF2 was
larger than 10 MHz the local time curve fluctuated very little from the 10 4H-z
curve. All of the curves displayed have not been hand smoothed; L.ue to the
large data base tho average of all values taken every hour fit precisely on
the lines shown,
The remaining unknowns which are needed to compute the profile arm
f,)F2 and the height of that value; by far the most important of these being
the value of f FZ,
139
6, 1.4 Predicting fFZ
Severe horizontal gradients in f F2 exist within the ionoiphere as Can

be seen by examining Figure 9, In fact even if the value cd foF2 is known
directly above a itation, it can change conmideraby cvcr t-e whole visible
ionosphere from that site. Figure 9 is a predicted status Of foF2 over the
world at 6, 0 am luring August 1968 and two types of sever-a gradients are
irmediately noti:eable, one due to sunrise causes rapid rVlinges in foFZ in an
east to west dire:tion and the other situated around the esquatorlal anomaly
occcurs prrmarily during the afternoon and early evening mad causes severe
gradients in the north to south direction, Two hypothetical stations, A and B,
are marked on F.gure 9 along with the ionosphere 'visible' from those sites,
In case A the valie of f.F2 changes from 11, 5 MHz directly overhead to 5 MHz
on the southern horizon, This change must be squared when converting to
electron content hience a difference of a factor nf over 5 =n the vertical content
arises before cc recting for elevation angle effects, Similar gradients exist
over half the uar:h s surface at some time of the day and It is therefore
imperative to mcdel these gradients in any ionospheric model,
For many 'rears NOAA (formerly CRPL and ITSA) have been engaged
:n the development of numerical methods and computer programs for mapping
and predicting laracteristics of the ionosphere used in telecomnmunmcations,
The most idvanced method for producing an foF2 model undoubtedly comes
frnn-. their work, Jones, Graham & Leftin (Referenci 5 ) duscribe their
techniques on ho;v a monthly median of the FZ layer criticas, frequency (fQF2)

was developed fiornr an extremely large worldwide data base, In fi.ct the gradient
map shown in Fijure 9 Is a result of this work, We have already shown that it
is important to include the horlzontal gradients of foF2 in any analysi and the
work by Jones el al is undoubtedly the only sat-sfactory approach to th.s problem,
The docurr ant by Jones et al describing this work includes a Fortran

program wnich, with monthly coefficients obtainable from NOAA, enables 1he
monthly median value of foF2 to be computed above any point an the world at
140
- . any time. This proiramn wre primarily written to accept monthly coefiicLonL,
using an averaie sunspot number, ut more recent work by Jones &CObitts
(Reference 6 hae described a more generalized met of coefficient which
proviies annua 1 con inuity ard uses more exensive analysis, The~e goner'4ited
coefficients can be obtained from the Ionospheric Prediction Services, NCAA,
Boulder, for a sunspot number or a solar flux approach, The value of a :nonthly
median foF2 can be computed on a worldwide basis centralized around the spec.f c
day in question rather than the 15th of the rnonth; it can also be based on,
12-rnm.nth running iverage of %olarflux or sunspot number. Private c.n3runi-
Scation with Mrs. Leftin at NOAA indicates that the solar flux approach is likely
to provide more accurate ,alues cf foF2 than the use of the sunspot nuv .ber.
For the ionospher,-c profile under dicussion, it was decided to use the
g eneralized fuF2 coefficients frohin N',AA incorporating solar flux th' reby
eliminating any need to purchase monthly data from them, The program. was
made self-contained and enabled a monthly median foFZ to De produced above
any surface position for any tirnL of day or beason an; any twelve month
running average of solar flux.
The qiestion now arisec as to how good theme rn,ntlly median values
are and how rr. r:h error is introduced by day t, day tiuctuations, Ma.any daily
s )undnrgs were analyzed ana the monthly median value comrputed; these were
conmpared with hi monthi, median predicted values and the aL~ual day to day
liuctuatiins. Sonde typical results are shown in Figure 10, It is seen that the
monthly median predicted va ues are indetza very close to the actual rr'.e,su-ec
value, but the day tu day fluctuations can be as large as .' 75177. A technique
therefore had to be derived to bring the computed monthly mecian value closer
to the actual value.
It -vould be pointless to use the da.ly value of solar flux in the gencralhzed
cocfficiest aet which had been built up using d twelve month running average,
out it \xts thoujht poasible that th 2re may be a relation between the diffei'ence
in FZ from monthly median to daily vale and the difference in the 12-month
running average of sniar flux to the dally value.
141
Approxirn.Lte4y o, 000 real vaauee of fF2 from 13 ktationg wideLy spread
in latitude, longi*u Ie, and aoLar cycle, wase comparedwietb he pradirced .value-e
usqng the NOA.A solar flux rnethod. A very surprising result emer.sed And can
be explained by reforring to Figure 11. Eliminatlng the data from Nta$toin
close to the magnetic poles which did not quite follow. he trend of the other
stations a co'nparison between the d4ifference in daily and IZ-month fux value
and the percentage difference o! cmputed and meaas~d foF2 sh.ved. all stations
having a '.er)' a -nilar bias, Figure 11- hows this cspariason whe:e the stations
having tiimili r latitude were averaged quoting their mean magnetic latitude, The
fact that the inas did not pass thrcugh the zero points in the graph undoubtedly
inaic&tes an irro:oous bis in the NOAA predictions, but result& help one to
update subst:ntially the rnnthly median foF2 value on a daily basis, Further
cornpariwons were carried out with two years of hourly f3FZ value3 obtained near
solar maxim 'rn from H waii and the results fit perfectly ir. the latitude position
expected in Tigirze 11. By these Mean$ it is possible to come somewhat nearer
the actual daily value of oF2. Further accuracy c'.n be derived by update
irorm stations within the gener .l area if thip is available and the investigation
u. tnis approich will now be explained,
In orce r to investigate the size of an area from which i,,nusph! :ic eal ies
V-Lod show s muilar 4eviations from normal, many cormparisons of throc or
rr..,;,e station! were investigated for random dates, It is weli known thIat
n-ragnetic distlirbances cau effect the ionosphere above one station .n one
direction and a nL4 by station in an opposite direction. For this reason
invesci,,ationf of disturbances were not carried out near to the magne:ic Oo ,s-
Over i05
Q ro ipa of stations frorr various continents aad having sin-alaii
longitudes were counpared in iimtlar ways, Figure 12 ii a tpical result oi

such a test ar d shows 1,FFZ disturoances oeing recoroe, simultaneously at
sites I, 000kr.i apart,The percentage error in the predicted fo F2 valoe when
compared to !he real value was noted to be similar in 907o of the cases where
stations were within 2, 0)00krri of one another in a longitudintl directior. .Ici
inveztigationi over the quiet' North Amnerican continent show improvemn3rt
142
in 9 out of LO cases when foF2 was updated with informastiln frc.- across the -
continent; or 3, 000 to 4,000km. However, in general, the u.pd4ti prncedure
is restricted to info rition. from within Z, O00km Qf the evtluating station.
6. 1. 5 Predictjing the-Heiiht cf the Max.,mu.m Layer
In o-der to predict the real height of ofF- the :M(3000)FZ predictions fromr
NOAA were used, To explain the terminology,
M(3000)F2 M FACTOR ' MUF(3000)F2 iFZ,F2

where MUF(3000)FZ is the maximurn usable frequency to propagate by
reflection from the F2 layer a distance o 3, 000krn. The M(3000)F2 predictions
can be calc-ilatea on a monthly basis from' generalized setIssued by NOAA
and provide the monthly median value as a function of sunspot number.
Knowledge of thiw factor along with the fo,2 value enables the height of
the ltyar to be calculated using the equations of Appleton & Beynon (Reference I
If N is the M(3000)F2 factor and one assumes that y. divided by the height of
the oottorn edge of the lower layer is greater than 0, 4, then it is possible to
derive the following polynomial,
h =1346, 92 - 526, 40M + 59, 825M'
wheri h, is the required height.
143
Haight h
1,OQk, k .oj
*N NN~
N N
* _ '--4
-h 7
fkF2
4 Electron~ Danaity N
FIQ. 2. The. ExponentiaI Paombolic A Bi-pors~oc Prof~le
144
'"netic Lotittice (degrees)
60 //
-30 I
-60
0 2 4 K vYIue (10-1)/met'er)-
Fig. 3 The rm~a fluctu.atiom of the doca>y constui k with magimetIc

latitude for t~he upper (U), rmiadle (M) and lower (L)
portionls of the topside loro~phsr3.
145
2.>. -_-- ..... -_r- -,* . .,,k."
S\ -
- I
-S 3!
,,In
146
iii
*1t
1471
I- U- -- . - ~ .-- [~---
-- -
. . ,7,
I~-4-
i--
S'+I+
I
V Ic
Nl
N b
143
F -
0 I
14.1
Avszqe rmln Dolly Value of
Solar Zenith Ar~t (Dgr)
/, 1
II
101/
-20 FOR LDCAL/

1 Io ,1i0
TIME DERODS /
(HOURS) -0 104311 1-1 4-7 221
0.4 0.6 0.80 1.2 1.6
yAm ratio, Meured/Fodictyd Value
Fig. 8 The temorial variation of predicted ym cu a hvnction of
local tif .
-e-
SUNRISE
ED-ORA -- y
*90
6T
301
-al
90EAST 20 W4EST 90WE ST 0EAST

LM7ThDE (DEGREES)
Fig. 9 The predicted global statuis of a Monthly madion fxF2 at 6,0 ocm. UT1
August 1968 sh~owing caweo of YisIIliIty for two hypothetical ground stations.
I
fjF2 (MHz)
S- Extrw,.dmy to day fluct.uatlon
Actual valu
Predlctd value
C' \
3 - ____________"__
L.MT (hit.)
Fig. 10 T~e pr~lldkte and ctual month~ly medtan valusi of foF2I
for Ibodorn June 1962 Mhowir'g he extreme dayv to doy fluctuatlont.
25
152...j
zj z
I Os153
.|1
Pement Error in
Predicted fOF2
?I
0
"' ~Wokkarmo! (45"N)
Akita(401N)
-, --- Tokyo (36*N)
.40-
"-60-
\ /
0- V
- 80- , I __"______'_______1- I-
0 2 4 6 8 I0 12 14 lb 18 20 22 GMT (hours)
20 Jon, 1965
Fig. iZ Devlatioms in foF2 evident over a distane of 1,000 km
154
. I j.od:l Accuracy and Tnu.zatior.n
*As a rneans uf testing the accuracy of the model, an intense coronparlon

w`th Far'ad.-ky rotation data has been performed as well as tests with two
fieeqoency data, actual ionospheric profiles, and use in orbit determrination
programs.
Remarkable improvements have been notirced in precise orbit determination

rysterns and the r~od, has reduced the nurnbe. of iterations needed for the
program to converge as well as the bize of the residuals by upto a factor offour,
Excellent results have beer, noted "'ith orbit programs uPing elevation angle,
ra:.ge, and range rate systemns.
The most extens.re teets were carried out by comparing Faraday rota on
data for e',en stations from Hawaii to Puerto Rico to Alaska looking at the,
ATSI, ATS3, and SYNCOM3 satellites. In all, over 100 station months of
contrinuous data wire uied during the years 1965 and 1967-1969 with aiatp. taken
every hour, The integrated model data was compared with theme actual results;
vnuF.e -ituatzons were also investigated, The resuls are bhown in Figure 13
wnere thie percenta-e of the ionosphere removed with the model. is shawn,
In eneral, between 75 and 90c of the ionospheri- effects are removec aid
t1,t -e circumstances are for solar maximum conditions.
u. 2' I Basic Misconceptions in lono spheric Modelini
Durink t.i;c cuurse of developing this ionospheric model thorough investi-

ationi were carricO out on a nubrher of nther ioncspheric models as a rneans
t , fhnd'ig thir basic inaccuracies, The limrtatons and inaccuracies were then
c onsidered - the tinal development of the Bent Ionospheric Model,
Aniong the basic simnplifications in the models leading to inaccvracies,

tormulae related to a flat earth and ionosphere as well as little consideration
for the hei-ht of tho ionobnhere. Each of these approaches causes foF2 to be
evalu.tei at an i::co;rect position, consequertly proouces ar. error in foF2
which propagates into electron content and the refraction corrections, and n
addition large errorg in elevation angle correcrion can result from the in-
cJrrect geornetric conditions,
155
I
I
i
- -Percentage of standard deviation
. Percen1a~e of standard deviation
Percentage of Daf-timrf lonosphere using update with observations
Eliminated by Bent Model I hour prior
90 *
5 -
1 L"J
83- o for
Different Evaluation Cundition
156b
L
-
The bad jffect of a flat ionosphere on low elevation angle satellites is

obvious, and serious problems also exist for satellitea at large dist-nces,
Elevation angie corrections cannot be obtained for satellites at infinity, and
errors of a factor oi 2 in elevation angle still occur with satellites at 5000 km
alt'tuce. The height hj'Z qv-ite commonly changes by over 175 km during the
course of a day at low latitudes, Ignoring the importance of he h,F2 cuiiputa-
tion can give rise to an error of a factor of 2 in elevation angle correction,
and at low elevations also to a difference of 3 degrees in earth central angle
between the observer ,nd the ionospheric point, which in turn can produce a
change in (foF2 of Z07o.
6, 2., Z Errors in Rarnge Rate Computations
A problem can occur in computing rangc rate corrections through the

Ionobphere to a sate.lite, Many Doppler satellite tracking systernms integrate
cycle counts over a few seconds of time, The ionospheric corrections for such
a technique are best ootained .y range differencing the ionospheric corrections

and dividing by the integration period; hence tirne, elevation and azirr.uth
changes are incorporated, A typical ionospheriz range rate correctior can
be significantly changed by the sixth digit in the ionospheric range correction;
precautions '-ave therefore to be taken to ensure that no irregularities occ;ur

in scornputing the two adiacent range corrections, Furthermore, the ionosoheric
he.ght at the -ay intersection point rrmust be computed to 1krn convergence in
order to obtain a pre.use ionospheric latitude ana longitude for foF2
:niputations, An 2 rror of over I km in h. F2 will cause the foF2 value to be
vwery 51 ghtly different and from this a change in the 5th or 6th digit .n range
can easily arise leading to very large errorm in range rate. It is not clai.-ied
that h. F2 hr s to be accurate to Ikmn as ths is an impossible predicticn, but
the values of h, FZ should be conasaten in their calculation to I km convergence,
T -e theoreticil approach to range rate correction either by diffprentiating

range or usd.ng the deviation angle of arrival at the satellite is in no way accurate.
157
The differentiating technique yields a correct.on to an instantaneous m-easurement
wnic.nl can vary greatly from the correction to DoppLer range rate mna-ure. o.'tr
a finite time interval, from a fraction of a second up to over a mninuts i time.
In addition, the range rate correction As not only influenced by the change in
the satellite position, but also by the rhanging ionosphere below the moving
satellite, which has mostly been neglected in either ppoach. To explain
thii fact, consider the range correction R as given by
40. 3
6R = KN; where K
sinE
NT is the integrated vertical content and T is the local elevation angie in the
ionosphere. D fferentiatlng AR while considering th- csae whzre the satelilte
passes directly overhead where no azimuth change is observed:
Ai -KNT cosE + K IN? + K IN

t acenstant E -congtant
In this equation the first term is in many cases the only one ueod, but it
applies only to the irstantaneous change in the ratellite posit~on. I'he other
two terms are, however, often dominant. The second terrn ii due to the
positional change in the ionosphere and the last term repres~nt the time
variat:on of the ionos, here, For instance, with a h`gh satellite moving
east.west acrcss the north-south onospheric gradient& at sunrise, the
time varotaion Ls dominant as these gradients mhove towards the west w'th
time, For a s;Ltellite moving north-3south across the eart- west lonospheric
gradients near the equator, the time variation in th:e ijnosphere is very anmali
because the grnidients chaige little in position wnihl the ionoslhere rotates
with time, Thi second term which indicatem pos~tional change in the ionuEphere
is dominant fo2 lower catellites where the ay path to the observer moves
faster through the ionosphere, In cases where the satellite does not pasi
overhead the a ,muth change must also be confldered,
The Bent o iomopheric Model was developed tor general usm ever, at
frequencies clrl e to critical frequency and therefore all thes,- basic riL-
conceptione -were elirninated as much as possible, The limitations eti!
present in tht system are now discussed in more detail,
I ~S
6. 2. 3 Eiectron Denaity above 1000 rn
The topside sounding data used to derivt the data base for this mode)
was taken from satellites at altitudes of about 1000 km and analytls showed
that the ionosphere above hF2 is not truly exponential; in fact at times, large
deviations from P per-fact exponential layer exist, In the use of this model
it is recomrmended that the decay ccnstant from the uppermost exponential
layer is the value that should be taken for all analysis between 1000 and
2000 ks, At timed, however, this value wili be too large thereby giving a
lower electron density than actually exists$
Some scientists have reported that 10 to 20W of the ionosphere laes

above 1000"-, ut.here is not concusive evidence to support this. Further
studies aro now underway using satellite topside sounding data at 300% to A
4000 km altitudes and the model will oe improved accordingly,
6, 2.4 "Tfe Unccr:tLnty in the Profile just-above haF2
An uncertainty existed in defining a profile for the area just above h. F2.
Topside sounding data pzov4ded a profile to a short distance above hF2
and bottornside data provided accurate values to the height of hFL. In
order to investigate this unknown region both parabolic and bl.parabolic
profiles were incorporated into that part of the model and extensive tests
carried out with total electron content data provided from Faraday rotation
experimnents. The mo&.el was used to predict total content to 2000 krn where
Faraday rotation prcloab.y coases, The mean value of the residuals between
Faraday computed electron content and model integrated electron content
indicated the accuracy of the profile just above the peak. This region was
:ound to ha,,e diurnal Pnd seasonal dependency,but these characteristics have
not yet been well enough defined to incorporate into the model, It was found,
howev'er, that a parabolic layer with half thickness a function of foF2 gave
significantly improved results, but further work will be needed to define
this region more accurately as a function of time and season,
159
6. 2. 5 Profile Inaccuracies in the Lower Layer.
The model was developed primarily for use near to or above the height.
* of the FZ layer of the ionosphere. For this reason, it was not necessary to
model the E and Fl layers into the profile, but their density values were
included in the total electron content below hF2. This total content was
then uaed in the deviation of tho lower layer bi.parabola, Care rnust be
taken, therefore, in using the model if a profile of these lower layers
is required, but if the requirements only involve total electron content or
refraction corrections for values close to or above f F2, the model is
quite accurate,
6.Z, 6 Maxirnuin Limit on Solar Flux In the Dmrivationof the Top ide Profile
It can be seen from Figure 4 that the topside exponential decay constants
are a function of the 10, 7 cm solar flux. The graphs shown irn this figure
indicate Val IeS only when the flux is below 130, This Is primarily due to a
lack of larg,- amounts of data in the original data base for conditions of
higher solai activity, :t is not recommended to extrapolate the exponential
decay conhtLnts beyond this value of flux as it is possible they may become
negative giving an erroneous increase of electron density with height. It
is suggemtec that the value of flux be kept at 13C even when measured values
are larger,
6.,2 7 Limitations in the C cmputation of h, F2
The calculation of the height of the F2 layer is achieved by knowledge

of M(30C00)2 and the use of the Aopleton-Beynon equations (Reference I).
Basically R parabolic modei is fit to the noae of the F2 layer and knowing
the half thickness y, , the lower limit h3 of the bottom layer and the value
of M(30C0)F2, the simplified equations permit the calculation oi h, The
equations ol Appleton and Beynon permit the construction of a family of curves
16o
F
Sshowing the variation oi the M la.tor MU.Y(3000)Y2/.oYF2 with distance
for a range of values to the height of maximum electron density h,(uhb +y,)
and for different values of the ratio y, /hO . Such a family of curves is shown
in Figure 14, The equLtion used in this model for computing h, F2 (see
Section 6. 1. 5) is derived frorn these curves where, for a particular h,, the
M factor is constant over a wide range of y,/ . This condition holds for
y, /h >0, 4, Examination of the curves shown in rigure 14 indicates that
in general for accurate values of M(3000)F2, h, will be accurate to + 10 krn,
If this IM factor is in error by - 57o, we can have errors in h, as large as
- 20 krn. These errors will increase in the uncommon situations where
y, /h0 is smaller than 0,4,
6, 2, 8 Limitations in the Appli,:ation of the Daily Solar Flux 2pdate
Figure 11 shows the resultii of analyzing thousands of actual value, of

critical frequency against the predicted values, taking into considc!ration the
daily and monthly solar flux, These values are typical for the f-llowing
thirteen observing stations from which the data was reducad Godhavn,
Churchill, Boulder, White Sands, Hawaii, El Cerillo, Kenora, Paramaribo,
Cocos Island, Buenos Aires, Hobart, Port Stanley, and Argentine Island,
The only stations listed that are not on the North and South Ame rican chain
are Hawaii, Cocos Island, and Hobart, but the results frorm these stations
closely reaemble the pattern set up by the American stations.
In using this update procedure outside the Arne rican chain one must,
therefore, bear in mind that the patterr displayed in Figure I Isi not
neceAsarily a worldwide pattern, However, the results from Hawaii, Cocos
Island, and Hobart .ndicate that this update procedure can be used elsewhere
with caution.
161
D KUPPED D'S ANC E
4-0Z2 KM
L<.
3- -
3 -- 4 KM
D "3000KK
0 0-6 1-2
M FACTOR -M 3000F2 Y in Ic~rnes l ayer
7c FY2
Fig',re 14. Familuy Df Curves frcorn the Appletan-Beyricn r-quxtio.,
162
6.2.9 The Errors due to Neglecting Angular Refraction in the Computatimn
of AR and A ..
The computation of total electron content for ote rrnmining the ionompheric
range and range rate correction assumes the ray passes through the ionosphere
undeviated. This assurrmption WLI made because the majority of the work for
which the model was being developed we.@ for VHF and S band freqv'encies,
Should the actual path length of the ray be much different from the undeviated
ray, as will be the case at lower frequencles, Maiiphant (Reference 8) gives
the following equatior. for true path length d and apparent path length d',
d d' - - R, cos T
where a is the angulAr separation of the true ray path above and below the
ionosphere, R, is the radlus of the earth and E is the observed elevation angle
at the earth's surface, Maliphant (Reference a) also gives a formula for
computing d in wavelengths,
6. 2. 10 Limitations in the Con-.puttion of Angular Refraction
Tn the computation of ionospheric ele-vation angle correction, we have

u.sed the technique of Maliphant (Reference 6). Anyone wxihing to use this
technique at frequencies close to critical trequency should read the above
reference, in particu.lar where the deviation factor (__{__ see c; is larger
than 0. 9. Z:, is the angle of incidence of the apparent directicn of propagation
measured from the vertical at the height of maximurn electron der.ity.
In the Maliphant formula the exact equation for ray deviation has been
simplified by separating the functions that are sensitive to distribution changes,
and then approximating these functions for a typical electron distribution,
The resulting functions vary by only small amounts with changes in electron
distribution of the earth's ionosphere so that the equation ma,, be used for
most of the values of the deviation factor. However, when the deviation
factor Is larger than 0.9, the deviation angle thus obtained should be used with
163
Lcaution ab the errur niay .e ciute La2e,
R.ay trace conmparison at VHF with the mode] described in this report
have shown posaible errors in el-vation angle correction of only a few percent,
and 'hese occur only close to the horizon,
6.Z. 11 Additional Lirnitations to the Alternate Version ol the _onojheric

SPrograrn dl to Interpol.tior, of tho Preprocessed f 0 FZ-h, Tfblei
Section 3 2, 1, 1 CPC No. IZ describes how the tables with values of
foFZ and h, art computed and stored for specific tirnes at one hour intervals
around sunrise and two hour intervals otherwise, and for the locations around
the. station defi ied by the 25 point grid pattern shown in Figure 1 of that section,
fOF2 and h, for any specific condition are later axtricted frorr, the tables hy
interpolating in tirme and space, Interpo'.ation over stable ionospherlc zones
buch as North L-nerica provides quite accurate rtsults, but problems can
aiise at suaris - and at places with lower magnetic latituidem,
A nurmbe: of simulation@ were performed for situations where the

ionosphe ric grE dients were changing rapidly in time around slunrise and in
position around the equatorial anomaly, The following errors were detected
when coonpari.n the results fror.m the time and space interpolation with the
actual model vi lues. in general h, was interpolated to only two oercent error
or better than ' 0 Krm, The interpolation in foF2, however, orovided larger
:roras. At our ,ise, the grid wa computed at one hour intervals and the largest
possible '6ire i iterpolation over half an hour orovided on the average an RMS
error in (foF2 ' of 8 with a rnaxirnurr. excursion to 16% for all values of IoF2
'arge r than 6 INHt. But for critical frequencies smaller than 6 MHz, the
percentage valies can be quite a bit larger, Around the equatorial anomaly
where the iono1 phere changes faster with position than with tine, the grid was
computed evur- two hourp, allowing for the largest time interoolation over
one hour; again an RIMS error of 8% 4n (foFZ)' was noted and the rraxirnur
excurcion was 19c.
164
) 10, 0 Appendix I
The instruction listings in this section specify the exact configuration

of the Bent Ionospheric Program ION and the alternate version TABCEN-IONI,
The main programs and subroutines are listed in order of their CPC Numbers,
Requirements for version IONt
PROGRAM ION, CPC No. 1

SUBROUTINE REFRAC, CPC No, 2
SUBROUTINE POT NH, CPC No, 3
SUBROUTINE PROFLI, CPC No, 4
J,
SUBROUTIN'E PROFL2, CIPC No, 5
SUBROUTINE BETA, CPC No, o
SUBROUTIN E SICOJT, CPC No, 7
SUBROUTINE DKSICO, CPC No, 8
SUBROUTINE MAGFIN, CPC No. 9
SUBROUTLNE OK, CPC No. 10
SUBBROUTINE DKOK, CPC No. 11
Requirementa for version TABGEN-ION11
PROGRAM TABOEN, CPC No. 12 (subroutines of the above list

required are SIC0OT,1DKSICO,
MACFIN, OK, DKGK)
PROGRA.Mvl ION 1, CPC No, 13
SUBROUTI'NE REFRC 1, CPC No, 14 (subroutines of the above list
required are PROFLZ, BETA)
I
I ON C C N0
c Ce P . E S I P40WI r PARA~rFQ ANI PEWRAC'!eN CIRFCT1NS
CeNTE% I- CAov TEF.X,!$S

RE rPA,~T.DT
DI ~E S ' E AS 5i , ~ j V D 6 (8I t6 ~ i C) IT
">4'A !C t2,H AI "'C. A36Ce AoC74322
E I 1
66
I S--E
ION,CPC No. I
j C ~Z-eVEq7 ~~
N. jVL
AZ Aa Z 4
IY "uAI Y; - 5
S7S7CT 1-A4'CT
F A7 ,//30- *P I, 5
S A; rkP,1 DATA c* I o 10 AE~m
5Tw
1 72
2C
P' r(1 F L ' Vs,L

A A Z
7 C5 t "P A5: '~
7167
ION, CPC No. I
5C A tr-A
X U Y~-i C
. Z.)/ 3c TO
AP17E '1o i ! 1j P X "'X-I~ 7
22 F rvAT! % . ', , E , r ' E"-gaQI C 9k*; VE TICEL3 N,,,E
A .S
2LAj5 - E 4AR0
3 o' DlLy7 7 0 1 - <M
Z* AV E
U AV:n msA%'s 75xj4kF"
23FR ATh' A- S Av
,E!jill"
*El~s r 6P
ION, OPC No. I
26 FPAT(13 AP,.7
9* f*/13X,51 Rk-G PATE I~tRECT~e ;C' ANGE
~CC L~
e ,1 1E.
169
R7FRAC, CPC No. 2
C W'. A7 3A~~\
7 A~ A' c
P~~ F AX.
C ~~ ~ 3~~~ ~ \~'A A 0 9r~'~ARC ~P'lq I VL EAS70 ,C T ~P, )
C E6-E" a ELEVA', ';A"iE L7: .'E ~ A~
C AZ a A 7.,. ~A- :- A~ A',,C
C F ~ v.~' V. AL~A~/E~
C I. R AT; .3:7'-A\ZF V
C WL TA.. X
c s I: 2 ~. 'V3 AvL -A -r
,A
C *,2 L;At~ AP~~P

IA v. ~ .
a~A > AW ~V L'RC
/
A '' ~~ A ~ v~\P~
-
4 d~" T - A
;'A I.
* -A-e34 - A.~%L
71PA' I rE R AI
K-KA~ 7I 2 o7S
S uF z
~~ ~F ' A:
PT~ FF'.
7~~VTN
C ~ \2~ "AF
L
A7 ~A4L- _" ' T 7LA A
aA A A' :r"AT'F TAT'3. CbEC!~S AE
*, A y>5 FC T9 I;I L-~ !7 PA A',

A -R AY~ SPH:" 1 ~ ~v:
.4VT~nl 170A 6
REFRACI CPC No. 24
C ym' a HAF 'd<'4.E.SS 5F THE e5TeSIDE BIPARADflwA )

C YT a -AF Tpq!C<NESS IF IwE TePSIDE PARA~eLA (m)
C XI< s ARRAY CAINNG DECAY CONSTANTS FIR THE LeOERo MIDDLE AND
c PEFP SECT15k IF TH TIPS!OE EXCONENTIAL. L.AYER (I/M'U
C T5TN a VRTICAL. ELVC7ReN CMNTENT CE/Mi**2)
C TaTNAP ANLA E,.ECT~eN CONTENT (E/M0'2V
C
3
DIMENS:Q. ~JT( S4FACF2C8) ,s(,,3)A~t)DX<(3)*D3C )
D :MN515N oC (3jli a76) C3a 76) .LA C9,'9) ,UA (9e'9)
L,(
DATA 6SRO' 67l2~ 36eE6, o-6

DATA ol il~*,CC. P10
*v'. olv24EIC,.'49972 i~.'J459F6536 j6#2831853072
INITIA-AZE Cb.STA4TS
CPANGs~o
UrA
B.
I~CE'V~)23#22
22 1
25 F',-2T.- ~N~ F!QYN D TAPE FO ERONJAB
29 Ge TO SC
5 62
D 62 la s
DR 7C !mjj76
7C Lf I sj @*,cnEihraII)4ACpEF 21 !)+,CeEr
j f3,#1J) 9BIF.S !F
g o C R TI N4E1
7
PRE~~.
SLA~ REFRAG, cp0 No. 2
C
C PREPAErIS DATA ~~i
CA.. e*FLL~SFALEEATF.X *'
C ),JE1'"PTD FOF2 A17 AlvY r reL~!k 15N# IBSrRVAIT NSj

TYP(')m'. 70~ N2 VE:y. LC7PtN CeT~ .0 ANO,CTE~
jP 7e F FA9S.1E' L',TR F CAk BE SE Pl; TE ;T DR~rrqS
8 A L );LEV C I) I/~-
A T
L A7 ST 5L1
5 31A: 010 uP2:
N A A SAC
17'A-,"7S 2)4 * P W7'.

Y 2l RAT
172
REFRAC, CPC No. Z
LKCcL
:o'rn
:eE~r 2C
w~~~r2~i I
CA- CF "LE
L Ct P A ~ ~ 0~T~ E
C/' FC,2
L
E RT L 2V ~ C~
L 3
T ~ * 'E
A7~E r- 7?
Ce,
173U
?LOT.NH, CPC Nca. 3
PC E Fk y S~ Fj I PN *
T I2~ E7E.
e~ I %) P6eu 7C R y X
-~3A 1
A ,1 2
En 3 - -:,T
2
2D~ Exp x
I( I
6; 1
70ZN" ( Aim
174
PLOTNH, CPC No. 3
9C CI\T:IL
c .lT 4i Pl \
DO .:0,vl73
120 I TE bo 2
IIR l li )iX 2
130C C I71 )
F;!a AA X 1x 4.,2p- *i73A I 4p~s ww s4 XP11 mum.1
*bXA 5-' 1 L21 2 2 X o 5,- 111 2Px, -F I!P/

S E LT~ S
175
PRQFLI, CPC No. 4
Z 9`NTE FIQc5 ;'APT ArP4;1 C'rqTA:*. r;E4"LNCY r^cF2 W~)
DATA~~~~
35~ ~C~s~
Ct.'. 3~
DA A K 63#A's~ h 71j30
&s~ / K,1/4
:~A AV,'
0 ~ ~ ~ D~7i
C 3 tsE ) 9 P 2 6 99 6 4 o7 9
E. a
K AT
CAL
PC C
Tlr Ce' ?( * C.' p, pC 3

C~'
f P1 C
CC C A f
176
PROFLI, CPC No. 4
"!CvP, T Ak HF I F l-'Ax, FLCR" Y-F
'AL
2~ 'Icc
I r A* Te 24~
G5
15 F
AajS r(I A L A I T
6. AT
L '.~.j~
2?~0 ~ 7n ;q*
L47 I
177
LA71.
FRFZ (,PC No. 5
c
c C'-KP'L SFa, t'A~ )r PltP1, PARA'rT'S
4
Y-.d YTPX~i RAT 19 er
~~37a o1~ 5 ,510 v~'

1.:~3 ooF333~333 /
5.
*'AT
*010
S* o~,
20C 6*
i
~
A4* ip~
2,~* ,**
*.9 419
D g.~*
1 2 12 6
. ~ 1 E ,-
I,
D''1 'F'T/I
10A~A /
eA K1 *?i . 1*3'1.',
AI.0 A : rA- ..!0 7) 53P 9 )9 P
*95-
C 97 1 7 1 ~~~7 8 ) )15* 5C 0
* '9
141 p 2 " Pl 7 . is 4 '44, p 162l 71 7 0-6
PROFL2, CPC No. 5
C ~COM%.TE HALF TICKNESS Y4

Ti2.TLOC/D30
js3 cj)
IF(L 1 T 55
55 1m@12'
!P2uFOF2.0
IPI~'i~t!2) al !5 6c
60 ZIN IN.WE
C CIPT O~rPERENCE BETAwEE AVEq. AND DAILY 5'-.AR ZENITH ANOLE OSZA
D~v 8Nl)30#IDAY-8C
DBZABSII* SINS520DAY)
IF( ABS(I.ATl.LTOW)1 31 Te6
61 SAN301AT/Sdl
:AN36 SQRClq k59(SAN3*SAa))
DAN3m ATAN(SAN3/CANG)
DSZABASZA- A9S( ILATeDSZA)
C APPLY SEASeNAL. EFFECT er D67A 7 HALF T!!:KESS YM

62 S12uvC-DSZA/D8
IFcWAT...EvOS leO 7563
IP(LT213~T.'. LT2ul
IF04AT*GEOEOC3)) 05 Te 60
179
PROJ'LZ, CPC No. 5
IFLA~Ls RATHLAT4 D1
64 af~y.RAT'
C Ct4PJ'fE K-PARArEERB X<

FCF2 a RN #3tF
28 11.@3
r(LATs-Eo0EG(3) )!ai3
29 1 eel
30 a (Fur2 + 1)9
40 FI a.,
XFm F;2 /0 *
50 XK(A " SL *LX

CPT
C ~APPLY' SEA9eNAL EFFECT MF DS7A 10 DELAY CONSTANTS XW(

lF(7I2LTs20) 712IT12*Q24
LT 1 27 1
T I aUL
sie.2- P5.DzA/l
1OM s~4 LT2@
*F SI
sla3l ?-s
ISO
PROFLJZD CPC No. 5
De 52 P'uli3
RAT aRT* . RAT2.PATIA 0 (TI2uTI

!2 X.()XK(41)#Ar
C C5MP.JTE OiA~,r THICKNESS 5F TeP9:F) PARABOLA YT
YTOCINVOvM
Ce4P,-,E Tk ELECTRON CNENT / FLC~ DENSITY XNTNM
DL* (-IC12
*2
"(I) *
o~3) aH 2)42E
1rAP3@"1o:37) Exrn EXP(.AR3)
81 PCs.L.L,;) 35 re 7 5 B
T.eI I0
35S
X UTNSeV5*kw'I5T4D!9ee3/(03*YT*V?)
9C CakTINLE
lis
PROFLZ, CPC No. 5
110 CBN!!NLUE
RETUR4,
ENO~
1aJ
BEZTA, C PC No. 6
C BETA COMPVTES I1&NUSHE~lC, Ek.EVAT`IeN ANGLE CORRECTION TO BE

c SUBTRACTED PROM MEASURED ELFVATION AN13LC
DIMENSION XAX(B~iYAX(5)
DATA RDoos 919330/6190o 0 i#Ia23Ej@
DATA XAX/OsE~o @ZED, #4E0e o6E0, el1EO/
DATA YAX/1.EO,.92AE0,.ae4Eo,.7EO,.553E0/
C CeMPUTE SQV0RED DEVIATIeN FACTIR XC5SM
CFIMN SG4Tc(.SrIM*..)
XCeHFRAT/CFIM*,.2
C
C INTERP5LATE TABULARD VALUES9 YAX TO GET YCOM
DO 30 Imi*5
10 YCeM*YAX(I)J
20 Y~MYX )).iYCOM.YAX
1(A(ol"A~ fl))/(XAX(I.l).XAX(!H)
* 30 CONTINUE.
U5O TM 50I
C CeMPQE DEVIATION~ AkLE 4LPA
SlemR*CE/Re5
C0.e SGRT -~l*2
ALFAsFRAT 'h*XNTMSFI0/
.. 22'O*Re*I50*3)
c COMPLTE EL.EVAT~eN ANGL.E CeRPECT1OeV
CA. CaS(AL.PHA)
SAs SINCA.PoAI
XleROCEOSA/( l+CA)
Xis SORTcRS##2w.k*CEf*2)*X3
ST~s SURT( A89(Ql-C7E**2))
DCLEV@ ATAIN(STF/CTE)
RET.RN
50 wRTTE(6ol)
I FIRMAT( 112H ##* RAY 18 RE~FLECTED AT I 103NSRHERE eP NEAR REFL.ECTIO
eN C5NDIT15N, ELEVATION ANGLE CtRRECTtON IS NOT CeMPUTED *00)
DELEVuoO
RE'rRN
183
SICOJT, CPC No. 7
;U)CWTSIN(TI
C CMl"lTE s K(JT)oC"R(4T)jijw1,a,.eL Faf ANGLE A-
2 - 10 )*CI)*9f !wL)*-sf.?CCT
ENC
lbI
* DKSICO, CFC No,,8
c COMPUTE. 0 SW Kp~E ICIENTA Ff~ A:7FIXED rP4E
L~' 2'LM4X
DO 5 KBjM
LKOL.K*LM.AX
185
MAFIF
PNo. 9 1
C CbYPUIE N'A:A 'A3NETC VI~CMP~fqFNTS
D I~~
s~~ e ( 7p 7 ) ~ C~,
'P 7o 7 ).# N ( ) C ~ ,~
DATA 13 @ :3 4 j-
3Cijs~.O~O'244-O!,.a~1?3P 3O~3,.44?'4
2
* *CeJ'C1l2 3 81'.0Z*8i-.C2179s-.C'I94.7i
5
6C0321,2i
4**-CO04 9CC'2775i 0C0 10

*50011, .CO0697o OC CV~7
* 6*0. -*CO03P5/
DATA /*j
DATA.7~9 C3 'i C7''1 8~,CQS~ 'Q7~
* 3
lP I.E 00210 G, T90.0 C~9,,o~~
CALL 'C r 61):0 21, S P 2) 'P ) .0*0. 1a
CDATA tL E SA S7.. J;,,0L. t

V~Pi (2
18
MAGFIN, CPC No. 92
c CL.EAR INNER 5UMS AND SET UP LeD
c 10 THIS LAS7 CeNTRISUTION TO ]NNER SUMI
TO 1
c BU.M INTO INE UMS FOR Zjj

S.WpR3UMR*P (N, mi*TS
cC SCM INT5 eLTER SUMS FO ZsXAYj?

5VmBV*.A5R,)*FK*SU4!
c SE MAGNETIC FIE.LD CIMPONENTS InVERTICAL U~j.NeRR~koY.EkS
UNE( )*.B
187
CK, CPC No, 10 -
SU eUIN E 3KA
(K#9RACt GCT.N
ZcC3
KOu801)
Sxv S!N(X)~ ~ '~
3t2)@SX
DO 0 Im2,KO
Cxte C59(z)
ccC
c C85'P'E FIRST 2 TE~mS OF J.T Pq ER VARATII

!N3%NA.
c AREOL 2 TEMIT BE CeP(JTE" FM THIS ORDER LING!TUDE
c Ct'POP0E R~ANN TERS FjT-IDPNTD

DO 22 ImaKC.ANA
GUT)oSX.c3C!2)
K28 IR(~j#E~sN) 35 Tl SC
CX'CX OCXI
~'i sI
S0 RrUN
C 4O
DKOK, CPC No. 11
C 8BROUT J4E 0<(MX#0sDKSTA~,lMC0A) I

C COMPOTh BMEOA* 9UMI1NO T*E SESGRA.00kC SfRItr
DIMENSION n~C1jDK$TAR~i)
8MEQ~G~sC1)*0KSARf1)
Do 5 KmRAMx
5 eEGAueME0A+DKSTAR(K)*G(X)
189
TABGEN, CPC No. 12
C PRIGRA4 TA$3EC ?D1UtT~jDARE5sU!UT,?APEfiUeU1PJTD!APEI,?APEO)

c PREPROCES5LR GCNE* o~h3FO.g.M'? Akt~ eN TAPE TO BE JSE
C WIT64 PRO3444 Ilk&
C ITPoNLJN! AflIBNOWN! W$ ?1#4ft W-1144 IeNWINEqzC COIEP)C!CNT
c JlPunJNM A8SSIS" lY' 8 UPUT TAq M?
417N . !rO~FZ*M TABL.ES
* ~DIMN6I~N
* O14ENSISN
DATAJAZ/s4#*1f/
1T# TP~st
DATA1~9~7 1#1221730476
DAAlOAD3/3.14159,6536 .t-CI97~*26 ,,oaa8g219 owu57595665
DATA GPAT,:*6AT#1L@4/ 992#s93AoO7O8
DATA O-JH~j-43/13ia6092 ,5I&,4 48l96815
RE) ATE AN: STAT !IN PS!T19N FR4:R
READC5#1) 1yR#45Ns1AypPAToFLe4
WRITE)6,2) 1Y MPljAIprLAT~rL5N
2 FIRIIAT(//75m0 3ENEATE RE:IRO nN PTPUT TAOF P60NTAININ3 10NIPHERIC
* FCF2p.4m' !A3..S reR /60 YFA~mplSN, .eN?.uAI2#64. DAYvo12!211H L
*AT1TDEmor1C#F,27* DE31 eN3TjOC r STAT~eNm#F10,5,'.,. DEO
VAT aFLATe.
CLA CMrlIN TAPE

10 !r lMe)YLC. NY.AND.!M0DY,3F.M0%O) 31 Tot 29
'e0 !RAD(IP) ~N o ,C..~
!r([qF 1 1TP, 23#2?
22 1 1PaIP'
190
TABOEN, CP-C No. 12
23 REWND ITP
lF(IFL.A~sLEsl) Qe TO 2
25 PeRAT(54 ***COEFFICIENTS Ne? reUNDO N TAPE FO YEAR#MONTNj0AYui
St TO 400
REA 85A DATA
05Tf 50
9 rmlt/3o #*"ERR5 IN StA INPUT DATrA FO YEARu,12,11H AND MON
*Too0 k~)
5! Te 400
50
* c PRLPARP SECOIFIC C8EFPICIEK? SETS

55 5 62 JBJ4
11 62 41J9
62 :eNT!NJE
SO 70 jin'i76
le 70 lml113
c PREPARE S5..AR DAT
15 VIR401ATCoP. )AI.Y rL .,pP6.,l#4lA 12MeT RU14NNG AVERA3E OF BOLAR

V* XRPF6@1#20.4, eF S~jNSIM,?
CEEQT 2 PeN PA!T13TFLqN ARSuND STATIN

c Llt IVER FARTH CENTPAt. ANGLES
1420
91 300 1
CCA&ECA+D
gAs SIN(ECA)
CAm CM8ECA)
NAZa%AZ( ICA)
191
TABGEN, (-,C No. 12
c L50P IVER AZIMUTH

09 300 !AZm~iNAZ
SIZE SIN(Az)
CAZs CeflAz
C
c COMPLIE LATITJDEa LSNGTJOE :e*eNS~wEI$!C PIINT %A?,65N
SIL.ATm SINcF..Ar )*CA. CeB(ILAT)OBAOCAZ
C4L.A~m SIORy(219NL.A7SNiLAT
S1L5N4SAZ*6A/CPN4Ar
Melow~N A!AL21SDN/CDL8PN.
c
c C5MRJTE PS!O:N DEPEN)FNT riNC71IN9 WRq FOF2 AND M3000
Pc2)'eILe,
TOCMMca)*C5Mf2)#CeM( 3)*ce'4C3)
C( ?)mPC2)
C?3) 'P1 )
5 J9m11JC2
95
C 1PJTE OA3NET!" LA71TJ!F 57 !SP4EI PeIT~

SIL 0 SNLAT 0 SO..A7 * ."LAT * LAT 3 ILNuILN
CILB SQRI:;wS'A6.*S41
OL.A' ATAN(S./CML
T..eZa-DwIR2
D8 20 1-fh1I%
C
Cb~PjTE 714E DEPENDENTr FjNrIINS LeR rorp AND 430CO
TTh!I1EsD 18
CALL~ 51C4?(6iCOTia9TPT)
CALL. DKO C6NM~W,~O IjMsSTTpC1ToM)
192
TABOEN, CPC No'. 12
r- ~COMPJTE 43O00 AND HEIGOT F 'AX. EL.ECTRN DENSITY H4

CALL DK3U(N,,Ol'o4#0*3O0O0
a
u w42*3O0o0+k3*H3000.k3O000
C54PUTE FO!2 AND AD.JUST F0!2 V'9R A%~Y VARIATION oIH WLJX
CALD3KCNFrp3,D~,!QF2)
I.A12 i
Ir(WAT*3Goo3CAT2)) 38 59
LrAT2 a E.l~A2
21
*WHAW3AV
35TI
Ir(HAT~3(ATI) 3 TI 91
L.ATI m 3
91W CEYNu..A~i)
IW(LAlsE~LAT2 0!S7 92
CI CNT # (CEN (L.AT2).CEN f LA~'1l (0(ALsLT
92 F0.'2 a rCr2 * (PER*DPILLX + ST
200 C5NT INJE

300 C' NT NLsE
c
4900 ' 5NT IN~E
193
I ON 1, C PC N'o. 13
C PROORAM T8N1 (!NR'TBUTPJTTAPE5u!NL~UTTAP63UBLTPU~,APE2)

C COMPU.TES 15N59S0LRIC PROFILE PARAMETERS AND REFRACTION CORRCTIONS
C U?!ILIZN~s PRE"54PUTED rOF2*.-4 TABLES
C *b.TO BE USED ONLY FOR ST~RNGINV CORE SPACE ANVOBR RUJN TIME
C **"RDU~qIREMNTg, SINCE ? ?~r81..AT!8NS gr THE PRECOMPUTE FOF2wNM~
C toot* TAOL.LS COEATE LESS ACCURATE RESU(.TS TH4AN TOM~ OBT~AINED
C *0~*0 FROM P~3A ION
C
C CONTENT F C144IN SL,.CS EXPLAINED IN BJBqeuTINE REFRCI
#CY~p5N /j1DA JT
D1ECNS15N X4(3)
,s01743 2 925
DATA 30o1000e3b00,DR,.4R /0. ,1000s 03600s
#9261'7993871
WRITE c6,26)
26 FDRAT(IHI.
4 )
10 'CNTINr
C
C Rr AND PRINT EVALLAT)A15N CJNDITION
lf(IrSsLT90 )38 71 100
5 FOR4~AT(31lF10p7)
6 FIRW4A( 1264 #0 INPUT *j

0 116 FR3LN~y,Fl0#4,15H 4HZ, LATVTUEmjo.0Ss
#27w DEOP L.5N31T.DE OF STATWPNNPF10.5#04 DE3/li* ELEVA!I1hNupr1Cg6p
o~oKl E..EVATIIN RATEsoElloS8,0 RA`/SEC/64 YA~v,)2p8H, WN
*E15s8o6H4 /9EC)
c CDNVERT LNT
FLAT:FLAT0DR
AZ isAZDR
C COMPUE AND PRINT 19405PHER'?C DATA

IF(fY~.Rf.v)OM TO 10
XMm@HM/0100O
WRITE(bo2l) X4',FOW2
194
ION1, CPC No. 13
R-1 FWO~AT4 h13*4 *0 OUTPUT **.hd25i HE$IGHT AT MAX 14UM ELCTRON DENSITY#.
*LOX# i$~i*Mw#.r~3&3 20 Ko CRITICAL irR[OE124o O~u,~.,4ey
XYMmYM/#Q1000
XfToYTtnj ~oo
WRIL4(afl1 rVr4.TSrNAKYM.KY'T.EK
It FORMAT(4A0' TVALI.NTEIRATEb [t.ICTReN CONT~INTo VEtTlCALNTw#9,3o,4,
*8104 C/(10)o AN24jLAR. N1'Awv~~,EIRl.~4 V,'cIOM CUVMi4)/
#484 HALF TH'ICKCNESS Of IYT&4910E SIPARAMBLA Ymil~
OW4 KM OF TOPSIDlE 1PARABOLA Y7.*)34KM/
058H OiCAY COSt~TANT~S FOR TOR41DE ExPONENTIAL . AYERSP LIOWER %Ka,
TILEV.DELEV023600 /OR
23 F@RAT(54ol IONOSPHERIC REFRACTION C,$R*[CTION TOELEVATtON AN4LC.,
GE13sfiollN Itt Or ARC)
WRIEC6&24) 3RANG
24 FIR4AT( 3H 1 I9NSPNE0IC RtF'RACTION CORRECYION TO RAN3Esl0X,1lm4,
WRIT'E(6&25 DRATE
25 FSMAl(5*4H 19ONSPHERIC REFRACTeN CORRECTION TO RANOE RATE '
lffNUMsi.T.) 35 TO 27
WRITEC6.ui
39 To 10
100 C5NTINUE
6Tep
195
C IOOSP0ERICREFRACTION m$:E JTILIZI43 P! E:9PQT90D orlq#4
C TABLE NOtVERPOLA.1158?'
c0#*# ToDE BED ONLY FOR ITINSW C*[PCEA01kRUTM
c 4*.. ROUIEp"NTS
SUROVUINE RE~FRCI
C
C INPOTI ComeN fEVA~l/
C OUlTPUTI COMMON /':eRRI
COMMON /EYALI/ 75~LATJFLOJELEVJAZP4JEDe~iHOT,?ZMC,
C FS TRANSMISSION FREQUJENCY ?1d '404

C FLAT *STATI5N LATITUDE IN RADIANS Or ARC
C FLON *STATION LeNGITJOE IN RAF)IANS OF ARC (POSITIVE EAST#O TO 360 D)
C ML.V ,ELEVATION OF SATELLITE IN RADIANS OF ARC
C AZ rAZ14LTW OF SATEL41,TE IN RADIANS OF ARC
C HS HE13HT er SATELLITE IN '4CTERS
C EOOT ;ELEVATION RATE IN RADIANS OF ARC 1 SECOND
C HOOT a RATE OF :HANGF IN kE!GHT Or SATELL.ITE IN '4ETERSSEC504D
C 7IME a UN! VERSA.. TIME IN RADIANS OF ARC
C' IYR a YEAR (LAST 2 DIGIT$ ONLY)
C MON a MONTH ('l THOUGO 12)
C IDAY a DAY (@I THROY0H 31)
C JTP v UJNIT 43SION4ENT OF IONeSPHERIC TAPE WITH FCF29HM TABLES
COMMON /CeRRI,/ DRANOaDRATEA LEVaFO!!,HM.oY~aYT,)PXKTOTNTOTA
C DRANIm RAs3E CORREPTIeN IN METER&
C DRATte RA'NW3 RATE CORRECTION IN METERS/SECOND
C DELE~m ELEVATION 4NGLF CORRECTION IN RADIANS 87 ARC
C RAN3e~ R~AN3E RATE, AND ELEVATIaN AN3LE CORRECTIONS ARE TO BE
c ~ S~TRACTED FROM THEIR RESPECTIVE OBSERVATIONS
C rOF2 a CRITICAL 7;ECUENCY (M-4Z)
C HM a HE134T AT 4AXIMU0 ELECTRON DENSITY (M)
C YMl m HALF1 TmlICKNESS eF THE 8MTTe4SIDE BINARABOLA (0)
C YT a HA... Tol'.*E5S OF THE TMPSID[ PARABOLA IM)
C X'( v ARRAY CONTAINING DECAY CONSTANTS FOR THE LOWER# MIDDLE AND
c UP'PER SE:T!ON eF THE TePSIIE EXPONENTIAL LAYER (1/4)
C TeTN w VERTICAL E,.ECTQON CONTENT (E/4002)
C TITNAa ANOULAR ELFCTRN CINTENT (F/1*2)
DATA UA/,.S1J AZ~lsI,6*14/a Lv?400&0D*00/, NOoNR/*,o#

DATA ROPAoOAAN67*Fo99E6o93B#o~9~
DATA RmoTOuL'667120O. #*009726A443
DATA i
ADls3V~C,2P,*5QRI
1
*7* #100a .3*5 ,'~*5 *lvl4110#*499?l j&*84316163IC a
09004T123915 &,~7537
ISJIVAL.CNCE (T )LaLC)L1aM()P41.M~)MS
C
196
REFRC 1, CPC No, 14
C U'.INIIALI~ZE :ek'STAPSI
-TONAa GQ
C READ FCF-4 IN4TERPOLATION rARI.EB VWO4 FjL.1, MECT PROPER, 197'
lFNMFY~) GM TO p
1~CB~'AuA m~Lr)., BT5, 2
3Pu
CFALE1 3 4
01TE (6,5)
5 rDRMATC 6?0 Fw.* H ~ARLES j7j 7"H!R STATION AND DATE NeT FOUND
T
IN FILE)
6 r..xNFiLXDU Z Ar~~NqLAl).rSATe ~Br

o.
c IeSP E01..ATs#Lm~0s eLiAT.o.eVIP MA3NETTC LAT@ OF 104o RMNT

C -ILATh AN .5CAL. T14L TLMC
IV(Azo. 61j
*') AZNAZ+P! 2
S..ATv SI(F..AT)
CAT. CS(F_.AT)
5 AZ
SA a CEL* * SEL. S
CAa :F CFL 9F
ECks ATAN(fS,%/!A)/!1P
a 5LA.mSLAT*:A#AATSA. CAZII
SL.ATO ATAyq9N.AT/CkLAT)
5%Nw9AZ.SA/l_.NAT
Cw%(No 5SllB01Sl4qDL9N)
5,95N*FLMN# ATANC8%5N/Cn.Nk4)
911. a VN *0S * CNL.AT CPLA? CDR( MLONelPL5N)
WL.ATs ATAI(9'.,C4Li
197
REFRCI, CPC No. 14
T.TV
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140 CONTINUE
RETURN
END
199

Fortran Ionosphere HAARP Flesh-and-Blood Bent Ionospheric Model 1973

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JI

AFCRL-TR-73-C,657 SAMSO TR-73-252

DOCUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION

iII Prepared By:

Atlantic Science Corporation

Space & Missile Systems Organization

Contract Number F04701-73-C-0207

Approved for Public Release

THIS DOCUMENT IS BEST

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA- R&D

Atlantic Science Corporation Unclassified

Documentation and Description of the

A. 091CI P TI v NO0TIES (Ty/jpe atitrepot# and Incluslivo dlato)

Scientific, State- of-the-Art, Final

62IOlF 61102F le16 N P RPOiT N0421 (Any7Whrniolmfere Mlat way 66 asaelled

I0. OITMRIBUTION STATEMENT

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

II. SUPPLrMENTARY NOTES I&. SPONIOCRING MII6TARY ACTIVITY

DDINOV.. 1473 Unclassified

This document was prepared by Atlantic Science Corporation of

tion (SAMSO), System 821B under Contract F04701-73-C-0207. This con-

Cambridge Research Laboratories. The document is assigned the USAF

Captain R. Collins and Major R.H. Jesson served as Project Officers

of this program. Appreciation is also due to Mr. J. Klobuchar of AFCRL

who closely monitored the progress of this contract.

The majority of the development of the model was funded by NASA/

Contract F04701-72-C-0380 and monitored by Capt. L.J. Plotkin and

Major R.H. Jesson.

The principal investigations in this work as well as the earlier develop-

ment were performed by Rodney B. Bent and Sigrid K. Llewellyn.

Publication of this report does not constitute approval of the reports

findings or conclusions. It is published only for the exchange and stimula-

B.W. P'arkinson, Colonel, USAF

Deputy for Defense Navigation Satellite Systems

This report documents the computer programs used in the Bent i

Section Description Pag

6.2 Model Accuracy and LimitLtions 155

10. 0 Appendix I - Program Listings 165

Figure Number Description Page

1 25 Point Pattern of Ionospheric Points

Table Number Description Page

1 12-Month Running Average of the

A Azimuth angle of measured ray path

N Electron density at height h

Thiq specification establishes the requirements for complete identification

The Bent Ionospheric Model is an empirical world-wide computerized

and Computer Programs."

Sections 3. 1 and 3. 4 outline the overall program structure,

The documents of exact issue shown, form a part of this specification

1. E,. V. Appleton & W. J. G. Beynon, Proc. Phys. Soc. 52, Pt. I,

8. R. G. Maliphant, "The Refractive Deviation of Radiowaves that

In the area of satellite corn-nunications the refraction incvrrt d o,

The updating process is generally used for predicting ionospheric

higher than critical frequency.

of a solar cycle. For further information regarding the development and

a simple load structure with no overlay requirements, The following

CPCs : PROGRAM ION, and SUBROUTINES REFRAC, PLOTNH, PROFLI,

which they are assigned.

An alternate version of the ionospheric program is included in this