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Lecture 1 Notes

Inorganic Chemistry discusses various types of chemical bonds including covalent, ionic, metallic, and hydrogen bonds. Covalent bonds form via the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. The octet rule states that atoms form stable electron configurations by filling their valence shells with eight electrons. Exceptions to the octet rule include molecules with incomplete or expanded octets. Resonance structures show delocalization of electrons between valid Lewis structures of a molecule or ion. Valence Bond Theory and VSEPR Theory are used to describe covalent bonding and molecular geometry.

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185 views

Lecture 1 Notes

Inorganic Chemistry discusses various types of chemical bonds including covalent, ionic, metallic, and hydrogen bonds. Covalent bonds form via the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. The octet rule states that atoms form stable electron configurations by filling their valence shells with eight electrons. Exceptions to the octet rule include molecules with incomplete or expanded octets. Resonance structures show delocalization of electrons between valid Lewis structures of a molecule or ion. Valence Bond Theory and VSEPR Theory are used to describe covalent bonding and molecular geometry.

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Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical
Bonding
Bond

Strong Bond Weak Bond

Covalent Bond Hydrogen Bond

Co-ordinate Bond Vander waal FOA

Ionic Bond

Metallic Bond
Covalent Bond Bond is formed as a result of sharing of an electron pair,
where each combining atom contributes at least one
electron to the shared pair.
X Y

Lewis structure
Central Atom

HCl Less in number

Least electronegative
CH4
Maximum no of bonds
NH3 F & H can never act
as Central atoms.
NH4+

BH4–

NF3

Octet Rule : The basic requirement being that each bonded atom gets an octet
of electrons. This rule is based on chemical inert ness of noble
gases.
Co-ordinate bond : NO3–

HNO3

O3
Limitations of Octet rule It applies mainly to 2nd period elements.

2 : Li Be B C N O F Ne
Limitations of Octet rule

Incomplete Octet Odd-electron molecules Expanded / Super /


NO Hypervalent octet
Li Cl
PF5

BH3 NO2

ClO2
Formal Charge

Formal charge (F.C.) total number of valence total number of non


on an atom in a Lewis = electrons in the free atom – bonding (lone pair)
structure electrons

total number of bonding


– (1/2) (shared) electrons
RCOO– NO2–

CO32– SO3

PO43– SO2

SO42–
Resonance

C – C : 154 pm Experimental data


C = C : 134 pm C – C : 139 pm

Resonance hybrid :

Resonance ⟹ Delocalisation of pi electron

Conjugation (compulsory condition)


Resonating structures Resonance Hybrid Bond order

O
||
−
O — C — O−

O
||
R — C — O−
Structure Resonance Hybrid Bond order

PO43–

SO42–
Structure Resonance Hybrid Bond order

O3

NO3–
Structure Resonance Hybrid Bond order

ClO4–

ClO3–

ClO2–

ClO–

Stability Electron density


Delocalisation
What is correct order of bond order of Cl – O bond.

(a) ClO4– > ClO3– > ClO2– > ClO– (b) ClO– < ClO2– > ClO3– < ClO4–
(c) ClO3– < ClO2– > ClO4– > ClO– (d) ClO2– > ClO3– > ClO4– > ClO–

Among the following oxoacids, the correct decreasing order of acid strength is :

(a) HOCl > HClO2 > HClO3 > HClO4 (b) HClO4 > HOCl > HClO2 > HClO3
(c) HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HOCl (d) HClO2 > HClO4 > HClO3 > HOCl
In the anion HCOO – the two C – O bonds are found to be equal length.
What is the reason for it?
(a) Electronic orbits of carbon atom are hybridised.
(b) The C = O bond is weaker than the C – O bond.
(c) The anion HCOO– has two resonating structures.
(d) The anion is obtained by removal of a proton from the acid molecule.
Valence Bond Theory

potential
energy
H + H → H2 + 435.8 kJ/mol 74 pm
r
attractive
forces

Since the energy gets released when the repulsive


bond is formed between two hydrogen forces
atoms, the hydrogen molecule is more
– 436
stable than that of isolated hydrogen kJ/mol
atoms. The energy so released is called as
bond enthalpy.
VBT is an Orbital Overlap Concept.
Phase
d-Orbital
Positive Overlap Negative Overlap Zero Overlap
Same phase overlap Opp. phase overlap
Note : If the overlapping is along the molecular axis then bond will be Sigma.
Orbitals which are undergoing overlapping must have one electron with opposite
spin for formation of covalent bond.

Extent of overlapping Strength of bond


p – p Overlapping : Overlapping ⊥ r to molecular axis
Sigma bond :

Pi bond :

Strength :
Delta bond :

  
s

d
Draw the type of overlaps between
(a) S and px (b) px and px
(c) py and py (d) pz and pz
If internuclear axis is z-axis. Identify them as , ,  bond wherever bond is formed
Draw the type of overlaps between
(a) s and d z2 (b) s and d 2 2
x −y
(c) s and dyz (d) pz and d 2
z
Draw the type of overlaps between
(a) pz and dxy (b) px and dxy

(c) px and d (d) px and d


z2 x 2 − y2
HF Molecule : H + F HF
F2 Molecule F + F F—F
VSEPR Theory
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory

Minimum Repulsion between pair of electrons at valence shell

AB2
The valence shell is taken as a sphere with the electron pair localizing on the
spherical surface at maximum distance form one another

Octahedral Pentagonal Bipyramidal


Steric Number Rule
SN = SA + LP
SN Geometry
2 Linear

3 Trigonal planar

4 Tetrahedral

5 Trigonal bi-pyramidal

6 Octahedral

7 Pentagonal bi-pyramidal
Order of repulsive interaction
Lone pair – Lone pair Lone pair – Bond pair Bond pair – Bond pair

The lone pair are localized on the central atom, each


bonded pair is shared between two atoms. As a result, the
lone pair electrons in a molecule occupy more space as
compared to the bonding pairs of electrons.
Linear
A : Central atom

AB2 : B : Side atom

BeCl2

HgCl2
Trigonal planar

AB3 :

BF3

BCl3

BH3

SO3
Tetrahedral

AB4 :

CH4

NH +4
Trigonal Bi-Pyramidal [TBP]

PF5

PCl5
Octahedral

SF6
Lone pair having molecules
AB2 L : Bent A : Central atom
B : Side atom
SO2
L : Lone pair

O3
Lone pair having molecules
AB3 L : Trigonal pyramidal AB2 L2 : Bent / V shaped

NH3 H2O
AB4 L : See saw

SF4
AB3 L2 : T shape

ClF3
AB2 L3 : Linear

I3−

ICl−2
AB5 L : Square pyramid

BrF5
AB4 L2 : Square planar

XeF4

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