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Sc Chemistry (Elective) Syllabus Sargodha University | Ilam ki Shama

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B.Sc Chemistry (Elective) Syllabus Sargodha University

University of
Sargodha B.Sc
Chemistry
(Elective) Syllabus

B.Sc CHEMISTRY (ELECTIVE)

Marks

Paper A Physical Chemistry

(Written)
50
Paper B Inorganic Chemistry (Written) 50

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9/15/17 B.Sc Chemistry (Elective) Syllabus Sargodha University | Ilam ki Shama
Paper C Organic Chemistry (Written) 50

Practical: (For three Days , Four Hours Duration each day as detailed below):

Paper A Physical Chemistry (Practical) 16

Paper B Inorganic Chemistry (Practical) 17

Paper C Organic Chemistry (Practical) 17

Total : 200

SYLLABUS FOR B.Sc. (Chemistry) Course

PAPER A: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (Written) 50 marks

Note. All units should be expressed in SI System

STATES OF MATTER

Gases:

Ideal gas laws and general gas equation , Kinetic molecular theory of gases, Kinetic equation for ideal
gases and deduction of gas laws, molecular velocities (Averages, root mean square and most probable ),
distribution of molecular velocities and experimental verification, molecular collisions, mean free path,
collision frequency, heat capacity of gases ( Cp,Cv).

Thermal Energy:

Translational, rotational and vibrational contributions. Principle of equipartition of energy, Van der Waals
equation and its validity. Critical phenomenon and determination of constants. Van der experimental LATEST ADMISSIONS
determination of critical temperature. Law of Waals corresponding states. Liquefaction of gases.

Admissions
Liquids:
Admission Schedule Of M.A / M.Sc,
Part-I / II & Composite 1st Annual
Structural differences between gases and liquids, Vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity, refractive Examination 2017 University of
index, optical activity and dipole moment (their measurements and relation to chemical constitution). Sargodha
Admission Schedule of M.A M.Sc 2nd
Solids: Annual Examination 2016 Sargodha
University
Admission Schedule Of BA BSc 1st
Crystal lattice and unit cell, law of crystallography, crystal system. X-rays diffraction and the Braggs
Annual Examination 2017 Sargodha
equation . Experimental methods for X ray structure determination. Closed packed sphere structures,
University
structure of ionic solids, Elementary treatment of metals, insulators and semi- conductors.
BA / B.Sc 2nd Annual Examination
2016 Admission Sargodha University
Colloids:
Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan
Admission 2016
Classification, preparation, purification and properties of colloidal solutions, Brief
treatment of Gels, Sargodha University Admissions
Emulsions, Aerosols and Surface active agents.
University of Sargodha Regular
SOLUTIONS: Admission 2016
M.A / M.Sc Admission Schedule 1st
Annual Examination 2016 Sargodha
Raoults law, Henrys law, activity and activity coefficients, Deviations of solutions from ideal behaviour . University
Colligative properties, lowering of vapour pressure, Boiling point elevation, Depression in freezing point Sargodha University Admission 2015
and osmotic pressure (Their measurements and thermodynamic derivation of molecular masses). Cadet College Jajja Admission
Abnormal colligative properties of solutions.

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

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Earlier developments, Nature of light radiations, Bohrs theory of atomic structure. Interpretation of
emission spectra of hydrogen atoms. Quantum mechanics, de Broglie equation and Eigen values.
Interpretatin of (H-E). Eigen function and Eigen values. Heisenbergs uncertainty principle. Particles in one
dimensional box (permitted energies and values).
Pages

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Quantum number of atomic orbitals, Paulis Exclusion Principle. Distributionof electons in atomic orbials. Date Sheets
Guess Papers
Chemical Bonding (Elementary treatment of Lewis, Valence bond and Molecular orbital theories). Home
Admissions
THEORMODYNAMICS:
Syllabus
Past Papers
Thermodynamics terms and types of system. State and state function. Equilibrium states, nature of heat Results
and work, Sign convention and units of work and q. Internal energy change, first law of the rmodynamics, Jobs
enthalpy . Heat capacity Cp Cv R.
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Thermo-chemistry. Heat of reaction. Hesss law. Heat of formation Standard enthalpy of combustion and
its applications. Heat of neutralization. Heat of solution. Bond energies. Measurement of heat of reaction
. Effect of temperature on heat of reaction (Kirchhoffs equation ).

Types of thermodynamics processes. Reversibility and irreversibility. Isothermal reversible expansion of an

ideal gas. Adiabatic process for an ideal gas. Spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, Second law
of thermdynamics. The Carnots cycle. Efficiency of an engine. Thermodynamics temperature scale Entropy
and its calculations for phase transition, reversible and irreversible isothermal expansion. Temperature
dependence entropy. Entropy and probability, Helmholtz and Gibbs Free Energies. Standard free energy,
G-RT In K. Vant Hoffisochore, (intergrated form)Clausius Claperyron equation.

CHEMICAL EQUILBRIUM:

Basic concepts, law of mass action, Relationship between Kc , Kp, Kx and Kn for gasseous reactions.
Homogeneous gaseous equilibria. Effects of pressure, concentration on equilibrium changes. Examples of
chemical equilibria. Degree of dissociation.

Le Chateliers Principle and its applications to homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria,

thermodynamic equations. Effect of temperature on chemical equilibrium.

PHASE REQUILIBRIUM:

Phases, components, degrees of freedem. Gibbs phase rule and its derivation. Phase diagram, One
component system, (Water and sulphur system). Two component systems, eutectic systems, cooling curves
and cooling behaviour, silver-lead system, Compound formation with congruent m.p. Ferric chloride-
water system, sodium sulphate- water system.

Solid solution and alloy systems, liquid-vapour systems. Three component systems. Partially miscible a
three component systems. Liquid-liquid systems, Nernsts distribution law, applications and deviations.

CHEMICAL KINETCS:

The reaction rate (average and instantaneous). Rate equation, velocity constant. Rate law expression,
order and molecularity. Kinetic expressions for zero order, first order, pseudo-unimolecular and second
order (with same 8 different initial conc.) with examples. Determination of order and rate const of a
reaction. Effect of temperature. Activation energy and its determination.

Biomolecular collison theory of reaction rates (causes of its failure). Collision theory of unimolecular
reactions (Lindemanns mechanism). Some examples of m/re-action mechanisms.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY:

Electrolytic conduction (definitions and measurements, specific, equivalent and molar conductances).
Conductance of strong and weak electrolytes, Kohlrauschs law and its applications. Ostwalds dilution law.
Transport number, Hittorfs rule. Determination of transference numbers. Applications of conductance
measurements.

Electromotive force and its measurements. Electrochemical cells; reversible and irreversible, classification
of half cells. Electrode potential and its measurements (standard electrodes). Cell notations.
Thermodynamic aspects of cell reactions. Liquid Junction potential. Types of Galvanic cells, concentration
cells without and with transference

NUCLEAR CHEMISTY:

Types of nuclear radiations, detection and measurement of radioactivity, stable and unstable isotopes.

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Half life, natural radioactivity. Artificial nuclear transformations. Applications of radioactive isotopes.
Nuclear fission and fusion reactions. Brief description of nuclear reactor.

Paper A PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

(PRACTICALS) Marks 16
Surface Tension Measurements:

Determination of surface tension of different liquids. Parachor values. Composition of mixtures of two
miscible liquids.

Viscosity Measurements:

Determination of viscosity coefficients of different liquids. Rheochor values and composition of mixture of
two miscible liquids.

Refractometry:

Determination of specific and molar refractivities of different liquids, composition of two miscible liquids.

Thermochemical Measurements:

(i) Heat of neutralization of acids and bases.

(ii) Heat of solution of different salts.

Molecular Mass:

Determination by ebullioscopic method.

Chemical Kinetics:

Determination of reaction rate constant for a first order reaction (acid hydrolysis).

Conductance Measurement:
(i) Determination of cell constant and molar conductance.
(ii) Verification of Ostwalds dilution law. Determination of degree of dissociation for weak electrolytes.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

Text Book of Physical Chemistry for B.Sc students by Ali Mohammad and Ghulam Rasool Chaudhry,
Ameen Publishers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
Text Book of Physical Chemistry for B.Sc students by G. Nabi, Publishers; Ilmi Kitab Khana, Urdu Bazar,
Lahore.
Chaudhry, G. R., ;Text Book of Physical Chemistry, New Kitab Markaz, Aminpur Bazar, Faisalabad,
Pakistan, 2nd Edition (2001)
Maron S. H. & B. Jerome, Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry, Macruthan Publishing co. Inc. New
York. (Also published by National Book Foundation).
Atkins P.W. & M. J. Clugston, Principles of Physical Chemistry Pitman Publishing Company.(1998)
Moore J., Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed. Longmans Publishers.
Jones M., Elements of Physical Chemistry, Addison-Sesky Publishing Company.
Adamson A. W.,Understanding Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed. Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company
Inc.
Heald C. & A.C.K. Smith, Applied Physical Chemistry English Language Book Society and MacMillan.
Akhtar M.N. & Ghulam Nabi ,Text Book of Physical Chemistry
Bhatti H. N. and K. Hussain, Principles of Physical Chemistry; Carwan Book House, Lahore.
Levitt B.P., Findlays Practical Physical Chemistry, 9th Ed., Longman Group Limited.
Das R.C. and B. Behera, Experimental Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company
Limited.
Crocleford H.D., H.W. Biard, F.W. Getzen & J.W. Nowell, Laboratory Manual of Physical Chemistry, 2nd
Ed., John Wiley & Sons London.

SYLLABUS B.Sc
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PAPER B: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (WRITTEN) 50 Marks

Atomic Structure and periodic Table:

Electromagnetic radiations, Atomic spectra, the wave nature of electron, electron spin and the Paulis
exclusion Principle, the special distribution of electrons, the electronic configuration of elements. The
variation of properties with atomic structure, atomic size, ionization energy, electron affinities and
electronegativities. Modern trends in periodic table based upon chemical re-activities of elements.

Metals as reducing agents and non-metals as oxidizing agents. Redox actions, redox potential (elementary
treatment). Electrochemical series and its applications.

Chemical Bonding:

Nature and types of chemical bond, energetic of chemical bond, bond energies, bond length, polarity of
molecules, dipolemoment. Theories of chemical bonding Valence bond theory. Interpretation of pictorial
pictures of molecules based on hybridization and resonance. Interpretation of shapes of molecules based
on valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) treatment. Molecular orbital theory as applied to
homonuclear and heterounclear diatomic molecules. Hydrogen and metallic bonding.

Acid- Base Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions:

General concepts of acids and bases including soft and hard acid-base concepts. Relative strength of acids
and bases, significance of PK, ionization of water and pH concept. Buffers. Relationship between acid-base
equilibria and redox processes.

Ionic Reaction in six Solution:

Hydrolysis of salts, applications of law of mass action and the principle of solubility product and common
ion effect in inorganic qualitative analysis.

Chemistry of p-block Elements:

General characteristics of the following groups of p-block elements with reference to the aspects given
against each.

Boron and Aluminum:

Gradation of the characteristic properties within group III. Metallurgy of aluminium and its chemical
characteristics. Electron deficient molecules such as boranes aluminium hydrides and halides, including
their structure onding. Boric acid, borax and alums.

Carbon and Silicon:

Gradation of the characteristic properties within group IV. Green-house effect. Production of pure silicon
chips for solar energy cells, silicones. Structural aspects of metasilicates / ortho and meta silicates.
Industrial applications of Zeolites. Cement and Glass Industry. Water glass.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus:

Gradation of the characteristics properties within group V. Oxides and oxyacids of nitrogen and their role
in environmental pollution. Nitrogen and phosphorus based fertilizers.

Oxygen and Sulphur:

Gradation of the characteristics properties within group VI. Oxides and Oxyacids of sulphur. Role of
sulphur dioxide in air pollution. Thionic acids. Use of hypo in photography.

Halogens:

Gradation of the characteristic properties within group VII. Oxyacids of chlorine. Structural and chemical
aspects of interhalogons and pseudohalogens.

Zero Group Elements:

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Basis of reactivity of noble gases. Nature of bonding and structure of xenon compounds (fluorides, oxides
and oxyflourides), laboratory and commercial utilization of noble gases.

Transition Elements (d-block elements):

General characteristics of d-block elements, Electronic configuration, coordinate bond formation,

Development of coordination compounds, nomenclature. Applications of valence bond, crystal field
theories to explain the structures of coordination compounds. Colour and magnetic behaviour of
coordination compounds.

Modern Materials:

Introduction to liquid crystals, inorganic polymers, engineering ceramics, fiber glass, thin films and
semiconductors.

Paper B B.Sc. Inorganic Chemistry

(Practical) Marks 17

Qualitative Analysis:

1. Mixture of four radicals (cations and anions) from standard samples as well as from water, soil and
simple ores by semi-micro techniques/macro-techniques.

1. Spot tests for the following cations:

Ni (II), Ag (i) Hg (II) Cd (II)

Separation of cations:-

Ni (II), Co (II), Mn (II), Cu (II), by paper chromatography

Quantitative Analysis:-

(Calculations should be based on morality). Multistage exercises based on iodometry, iodometry,

complexometry and redox reactions, e.g.,

7. Preparation of Ferrous Sulphate from Kipps Waste and determining the percentage purity of the
sample by estimating Fe (II) with K 2 Cr2 O7.

1. Preparations of CuZo 4, from copper turnings and determining parity of the sample by Iodometry and
Iodimetry.

Determinations of hardness of water using EDTA and other relevant exercises.

Gravimetric Analysis:-

Estimations of Ba +2 and Pb +2 ions as BaSO4 and as PbCrO4

RECOMMENDED BOOKS (INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

Text Books of Inorganic Chemistry (for B.Sc students) by Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Illmi Kitab Khana,
Lahore.

Iqbal, M. Z., Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Revised Edition (1998).
Chaudhry, G. R., ;Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry, New Kitab Markaz, Aminpur Bazar, Faisalabad,
Pakistan, 2nd Edition (2001)
Bhatti, H. N. and B.A. Nasir, Modern Inorganic Chemistry, The Carvan Book House, Lahore, Pakistan, 1st
Edition (2000)
Cotton, F. Albert, Geoffrey Wilkinson and Paul L. Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. 3rd Edition (1995).
Lee, J.D., Concise Inorganic Chemistry, Chapman & Hall, 5th Edition, (1996).

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Jolly, William. L., Modern Inorganic Chemistry, McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition (1991).
Shriver, D.F., P.W. Atkins and C.H. Langford, Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford, 2nd Edition (1994).
Sharpe, A.G., Inorganic Chemistry, Longman, 3rd Edition (1992).
Rayner-Canham, Geof., Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry, W.H. Freeman & Co. (1995).
Jefferey, G.H., J.Bassett, J.Mendham and R.C.Denney, Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical
Analysis, 5th Edition, Benjamin-Cummings, (1989).
Vogel, A.I, A Text Book of Macro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Longman Green & Co,
(1995).

Skoog, D.A., D.M.West and F.J.Holler, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Edition, Saunders College Publications,
(1994).

Graham, H and J.H. Man, Chemistry in Context. 5th Edition, Thomas Nelson Ltd., (2000), K.
Philp M., Advance Chemistry, Combridge Low Price Edition, (1996) K.
David H. Modern Analytical Chemistry, McGraw Hill International Edition, (2000).

Paper C ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (WRITTEN) Marks 50

1- Basic Concepts:

Atomic, molecular and hybrid orbitals: multiple localized and delocalized bonds; properties of bonds;
inductive; effect dipole moment. The concept of resonance, rules for resonance; resonance energy; steric
inhibition of resonance; hyperson jugation; resonance effect; hydrogen bonding; automerism.
Introduction to resonance, rules for resonance, resonance energy, steric inhibition of resonance,
Introduction to spectroscopy with special reference to ultraviolete / visible and infrared spectroscopy.

2- Hydrocarbons:

Classification of hydrocarbons. Nomenclature, methods of preparations, physical characteristics and

chemical reactions of alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Source of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Structure of benzene and the concept of aromatics hydrocarbons. Structure of benzene and the concept
of aromaticity Aromatic electrophilic substitution.

3- Stereoisomerism:

Conformational Analysis of ethane and butane.

Optical Isomerism. Optical activity, chiral carbon atom and optical isomerism; relative and absolute
configuration, creation of chiral carbon and racemization, optical isomerism in compounds containing two
chiral carbon atoms; diasteroisomers; elements of symmetry; resolution of racemic mixture.

Geometrical Isomerism, cis / trans isomerism, designation of configuration, Determination of

configuration.

4- Alkyl Halides:

Nomenclature, methods of preparation and chemical reactions with special reference to nucleophilic
substitution and elimination reaction of alkyl halides. Preparations, structure and synthetic applications of
Grignards reagents.

5- The Hydroxyl group and Ethers:

Nature of hydroxyl group in alcohols and phenols

Alcohols:- Classification and nomenclature of alcohols; methods of preparation and chemical reactions of
alcohols; distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Polyhydric alcohols.

Phenols:- Methods of preparation of phenols; acidity of phenols; chemical reactions of phenols.

Ethers:- Methods of preparation and reactions of ethers.

6- The Carbonyl Group:

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Nature of carbonyl group and its reactivity; nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones; methods of
preparation of aldehydes and ketones; chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones; distinction between
aldehydes and ketones.

7- Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives:

Nomenclature of carboxylic acids; methods of preparation and chemical reactions of carboxylic acids,
strength of carboxylic acids and the factors affecting it. Formation and hydrolysis of acid anhydrides, acid
amides, acid halides and esters including glycerides. Introduction to aminoacids.

8- Nitrogen Compounds:

Amines: Classification and nomenclature of amines; methods of preparation and chemical reactions of
amines; distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Preparation and reactions of aniline.
Basicity of aliphatic and aromatic amines and factors affecting it.

Siazontum Salts and their synthetic applications.

Heterocyclic Compounds: Methods of preparation of pyrrole and pyridine; aromatic character of pyrrole
and pyridine and comparison of their reactivity with benzene. Some of the important reactions of pyrrole
and pyridine.

9- Carbohydrates:

Classification of carbohydrates, characteristic features of mono-, di- and polysaccharides and some of
their important reactions. Structure of ring size and conformation of glucose.

Paper C Organic Chemistry (Practicals): Marks 17

Identification of organic compounds containing only one emphasis on compounds containing the
following functional group with special emphasis on compounds containing the COOH, OH, CO, NH2,
and CONH2.

Basic experimental techniques used in organic chemistry.

1.
2. Simple and fractional distillation.
3. Solvent extraction.
4. Sublimation
5. Recrystallization

Organic Preparation:-
1. Preparation of tribromophenol (Halogenations)
2. Preparation of nitrobenzene (Nitration)
3. Preparation of aspirin (Acetylation)
4. Preparation of ethyl Benzoate (Esterification)
5. Preparation of benzoic acid from toluene (Oxidation of side chain)

RECOMMENDED BOOKS (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

Younas, M., Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Ilmi Kutab Khana, Lahore.

Rehman, A., Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Caravan Book House, Lahore.
March, J., Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York.
Pine, S. H., Organic Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Sykes, P., A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Longman, London.
Younas, M., Organic Spectroscopy, A. H. Publisher, Lahore.
Solomons, T. W. G., Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York.
Kemp, W., Organic Spectroscopy, Macmillan, London.
Chughtai, F. A., Organic Reactions, Majid Book Depot, Lahore/Faisalabad.
Vogel, A. I., A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, London.
Clarke, H. T. and D. Haynes., A Hand Book of Organic Analysis, Edward Arnold, London.

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Mann, F. G and B. C. Saunders. Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, London.
Shriner, R. L., D.Y. Curtin, R.C. Fuson, and T.C. Morrill, The Systematic Identification of Organic
Compounds, Wiley, New York
Rehman, A., Experimental Organic Chemistry, The Caravan Book House, Lahore
Morrison R. T. and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, Allyn and Bacon, London.

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