Astm C25.27147

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C25 112
Standard Test Methods for

Chemical Analysis of Limestone, Quicklime, and Hydrated
Lime1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C25; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1 NOTERevised 28.3.5 editorially for clarity in May 2016.
1. Scope Carbon Dioxide by Standard 22

Method
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of Combined Oxides of Iron and 12
high-calcium and dolomitic limestone, quicklime, and hy- Aluminum
drated lime. These test methods are classified as either standard Ferrous Iron Appendix X5
Free Calcium Oxide Appendix X6
(preferred) or alternative (optional). Free Moisture in Hydrated Lime 21
Free Moisture in Limestone 20
1.2 The standard test methods are those that employ classi- Free Silica 29
cal gravimetric or volumetric analytical procedures and are Insoluble Matter Including Silicon Dioxide:
typically those required for referee analyses where chemical Standard Method 8
Optional Perchloric Acid Method 9
specification requirements are an essential part of contractual Insoluble Matter Other Than Silicon 11
agreement between buyer and seller. Dioxide
Loss on Ignition 19
1.3 Alternative or optional test methods are provided for Magnesium Oxide 18
those who wish to use procedures shorter or more convenient Manganese:
than the standard methods for the routine determinations of Bismuthate Method Appendix X4
Periodate (Photometric) Method 27
certain constituents. Optional test methods may sometimes be pH Determination of Alkaline Earth 34
preferred to the standard test methods, but frequently the use of Solutions
Phosphorus:
modern and expensive instrumentation is indicated which may Titrimetric Method Appendix X3
not be accessible to everyone. Therefore, the use of these test Molybdovanadate Method 26
methods must be left to the discretion of each laboratory. Silicon Dioxide 10
Strontium Oxide Appendix X2
1.4 The analytical procedures appear in the following order: Sulfur Trioxide 23
Total Carbon:
Section
Direct Combustion-Thermal 32
Aluminum Oxide 15
Conductivity Cell Method
Available Lime Index 28
Total Carbon and Sulfur:
Calcium and Magnesium Oxide:
Combustion/Infrared Detection 35
Alternative EDTA Titration 31
Method
Method
Total Iron:
Calcium Carbonate Equivalent 33
Standard Method, Potassium 13
Calcium Oxide:
Dichromate Titration
Gravimetric Method 16
Potassium Permanganate Appendix X1
Volumetric Method 17
Titration Method
Ortho-Phenanthroline, 14
Photometric Method
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on Total Sulfur:
Lime and Limestone and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.05 on Sodium Carbonate Fusion 24
Chemical Tests. Combustion-Iodate Titration 25
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published May 2016. Originally Method
approved in 1919. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C25 111. DOI: Unhydrated Oxides 30
10.1520/C0025-11E02.
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Jun 8 19:00:12 EDT 2017
1
Downloaded/printed by
Universidad Nacional De Colombia (Universidad Nacional De Colombia) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
C25 112
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the extremely dependent upon precautions taken during sample
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the preparation and analysis to minimize excessive exposure to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- ambient conditions.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- NOTE 1These test methods can be applied to other calcareous
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific materials if provisions are made to compensate for known interferences.
precautionary statements, see 9.3, 10.2.1, 18.4.3, 31.6.4.2,
X2.3.1, and X5.4.1.1. 5. General Apparatus and Materials and Reagents
5.1 General Apparatus and Materials:
2. Referenced Documents 5.1.1 BalanceThe balance shall be of an analytical type
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 with a capacity not to exceed 200 g. It may be of conventional
C50 Practice for Sampling, Sample Preparation, Packaging, design or it may be a constant-load, direct-reading type. It shall
and Marking of Lime and Limestone Products be capable of reproducing weighings within 0.0002 g with an
C51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as used accuracy of 6 0.0002 g. Rapid weighing devices that may be
by the Industry) provided such as a chain, damper, or heavy riders shall not
C911 Specification for Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and increase the basic inaccuracy by more than 0.0001 g at any
Limestone for Selected Chemical and Industrial Uses reading and with any load within the rated capacity of the
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water balance.
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to 5.1.2 WeightsWeights used for analysis shall conform to
Determine Conformance with Specifications Class S-1 requirements of the National Institute of Standards
E50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Consid- and Technology as described in NIST Circular 547.4 They shall
erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and be checked at least once a year or when questioned, and
Related Materials adjusted to within allowable tolerances for Class S-1 weights.
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the All new sets of weights purchased shall have the weights of 1
Glass Electrode g and larger made of stainless steel or other corrosion-resistant
E173 Practice for Conducting Interlaboratory Studies of alloy not requiring protective coating and shall meet the
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals (Withdrawn density requirements for Class S.
1998)3 5.1.3 Glassware and Laboratory ContainersStandard
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in volumetric flasks, burets, pipets, dispensers, etc., shall be
ASTM Test Methods carefully selected precision grade or better and shall be
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage calibrated, if necessary, to meet the requirements of each
of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis operation. Standard-type interchangeable ground glass or TFE-
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to fluorocarbon joints are recommended for all volumetric glass-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method ware. Polyethylene containers are recommended for all aque-
E832 Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers ous solutions of alkalies and for standard solutions where the
presence of dissolved silica or alkali from the glass would be
3. Terminology objectionable.
5.1.4 DesiccatorsDesiccators shall be provided with a
3.1 Definitions:DefinitionsUnless otherwise specified, for
good desiccant such as anhydrous magnesium perchlorate,
definitions of terms used in these test methods refer to
activated alumina, sulfuric acid, or phosphoric anhydride.
Terminology C51.
Anhydrous calcium sulfate may also be used provided it has
been treated with a color-changing indicator to show when the
4. Significance and Use desiccant has lost its effectiveness. Calcium chloride and silica
4.1 These test methods provide accurate and reliable ana- gel are not satisfactory desiccants for this type of analysis.
lytical procedures to determine the chemical constituents of 5.1.5 Filter PaperFilter paper shall conform to the re-
limestone, quicklime, and hydrated lime (See Note 1). The quirements of Specification E832, Type II (quantitative). Class
percentages of specific constituents which determine a materi- E shall be used for coarse and gelatinous precipitates. When
als quality or fitness for use are of significance depending medium-textured paper is required, Class F filter paper shall be
upon the purpose or end use of the material. Results obtained used. When a retentive paper is needed, Class G shall be used.
may be used in relation to specification requirements. Recommendations: Filter Pore Size Filter Speed
Class (microns)
4.2 Because quicklime and hydrated lime quickly absorb E 20 to 25 fast speed
water and carbon dioxide from the air, precision and bias are F 8 medium speed
G 2.5 slow speed
5.1.6 CruciblesPlatinum crucibles and tight fitting lids
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
should preferably be made of pure unalloyed platinum and be
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM of 25 to 35-mL capacity. Where alloyed platinum is used for
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
www.astm.org. Bureau Dr., Stop 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-3460.
2
C25 112
greater stiffness or to obviate sticking of fused material to 6. General Procedures
crucible or lid, the alloyed platinum should not decrease in 6.1 SamplingSamples of lime and limestone for chemical
weight by more than 0.2 mg when heated at 1200 C for 1 h. analysis shall be taken and prepared in accordance with the
5.1.7 Muffle FurnaceThe electric muffle furnace should be requirements of Practice C50 applicable to the material to be
capable of continuous operation up to 1000 C and be capable tested.
of intermittent operation at higher temperatures if required. It
should have an indicating pyrometer accurate to 6 25 C. 6.2 Tared or Weighed CruciblesThe tare weight of cru-
cibles shall be determined by preheating the empty crucible to
5.2 Reagents:
constant weight at the same temperature and under the same
5.2.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall be
conditions as shall be used for the final ignition of a residue and
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
cooling in a desiccator for the same period of time used for the
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
crucible containing the residue.
tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society5
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be 6.3 Constancy of Weight of Ignited ResidueTo definitely
used provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of establish the constancy of weight of the ignited residue, the
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the residue and container shall be ignited at the specified tempera-
accuracy of the determination. In addition to this, it is desirable ture and time, cooled to room temperature in a desiccator, and
in many cases for the analyst to ensure the accuracy of his weighed. The residue and container shall then be reheated for
results by running blanks or checking against a comparable at least 30 min at the same temperature, cooled in a desiccator
sample of known composition. for the same period of time, and reweighed. Additional ignition
5.2.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, refer- periods may be required until two consecutive weights do not
ences to water are understood to mean distilled water or other differ by more than 0.2 mg, at which time it shall be considered
water of equivalent purity. Water conforming to Specification that constant weight has been attained. For ignition loss, each
D1193 meets these requirements. reheating period shall be 5 min.
5.2.3 Concentration of Reagents: 6.4 Calculation:
5.2.3.1 Concentrated Acids and Ammonium Hydroxide
6.4.1 The calculations included in the individual procedures
When acids and ammonium hydroxide are specified by name
sometimes assume that the exact weight specified has been
or chemical formula only, it shall be understood that concen-
used. Accurately weighed samples which are approximately
trated reagents approximating the following specific gravities
but not exactly equal to the weight specified may be used
or concentrations are intended:
provided appropriate corrections are made in the calculation.
Acetic acid (HC2H3O2) 99.5 % Unless otherwise stated, weights of all samples and residues
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) sp gr 1.19
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) 48 % should be recorded to the nearest 0.0001 g.
Nitric acid (HNO3) sp gr 1.42 6.4.2 In all mathematical operations on a set of observed
Perchloric acid (HClO4) 70 %
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) 85 %
values, the equivalent of two more places of figures than in the
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) sp gr 1.84 single observed values shall be retained. For example, if
Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) sp gr 0.90 observed values are read or determined to the nearest 0.1 mg,
5.2.3.2 Dilute ReagentsThe concentration of dilute acids carry numbers to the nearest 0.001 mg in calculation.
and NH4OH except when standardized, are specified as a ratio 6.5 Rounding FiguresRounding figures to the nearest
stating the number of measured volumes of the concentrated significant place required in the report should be done after the
reagent to be diluted with a given number of measured volumes calculations are completed, in order to keep the final results
of water. In conformance with international practice, new and free from calculation errors. The rounding procedure should
revised methods will use the plus designation instead of the follow the principle outlined in Practice E29.
ratio (:) symbol as the specified designation of dilution; for
example, H2SO4 (5 + 95) means 5 volumes of concentrated
7. Performance Requirements for Test Methods
H2SO4 (sp gr 1.84) diluted with 95 volumes of water.
5.2.3.3 Standard SolutionsConcentrations of standard so- 7.1 Referee AnalysesThe reference test methods that ap-
lutions shall be expressed as normalities (N) or as equivalents pear in Sections 8 through 32, or any other test methods
in grams per millilitre of the component to be determined, for qualified in accordance with 7.3, are required for referee
example: 0.1 N K2Cr2O7 solution (1 mL = 0.004 g Fe2O3). The analysis in those cases where conformance to the requirements
average of at least three determinations shall be used for all of a chemical specification are questioned. In these cases a
standardizations. The standardization used to determine the limestone, quicklime, or hydrated lime shall not be rejected for
strength of the standard solutions is described in the text under failure to conform to chemical requirements unless all sample
each of the appropriate procedures. preparation and analysis of any one constituent is made entirely
by reference test methods prescribed in the appropriate sections
5
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American of this test method or by other qualified test methods. Excep-
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not tion can be made when specific test methods are prescribed in
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
the standard specification for the limestone, quicklime, or
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeia Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, hydrated lime in question. The test methods actually used for
MD. the analysis shall be designated.
3
C25 112
7.1.1 When there is a question regarding acceptance, referee tification and correction of problems or errors, until a set of
analyses shall be made in duplicate. If the two results do not duplicate results do agree within the permissible variation.
agree within the permissible variation given in Table 1, the
NOTE 2The term SRM refers to approved Standard Reference
determination including sample preparation shall be repeated Materials listed in Table 2.
in duplicate until the results agree within the permissible NOTE 3There are no SRMs that are quicklime or hydrated lime as
variation. When the results agree within the permissible supplied. When analyzing a quicklime or hydrated lime the SRM in
variation, their average shall be accepted as the correct value. carbonate form needs to be converted to closely resemble the matrix of the
For the purpose of comparing results, the percentages shall be product being tested. To accomplish this conversion, heat the chosen SRM
for 1 h at 1000 C, immediately prior to analysis and protect it from
calculated to one more significant figure than reported as
hydration or carbonation with sealed containers and desiccation during
indicated in the test methods. When a blank determination is cooling. Carbon and sulfur may be driven off during heating, rendering the
specified, one shall be made with each individual analysis or converted SRM unsuitable as a standard for carbon and sulfur determi-
with each group of two or more samples analyzed on the same nations. For carbon and sulfur determinations use the appropriate SRM in
day for a given constituent. its normal matrix.
7.1.2 Test results from Referee methods intended for use as 7.1.4 The average of the results of acceptable duplicate
a basis for product acceptance or rejection, or for manufactur- determinations for each constituent may differ from the SRM
ers certification, can be used only after demonstration of certificate value by no more than the value shown in Column
precise and accurate analyses by meeting the requirements of 3 of Table 1. When no SRM certificate value is given, a
7.1.3, or except when demonstrated under 7.3.2.1. Such dem- generally accepted accuracy standard for that constituent has
onstrations may be made concurrently with analysis of the not been identified. In such cases, only the differences between
limestone, quicklime, or hydrated lime product being tested. duplicate values as specified in 7.1.3 shall apply and notifica-
The demonstration is required only for those constituents being tion of this exception shall be reported.
used as a basis for acceptance, rejection, or certification of a 7.1.5 In questions concerning the acceptance or rejection of
limestone, quicklime, or hydrated lime, but may be made for a limestone, quicklime, or hydrated lime product, upon request
any constituent of limestone, quicklime, or hydrated lime data shall be made available to all parties involved demonstrat-
product for which a standard exists. Such demonstrations must ing that precise and accurate results were obtained with SRM
be made annually. samples by the same analyst making the acceptance determi-
7.1.3 Demonstrations shall be made by analysis of each nation.
constituent of concern in a SRM limestone, quicklime, or
hydrated lime (See Notes 2 and 3). Duplicate samples shall be 7.2 Optional AnalysesThe alternative test methods, as
run on different days. The same test methods to be used for opposed to reference methods, provide procedures that are, in
analysis of the limestone, quicklime, or hydrated lime being some cases, shorter or more convenient to use for routine
tested shall be used for analysis of the SRM. If the duplicate determination of some constituents (See Note 4). In some
results do not agree within the permissible variation given in instances longer, more complex procedures have been retained
Table 1, the determinations shall be repeated, following iden- as alternative test methods to permit comparison of results by
different procedures or for use when unusual materials are
being examined, or when unusual preparation for analysis is
required. Results from alternative test methods may be used as
TABLE 1 Maximum Permissible Variations in ResultsA a basis for acceptance or rejection.
(Column 3)
NOTE 4It is not intended that the use of reference test methods be
(Column 2) Maximum Difference of
Maximum the Average of confined to referee analysis. A reference test method may be used in
Difference Duplicates preference to an alternative test method when so desired. A reference test
(Column 1) Between from SRM Certificate method must be used where an alternative test method is not provided.
Constituent Duplicates ValuesB
7.2.1 Duplicate analyses and blank determinations are left
Al as Al2O3 0.20 0.30
Ca as CaO 0.20 0.30 to the discretion of the analyst when using the alternative test
Mg as MgO 0.20 0.30 methods. The final results should include the number of
C (lime and hydrated 0.20 0.30 determinations performed and whether or not they were
lime)
C (limestone) 0.60 0.60 corrected for blank values.
Fe as Fe2O3 0.10 0.15
Si as SiO2 0.15 0.30 7.3 Performance Requirements for Alternative Test Meth-
Mn 0.05 0.10 ods:
P 0.02 0.05
Sr as SrO 0.05 C 7.3.1 Definition and ScopeWhen analytical data obtained
S 0.03 0.05 in accordance with this section is required, any test method
A
For demonstrating the performance of rapid test methods the SRM closest in may be used that meets the requirements of 7.3.2. A test
overall composition to the limestone shall be used (See Table 2). In the case of method is considered to consist of the specific procedures,
quicklime or hydrated lime, the SRM closest in overall composition, after heating
at 1000 C for 1 h, to the product composition shall be used, except for C and S
reagents, supplies, equipment, instrument, etc. selected and
determinations (See Note 3). used in a consistent manner by a specific laboratory.
B
Interelement corrections may be used for any standardization provided improved 7.3.1.1 If more than one instrument is used for the same
accuracy can be demonstrated.
C
No SRM currently available. analysis, use of each instrument shall constitute a separate test
method and each must be qualified separately.
4
C25 112
TABLE 2 Approved SRM List
Na as
Al as % Ca as % Mg as % Fe as % Si as % Sr as % Ti as % K as % %
(SRM) Al2O3 CaO MgO Fe2O3 SiO2 % Mn %P SrO %S TiO2 K2O Na2O % L.O.I.
ECRM-752-1A 0.12 55.4 0.15 0.045 0.70 0.008 NCB 0.019 0.007 0.009 0.02 NC 43.4
IPT 35 0.24 53.8 0.70 0.14 1.98 0.009 0.003 0.04 NC 0.013 0.10 0.004 43.0
IPT 44 0.33 50.5 2.93 0.30 2.69 0.012 0.006 0.04 NC 0.019 0.12 0.002 42.9
IRSID DO 1-1C 0.55 52.69 0.60 1.04 1.99 0.022 0.022 NC 0.040 0.030 NC NC NC
NIST 1C 1.30 50.3 0.42 0.55 6.84 0.019 0.017 0.030 NC 0.07 0.28 0.020 39.9
NIST 88B 0.34 29.95 21.0 0.277 1.13 0.012 0.002 0.0076 NC (0.016)D 0.103 0.029 (46.98)
BCS 368 0.17 30.8 20.9 0.23 0.92 0.05 NC 0.0089 NC <0.01 NC (<0.01) 46.7
IRSID 702-1 0.40 30.05 20.51 0.629 2.22 0.098 0.024 NC 0.027 0.022 NC NC NC
GBW 07214 0.017 54.95 0.67 0.071 0.38 0.007 0.0011 NC 0.020 NC NC NC 43.57
GBW 07215 0.50 51.56 2.67 0.292 1.17 0.014 0.0013 NC 0.196 NC NC NC 43.22
GBW 07216 0.027 36.55 16.59 0.226 0.092 0.022 0.0018 NC 0.014 NC NC NC 46.23
GBW 07217 0.295 30.60 20.73 0.376 0.96 0.048 0.0012 NC 0.174 NC NC NC 46.30
GBW 03106 0.64 50.38 2.28 0.29 4.38 0.0055 0.006 NC 0.006 0.034 0.14 0.070 41.58
GBW 03108 0.88 47.49 3.63 1.97 3.84 0.15 0.017 NC 0.036 0.14 0.23 0.024 41.52
IPT 48 0.17 31.0 21.2 0.17 0.45 0.011 0.0096 0.009 NC 0.006 0.026 0.013 46.9
A
This SRM is still available, but its name has been changed from BCS 393 to ECRM 752-1.
B
NC = not certified.
C
This SRM has been found to be unavailable commercially. The use of private stock, though, is still allowed.
D
( ) = not certified, data for information only.
7.3.2 Qualification of a Test MethodPrior to use each test been obtained by alternative methods and the type of test
method (See 7.3.1) must be qualified for each material that will method used shall be designated.
be tested. Qualification data or, if applicable, requalification 7.3.5 Rejection of MaterialSee 7.1 and 7.2.
data shall be made available. 7.3.6 Requalification of a Test Method:
7.3.2.1 Using the test method chosen, make single determi-
7.3.6.1 Requalification of a test method, as defined in 7.3.2,
nations for each constituent under consideration on the SRM
shall be required annually.
which in overall composition most closely resembles the
limestone, quicklime, or hydrated lime to be tested (See Note 7.3.6.2 Requalification also shall be required upon receipt of
2). Complete two rounds of tests on nonconsecutive days substantial evidence that the test method may not be providing
repeating all steps of sample preparations. Calculate the data in accordance with Table 1. Such requalification may be
differences between values and the averages of values from the limited to those constituents indicated to be in error and shall
two rounds of tests. Blank determinations are not required, if it be carried out prior to further use of the method for analysis of
has been determined that blank values do not affect the validity those constituents.
of the data. Blank or interference-corrected data must be so 7.3.6.3 Substantial evidence that a test method may not be
designated. providing data in accordance with Table 1 shall be considered
7.3.2.2 The differences between duplicates obtained for any to have been received when a laboratory is informed that
single constituent shall not exceed the limits shown in Column analysis of the same material by Reference Test Methods run in
2 of Table 1. accordance with 7.1.1, a certified value of an approved SRM,
7.3.2.3 For each constituent the average of the duplicates or an accepted value of a known secondary standard differs
obtained shall be compared to the SRM Certificate value and from the value obtained by the test method in question by more
shall not differ from the certified value by more than the value than twice the value of Column 2 of Table 1 for one or more
in Column 3 of Table 1. The qualification testing shall be constituents. When indirect test methods are involved, as when
conducted with newly prepared specimens. a value is obtained by difference, corrections shall be made for
7.3.2.4 The standardization, if applicable, used for qualifi- minor constituents in order to put the analyses on a comparable
cation and analysis of each constituent shall be determined by basis prior to determining the differences (See Note 6). For any
valid curve-fitting procedures (See Note 5). Restandardization constituents affected, a test method also shall be requalified
shall be performed as frequently as required to ensure that the after any substantial repair or replacement of one or more
accuracy and precision in Table 1 are maintained. critical components of an instrument essential to the test
NOTE 5An actual drawing of a curve is not required, if such a curve
method.
is not needed for the method in use. A point-to-point, saw-tooth curve that NOTE 6Instrumental analyses can usually detect only the element
is artificially made to fit a set of data points does not constitute a valid sought. Therefore, to avoid controversy, the actual procedure used for the
curve-fitting procedure. elemental analysis should be noted when differences with reference
7.3.3 Partial ResultsTest methods that provide acceptable procedures exist. For example, Combined Oxides of Iron and Aluminum
results for some constituents, but not for others, may be used by Wet Test should be compared to the sum of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 obtained
instrumentally.
only for those components for which acceptable results are
obtained. 7.3.6.4 If an instrument or piece of equipment is replaced
7.3.4 Report of ResultsChemical analyses obtained by even by one of identical make and model, or is significantly
qualified alternative test methods shall be indicated as having modified, a previously qualified test method using such new or
5
C25 112
modified instrument or equipment shall be considered a new 8.3.4 Evaporate the filtrate to dryness, dehydrate and extract
method and must be qualified in accordance with 7.3.2. the residue with HCl as before, but this time heat the acidified
7.4 Precision and BiasDifferent analytical test methods solution for 1 to 2 min. Filter through a second and smaller
are subject to individual limits of precision and bias. It is the piece of retentive filter paper and wash as before. Retain the
responsibility of the user to demonstrate that the test methods filtrate for iron, aluminum, calcium, and magnesium determi-
used at least meet the requirements shown in Table 1. nations; combine the two wet papers containing the separated
residues and transfer to a weighed platinum crucible.
8.3.5 Char carefully without allowing the paper to inflame,
8. Insoluble Matter Including Silicon Dioxide (Standard
and then ignite at 1000 C for 30 min in an electric muffle
Method)
furnace (See Note 8). Cool in a desiccator and weigh. The
8.1 ScopeThis test method is based on a double evapora- increase in weight represents the insoluble matter including
tion to dryness of the hydrochloric acid solution of the SiO2.
limestone or lime sample to convert silicon dioxide (SiO2) to
8.4 CalculationCalculate the percentage of insoluble mat-
the insoluble form. The acid-insoluble residue of a typical
ter including silicon dioxide to the nearest 0.01 % as follows:
limestone consists of free silica and a mixture of minerals such
as clay, mica, feldspar, tourmaline, barytes, garnet, zircon, Insoluble matter including SiO2 5 ~ A/B ! 3 100 (1)
rutile, etc. where:
8.2 Summary of Test MethodAfter dissolution in hydro- A = mass of ignited residue, g, and
chloric acid, the silica is dehydrated by a double evaporation to B = original mass of sample, g.
dryness. After each dehydration, the dry salts are redissolved 8.5 Precision and BiasThis test method was originally
with dilute hydrochloric acid, the solution is filtered, and the approved for publication before the inclusion of precision and
siliceous residue and other insoluble matter separated. The two bias statements within standards was mandated. The user is
papers containing the residues are combined, ignited, and cautioned to verify by the use of reference materials, if
weighed. available, that the precision and bias of this test method are
8.3 Procedure: adequate for the contemplated use.
8.3.1 Weigh 0.5 g of quicklime or hydrated lime, or 1.0 g of
limestone ground to pass a No. 50 (250-m) sieve (See Note 7). 9. Insoluble Matter Including Silicon Dioxide (Optional
If the sample is a limestone or hydrated lime, ignite in a Perchloric Acid Method)
covered platinum crucible in an electric muffle (See Note 8) at 9.1 ScopeIn this test method the insoluble matter includ-
950 C for 15 min or longer to effect complete decomposition. ing silicon dioxide is determined gravimetrically as in the
Transfer to an evaporating dish, preferably of platinum (See standard method except that perchloric acid is used to dehy-
Note 9), containing about 10 mL of water, mix to a thin slurry, drate the silica. The procedure is more rapid than in the
add 5 to 10 mL of HCl, and digest with the aid of gentle heat standard method because only a single dehydration is neces-
and agitation until solution is complete (See Note 10). sary. Fuming perchloric acid is a very powerful dehydrating
NOTE 7Due to the rapidity with which quicklime and hydrated lime agent, and silicic acid can usually be completely converted to
absorb water and carbon dioxide from the air, samples must be protected the insoluble silicon dioxide in less than 20 min. This test
in tightly stoppered containers at all times. Samples for analysis are to be method has been determined by other agencies such as the
weighed quickly and the sample container re-stoppered immediately after Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) to be
the sample has been removed.
comparable to the standard hydrochloric acid method.
NOTE 8Ignition of the sample in an electric muffle is far superior to
flame ignition. However, if an electric muffle is not available, flame 9.2 Summary of Test MethodThe sample is decomposed
ignition and the blast lamp may be used. without prior ignition by a mixture of nitric (HNO3) and
NOTE 9If a platinum dish is not available, porcelain may be used. A perchloric (HClO4) acids and evaporated to fumes of HClO4.
glass container positively must not be used.
The fuming perchloric acid is refluxed at this temperature for
NOTE 10Alternatively, the loss on ignition (LOI) can be determined
first, using 0.5 g of sample. The insoluble matter including silicon dioxide a short period of time to completely dehydrate the silica. The
can then be assayed using the ignited product that remains in the LOI residue of silica and insoluble matter is filtered and washed free
crucible. of acids and salts. The filter paper containing the residue is
8.3.2 Evaporate the solution to dryness on a steam bath. burned off, the resultant ash is ignited at high temperature until
When dry or nearly so, cover the dish and place it in an air bath the ash is white, and then is weighed.
or drying oven or on a metal triangle resting on a hot plate. 9.3 Procedure: WarningPerchloric acid (HClO4) is an
Heat for 1 h at 100 C, remove the dish from the heat, and extremely reactive liquid. When using HClO4, there are pre-
allow the dish and contents to cool slightly. cautions to be followed which, if unheeded, may lead to serious
8.3.3 Drench the cooled mass with 20 mL (1 + 1) HCl and explosions. Contact of the hot concentrated acid with organic
place on the water bath for 10 min. Filter the mixture matter must be absolutely avoided. Any organic matter in the
containing the insoluble residue through a retentive filter of sample must first be destroyed by the addition of nitric acid
suitable size. Wash filter thoroughly with warm, diluted (HNO3) to the sample prior to fuming with HClO4. All
(5 + 95) HCl and then twice with hot water. Reserve the paper evaporations involving HClO4 must be done in a well-
and residue. ventilated hood made of nonporous and inorganic material,
6
C25 112
preferably Type 316L stainless steel. Facilities should be 9.5 Precision and Bias:
provided for washdown procedures that should be performed 9.5.1 Four laboratories cooperated in testing on four lime-
regularly and thoroughly. These precautions on perchloric acid stone samples and three laboratories cooperated in testing on
use are fully discussed in Practices E50. an additional eight limestone samples thereby obtaining the
9.3.1 Weigh 0.5 g of quicklime or hydrated lime, or 1 g of precision data summarized in Table 3.
limestone ground to pass a No. 50 (250-m) sieve. Transfer the 9.5.2 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of reference
sample to a 250-mL beaker, wet carefully with a few millilitres materials, if available, that the bias of this test method is
of water, and dissolve cautiously with 10 mL of concentrated adequate for the contemplated use.
nitric acid. Add 20 mL of perchloric acid and boil until dense
white fumes appear. If the solution darkens at this point, add 10. Silicon Dioxide
several millilitres of HNO3 until the solution clears. Heat again
to fumes. 10.1 ScopeFor control purposes or routine
9.3.2 With the beaker covered, boil gently for 15 min to determinations, a separate analysis of SiO2 may not be neces-
completely dehydrate the silica. Never allow contents to sary. However, for certain applications in process industries,
become solid or go to dryness, otherwise the separation of the amount of silica derived from the lime or limestone could
silica will be incomplete. If this happens, add more HClO4 and be important. To satisfy situations such as this, silicon dioxide
repeat the dehydration. may be determined by volatilizing the SiO2 from the insoluble
9.3.3 Cool, add 50 mL of water, heat to boiling, and filter residue with hydrofluoric acid and the percent SiO2 determined
immediately using medium textured paper. Wash paper and by the difference in mass obtained.
residue thoroughly (at least 15 times) with hot water. Test with 10.2 Procedure:
pH paper until washings are free of acid (See Note 11). Reserve 10.2.1 To the ignited residue in the platinum crucible (See
the filtrate for iron, aluminum, calcium, and magnesium 8.3.5 or 9.3.4), add 5 mL of water, 5 mL of hydrofluoric acid
determinations. (HF), and 1 or 2 drops of H2SO4.
NOTE 11The filter paper and silica residue must be washed free of WarningAll acids should be handled with care, but extra
perchlorate salts to prevent small explosions from occurring in the precaution is required with hydrofluoric acid. This is a very
crucible when the filter paper is charred and ignited. dangerous acid, harmful to eyes and skin; rubber gloves and
9.3.4 Place the filter paper and contents in a weighed goggles should be worn when using this acid. It does its work
platinum or porcelain crucible and heat gently with a low flame silently and leaves a festering sore that is slow to heal. Any
until paper chars without inflaming, or alternatively char in an acid that touches the skin should be immediately washed off
electric muffle at 300 to 400 C. Slowly raise the temperature with copious quantities of water. A physician should be notified
until the carbon has been burned and the ash is white. Finally, immediately if any acid is sprayed into the eyes or if prolonged
ignite at 1000 C for 30 min. Cool in a desiccator and weigh as contact with the skin occurs.
insoluble matter including SiO2. 10.2.2 Evaporate to dryness on a hot plate and heat in an
9.4 CalculationCalculate the percentage of insoluble mat- electric muffle at 1000 C (See Note 8) for 2 or 3 min. Cool in
ter including silicon dioxide to the nearest 0.01 % as follows: a desiccator and weigh. The difference between this mass and
the mass of insoluble matter including silicon dioxide is the
Insoluble matter including SiO2 , % 5 ~ A/B ! 3 100 (2) mass of SiO2.
where: 10.3 CalculationCalculate the percent of silicon dioxide
A = mass of ignited residue, g, and to the nearest 0.01 % as follows:
B = original mass of sample, g.
SiO2 , % 5 ~ @ A 2 B ! / C# 3 100 (3)
TABLE 3 Precision Summary of Classical Test Methods

Average,A Range,A % Repeatability Reproducibility
Section Test Method % Found Found (R1, E173) (R2, E173)
8 Insol + SiO2 ... ... ... ...
(Standard)
9 Insol + SiO2 1.405 0.096.40 0.184 0.351
(Optional)
10 SiO2 1.177 0.035.36 0.128 0.146
11 Insoluble Matter 0.242 0.020.93 0.169 0.204
12 Combined Oxides 0.459 0.221.21 0.181 0.282
13 Fe2O3 0.180 0.050.36 0.064 0.183
15 Al2O3 0.268 0.100.88 0.165 0.223
16 CaO (Gravimetric) 54.46 53.455.1 0.558 1.020
17 CaO (Volumetric) 30.57 30.430.7 0.371 1.132
17 CaO (Volumetric) 53.82 49.655.3 0.187 0.298
18 MgO (Gravimetric) 0.817 0.192.28 0.158 0.210
18 MgO (Gravimetric) 21.34 21.121.5 0.652 1.716
19 Loss on Ignition 43.73 43.643.9 0.158 0.463
A
Average and range of the limestones tested.
7
C25 112
where: 12. Combined Oxides (Iron, Aluminum, Phosphorus,
A = mass of ignited residue, g (insoluble matter including Titanium, Manganese)
SiO2), 12.1 ScopeThe combined oxides describe a group of
B = mass of ignited residue less SiO2, g, and metals that form precipitates with ammonium hydroxide which
C = original mass of sample, g. may then be ignited to their respective oxides. Historically, it
10.4 Precision and Bias: has been the practice to report the combined oxides present in
10.4.1 Three laboratories cooperated in testing on four limestone samples as a group because it was not always easy or
limestone samples and two laboratories cooperated in testing desirable to determine each metal oxide separately. The group
on an additional eight limestone samples thereby obtaining the of metal oxides consists primarily of the oxides of iron and
precision data summarized in Table 3. aluminum, with minor amounts of titanium dioxide (TiO2),
phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), and manganese oxide (Mn3O4)
10.4.2 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of reference
also present. Where separate determinations are preferred, the
materials, if available, that the bias of this test method is
combined oxides are usually weighed first, iron oxide is then
adequate for the contemplated use.
assayed separately, and aluminum oxide is finally determined
by calculating the difference between the percent combined
11. Insoluble Matter
oxides and the percent Fe2O3. The other metal oxides are
11.1 ScopeThe difference between the mass of insoluble generally assumed to be present in trace amounts and are often
matter (including silicon dioxide) and silicon dioxide repre- disregarded. When necessary, these metals may be analyzed
sents the mass of insoluble matter other than silicon dioxide. separately and appropriate corrections made in the Al2O3
The insoluble matter contains the remnants of any clay, analysis.
siliceous minerals, or other refractory material present in 12.2 Summary of Test MethodIn this test method,
limestone. The elemental components are mainly iron and aluminum, iron, titanium, and phosphorus are precipitated
aluminum which should be removed and added to the main from the filtrate after SiO2 removal, by means of ammonium
filtrate from the SiO2 separation. If the insoluble matter hydroxide. With care, little if any manganese will be precipi-
including silica is reported as such and no hydrofluoric acid tated. The precipitate is ignited and weighed as the combined
treatment is indicated, then there is no need to make a recovery metal oxides.
of the metals and the insoluble residue may be discarded.
12.3 Special Solution:
11.2 ProcedureThe insoluble matter left in the crucible 12.3.1 Methyl Red Solution (0.2 %)Dissolve 2 g of methyl
after the silica is volatilized with HF may be dissolved by red indicator with 1 L of 95 % ethyl alcohol.
fusing the residue with 2 to 3 g of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
(See Note 12). Cool the melt and dissolve it in diluted HCl. 12.4 Procedure:
Add the solution to the filtrate from the dehydration and 12.4.1 To the acid solution from the determination of SiO2
separation of insoluble matter including silicon dioxide (See (See 8.3.4 or 9.3.3), add hydrochloric acid (HCl) if necessary
8.3.4 or 9.3.3). to ensure a total of 10 to 15 mL of HCl.
NOTE 13Sufficient hydrochloric acid must be present before the
NOTE 12Fusion with pyrosulfate is to be avoided because this will solution is rendered ammoniacal to prevent the precipitation of magne-
introduce undesirable sulfates into the solution. sium.
11.3 An alternative fusion can also be made using either 12.4.2 If a platinum evaporating dish has been used for the
lithium metaborate or lithium tetraborate as opposed to using dehydration of SiO2, or a fusion made in the platinum crucible
sodium carbonate. containing the HF-insoluble residue, iron may have been
11.4 CalculationCalculate the percentage of insoluble partially reduced. The iron must then be oxidized by adding 1
matter other than silicon dioxide to the nearest 0.01 % as mL of saturated bromine water to the filtrate. Boil the filtrate to
follows: eliminate the excess bromine completely before adding methyl
red indicator.
12.4.3 Dilute with water to a volume of 200 to 250 mL, add
Insoluble matter other than SiO2 , % 5 A 2 B (4)
a few drops of methyl red solution, and heat just to boiling.
where: Add NH4OH (1 + 1) (See Note 14) until the color of the
A = insoluble matter including SiO2, %, and solution becomes distinctly yellow, then add 1 drop in excess
B = SiO2, %. (See Note 15). Heat the solution containing the precipitate to
boiling and boil for 50 to 60 s. Remove from heat and allow the
11.5 Precision and Bias: precipitate to settle (not more than 5 min). Filter using
11.5.1 Three laboratories cooperated in testing on four medium-textured paper and wash the precipitate two or three
limestone samples and two laboratories cooperated in testing times without delay with a hot, 2 % solution of ammonium
on an additional eight limestone samples thereby obtaining the chloride (NH4Cl) (See Note 16).
precision data summarized in Table 3.
NOTE 14The NH4OH used to precipitate the hydroxides must be free
11.5.2 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of reference of any dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2).
materials, if available, that the bias of this test method is NOTE 15At the neutral point, it usually takes 1 drop of NH4OH
adequate for the contemplated use. (1 + 1) to change the color of the solution from red to orange and another
8
C25 112
drop to change the color from orange to yellow. If the color fades during 13.3 Special Solutions:
the precipitation or while heating, add more of the indicator. The boiling 13.3.1 Stannous Chloride Solution (50 g/L)Dissolve 5 g
should not be prolonged as the precipitate may peptize and be difficult to
retain on the filter. The solution should be distinctly yellow when it is of SnCl2 2H2O in 10 mL of HCl and dilute to 100 mL with
ready to filter. If it is not, restore the yellow color with more NH4OH water. Add several pieces of mossy tin metal to the bottle to
(1 + 1). preserve the SnCl2 solution.
NOTE 16Two drops of methyl red indicator solution should be added 13.3.2 Sodium Diphenylamine Sulfonic Acid Indicator (2
to the NH4Cl solution in the wash bottle followed by NH4OH (1 + 1)
added dropwise until the color just changes to yellow. If the color reverts
g/L)Dissolve 0.20 g sodium diphenylamine sulfonate in 100
to red at any time due to heating, it should be brought back to yellow by mL of water. Store in a dark-colored bottle.
the addition of a drop of NH4 OH (1 + 1). 13.3.3 Mercuric Chloride Solution (5 %)Dissolve 5 g of
12.4.4 Set aside the filtrate and dissolve any precipitate HgCl2 in 100 mL of water.
from the paper with 40 mL hot (1 + 3) HCl, pouring the hot 13.3.4 Potassium Dichromate, Standard Solution (0.05
acid through the paper into the beaker in which the precipita- N)Dry pure crystals of K2Cr2O7 at 110 C, then pulverize
tion was made. Wash the filter paper thoroughly with hot HCl and dry at 180 C to constant weight. Dissolve 2.4518 g of
(1 + 19) followed by hot water and reserve the paper. Boil the pulverized K2Cr2O7 in water and dilute to 1 L. This is a
solution and precipitate the hydroxides with NH4OH as before. primary standard, 1 mL = 0.0040 g Fe2O3.
The precipitate is filtered through a fresh piece of medium 13.4 Procedure:
textured filter paper and washed four or five times (See Note 13.4.1 To the combined oxides of iron and aluminum (See
17) with a hot 2 % solution of NH4Cl. Combine filtrates for Ca Note 18) in the platinum crucible, add 3 to 4 g of potassium
and calcium magnesium analysis. pyrosulfate (K2S2O7). Fuse at low heat until the oxides form a
NOTE 17If perchloric acid has been used, the final precipitate should clear melt in the crucible. Cool, break up the button by gently
be washed at least eight times to remove all traces of perchlorate salts (See tapping the crucible on the bench, and wash fragments into a
9.3). small beaker with hot H2SO4 (5 + 95). Add 5 mL of H2SO4 (sp
12.4.5 Place the moist precipitate and the two filter papers in gr 1.82) to the contents in the beaker, and heat to dissolve the
a weighed platinum crucible (See Note 9), heat slowly until the fused mass. Evaporate the solution to fumes of sulfuric acid
papers are charred, and finally ignite to constant weight at 1050 and fume strongly for about 10 min. Cool, add 20 mL of water,
to 1100 C. Cool in a desiccator and weigh. and warm to dissolve the salts. There may be traces of silica
12.5 CalculationCalculate the percentage of ammonium appearing at this point, which for most routine work can be
hydroxide group (combined oxides) to the nearest 0.01 % as ignored. If the analyst prefers to determine it, however, the
follows: precipitate can be filtered, washed, and ignited. The recovered
SiO2 can then be added to the mass of SiO2 previously found
and its mass deducted from the gross mass of iron and
Combined oxides, % 5 ~ A/C ! 3 100 (5) aluminum reported (See Note 18).
where: NOTE 18When the iron is present in small quantities, it is not always
A = mass of the combined oxides, g, and desirable to determine it in the ignited oxides from the 0.5-g sample.
C = original mass of sample, g. Under these conditions, the alternative procedure should be used with a
larger sample weight.
12.6 Precision and Bias: NOTE 19The recovered SiO2 is usually small, but could be as much
12.6.1 Four laboratories cooperated in testing on four lime- as 1 to 2 mg, even after two evaporations.
stone samples and three laboratories cooperated in testing on 13.4.2 To the sulfuric acid solution, add 10 mL HCl (1 + 1)
an additional seven limestone samples thereby obtaining the and heat to near boiling. Add dropwise stannous chloride
precision data summarized in Table 3. solution (See Note 20) until the yellow color of the ferric iron
12.6.2 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of test just disappears. Add 2 or 3 drops of SnCl2 in excess.
reference materials, if available, that the bias of this test
method is adequate for the contemplated use. NOTE 20If the stannous chloride has little effect and more than 5 to
10 mL are required, it has probably become oxidized to stannic chloride
13. Total Iron, Standard Method and a fresh supply should be obtained.
13.1 ScopeIron in limestone is usually present as pyrite 13.4.3 Cool the mixture and add approximately 100 mL of
(FeS2) with occasional occurrences of other discrete iron cold water. Add 10 mL of mercuric chloride solution, stir, and
minerals. The amount present varies according to the location allow to stand for 3 to 5 min.
and geological history of the deposit. During lime calcination, NOTE 21A slight, white, silky precipitate should form. If the
most if not all of the iron minerals present in the limestone ore precipitate appears gray or black, it indicates too much SnCl2 was added
will be converted to iron oxide or sulfate. and the analysis must be repeated.
13.2 Summary of Test MethodIn this test method, the total 13.4.4 Add 5 mL of H3PO4 and 3 drops of sodium diphe-
Fe2O3 content of the sample is determined from the ignited nylamine sulfonate indicator.
combined oxides by fusing the oxides with potassium pyrosul- 13.4.5 Titrate with standard 0.05 N K2Cr2O7 solution add-
fate and leaching the melt with sulfuric acid. The iron is ing the solution slowly while stirring constantly. The end point
reduced to the ferrous state with stannous chloride and titrated is indicated by a change in color from green to deep blue-
with a standard solution of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). violet.
9
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13.5 Calculation: 14.3.5 Preparation of Calibration CurveTo each of six 50
mL volumetric flasks, add, respectively, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mL
Fe2 O 3 , % 5 ~ A/C ! 3 B 3 100 (6) of working iron standard solution. When diluted to volume,
each mL of the prepared standard solutions will contain,
where: respectively 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 micrograms Fe2O3.
A = K2Cr2O7 used in titration, mL, 14.3.5.1 Add to each flask in the following sequence,
B = 0.004 (Fe2O3 equivalent of K2Cr2O7), and mixing after each addition, 1 mL of hydroxylamine hydrochlo-
C = sample, g. ride solution, 5 mL of ammonium acetate, and 5 mL of 1,10
13.6 Precision and Bias: phenanthroline. Roll a small piece of congo red paper into a
13.6.1 Four laboratories cooperated in testing on four lime- ball and insert it into the volumetric flask. Add NH4OH (1 + 1)
stone samples and three laboratories cooperated in testing on until the congo red indicator turns bright red, then add 1 drop
an additional seven limestone samples thereby obtaining the of NH4OH (1 + 1) in excess. Dilute to 50 mL, mix, and let
precision data summarized in Table 3. stand for 15 to 20 min. Determine the absorbance of the
13.6.2 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of reference solution in a spectrophotometer at a wavelength setting of 510
materials, if available, that the bias of this test method is nm using water in the reference cell. Prepare a calibration
adequate for the contemplated use. curve by plotting the absorbance versus the concentration of
Fe2O3 in g/mL of solution.
14. Total Iron by Ortho-Phenanthroline Photometric
Method 14.4 Procedure:
14.4.1 Weigh 1 g of the properly prepared sample in 10 mL
14.1 ScopeWhen the iron oxide content is very low, less
HCl (1 + 1) and evaporate rapidly to dryness. Add 50 mL of
than 0.1 %, and an accurate analysis at this low level is
HCl (1 + 4) and heat to dissolve the salts. Filter the insoluble
required, it is preferable to determine iron using procedures
matter including SiO2 through a retentive paper and wash
that have better sensitivity than the titrimetric methods. For an
several times with hot water. Reserve the residue. Heat the
accurate determination of minute amounts of iron, the ortho
filtrate to boiling.
phenanthroline method has proved invaluable.6 In general, the
method consists of reducing the iron to the ferrous state and 14.4.2 Place the paper containing the insoluble matter from
then adding a slight excess of 1, 10 phenanthroline, which the evaporated HCl solution in a platinum crucible. Char the
forms a complex with ferrous iron, giving an orange-pink paper at low heat without inflaming, then ignite at higher heat
color. The color intensity is proportional to the iron content of until the carbon has been completely burned off. Cool, add 1
the solution. mL H2SO4 and 10 to 15 mL HF and evaporate to fumes of
sulfuric acid. Cool, dilute the contents of the crucible with
14.2 Summary of Test MethodThe bulk of the iron in the water, and warm to dissolve salts. Transfer the acidified
sample is dissolved with HCl, the silica dehydrated and solution to the main solution containing the bulk of the iron.
separated by filtration, and the insoluble matter including SiO2, 14.4.3 Transfer the combined solutions to a 100 mL volu-
ignited in a platinum crucible and treated with HF and H2SO4 metric flask and dilute to volume. Pipet the aliquot containing
to expel the SiO2 and recover the small amount of iron that 0.02 to 0.10 mg Fe2O3 into a 50 mL volumetric flask. Dilute to
may not have dissolved with HCl. The acidified solution is about 25 mL and add in the following sequence, mixing well
transferred to a volumetric flask and diluted to volume. The after each addition: 1 mL hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 5 mL
iron is reduced with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and the ammonium acetate, and 5 mL of 1,10 phenanthroline. Roll a
color of the ferrous complex is developed with 1,10 phenan- small piece of congo red paper into a ball and insert into the
throline and compared against a set of iron standards similarly volumetric flask. Add NH4OH (1 + 1) until the congo red
treated. indicator turns a bright red, then add one drop of NH4OH
14.3 Special Solutions: (1 + 1) in excess. Dilute to 50 mL, mix and let stand for 15 to
14.3.1 Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride (10 g/100)Dissolve 20 min. Determine the absorbance of the solution in a
10 g of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 100 mL of water. spectrophotometer at a wavelength setting of 510 nm using
Prepare fresh every week. water in the reference cell. Compare against a set of standards
14.3.2 Ammonium Acetate (20 g/100)Dissolve 200 g in 1 similarly treated.
L of water.
14.5 Calculation:
14.3.3 1,10 (Ortho) Phenanthroline (0.1 g/100)Dissolve
1.0 g in 1 L of hot water. 14.5.1 Calculate the % Fe2O3 as follows:
14.3.4 Iron Standard Solution (1 mL = 1.0 mg Fe2O3) C 3D
% Fe2 O 3 5 (7)
Dissolve 0.7000 g of pure iron wire by heating gently in 20 mL W 3 104
of HCl (1 + 1) and dilute to 1 L in a volumetric flask. where:
14.3.4.1 Iron Work Standard Solution (1 mL = 0.01 mg
Fe2O3)Transfer 10 mL of the iron standard solution to a 1 L C = concentration of Fe2O3 in sample solution, g/mL
volumetric flask and dilute to volume with water. (determined from calibration curve),
D = dilution factor, and
W = sample mass, g.
6
Sandel, E. B., Colorimetric Determination of Traces of Metals, 3rd Ed.,
Interscience Publications, 1959. 14.6 Precision and Bias:
10
C25 112
14.6.1 The number of laboratories, materials, and determi- that escaped precipitation before may be recovered at this point
nations in this study does not meet the minimum requirements by the addition of a small amount of NH4OH and boiling. Any
for determining precision prescribed in Practice E691: precipitate that separates out is assumed to be Al(OH)3 and
Test Methods Practice E691 after ignition to Al2O3 this amount is added to the mass of
C25 Minimum Al2O3 calculated in 16.2. Calcium is precipitated a second time
Laboratories 2 6
Materials 5 4
as the oxalate, filtered, washed, ignited, and weighed as CaO.
Determinations 4 2 16.3 Special Solutions:
14.6.2 The following precision statements are provisional. 16.3.1 Ammonium Oxalate Solution (saturated)Dissolve
Within five years, additional data will be obtained and pro- 45 g of ammonium oxalate (NH4C2O4) in 1 L of hot water.
cessed which does meet the requirements of Practice E691. When cooled to room temperature the supersaturated solution
14.6.2.1 Precision, characterized by repeatability, Sr and r, will partially crystallize out and the supernatant solution will
and reproducibility, SR and R, has been determined for the then be saturated with ammonium oxalate.
following test method and materials to be: 16.3.2 Ammonium Oxalate Wash Solution (1 g/L)
Precision Statement for % Fe2O3 Color Dissolve 1 g of (NH4)2C2O4 in 1 L of water.
Test Method:
Material Average Sr SR r R 16.4 Procedure:
S-1143 0.0358 0.0058 0.0201 0.0163 0.0564 16.4.1 Add 30 mL of HCl (1 + 1) and 20 mL of 10 % oxalic
S-1145 0.0480 0.0053 0.0214 0.0148 0.0599 acid to the combined filtrates from the iron and aluminum
S-1141 0.1688 0.0466 0.0640 0.1306 0.1792
S-1142 0.2025 0.0141 0.0631 0.0396 0.1767 hydroxide precipitation and heat the solution to boiling. To the
S-1144 0.9252 0.0562 0.2096 0.1574 0.5870 boiling solution, add ammonium hydroxide (1 + 3) slowly until
a precipitate begins to form. At this point, add the ammonium
15. Aluminum Oxide
hydroxide still more slowly (dropwise, with a pipet) while
15.1 ScopeAluminum oxide, for the purpose of this test stirring continuously until the methyl red just turns yellow. Add
method, is considered to be the difference between the com- 25 mL of hot saturated ammonium oxalate solution while
bined oxides and Fe2O3. When phosphorus or titanium are stirring. Remove from the heat and let stand until the precipi-
determined, their oxides must also be deducted. tate has settled and the supernatant liquid is clear. Allow to cool
15.2 ProcedureSubtract the percent Fe2O3 obtained in for a minimum of 1 h, and filter using a retentive paper. Wash
accordance with Sections 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 from the percent the paper and precipitate with five 10-mL portions of cold,
combined oxides (See Section 5.1). Report the remainder as neutral 0.1 % solution of (NH4)2C2O4 (See Note 22). Reserve
percent Al2O3. In special cases where P2O5 and TiO2 need to filtrate for the magnesium determination.
be reported, a correction for these oxides must be made. NOTE 22Hot solutions should be avoided when washing the CaC2O4
15.3 CalculationCalculate the percent Al2O3 as follows: precipitate. One litre of hot water will dissolve 5 mg of CaO. One litre of
cold 0.1 % (NH4)2C2O4 solution will dissolve only 0.1 mg of CaO.
16.4.2 Place the wet filter and precipitate in a platinum
Al2 O 3 , % 5 A 2 B (8)
crucible, and char the paper without inflaming at low heat.
where: Increase the heat to burn off all the carbon and ignite at 1000
A = combined oxides (Al2O3 + Fe2O3), %, and C for about 10 min. Cool, dissolve the ignited oxide in 50 mL
B = Fe2O3, %. of dilute HCl (1 + 4), and dilute to about 100 mL with water.
15.4 Precision and Bias: Add a few drops of methyl red indicator and neutralize with
15.4.1 Four laboratories cooperated in testing on four lime- NH4OH till the color of indicator changes to yellow. Heat just
stone samples and three laboratories cooperated in testing on to boiling. If a small amount of Al(OH)3 separates, filter it,
an additional seven limestone samples thereby obtaining the wash with a hot 2 % solution of NH4Cl, ignite, weigh, and add
precision data summarized in Table 3. this to the mass of Al2O3 determined in 15.2.
15.4.2 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of reference 16.4.3 Heat the filtrate to boiling and add slowly, while
materials, if available, that the bias of this test method is stirring, 35 mL of saturated (NH4)2C2O4 solution. Digest, filter,
adequate for the contemplated use. and wash as in 16.4.1. Combine the filtrate and washing with
the ones reserved from the first precipitation, and retain for the
16. Calcium Oxide by Gravimetric Method determination of MgO. Place the filter in a tared platinum
16.1 ScopeCalcium is separated from magnesium by crucible with cover and carefully char the paper without
means of a double precipitation as the oxalate after the inflaming. Increase the heat to burn off the carbon and ignite
determination of the ammonium hydroxide group. The precipi- the calcium oxide in the covered platinum crucible at 1000 C.
tate is converted to CaO by ignition and weighed. The Cool in a desiccator and weigh as CaO. Repeat the ignition to
gravimetric method should be used when a recovery of constant weight avoiding any hydration or carbonation of the
aluminum is indicated or when a determination of strontium by lime.
gravimetric analysis is required. 16.5 CalculationCalculate the percent calcium oxide
16.2 Summary of Test MethodCalcium is precipitated with (CaO) as follows:
ammonium oxalate (NH4)2C2O4, filtered, ignited to the oxide,
and redissolved with HCl. Any of the NH4OH group of metals CaO, % 5 ~ M/W ! 3 100 (9)
11
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where: 17.3.1.5 Determine the CaO equivalent of the KMnO4
M = mass of CaO, g, and solution as follows:
W = mass of sample, g.
16.6 Precision and Bias: F 5 N 3 0.02804 (11)
16.6.1 Two laboratories cooperated in testing on four lime- where:
stone samples and obtained the precision data summarized in F = CaO equivalent of the KMnO4 solution in grams
Table 3. CaO/mL,
16.6.2 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of reference N = normality of KMnO4 solution, and
materials, if available, that the bias of this test method is 0.02804 = CaO equivalent to 1 mL of 1 N KMnO4 solution,
adequate for the contemplated use. g.
17.4 Procedure:
17. Calcium Oxide by Volumetric Method 17.4.1 Add 30 mL of HCl (1 + 1) and 20 mL of 10 % oxalic
17.1 ScopeThis volumetric test method is used mostly for acid to the combined filtrates from the iron and aluminum
ordinary control work in the plant laboratory, but it is capable hydroxide precipitation and heat the solution to boiling. To the
of giving exact results, especially with those products that are boiling solution, add ammonium hydroxide (1 + 3) slowly until
free of interfering elements. Traces of strontium, barium, a precipitate begins to form. At this point, add the ammonium
magnesium, or oxalate that may be present will also be titrated hydroxide still more slowly (dropwise, with a pipet) while
and calculated as calcium on an equivalence, not weight, basis. stirring continuously until the methyl red just turns yellow. Add
25 mL of hot saturated ammonium oxalate while stirring.
17.2 Summary of Test MethodIn this test method, the
Remove from the heat and let stand until the precipitate has
calcium oxalate precipitate is dissolved with dilute sulfuric
settled and the supernatant liquid is clear. Allow to cool and
acid and the liberated oxalic acid is titrated with standard
filter at the end of 1 h. Wash the paper with cold water, limiting
potassium permanganate. The calcium equivalent of the oxalic
the total washings to 125 mL (See Note 23). Retain the filtrate
acid is determined and the grams of CaO calculated.
for magnesium.
17.3 Special Solutions:
NOTE 23A Gooch crucible may be used instead of filter paper to filter
17.3.1 Potassium Permanganate, Standard Solution (0.175 the CaC2O4 precipitate.
N):
17.4.2 With a jet of hot water, wash the precipitate from the
17.3.1.1 Dissolve 5.64 g of potassium permanganate paper into the beaker in which the precipitation was made. Fold
(KMnO4) in 1 L of water and boil gently for 20 to 30 min. the paper and leave it adhering to the upper portion of the
Dilute again to 1 L, cover and allow to age for several days. beaker. Add to the contents of the beaker 250 mL of hot,
Filter through purified asbestos or a wad of glass wool, and diluted H2SO4 (1 + 19) and heat to 80 to 90 C.
standardize against the National Institute of Standards and
17.4.3 Titrate with 0.175 N KMnO4 solution until the pink
Technologys standard sample 40C of sodium oxalate
end point is obtained. Drop the folded filter paper that
(Na2C2O4) or equivalent as follows:
contained the original precipitate into the liquid and macerate
17.3.1.2 Transfer 0.5 g of the standard sodium oxalate dried it with a stirring rod; the pink color of the solution will be
at 105 C to a 400-mL beaker. Add 250 mL of diluted H2SO4 discharged (See Note 24). Finish the titration by adding the
(5 + 95) freshly boiled for 10 to 15 min and cooled to 27 6 3 KMnO4 standard solution dropwise until the end point is again
C. Stir until the oxalate has dissolved. Add 40 to 42 mL of the obtained.
standard KMnO4 solution at the rate of 25 to 35 mL/min, while
stirring slowly. Let stand until the pink color disappears (about NOTE 24There will always be some fine particles of precipitate
imbedded in the pores of the filter paper which are dissolved by the acid
60 s) (See Note X1.2).
in solution. The filter paper is not introduced at the beginning of the
17.3.1.3 Heat the contents of the beaker to 60 C and titration to avoid introduction of traces of organic matter due to the action
complete the titration at this temperature by adding KMnO4 of the hot sulfuric acid on the paper; these would consume KMnO4 and
solution until a slight pink color persists for 30 s. Add the last give high results for CaO.
0.5 to 1 mL dropwise, allowing each drop to become decolor- 17.5 CalculationCalculate the percentage of CaO in the
ized before the next one is added. sample using the CaO equivalent from 17.3.1.5 as follows:
17.3.1.4 Determine the exact normality of the KMnO4
solution from the following: CaO, % 5 ~ V 3 F ! /W 3 100 (12)
where:
N 5 W/V 3 0.06701 (10)
V = KMnO4 solution used in titration, mL,
where: F = CaO equivalent of KMnO4, and
N = normality of KMnO4 solution, W = original mass of sample, g.
W = mass of standard sodium oxalate, 17.6 Precision and Bias:
V = KMnO4 used to titrate sodium oxalate, mL, and 17.6.1 Two laboratories cooperated in testing on twelve
0.06701 = sodium oxalate equivalent to 1 mL of 1 N limestone samples and obtained the precision data summarized
KMnO4 solution, g. in Table 3.
12
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17.6.2 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of reference MgO, % 5 A 3 36.2/B (13)
where:
A = Mg2P2O7, g,
18. Magnesium Oxide B = sample, g, and
18.1 ScopeMagnesium oxide in lime and limestone may 36.2 = molecular ratio of 2MgO to Mg2P2O7 100.
vary from a few tenths to 2 % for high-calcium limestone to as 18.6 Precision and Bias:
much as 22 % for dolomitic limestone. The pyrophosphate 18.6.1 Four laboratories cooperated in testing on three
gravimetric method has been used successfully throughout the limestone samples and three laboratories cooperated in testing
industry to determine magnesium within this wide range. on an additional nine limestone samples thereby obtaining the
18.2 Summary of Test MethodIn this test method, magne- precision data summarized in Table 3.
sium is doubly precipitated as magnesium ammonium phos- 18.6.2 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of reference
phate from the filtrate after removal of calcium. The precipitate materials, if available, that the bias of this test method is
is ignited and weighed as magnesium pyrophosphate adequate for the contemplated use.
(Mg2P2O7). The MgO equivalent is then calculated.
18.3 Special Solutions: 19. Loss on Ignition
18.3.1 Ammonium Phosphate, Dibasic Solution (250 g/L) 19.1 ScopeLoss on ignition (LOI) is the loss in weight
Dissolve 250 g of dibasic ammonium phosphate expressed as percent of the initial as received sample weight
((NH4)2HPO4) in 1 L of water. obtained after ignition of the sample at 1000 C to constant
18.3.2 Ammonium Hydroxide Wash Solution (5 + 95) weight. The loss in weight is due to a release of free moisture,
Dilute 50 mL of NH4OH with 950 mL of water and add 1 or 2 chemically combined lattice or hydroxy water, CO2, SO2,
mL of HNO3. and volatile pyrolytic products of any organic material that
18.4 Procedure: may be present.
18.4.1 Add 2 drops of methyl red indicator to the combined 19.2 Summary of Test MethodThe tared crucible contain-
filtrates from the determination of calcium, acidify with HCl, ing the weighed sample is ignited to constant weight. The loss
and concentrate to about 250 mL. Add to this solution about 10 in weight is the LOI of the sample.
mL of the (NH4)2HPO4 solution, 250 g/L, and cool the solution
19.3 ProcedureTransfer approximately 1 g of the sample
to room temperature. Add NH4OH slowly while stirring
prepared to pass a 100-mesh (149-m) U.S. standard sieve to a
constantly until the solution is alkaline or the crystalline
tare-weighed porcelain or platinum crucible. Cover with a lid
magnesium ammonium phosphate begins to form; then add
and weigh accurately to within 0.1 mg. When testing
about 15 to 20 mL of NH4OH in excess and continue stirring
quicklime, the crucible cover is not required. Also, quicklime
for several more minutes. Allow the beaker and precipitate to
may be placed directly into a muffle at 1000 C avoiding
stand in a cool place overnight. Filter and wash with cold dilute
preignition. Pre-ignite in a muffle furnace at approximately 400
ammonium hydroxide wash solution (5 + 95).
C for 30 min. Then increase muffle temperature to 1000
18.4.2 Dissolve the precipitate with hot diluted HCl (1 + 9)
C 6 20 C, and maintain at this temperature for a minimum of
and wash the filter paper well with hot diluted HCl (1 + 99).
20 min or until constant mass is obtained. The difference
Dilute the solution to 100 mL, cool to room temperature, and
between the original mass of the sample and the final mass
add 1 mL of the 20 % solution of (NH4)2HPO4. Precipitate the
represents the loss on ignition.
magnesium ammonium phosphate as before and allow to stand
for about 2 h in a cool place. 19.4 CalculationCalculate LOI as follows:
18.4.3 Filter the precipitate on paper or in a tared Gooch
crucible, washing with diluted NH4OH (5 + 95). If filtered LOI, % 5 ~ A 2 B ! /C 3 100 (14)
through a Gooch, place directly in a muffle at 400 C and raise
heat to 1100 C. If filtration was through paper, place paper and where:
precipitate in a weighed platinum or porcelain crucible. Slowly A = mass of crucible + sample, g,
char the paper without inflaming and carefully burn off the B = mass of crucible plus sample after ignition, g, and
resulting carbon (WarningExtreme caution should be exer- C = mass of sample, g.
cised during this ignition. Reduction of the phosphate precipi- 19.5 Precision and Bias (Limestone):
tate can result if carbon is in contact with it at high tempera- 19.5.1 Fifteen laboratories cooperated in testing on three
tures. There is also a danger of occluding carbon in the samples of high calcium limestone to obtain the precision data
precipitate if ignition is too rapid.). Ignite at 1100 C for 12 h, for percent LOI given in 19.5.2 and 19.5.3.
cool in desiccator, and weigh as Mg2P2O7 (See Note 25). 19.5.2 The repeatability (Practice E691 [r]) was found to be
NOTE 25For research purposes or in the most exacting types of work, 0.158 % LOI.
the manganese content of the pyrophosphate residue should be determined 19.5.3 The reproducibility (Practice E691 [R]) was found to
and deducted as Mn2P2O7. be 0.463 % LOI.
18.5 CalculationCalculate the percentage of MgO to the 19.5.4 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of reference
nearest 0.01 % as follows: materials, if available, that the bias of this test method is
13
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19.6 Precision and Bias (Lime): Hi-Cal Lime # 1: High Calcium Lime
19.6.1 The precision of this test method is based on an Hi-Cal Lime #2: High Calcium Lime
Do Lime #2: Dolomitic Lime
interlaboratory study conducted in 2008. Up to ten laboratories Do Lime #1: Dolomitic Lime
tested a total of four alloys in three types of crucibles. Every
test result represents an individual determination. Each labo- 20. Free Moisture in Limestone
ratory reported up to three replicate test results for the analysis.
20.1 ScopeFor the purpose of this test method, the con-
Except for the number of reporting laboratories in some cases,
ventional definition of hygroscopic moisture or free water
Practice E691 was followed for the design and analysis of the
(also known as free-moisture) is accepted; that is, the amount
data; the details are given in RR:C07-1008.7
of water and any other volatile matter than can be expelled
19.6.2 Repeatability Limit, rTwo test results obtained
from a sample of the material by drying to constant weight at
within one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they
a temperature slightly above the boiling point of water.
differ by more than the r value for that material; r is the interval
representing the critical difference between two test results for 20.2 Summary of Test MethodThe sample in a container is
the same material, obtained by the same operator using the heated in a drying oven at 115 to 120 C constant weight. The
same equipment on the same day in the same laboratory. loss in weight represents the free moisture.
19.6.2.1 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 4. 20.3 Special Apparatus:
19.6.3 Reproducibility Limit, RTwo test results shall be 20.3.1 Bottle, weighing, low-form, glass-stoppered, or
judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the R value wide-form, large porcelain crucible.
for that material; R is the interval representing the critical
20.4 ProcedureWeigh 1 g of the prepared sample in the
difference between two test results for the same material,
stoppered weighing bottle. Remove the stopper and heat in a
obtained by different operators using different equipment in
drying oven at 115 to 120 C for 2 h. Quickly stopper, cool in
different laboratories.
a desiccator, and weigh, lifting the stopper momentarily just
19.6.3.1 Reproducibility limits are listed in Table 4.
before weighing. The use of a similar weighing bottle as a
19.6.4 The terms repeatability limit and reproducibility limit
counterpoise carried through all the operations is a desirable
are used as specified in Practice E177.
procedure unless a single pan balance is used. The loss in
19.6.5 Any judgment in accordance with statements 19.6.2
weight represents free moisture loss at 120 C.
and 19.6.3 would normally have an approximate 95% prob-
ability of being correct, however the precision statistics ob- 20.5 CalculationCalculate the percent free moisture as
tained in this ILS must not be treated as exact mathematical follows:
quantities which are applicable to all circumstances and uses. Free 2 moisture, % 5 ~ A 2 B ! /C 3 100 (15)
The limited number of laboratories reporting replicate results
using the platinum crucibles guarantees that there will be times where:
when differences greater than predicted by the ILS results will A = mass of crucible and sample before heating, g,
arise, sometimes with considerably greater or smaller fre- B = mass of crucible and sample after heating at 120 C, g,
quency than the 95% probability limit would imply. The and
repeatability limit and the reproducibility limit, at least as C = original mass of sample, g.
concerns the platinum crucible data, should be considered 20.6 Precision and BiasThe precision and bias of this test
general guides, and the associated probability of 95% as only method have not been determined.
a rough indicator of what can be expected.
19.7 BiasAt the time of the study, there was no accepted 21. Free Moisture in Hydrated Lime
reference material suitable for determining the bias for this test 21.1 ScopeThe free moisture in hydrated lime is that
method, therefore no statement on bias is being made. water that is released from the sample at a temperature of 115
19.8 The precision statement was determined through sta- to 120 C. This distinguishes it from the hydroxyl water that is
tistical examination of 252 results, from ten laboratories, on chemically bound to the lime and which cannot be liberated
four materials which are described below: except at higher temperatures.
21.2 Summary of Test MethodFree moisture in hydrated
7
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may lime is determined by aspirating a slow stream of CO2-free air
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C07-1008. over the sample in a container placed inside a 115 to 120 C
TABLE 4 Loss on Ignition Results for Lime Using Platinum, Porcelain, and Quartz Crucibles Combined (%)A
Material Average, xB Repeatability Reproducibility Repeatability Reproducibility
Standard Standard Limit, r Limit, R
Deviation, Sr Deviation, SR
Hi-Cal Lime # 1 0.796 0.056 0.113 0.158 0.316
Hi-Cal Lime #2 2.275 0.204 0.315 0.572 0.883
Do Lime #2 2.460 0.190 0.278 0.532 0.779
Do Lime #1 0.748 0.096 0.157 0.270 0.440
A
Statistics based on results from 10 laboratories.
B
The average of the laboratories calculated averages.
14
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oven. The loss in weight of the sample is equal to the free exist in the bottle. The loss in weight of the sample represents
moisture of the hydrated lime. free moisture loss as 120 C. Use a bottle similar to the one
21.3 Special Apparatus: containing the sample as a counterpoise in all weighings unless
21.3.1 Sample Flask E, illustrated in Fig. 1, consists of a a single-pan balance is used.
50-mL flat-bottom, glass-stoppered flask, supplied with a 21.5 CalculationCalculate the percent free moisture in
ground glass joint and solid ground glass stopper. the sample as follows:
21.3.1.1 The flask shall be fitted with an interchangeable
hollow ground-glass stopper, equipped with two glass entry
Free moisture, % 5 ~ A 2 B ! /C 3 100 (16)
tubes for conducting the dry air over the sample.
21.3.2 Purifying Train (See Fig. 1), located outside the oven where:
F for conducting the dry air over the samples, shall consist of A = mass of sample flask + sample, g,
a series of scrubbers and absorption bulbs to remove CO2 and B = mass of sample flask after drying, g, and
moisture from the air. The apparatus are arranged in the C = mass of sample, g.
following order starting from the air source:
21.6 Precision and BiasThe precision and bias of this test
21.3.2.1 Soda-Lime Tower A, at the air inlet to remove CO2
method have not been determined.
from the air.
21.3.2.2 Bottle B, containing lime water to show when the
22. Carbon Dioxide by Standard Method
soda lime is exhausted.
21.3.2.3 Fleming Jar C, containing sulfuric acid to remove 22.1 ScopeCarbon dioxide in limestone is sometimes
water from the air. determined to verify the presence of carbonates other than
21.3.2.4 Absorption Bulb D, filled with Anhydrone (magne- calcium or magnesium. These may include carbonates of iron,
sium perchlorate) to complete the drying of the air. manganese, and occasionally traces of other substances.
21.3.2.5 Sample Flask E. Samples of lime and hydrated lime are analyzed for CO2 to
21.3.2.6 Drying Oven F. check for the presence of carbonates, most of which are there
21.3.2.7 Absorption Bulb G, also filled with Anhydrone and as uncalcined limestone.
located on the exit side of the sample bulb as a protective
22.2 Summary of Test MethodThe sample is decomposed
barrier against atmospheric moisture.
with HCl and the liberated CO2 is passed through a series of
21.4 ProcedureWeigh 2.5 to 3 g of the prepared sample, scrubbers to remove water and sulfides. The CO2 is absorbed
and using glazed paper folded in the shape of a funnel, transfer with Ascarite, a special sodium hydroxide absorbent, and the
it rapidly into the previously weighed bottle and immediately gain in weight of the absorbtion tube is determined and
restopper it. Insert the bottle into the 120 C oven and quickly calculated as percent CO2.
exchange stoppers. Connect the sample bottle to the purifying
train by means of flexible tubing and pass a slow current of dry 22.3 Special Apparatus:
CO2-free air through the apparatus for 2 h. Disconnect the 22.3.1 The apparatus illustrated in Fig. 2 consists of the
sample bottle from the train, remove it from the oven with following:
another quick exchange of stoppers, and place it in a desiccator 22.3.1.1 Purifying Jar A, Fleming, containing sulfuric acid.
to cool. When cool, remove it to the balance case for several 22.3.1.2 Drying Tube B, U-shaped with side arms and glass
minutes before weighing it, and just before weighing, lift the stoppers. Side arms are shaped to hold rubber tubing. Contains
stopper slightly for an instant to relieve any vacuum that may Anhydrone on left side and Ascarite on right side.
A Soda-Lime Tower at inlet to remove CO2.

B Bottle containing lime water to show when soda lime tower is exhausted.
C Fleming jar containing sulfuric acid to remove water from air.
D Absorption bulb filled with Anhydrone (Magnesium Perchlorate) to complete drying of air.
E 50-mL sample flask.
F Drying oven operating at 110 C.
G Absorption bulb filled with Anhydrone to prevent moisture backup into sample.
FIG. 1 Apparatus for Free Moisture in Hydrated Lime
15
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A Purifying jar, Fleming, containing concentrated H2SO4.

B Drying tube, U-shaped, Ascarite in right side, Anhydrone in left side.
C Erlenmeyer flask, 250-mL, 24/40 glass joint.
D Separatory funnel.
E Condenser.
F Gas-washing bottle, 250-mL with fritted disk, containing water to retain most of the acid volatilized from the alkalimeter.
G U-tube containing mossy zinc to remove the last traces of HCl.
H Gas-washing bottle, 250-mL with fritted disk, containing concentrated H2SO4.
I Trap.
J Absorption bulb containing Anydrone.
K CO2 absorption bulb containing Ascarite.
L U-guard tube with Anhydrone in left side and Ascarite in right side.
M Purifying jar, Fleming, containing concentrated H2SO4.
FIG. 2 Apparatus for Carbon Dioxide by Standard Method
22.3.1.3 Erlenmeyer Flask C, 250-mL, 24/40 ground-glass apparatus as shown in the diagram (See Fig. 2). Purge the
joint. system free of carbon dioxide by passing a current of CO2-free
22.3.1.4 Separatory Funnel D, with ground-glass stopper air through the apparatus for 10 to 15 min.
and interchangeable hollow ground-glass joint. A delivery tube 22.4.2 Weigh the absorption bulb and attach it to the train.
bent at the end extends into the sample flask about 12 in. from Remove the glass stopper from separatory funnel, place 50 mL
the bottom. Used to introduce acid into flask. of dilute HCl (1 + 1) in the separatory funnel (D) and replace
22.3.1.5 Condenser E. the stopper with the interchangeable hollow ground-glass joint
22.3.1.6 Gas-Washing Bottle F, 250-mL, with fritted disk through which passes a tube for admitting purified air. Open
containing distilled water to retain most of the acid volatilized the stopcock of the separatory funnel and admit air through the
from the alkalimeter. top of the funnel to force the hydrochloric acid into the
22.3.1.7 U-Tube G, containing mossy zinc to remove the Erlenmeyer flask (C).
last traces of HCl.
22.4.3 Start cold water circulating through the condenser
22.3.1.8 Gas-Washing Bottle H, 250-mL, with fritted disk,
(E) and, with CO2-free air passing at a moderate rate through
containing concentrated H2SO4 and trap I, to remove any SO3
the absorption train, place a small hot plate or gas burner under
mist that may have been carried over.
the sample flask and boil for about 2 min. Remove the hot plate
22.3.1.9 Absorption Bulb J, containing Anhydrone to re-
and continue the flow of purified air at about three bubbles per
move last traces of water vapor.
second for 30 min to sweep the apparatus free of CO2. Close
22.3.1.10 CO2 Absorption Bulb, containing Ascarite filled
the absorption bulb, disconnect it from the train and weigh,
as follows: On the bottom of the bulb, place a layer of glass
opening the stopper momentarily to equalize the pressure. Use
wool extending above the bottom outlet and on top of this a
a second absorption bulb as counterpoise in all weighings
layer of Anhydrone about 38 in. thick; immediately above this
unless a single pan balance is used.
is placed another layer of glass wool, and Ascarite is then
added to almost fill the bulb. A top layer of Anhydrone about 22.5 CalculationCalculate the percent CO2 as follows:
38 in. thick is placed on top of the Ascarite and topped off with
a covering of glass wool. CO2 , % 5 ~ A 2 B ! /C 3 100 (17)

22.3.1.11 U-Guard Tube L, filled with Anhydrone in left
side and Ascarite in right side. where:
22.3.1.12 Purifying Jar M, Fleming, containing H2SO4. A = mass of absorption bulb + CO2, g,
B = mass of absorption bulb before the run, g, and
22.4 Procedure:
C = mass of sample, g.
22.4.1 Weigh an indicated amount of prepared sample, 0.5 g
for limestone and 5 g for lime or hydrated lime, and transfer to 22.6 Precision and BiasThe precision and bias of this test
the 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Connect the sample flask to method have not been determined.
16
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23. Sulfur Trioxide 23.6.4 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of reference
23.1 ScopeThis test method will determine sulfur
compounds, mostly present as sulfates in lime and limestone,
that are soluble in dilute HCl. Iron pyrites and other sulfides 24. Total Sulfur by Sodium Carbonate Fusion
will not be included because they will either be volatilized as
24.1 ScopeSulfur in limestone is chiefly, if not wholly,
H2S or not react at all with the acid.
present as sulfide, usually as pyrite. If the total sulfur obtained
23.2 Summary of Test MethodIn this test method, sulfate in the following test method is in excess of that present as
is precipitated from an acid solution of the lime or limestone soluble sulfate, the difference can be assumed to be present as
with barium chloride (BaCl2) and the SO3 equivalent is iron disulfide.
calculated. 24.2 Summary of Test MethodThe sample is fused with
23.3 Special Solution: sodium carbonate and the ignited mass is leached in water and
dissolved with HCl. The solution is made ammoniacal and the
23.3.1 Barium Chloride Solution (100 g/L)Dissolve 100
hydroxide precipitate is filtered. The sulfur in the filtrate is
g of barium chloride (BaCl2 2H2O) in 1 L of water.
precipitated with a 10 % solution of barium chloride. The
23.4 ProcedureSelect and weigh the prepared sample into precipitate is ignited and weighed as barium sulfate (BaSO4)
a 250-mL beaker containing 50 mL of cold water in accordance and the SO3 equivalent is calculated.
with the following: 24.3 Procedure:
Expected SO3 Range, % Sample Weight, g 24.3.1 Select and weigh the prepared sample into a porce-
0.001 to 0.500 10.00
0.500 to 2.50 5.00
lain crucible in accordance with the following:
2.50 to 12.5 2.00 Expected S Range, % Sample Weight, g Na2CO3 Weight, g
0.001 to 0.20 10.00 5.00
Stir until all lumps are broken and the lighter particles are in 0.200 to 1.00 5.00 2.50
suspension. Add 50 mL of diluted HCl (1 + 1) and heat until 1.00 to 5.00 2.00 1.00
the reaction has stopped and decomposition is complete. Digest Add the indicated amount of Na2CO3 and mix well. Heat in
for several minutes at a temperature just below boiling. Add a a muffle at 600 C for 15 min. Increase the heat 50 C every 15
few drops of methyl red indicator and render the solution min until 1000 C is reached and maintain at this temperature
alkaline (yellow color) with NH4OH (1 + 1). Heat the solution for 15 min. (See Note 26). Cool, place the crucible and cover
to boiling. Filter through a medium-textured paper and wash in a 400-mL beaker, and cover with hot water. Add 10 mL
the residue thoroughly with hot water. Dilute the filtrate to 250 bromine water (See Note 27) and then add sufficient HCl
mL, add 5 mL of HCl (1 + 1), heat to boiling, and add slowly (1 + 1) to make the solution slightly acid to methyl red. Boil
10 mL of hot BaCl2 solution. Continue the boiling until the until solution is complete and all bromine has been expelled.
precipitate is well formed, stir well, and allow to stand Remove the crucible and wash with hot water.
overnight at room temperature. Take care to keep the volume of
NOTE 26Since not enough flux is used to produce more than a
solution between 225 and 250 mL, and add water for this sintering, the air entering the crucible after the bulk of the carbon dioxide
purpose if necessary. Filter through a retentive paper and wash has been released effects very speedy oxidation in the porous mass.
the precipitate with hot water. Place the paper and contents in NOTE 27It has been found that 10 mL of 30 % hydrogen peroxide
a weighed platinum crucible, and slowly char the paper without (H2O2) may be substituted for the bromine water to accomplish oxidation
without affecting the analytical result.
flaming. Burn off all the carbon, ignite in a muffle at 1000 C,
cool in a desiccator, and weigh. 24.3.2 Add a few drops of methyl red indicator and render
the solution alkaline with NH4OH (1 + 1). Heat the solution to
23.5 CalculationCalculate the percentage of SO3 to the boiling, filter using a retentive paper and wash with hot water.
nearest 0.001 as follows: To the filtrate add 5 mL of HCl (1 + 1), adjust the volume to
SO3 , % 5 A 3 0.343/W 3 100 (18) about 250 mL, and bring the solution to boiling. To the boiling
solution, add 10 mL of hot BaCl2 solution, slowly and with
where: stirring. Allow to stand overnight. Filter through a retentive
A = mass of BaSO4, g, paper and wash the precipitate with hot water. Place paper and
W = mass of sample, g, and contents in a weighed platinum crucible and slowly char the
0.343 = molecular ratio of SO3 to BaSO4. paper without flaming. Burn off the carbon and ignite in a
23.6 Precision and Bias: muffle at 1000 C for 1 h. Cool in a desiccator and weigh as
23.6.1 Six laboratories cooperated in testing on four BaSO4.
samples of limestone and lime materials covering the range 24.4 CalculationCalculate the percentage of sulfur to the
from 0.04 to 5.15 % SO3 to obtain the precision data given in nearest 0.001 as follows:
23.6.2 and 23.6.3.
23.6.2 The repeatability (Practice E173 R1) was found to be S, % 5 A 3 13.73/W (19)
(0.135 % SO3 per weight in grams of sample analyzed).
where:
23.6.3 The reproducibility (Practice E173 R2) was found to
be (0.271 % SO3 per weight in grams of sample analyzed). A = mass of BaSO4, g,
17
C25 112
W = sample, g, and nated with NaOH, and another absorption bulb containing
13.73 = mass of molecular ratio of S to BaSO4 100. anhydrous magnesium perchlorate Mg (ClO4). A flowmeter
precedes the induction furnace assembly.
24.5 Precision and Bias:
25.3.4 Combustion CruciblesThe crucibles for use with
24.5.1 Six laboratories cooperated in testing on four
the induction furnace must be of adequate thickness to retain
samples of limestone and lime materials covering the range
the molten slag and have a sulfur blank as low and consistent
from 0.021 to 2.15 % sulfur to obtain the precision data given
as possible. The crucibles for use in the induction furnace must
in 24.5.2 and 24.5.3.
have adequate capacity and may be provided with suitable
24.5.2 The repeatability (Practice E173 R1) was found to be
covers.
(0.065 % S per weight in grams of sample analyzed).
25.3.5 Glass Accelerator Scoop.
24.5.3 The reproducibility (Practice E173 R2) was found to
25.3.6 Starch DispenserA plastic bottle with a device for
be (0.094 % S per weight in grams of sample analyzed).
dispensing a few millilitres of starch solution at a time.
24.5.4 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of reference
25.3.7 Timer, having a 0 to 15-min range in 14-min intervals.
Turns off the furnace at end of preset time and automatically
resets.
25.3.8 Loading FunnelThree-legged funnel that fits over
25. Total Sulfur by the Combustion-Iodate Titration the crucible and simplifies addition of sample.
Method
25.4 Reagents:
25.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination of 25.4.1 Copper (Low-Sulfur) Ring Accelerator.
sulfur in concentration from 0.005 to 1 %. At the combustion 25.4.2 Iron (Low-Sulfur) AcceleratorIron chips. (For
temperature of approximately 1650 C, complete combustion samples containing very low percentages of sulfur, the use of
of the sulfur in the sample will take place regardless of sulfur iron powder is recommended because of its low blank.)
form or sample matrix. 25.4.3 Tin Metal (Low-Sulfur) Accelerator, granular.
25.2 Summary of Test MethodA major portion of the 25.4.4 Potassium Iodate (KIO3) Crystal.
sulfur in various types of lime and limestone samples is 25.4.5 Potassium Iodide (KI) Crystal.
converted to oxides of sulfur, primarily sulfur dioxide (SO2), 25.4.6 Starch, soluble.
by combustion in a stream of oxygen at the elevated tempera-
25.5 Special Solutions:
ture of a high-frequency induction furnace. During the
25.5.1 Potassium Iodate, standard solutions.
combustion, the SO2 is absorbed in an acidified starch-iodine
25.5.1.1 KIO3 Standard Solution ADissolve 0.2227 g
solution and titrated with potassium iodate. The latter is
KIO3 in 900 mL of water containing 1 g sodium hydroxide
standardized against limestone standard samples of known
(NaOH) and dilute to 1 L. For a 0.500-g sample, the buret reads
sulfur content to compensate for characteristics of a given
directly in percent sulfur.
apparatus and for day-to-day variation in the percentage of
25.5.1.2 Starch-Iodide SolutionTransfer 2 g of soluble
sulfur recovered as SO2. Compensation is also made for the
starch (for example, Arrowroot) to a 50-mL beaker, add a few
blank due to accelerators and crucibles.
millilitres of water, and stir into a smooth paste. Slowly add
25.3 Apparatus: starch to 500 mL of distilled water while stirring. Add 4 g of
25.3.1 Induction FurnaceThe induction furnace shall be NaOH and continue stirring the solution until the appearance
supplied with a rheostat used to control the power input to the changes from cloudy to translucent. Add 6 g of potassium
reduction coil that will avoid heating some types of samples iodide (KI), stir until the KI is dissolved, and dilute to 1 L.
too rapidly during the early stages of combustion. The train of
NOTE 28Discard any starch solution that imparts a red tinge to the
the induction furnace shall include an oxygen purifier, de- blue color when titrating.
scribed in 25.3.3.
25.3.2 Automatic TitratorThis apparatus shall consist of 25.6 CalibrationThis test method and instrument should
an absorption and titration vessel of appropriate volume and be standardized by using a limestone sample of known sulfur
contain an inlet bubbler tube for the sulfur gases with a float content as determined by the Total Sulfur Method by Sodium
valve to prevent backflow of liquid when the sample is starting Carbonate Fusion, Section 24. The Leco instrument, in
to consume oxygen. The vessel must be shaped to effect addition, may be standardized daily by running limestone
complete absorption of SO2 in a small volume of solution. The reference materials whose sulfur content, as determined by the
titrator comes equipped with a buret that should be approxi- Total Sulfur Method, ranges from 0.02 to 0.05 %. The lime-
mately 10 mL in capacity marked with 200 divisions. The stone standards are run to determine the day-to-day variations
automatic titrator utilizes a photoelectric cell to activate a in the test method and to verify that the electronics in the Leco
titrator inlet valve that allows the titration to proceed without are working properly.
the presence of an operator. 25.6.1 It has been found through round robin studies that the
25.3.3 Oxygen PurifiersReagent-grade oxygen from a practice of pre-igniting samples at 1000 C causes erratic
commercial tank is passed through a suitable two-stage reduc- recovery of sulfur. This practice should not be used.
tion valve to provide an even and adequate flow of oxygen 25.7 Procedure:
through a purifying train consisting of a sulfuric acid tower, an 25.7.1 Allow 15 min for the electronics in the furnace
absorption bulb containing 20 to 30-mesh inert base impreg- assembly and titrator to warm up.
18
C25 112
25.7.2 Set the grid-current tap switch to low, medium, or have been too hot. Both conditions indicate poor sulfur
high position. Determine the position on a test run, with the recovery and may be helped by a slight change in accelerator
sample and accelerators that will give a complete combustion amounts.
at approximately 400 mA as indicated on the plate current 25.8 Calculation:
ammeter. 25.8.1 Calculation of Furnace Factor (F)
25.7.3 Set the automatic timer to the estimated time re-
R
quired to evolve the sulfur in the sample completely, as F5 (20)
~A 2 B!/~W 3 2!
follows:
Sample Time, Min where:
Quicklime 8 A = buret reading as % Sulfur (S),
Hydrated Lime 10
Limestone 12
B = buret reading for Blank determination,
R = % Sulfur (by Sodium Carbonate Fusion Method) of the
25.7.4 Weigh the sample and brush carefully into the reference material, and
combustion crucible using the loading funnel. The correct W = weight of sample, g.
sample weight is determined by the estimated sulfur content of
25.8.2 Calculate the percentage of sulfur in the sample by
the sample as follows:
using furnace factor F.
Sulfur % Sample Weight (g)
0.001 0.500
A2B
25.7.5 The choice of accelerators is left to the discretion of %S5F3 (21)
W 32
the user, as each furnace will burn differently in accordance
with type and amount used. Generally, the more accelerator where:
used, the greater the furnace temperature. Tin metal, iron chip, A = buret reading as % Sulfur (S),
iron powder, and copper ring have been found to be suitable B = buret reading for Blank determination,
materials. Porous covers should be used to prevent splattering F = furnace factor, and
of the hot flux and damage to the combustion tube. Do not W = weight of sample, g.
re-use crucibles or covers. 25.9 Precision and Bias:
25.7.6 Run a blank determination before each series (of 25.9.1 Nine laboratories cooperated in testing on three
sulfur determinations) using a crucible that contains all the samples of high-calcium limestone to obtain the precision data
accelerators but no sample. for % sulfur given in 25.9.2 and 25.9.3.
25.7.7 Place the crucible and sample on the pedestal and lift 25.9.2 The repeatability (Practice E691 [r]) was found to be
into position in the combustion tube. 0.0070 % sulfur.
25.7.8 With the oxygen flow at 1 L/min, close stopcock on 25.9.3 The reproducibility (Practice E691 [R]) was found to
bottom of titration vessel, and add the HCl to the middle of the be 0.0120 % sulfur.
bell-shaped portion of the titration vessel. Always fill to the 25.9.4 The user is cautioned to verify by the use of reference
same level. materials, if available, that the bias of this test method is
25.7.8.1 Add one measure of starch solution to the titration adequate for the contemplated use.
vessel. Fill the iodate buret.
26. Phosphorus by Molybdovanadate Method
25.7.9 Turn the double throw switch on the titrator to the
end-point position (down). Slowly rotate the end-point control 26.1 ScopeThis method is suitable for the determination
in a clockwise direction until it has added KIO3 in the amount of small amounts of phosphorous in lime and limestone
to give a solid medium blue color. After the indicator light (for samples. The procedure is based on the fact that phosphorous
solenoid valve) has stopped blinking, place the switch in the in its ortho form will combine with ammonium molybdovana-
neutral position and fill the KIO3 buret again. Turn the switch date to yield a yellow color that can be measured spectropho-
to the titrate position. tometrically. Total phosphate is determined after a strong
25.7.10 Turn on the power of the high-frequency furnace. oxidation decomposition with perchloric acid.
The temperature will rise in the crucible as indicated by the 26.2 Summary of Test MethodThe sample is decomposed
plate current ammeter on the induction furnace that must with perchloric acid, the solution filtered, SiO2 expelled, and
indicate a reading of at least 400 mA before complete com- the insoluble residue fused with Na2CO3. Ammonium molyb-
bustion of sulfur can take place. dovanadate which is then added reacts with the phosphorous in
25.7.11 As sulfur dioxide is given off, the unit will begin solution to form the heteropoly phosphomolybdovanadate
titrating automatically. The titration is finished when the complex. The absorbance of the solution is measured with a
indicator light stops blinking for a period of time, or the iodate photometer at 430 nm and compared against standards simi-
in the buret stops falling over a period of time. larly treated.
25.7.12 Inspect the crucible for a proper burn. A rough, 26.3 Special Solutions:
bumpy surface or appearance of non-combustion indicates that 26.3.1 Phosphorous Standard Stock Solution (0.5 mg
the furnace temperature was too low. Sticking of the porous P/mL)Weigh 1.0983 g of potassium dihyrogen phosphate,
cover to the crucible indicates that the furnace temperature may KH2PO4, into a 250-mL beaker and dampen with about 5 to 10
19
C25 112
mL of water. Add 10 mL HNO3 and 25 mL HClO4 (See Note NOTE 31The treatment of the residue with HF and H2SO4 may be
29), heat on a hot plate, and evaporate to heavy fumes of omitted if the SiO2 in the sample is low, <3 %.
HClO4. Cover and boil until the solution is colorless or slightly 26.5.3 Pipet 25 mL of solution into a 50 mL-volumetric
yellow (10 to 15 min). Cool the solution, transfer to a 500-mL flask and add 10 mL ammonium molydovanadate solution,
volumetric flask, dilute to volume, and mix. Store in a dilute to volume and mix well. Allow to stand 30 min and
borosilicate or plastic bottle with a screw cap. measure the absorbance at 430 nm using the blank standard
26.3.2 Phosphorous Working Standard (0.05 mg P/mL) solution in the reference cell. Compare against a set of
Dilute 50 mL of stock solution 26.3.1 to 500 mL with distilled standards similarly treated.
water. Store in a Pyrex or plastic bottle with screw cap. 26.6 Calculation:
26.3.3 Ammonium Molybdovanadate Solution: 26.6.1 Calculate % P2O5 as follows:
26.3.3.1 Dissolve 1.25 g of ammonium metavanadate in 400
mL of 1 + 1 nitric acid in a 1 L volumetric flask.
26.3.3.2 Dissolve 50 g of ammonium molybdate in 400 mL C 3 D 3 2.2913
% P 2O 5 5 (22)
of distilled water. W 3 104
26.3.3.3 Pour solution from 26.3.4.2 into solution 26.3.4.1, where:
mix, and dilute to volume with distilled water. C = concentration of P in sample solution, g/mL deter-
26.4 Preparation of Standard Curve: mined from calibration curve,
26.4.1 To each of seven individual 50 mL volumetric flasks, D = dilution factor, and
add with a buret 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 14 mL of phosphorous W = g of sample.
working standard solution corresponding to 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 26.7 Precision and Bias:
0.30, 0.50, and 0.70 mg of phosphorous, respectively. 26.7.1 The number of laboratories, materials, and determi-
26.4.2 Add 1 mL of perchloric acid and dilute to about 20 nations in this study does not meet the minimum requirements
mL with water. Add 10 mL of the molybdovanadate solution, for determining precision prescribed in Practice E691:
swirling the contents of the flask during the addition. Dilute to Test Methods Practice E691
volume with distilled water, mix well, and allow to stand for 10 C25 Minimum
min. The prepared standard solutions will contain 0 (blank), Laboratories 3 6
Materials 5 4
1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 10.0, and 14.0 micrograms (g) P/mL. Determinations 4 2
26.4.3 Determine the absorbance of each standard solution
26.7.2 The following precision statements are provisional.
in the spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 430 nm using the
Within five years, additional data will be obtained and pro-
blank standard as the reference solution. Prepare a calibration
cessed which does meet the requirements of Practice E691.
curve by plotting absorbance versus concentration of phospho-
26.7.2.1 Precision, characterized by repeatability, Sr and r,
rous in g/mL.
and reproducibility, SR and R, has been determined for the
26.5 Procedure: following test method and materials to be:
26.5.1 Weigh 5.0 g of prepared sample into a 250-mL Precision Statement for % P2O5 Color
beaker and dampen with about 5 to 10 mL of water. Add 10 mL Test Method:
HNO3 and 25 mL HClO4 (See Note 29), heat on hot plate, and Material Average Sr SR r R
S-1145 0.0031 0.0010 0.0017 0.0029 0.0046
evaporate to heavy fumes of HClO4. Cover and boil until S-1142 0.0091 0.0019 0.0031 0.0053 0.0087
solution is colorless or slightly yellow (10 to 15 min). Cool S-1141 0.0221 0.0014 0.0043 0.0040 0.0122
slightly and add 50 mL H2O. Filter through retentive filter S-1144 0.0657 0.0063 0.0144 0.0175 0.0404
S-1143 0.1353 0.0077 0.0147 0.0215 0.0413
paper and wash thoroughly with hot H2O (See Note 30).
Reserve filtrate. 27. Manganese by the Periodate (Photometric) Method
NOTE 29If a special perchloric acid hood is not available, the use of 27.1 ScopeIn this method, periodate is the oxidizing agent
perchloric may be omitted. Instead, add 10 mL HNO3 and evaporate to
dryness. Take up salts with 5 mL HCl, break up residue, and again
used to convert manganous into permanganate ion whose color
evaporate to dryness. Boil up with 1 mL of HNO3 and 20 mL of water, and can then be read in a photometer at a wavelength of 545 nm.
filter, etc. This method is capable of determining small amounts of Mn as
NOTE 30The filter paper and silica residue must be washed free of low as 10 ppm.
perchlorate salts to prevent small explosions from occurring in the
crucible when the filter paper is charred and ignited. 27.2 Summary of Test MethodThe same sample solution
prepared in the determinations of phosphorous by molybdova-
26.5.2 Place paper and contents in a platinum crucible and
nadate (See 26.5.1 to 26.5.2) can be used for the determination
heat gently with a low flame until paper chars. Ignite at a
of manganese by periodate. The acid solution is oxidized to
higher temperature until ash is white. Cool, add 2 drops of
permanganate by potassium periodate. Photometric measure-
H2SO4 (1 + 1) and 10 to 15 mL HF. Evaporate cautiously to
ment is made at 545 nm.
dryness and heat in a muffle at 1000 C for 2 min (See Note
31). Fuse residue with 0.5 g of Na2CO3, cool, add 5 mL H2O 27.3 Special Solutions:
and 1 mL HClO4 and warm to dissolve. Combine the filtrates 27.3.1 Manganese Standard Solution (1 mL to 50 g Mn)
and transfer to a 100 mL volumetric flask. Dilute to volume and Dissolve 0.0500 g pure manganese (Mn) metal in 20 mL
mix. H2SO4 (1 + 9) and dilute to 1 L with water.
20
C25 112
27.3.2 Nitric-Phosphoric Acid MixtureAdd 800 mL 27.7.1 The number of laboratories, materials, and determi-
HNO3 and 200 mL H3PO4 to 400 mL of H2O and dilute to 2 L. nations in this study does not meet the minimum requirements
for determining precision prescribed in Practice E691:
27.4 Preparation of Calibration Curve:
Test Methods Practice E691
27.4.1 Transfer 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 mL of manganese C25 Minimum
standard solution to six 150 mL beakers, respectively. Add 25 Laboratories 4 6
Materials 5 4
mL of acid mixture to each and heat but do not boil. While Determinations 4 2
heating, add potassium periodate (KIO3) crystals, a few milli-
grams at a time (about 0.3 g total), until the permanganic color 27.7.2 The following precision statements are provisional.
is fully developed. Keep solution near boiling for 10 min after Within five years, additional data will be obtained and pro-
color develops; the total heating period should last about 30 cessed which does meet the requirements of Practice E691.
min. 27.7.2.1 Precision, characterized by repeatability, Sr and r,
and reproducibility, SR and R, has been determined for the
27.4.2 Allow to cool, transfer to a 50-mL volumetric flask,
following test method and materials to be:
dilute to volume and mix. Read absorbance at 545 nm using the
0 standard (blank) in the reference cell and construct a Precision Statement % Mn Color
for Test Method:
calibration curve by plotting absorbance versus concentration Material Average Sr SR r R
of Mn in g/mL. S-1145 0.0011 0.0004 0.0005 0.0011 0.0014
S-1143 0.0025 0.0005 0.0007 0.0014 0.0020
27.5 Procedure: S-1142 0.0147 0.0010 0.0010 0.0028 0.0028
S-1141 0.0271 0.0012 0.0024 0.0034 0.0066
27.5.1 Weigh 2.0 g of prepared sample into a 250-mL S-1144 0.1096 0.0072 0.0108 0.0200 0.0304
beaker and dampen with about 5 to 10 mL of water. Add 10 mL
HNO3 and 20 mL HClO4 (See Note 32), heat on hot plate, and 28. Available Lime Index
evaporate to heavy fumes of HClO4. Cover and boil until
28.1 ScopeThe available lime index of high-calcium
solution is colorless or slightly yellow (10 to 15 min). Cool
quicklime and hydrated lime designates those constituents that
slightly and add 50 mL H2O. Filter through retentive filter
enter into the reaction under the conditions of this specified test
paper and wash thoroughly with hot H2O (See Note 30).
method, otherwise known as the rapid sugar test method. The
Reserve filtrate.
interpretation of results obtained by this test method shall be
NOTE 32If a special perchloric hood is not available, omit the use of restricted by this definition.
HClO4. Instead, evaporate to dryness twice with nitric acid and finally boil
with 10 mL HNO3 and 50 mL H2O. 28.2 Summary of Test MethodThe sample is slaked and
dispersed with water. The lime is solubilized by reaction with
27.5.2 Transfer paper and contents to a platinum crucible sugar to form calcium sucrate which is then determined by
and heat until paper chars. Ignite at a higher temperature until titration against standard acid using phenolphthalein as the
ash is white. Cool, expel SiO2 with HF and H2SO4, evaporate indicator.
to dryness (See Note 31) and fuse residue with Na2CO3. Cool,
add 10 mL H2O and 2 mL HNO3 and warm to dissolve. 28.3 Special Solutions:
Combine solution with filtrate reserved in 27.5.1 and transfer to 28.3.1 Hydrochloric Acid, Standard (1.000 N)Prepare a
a 100 mL volumetric flask. Dilute to volume and mix. solution by diluting 83 mL of HCl to 1 L with CO2-free water.
27.5.3 Transfer an aliquot containing <500 g Mn to a 150 Standardization of sock solution should be performed on a
mL beaker. Add 25 mL of acid mixture, heat to near boiling and regular basis at a minimum of once per month. For precision
develop the permanganate color by small additions of KIO3 as and bias information on standardization with Na2CO3 or
directed in 27.4.1. Cool the solution, transfer to a 50 mL Tris-(Hydroxymethyl) Amino-Methane see Practice E200.
volumetric flask, dilute to volume and mix. 28.3.2 Standardization of HCl with Na2CO3:
27.5.4 Record the absorbance at 545 nm using the blank 28.3.2.1 Transfer approximately 20 g of primary standard
standard solution in reference cell as in preparation of standard anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) to a platinum dish or
curve, and compare against a set of standards similarly treated. crucible, and dry at 250 C for 4 h. Cool in a desiccator.
28.3.2.2 Weigh accurately 4.4 g to the nearest 0.1 mg of the
27.6 Calculation: dried Na2CO3 and transfer to a 500-mL flask. Add 50 mL of
27.6.1 Calculate the percent Mn as follows: CO2-free water, swirl to dissolve the carbonate, and add two
drops of a 0.1 % solution of methyl red in alcohol. Titrate with
C 3D the HCl solution to the first appearance of a red color, and boil
% Mn 5
W 3 104
(23) the solution carefully, until the color is discharged (See Note
29). Cool to room temperature, and continue the titration,
where: alternating the addition of HCl solution and the boiling and
C = concentration of Mn in sample solution g/mL deter- cooling to the first appearance of a faint red color that is not
mined from calibration curve, discharged on further heating.
D = dilution factor, and 28.3.2.3 CalculationCalculate normality as follows:
W = g of sample.
27.7 Precision and Bias: A 5 ~ B 3 18.87! /C (24)
21
C25 112
where: other hand, if the lime is added to a little water, a better dispersion of the
fine particles occurs, leading to a more rapid dissolution of the sample. It
A = normality of the HCl solution, is possible that in the case of quicklime, some slaking action occurs to
B = Na2CO3 used, g, and facilitate the dispersion and solution.
C = HCl solution consumed, mL.
NOTE 33This titration can also be performed potentiometrically with 28.4.1.2 Remove the stopper. Place the flask on a hot plate
the aid of a glass electrode and a calomel electrode. and immediately add 50 mL of boiling CO2-free water to the
28.3.3 Standardization of HCl with TRIS (THAM)[Tris- flask. Swirl the flask and boil actively 1 min for complete
(Hydroxymethyl) Amino-Methane]: slaking. Remove from the hot plate, stopper the flask loosely,
28.3.3.1 Transfer an appropriate amount of primary stan- and place in a cold-water bath to cool to room temperature.
dard tris-(hydroxymethyl) amino-methane to suitable dish or 28.4.1.3 Add 100 mL of the neutralized sugar solution (or
crucible and dry in a vacuum at 70 C for 24 h (refer to Practice approximately 40 g of pure cane sugar). Stopper the flask,
E200). As an alternative, Tris can also be dried at 105 C (6 5 swirl, and let stand for 15 min to react. (Reaction time should
C) for 2 h in a regular laboratory drying oven. Cool in a not be less than 10 min nor more than 20 min.) Swirl at 5-min
desiccator to room temperature. intervals during reaction. Remove stopper, add 4 to 5 drops of
28.3.3.2 Preparation of Mixed IndicatorMix 100 mg of 4 % phenolphthalein indicator solution and wash down the
Bromocresol Green with 2 mL 0.1 N NaOH and dilute with stopper and sides of the flask with CO2-free water.
CO2-free water to 100 mL. Dissolve 100 mg of Alizarin Red S 28.4.1.4 When titrating (See Note 36), first add about 90 %
in 100 mL CO2-free H2O. Mix equal portions of Bromocresol of the acid requirement from a 100-mL buret. Finish the
Green and Alizarin Red S solutions to form mixed indicator. titration, more carefully at approximately one drop per second,
28.3.3.3 Weigh approximately 8 g of TRIS to the nearest 0.1 to the first disappearance of the pink color, which persists for
mg and dissolve in 50 mL of CO2-free water. Add 6 drops of 3 s. Note the endpoint and ignore any further return of color.
mixed indicator (See Note 30) and titrate to a bright yellow NOTE 36A mechanical stirrer may be used during the titration if
end-point with acid. desired. Put a clean magnetic stirrer bar into the flask and place the flask
on the magnetic stirrer. Adjust to stir as rapidly as possible without
NOTE 34This titration can also be performed potentiometrically using incurring any loss by spattering. Unless the operator is familiar with
a suitable pH meter to a pH of 4.70. previous analyses of the lime under test, and in cases where the available
28.3.3.4 CalculationCalculate normality as follows: lime content varies to extremes, it is good practice to run a preliminary test
by slow titration to determine the proper amount of acid required to
neutralize the sample.
A 5 B/ ~ 0.121136 3 C ! (25)
28.4.2 Procedure for Hydrated LimeThe procedure for
where: determining Ca(OH)2 is the same as for CaO with the excep-
A = normality of the HCl solution, tion that cold CO2-free water is used and the boiling and
B = Tris-(Hydroxymethyl) Amino-Methane used, g, cooling steps are omitted.
C = HCl solution consumed, mL. 28.5 Calculation:
28.3.4 Phenolphthalein Indicator (4 %)Dissolve 4 g of 28.5.1 Calculate for CaO as follows:
dry phenolphthalein in 100 mL of 95 % alcohol.
28.3.5 Sucrose Solution(40 g of pure cane sugar in solid Available lime ~ CaO! , % 5 N 3 V 3 2.804/W (26)
form may be used per sample in place of a sugar solution. The
acidity of each lot of sugar can be determined, and a correction where:
applied to the titration.) Prepare a 40 % solution (w/v) using N = normality of acid solution,
pure cane sugar and CO2-free water in a large beaker and stir V = standard HCl used (1.000 N), mL,
until dissolved. Add several drops of phenolphthalein indicator W = weight of sample, g, and
solution. Add 0.1 N NaOH solution dropwise with stirring until 2.804 = CaO, g, equivalent to 1 mL of standard acid 100,
a faint pink color persists. Stock solution of sugar may be made or 1 mL of standard HCl = 1 % CaO if exactly
for convenience; however, it should not be stored for more than 2.804 g of sample is used.
two days. 28.5.2 Calculate for Ca(OH)2 as follows:
28.4 Procedure:
28.4.1 Procedure for Quicklime: Available lime @ Ca~ OH! 2 # , % 5 N 3 V 3 3.704/W (27)
28.4.1.1 The sample as received at the laboratory shall be
thoroughly mixed and a representative sample with minimum where:
weight of 100 g shall be taken and pulverized to pass a No. 50 N = normality of acid solution,
sieve for analysis. Weigh rapidly 2.804 g of the finely pulver- V = standard HCl (1.000 N), mL,
ized sample, brush carefully into a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask W = weight of sample, g, and
containing about 40 mL of CO2-free water (See Note 35), and ,mdit> 3.704 = Ca(OH)2, g, equivalent to 1 mL of standard
immediately stopper the flask. acid 100 or 1 mL of standard
HCl = 1.32 % Ca(OH)2 when exactly 2.804
NOTE 35Water should not be added to the sample because, especially g of sample is used.
with quicklime, there is a tendency for the material to cake and form
lumps difficult to completely dissolve in the sugar solution later. On the 28.6 Precision and Bias:
22
C25 112
28.6.1 Twenty-four laboratories cooperated in the testing of 29.3.4 Filter quickly, using a retentive paper; thoroughly
three high calcium quicklimes and one high calcium hydrated scrub and wash the beaker with hot water. Wash the filter paper
lime thereby obtaining the repeatability (r) and reproducibility and its contents ten times with hot water; five times with hot
(R) (Practice E691) data contained in Table 5. dilute HCl (1 + 1) to dissolve iron and other contaminants of
28.6.2 The user is cautioned that the repeatability and the free silica, and finally five times with hot water or until free
reproducibility are considered adequate for the purposes of the of acid. Transfer the paper and residue to a tared platinum
test method. However, higher levels of MgO and nonreactive crucible, ignite at 1000 C to constant weight, cool in a
CaO increase the value of the repeatability (within lab) slightly dessicator, and weigh as free silica.
and the reproducibility value (between labs) noticeably. 29.3.5 To the ignited and weighed residue add 2 drops of
28.6.3 Due to the lack of a recognized industry standard, the H2SO4 (1 + 1) and approximately 10 mL of HF, evaporate to
bias of this test method has not been determined. dryness, ignite and weigh (See Note 34). If the mass of the
residue exceeds 0.001 g, the determination may have been
29. Free Silica improperly accomplished. Replicate determinations should
29.1 ScopeFree silica is usually present in the acid- then be made to verify the validity of the results, or the residue
insoluble residue of lime and limestone samples. This method examined by X-ray diffraction to determine whether refractory
is applicable to the determination of free silica when it exceeds or highly insoluble minerals are present.
0.05 %. NOTE 39Occasionally the free silica is contaminated by compounds
not decomposed during fusion or dissolved in the subsequent treatments.
29.2 Summary of Test MethodAfter dissolution of a large The residue then is treated with HF and sulfuric and SiO2 expelled.
sample of lime or limestone, the insoluble matter including
SiO2 is separated, ashed, and the oxides fused with pyrosulfate. 29.4 CalculationCalculate the percent free silica as fol-
The silicic acid liberated from the clay minerals in the lows:
insoluble matter is dissolved in a hot solution of sodium Free silica, % 5 ~ A 2 B ! /W 3 100 (28)
hydroxide but the free silica is unaffected.
where:
29.3 Procedure: A = crucible + insoluble residue, g,
29.3.1 Weigh 5.0 g of the prepared sample in a 400-mL B = crucible minus SiO2, g, and
beaker, add 25 mL of HCl (1 + 1), and heat to a boil. Using a W = sample, g.
retentive paper, filter the insoluble matter including SiO2 and
wash several times with hot water. Discard the filtrate.
method have not been determined.
29.3.2 Place the paper containing the insoluble matter in a
platinum crucible and char the paper without inflaming at low 30. Unhydrated Oxides Calculated on As-Received Basis
heat. Increase the heat to burn off the carbon, but do not exceed
600 6 50 C. Cool, add approximately 10 g of fused and 30.1 ScopeFrom the analytical determinations made in
powdered KHSO4 or K2S2O7 in the platinum crucible, and accordance with the preceding sections, it is possible to
blend thoroughly with a small spatula. Fuse thoroughly over a calculate combined water, CaCO3, and CaSO4 in samples of
gas burner, first by gradual heating to prevent loss of SO3. lime and hydrated lime. Unhydrated oxides of MgO in hy-
When the fusion becomes quietly molten, finish the fusion at a drated lime can also be calculated.
dull red heat not over 800 C. 30.2 Summary of Test MethodDetermine the percent of
NOTE 37Do not continue heating to a point where salts begin to freeze free water, LOI, CO2, SO3, CaO, and MgO in accordance with
on top of the melt and on the sides of the crucible because of the difficulty the preceding sections. Calculate combined H2O, calcium
of subsequent solution. carbonate, calcium sulfate, and unhydrated magnesium oxide
29.3.3 Cool the crucible and its contents and dissolve the using the following procedures.
melt by heating with 150 to 200 mL of water in a 400-mL 30.3 Procedure:
beaker. To the warm solution, cautiously add approximately 12 30.3.1 Calculate percentage of combined water in quicklime
g of NaOH pellets a few at a time to dissolve the precipitated from the loss on ignition and CO2 determinations, as follows:
silicic acid (See Note 37). Digest on a hot plate for 30 min at Combined H 2 O, % 5 % LOI 2 % ~ CO2 1FM! (29)
80 to 90 C.
30.3.2 Calculate the percentage of combined water in hy-
NOTE 38Free silica is not transformed to silicic acid by the fusion and
is not affected by the caustic treatment.
drated lime from the LOI, CO2, and free moisture (FM)
determinations as follows:
Combined H 2 O, % 5 % LOI 2 % ~ CO2 1FM! (30)
30.3.3 Calculate the percent unhydrated oxides on the

TABLE 5 Precision Data (Results in % Available CaO)
as-received basis as follows (See Notes 40-42):
Material Average r R
Hydrated lime 71.967 0.367 0.963
NOTE 40The calculations involved in determining the percentage of
Magnesian quicklime 88.495 0.479 1.784 unhydrated oxides on the as-received basis are illustrated in Table 6.
Shaft kiln quicklime 94.393 0.398 1.405 NOTE 41This method for calculating the percentage of hydrated
Rotary kiln quicklime 94.438 0.337 1.092 oxides is intended primarily for use with Type S hydrated lime.
NOTE 42It is recognized that the results from this method of
23
C25 112
TABLE 6 Example of Calculation, Unhydrated Oxides
Values Determined From Residual
Compound Chemical Analysis, % Values Factors Calculated Values, %
CO2 0.40 1.275 = equivalent CaO = 0.51
SO3 0.48 0.700 = equivalent CaO = 0.34
CaO 42.79 (0.51 + 0.34 = 0.85) = 41.94 0.3213 = equivalent H2O = 13.48
H2O 25.09 13.48 = 11.61 2.238 = equivalent MgO = 25.98
MgO 30.68 25.98 = unhydrated MgO = 4.70
calculation may not be in strict accord with the actual composition of the 31.2.1 In this test method, calcium and magnesium are
material. Experience indicates, however, that these results provide an determined by EDTA titration after separation of silica and the
index to the performance of the material in practice. The value obtained by
this calculation shall be reported to the nearest 0.5 %.
NH4OH group during a routine analysis of lime and limestone.
The assays may also be made after a direct HCl decomposition
30.3.3.1 Calculate the CaO equivalents of the CO2 and SO3 followed by removal of the silica and insoluble.
as follows: 31.2.2 If interfering elements are present in large enough
CO2 3 1.275 5 equivalent CaO~ A ! as CaCO3 (31) quantities to cause problems, the interferences may be sup-
SO3 3 0.700 5 equivalent CaO~ B ! as CaSO4 (32) pressed by the addition of complexing or masking agents such
as triethanolamine or cyanide.
30.3.3.2 Subtract the sum of these CaO equivalents from the 31.2.3 For the determination of calcium, the solution is
total CaO: adjusted to a pH of 12 to 12.5 with KOH solution and titrated
Total CaO 2 ~ A1B ! 5 hydrated CaO~ C ! (33) with EDTA to a blue end point using hydroxy naphthol blue as
the indicator. Both CaO and MgO are then titrated from a
30.3.3.3 Calculate the H2O equivalent of the remaining CaO
solution buffered to pH 10 with NH3 NH4Cl using Calmagite
as follows:
as the indicator. MgO is calculated by subtracting the EDTA
equivalent to CaO present from the EDTA equivalent to
Hydrated CaO ~ C ! 3 0.3213 CaO + MgO.
5 equivalent H 2 O ~ D ! as Ca~ OH! 2 31.3 Reagents:
(34) 31.3.1 EDTA Solution (0.4 %)Dissolve 4 g of disodium
30.3.3.4 Subtract this value for H2O (D) from the combined dihydrogen ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid in water and dilute
water as calculated in 30.3.1 and 30.3.2. to 1 L.
31.3.2 Potassium Hydroxide, Standard Solution (1 N)
Combined water 2 H 2 O ~ D !
Dissolve 56 g of KOH in 1 L of distilled water.
5 equivalent H 2 O ~ E ! as Mg~ OH! 2 31.3.3 Ammonia Buffer (pH 10.5)Dissolve 67.5 g of
(35) NH4Cl in 300 mL of distilled water, add 570 mL of NH4OH,
30.3.3.5 Calculate the MgO equivalent of the remaining and dilute to 1 L.
water (E) as follows: 31.3.4 Hydroxy Naphthol Blue (calcium indicator)
Disodium salt of 1-(2-naphthol azo-3,6 disulfonic acid)2
H 2 O ~ E ! 3 2.238 5 equivalent MgO ~ F ! as Mg~ OH! 2 (36)
naphthol-4-sulfonic acid on suitable carrier.
30.3.3.6 Subtract this MgO equivalent (F) from the total 31.3.5 Calmagite (magnesium + calcium indicator)1-
MgO as determined from preceding sections to obtain the (hydroxyl-4-methyl-2 phenylazo)-2 naphthol-4 sulfonic acid
percentage of unhydrated MgO on the as-received basis. on a suitable carrier.
NOTE 43Both the hydroxy naphthol blue and Calmagite indicators are
Total MgO 2 MgO equivalent ~ F ! 5 unhydrated MgO (37) manufactured by Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, St. Louis, MO. Each
indicator is a diluted mixture of dye plus an inert carrier.
31. Calcium and Magnesium Oxide (Alternative EDTA 31.3.6 Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 1).
Titration Method) 31.3.7 Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 9).
31.1 ScopeThis test method is a rapid EDTA complexo- 31.3.8 Triethanolamine (1 + 2).
metric method for determining calcium and magnesium in lime 31.3.9 Potassium Cyanide Solution (20 g/L)Dissolve 2 g
and limestone products. Ordinarily the EDTA procedure is of KCN in 100 mL of water.
designed to follow routine separations, that is, single dehydra- 31.3.10 Calcium Standard Solution (1.00 mg CaO/mL)
tion of silica and a single precipitation with NH4OH of the Weigh 1.785 g of CaCO3, primary standard grade. Dissolve in
combined oxides of iron and aluminum. For expediency, the HCl (1 + 9) and dilute to 1 L with distilled water.
assays can be run directly without prior separation of the 31.3.11 Magnesium Standard Solution (1.00 mg MgO/
combined oxides of iron and aluminum by using the complex- mL)Dissolve 0.603 g of magnesium metal turnings in HCl
ing action of EDTA at appropriate pH levels. and dilute to 1 L with distilled water.
31.2 Summary of Test Method: 31.4 Apparatus:
24
C25 112
31.4.1 Magnetic Stirrer with light. TABLE 7 Precision of Calcium Oxide
31.4.2 Stirring Bar, TFE-fluorocarbon-covered. Sample CaO Repeatability 1 Reproducibility 1
Tested Found sigma sigma
31.5 Standardization: A-1a 53.48 0.31 0.27
31.5.1 CalciumPipet 10 mL of standard CaO solution into A-2b 30.98 0.28 0.41
an Erlenmeyer flask and add 100 mL of distilled water. To L-1 53.92 0.29 0.26
P-1a 53.88 0.31 0.28
prevent precipitation of calcium, add about 10 mL of EDTA Pooled ... 0.30 0.31
titrating solution. Adjust to pH 12 to 12.5 with about 15 mL of
1 N KOH solution and stir. Add 0.2 to 0.3 g of hydroxy
naphthol blue indicator (See Note 44) and complete titration to TABLE 8 Precision of Magnesium Oxide
a clear blue end point (See Note 45). Titrate three or more Repeatability Reproducibility
aliquots and use the average to calculate the titer of the CaO Sample MgO Within Between
solution. Tested Found Laboratories Laboratories
A-1a 1.58 0.19 0.18
CaO titer, mg/mL 5 10 mg CaO standardmL EDTA titration (38) A-2b 21.58 0.24 0.41
NOTE 44The amount of indicator is usually a matter of individual L-1 0.58 0.21 0.22
preference, but if Mallinckrodt reagents are used, the recommended P-1a 1.45 0.23 0.24
dosages are considered the proper amounts to add for easy end point Pooled ... 0.22 0.28
detection.
NOTE 45The use of a magnetic stirrer with light may be very helpful
in detecting the color change. The end point is the first definite blue color
that remains stable for at least 30 s. NOTE 47If silica and phosphate or excessive amounts (>5 %) of iron
and aluminum are present, they should first be removed by a double
31.5.2 MagnesiumPipet 10 mL of the 1.00-mg/mL stan- ammonia precipitation as in the standard procedure.
dard MgO solution into an Erlenmeyer flask and add 100 mL WarningCyanides should be used with utmost care be-
of distilled water. Adjust to pH 10 with 10 mL of the cause they can be very toxic compounds. They should be kept
ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide buffer solution, and basic and prescribed disposal procedures used. Waste cyanide
add 0.3 to 0.4 g of Calmagite indicator (See Note 44). Titrate solutions must not be poured down laboratory sinks. Such
with disodium EDTA, noting the color change from a red to solutions can be rendered relatively harmless by making them
deep blue end point (See Note 45). Titrate three or more strongly basic, pH 12 or higher, with sodium hydroxide, adding
aliquots and use the average to calculate the magnesium titer. calcium hypochlorite, and letting the solution stand for 24 h.
MgO titer, mg/mL 5 10 mg MgO standardmL EDTA titration (39) 31.6.4.3 Add 0.2 to 0.3 g of hydroxy naphthol blue indicator
31.6 Procedure: (See Note 39) and titrate as in 36.5.1 to a clear blue end point
31.6.1 If using limestone, dry the sample at 110 C to (See Note 45).
constant weight and cool to room temperature. 31.6.4.4 Calculation:
31.6.2 Weigh 0.5 g of the dry sample into a 250-mL beaker, CaO, % 5 CaO titer 3 mL EDTA 3 1.25/weight of sample, g (40)
add 10 mL of HCl (1 + 1), and carefully evaporate to dryness
31.6.5 Magnesium Oxide:
on hot plate. Dissolve residue in 25 mL of HCl (1 + 9), dilute
31.6.5.1 Pipet a 20-mL aliquot of the acid solution from the
to about 100 mL with water, and digest at low heat for 15 min.
250-mL volumetric flask and transfer to an Erlenmeyer flask.
Cool, transfer to a 250-mL volumetric flask, dilute to volume,
Dilute with 100 mL of water, add about 20 mL of ammonia
mix, and let settle or filter using a medium textured paper.
buffer to pH 10, and stir.
31.6.3 Alternatively, if the standard procedure has been
31.6.5.2 Add 2 to 3 drops of 2 % potassium cyanide
used to determine the silica and insoluble and iron and
solution, or 10 mL of triethanolamine and 1 drop of trietha-
aluminum, the filtrate remaining after the precipitation of the
nolamine (WarningSee 31.6.4.2) (See Note 47). Add EDTA
iron and aluminum with ammonia can be used for the Ca and
standard solution equivalent to calcium titration; then add
Mg EDTA determination. Continue the analysis as follows:
approximately 0.4 g of Calmagite indicator (See Note 39).
Acidify the filtrate with HCl, transfer to a 250-mL volumetric
31.6.5.3 Titrate to a blue end point with the 0.4 % EDTA
flask, dilute to volume with distilled water, and mix.
solution (See Note 45).
31.6.4 Calcium Oxide:
31.6.5.4 The titration determines both the calcium and
31.6.4.1 Pipet a 20-mL aliquot from the 250-mL volumetric
magnesium present in solution. Subtraction of the EDTA
flask and transfer to an Erlenmeyer flask. Dilute to 150 mL
titration obtained for calcium from the total titration gives the
with water, adjust the pH to 12 with about 30 mL of 1 N KOH
titration value for magnesium.
solution, and stir.
31.6.5.5 Calculation:
NOTE 46Precipitation of calcium hydroxide can be prevented, if mL EDTA solution equivalent to MgO 5 (41)
necessary, by adding one half to one third of the estimated volume of
disodium EDTA solution before the addition of the potassium hydroxide.
Presence of a large precipitate can cause loss of sharpness in the end point.
~ mL EDTA solution used in CaO1MgO titration! 2
31.6.4.2 If the sample is known to contain significant ~ mL EDTA solution used in CaO titration !
quantities (>1 %) of iron, manganese, and heavy metals (See MgO, % 5 mL EDTA equivalent to MgO (42)
Note 47), add 2 to 3 drops of 2 % potassium cyanide solution,
or 10 mL of triethanolamine. 3MgO EDTA titer 3 1.25/weight of sample, g
25
C25 112
31.7 Precision and Bias:8 32.5.3 After the instrument has been prepared for
31.7.1 The precision of this test method was tested by ten calibration, check the CO2 collection time which should have
laboratories using three limestone and one dolomite reference an 80 to 90-s time duration. The collection time can be checked
samples. The results shown in Tables 7 and 8 are summarized by operating without a sample. If it is outside of this range,
as follows: make the necessary adjustment of the collect relay as provided
31.7.1.1 The overall precision (1 sigma) between laborato- for in the manual of instructions.
ries (reproducibility) for CaO is 6 0.31 absolute units.
32.6 Calibration:
31.7.1.2 The overall precision (1 sigma) between laborato-
ries for MgO is 6 0.28 absolute units. 32.6.1 Select NIST steel calibration standards containing
31.7.1.3 The overall precision (1 sigma) within laboratories approximately 0.02 to 1 % carbon (See Note 48).
(repeatability) for CaO is 6 0.24 absolute units. NOTE 48The accuracy of this test method is dependent to a large
31.7.1.4 The overall precision (1 sigma) within laboratories extent on the accuracy of the methods used to certify the carbon
for MgO is 6 0.22 absolute units. concentration in the calibration standards as well as upon their homoge-
neity. Tests made on NIST steel standards have shown that they are
32. Total Carbon by the Direct Combustion-Thermal sufficiently homogeneous to permit the use of samples as small as 20 mg.
Conductivity Cell Method 32.6.2 Condition the analyzer if more than 2 h have elapsed
32.1 This test method covers the determination of carbon in since the last sample was run and determine the blank reading
lime and hydrated lime samples having a carbon concentration as follows:
in the range from 0.005 to 5 %. 32.6.2.1 Load into a crucible 1.5 g of iron chip accelerator
and 1 g of tin-coated copper.
32.2 Summary of Test MethodAll the carbon in the sample
is converted to CO2 by combustion in a stream of purified 32.6.2.2 Proceed as directed in 32.7.1 to 32.7.4.
oxygen using an induction furnace. Under some conditions, 32.6.2.3 Repeat 32.6.2.1 and 32.6.2.2 a sufficient number of
CO is formed and a catalyst furnace is used to convert it to times to establish that low and consistent blank readings are
CO2. The products of combustion are swept into the carbon obtained.
analyzer where the CO2 is selectively absorbed by a molecular 32.6.2.4 The normal blank reading should be 0.007 to
sieve. The CO2 is later released and swept by a fresh stream of 0.009. If it is out of this range, determine the cause, correct it,
oxygen past a thermal conductivity cell which senses the and repeat the steps as directed in 32.6.2.1 through 32.6.2.2.
amount of CO2 present. The signal from the sensor is amplified 32.6.3 Calibration Curve:
and electronically converted to % C which is displayed on a 32.6.3.1 The calibration of the analyzer should be done
digital readout panel. using carbon standards that bracket the percent carbon in the
32.3 Apparatus: samples estimated from previous tests, using the following
32.3.1 Combustion Furnace and Carbon Determinator guidelines:
This unit is commercially available. % Carbon in Sample High-Carbon Low-Carbon
Standard, % Standard, %
32.3.2 CruciblesUse crucibles recommended by the
0.51 1.0 0.4
manufacturer of the instrument. 0.20.5 0.6 0.2
32.3.3 Oxygen Cylinder with Two-Stage Regulator. 0.10.2 0.2 0.1
0.020.1 0.1 0.01
32.3.4 Purifying Train, consisting of a sulfuric acid tower,
an absorption bulb containing Ascarite and another absorption 32.6.3.2 Treat each standard as directed in 32.7.1 to 32.7.4.
bulb containing Anhydrone. A flowmeter precedes the induc- 32.6.3.3 Select two standards, one slightly higher and the
tion furnace assembly. other slightly lower than the carbon concentration of the
32.3.5 Catalyst Furnace, to convert CO to CO2. sample.
32.3.6 Combustion Tube with Built-In Jet. 32.6.3.4 Run the high standard first and observe the reading.
32.4 Reagents: The carbon reading should be within 6 1 % of the standard
32.4.1 Iron Chip Accelerator, low-carbon. carbon value plus the blank (See Note 49). If it is within this
32.4.2 Copper-Tin Accelerator. range, proceed to 32.6.3.7.
32.5 Preparation of Apparatus: NOTE 49For example, with a blank reading of 0.009, a carbon
32.5.1 Assemble the apparatus. Start the flow of oxygen at standard which has a standardized value of 0.428 % should read 0.433 to
1500 mL/min and the carrier gas flow at the rate recommended 0.441.
by the manufacturer of the apparatus. 32.6.3.5 If the reading is out of this range, run a duplicate
32.5.2 Test the furnace and the analyzer to ensure the sample.
absence of leaks and make the required electrical power 32.6.3.6 If the second sample has approximately the same
connections. Prepare the induction furnace and analyzer for value as the first sample, adjust the slope control (See Note 50)
calibration and sample analysis according to the manufactur- to bring the reading to within the tolerance of the standard.
ers manual of instructions.
NOTE 50Not all manufacturers may have this particular feature in
their instrument, in which case the manual of instructions supplied with
8
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may each instrument should be adhered to very closely and the instructions
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C07-1000. followed.
26
C25 112
32.6.3.7 Run a carbon standard that has a carbon value this method of test. Not all neutralizing components of acal-
lower than the sample as directed in 32.6.3.1 to 32.6.3.3. careous material may be beneficial, therefore, the chemical
32.6.3.8 The reading should be within +1 % of the carbon analysis is suggested.
value plus the blank (See Note 50). 33.3 Apparatus:
32.6.3.9 If the reading is within tolerance range, proceed to 33.3.1 pH Meter, conforming to Sections 4 and 5 of Test
sample analysis, 32.7.1 to 32.7.4. Method E70.
32.6.3.10 If the reading is out of the tolerance range, run a 33.3.2 Mechanical Stirrer.
duplicate sample. If the second sample has the same out of 33.3.3 Sieve, No. 60 (250-m).
tolerance value as the first sample, repeat 32.6.3.4 to 32.6.3.9,
readjusting the slope control to bring the high standard within 33.4 Reagents:
the tolerance of the standard. 33.4.1 Preparation of Mixed IndicatorMix 100 mg of
32.6.3.11 If the standards are still out of line, refer to the Bromocresol Green with 2 mL of 0.1 N NaOH and dilute with
manufacturers manual for instruction, determine the cause, CO2-free water to 100 mL. Dissolve 100 mg of Alizarin Red S
correct it, and repeat the standardization procedure, 32.6.3.2 to in 100 mL CO2-free H2O. Mix equal portions of Bromocresol
32.6.3.8. Green and Alizarin Red S solutions to form mixed indicator.
33.4.2 Hydrochloric Acid, Standard (1.0 N)Prepare a 1.0
32.7 Procedure: N solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and standardize. Refer to
32.7.1 Stabilize the furnace and analyzer as directed in available lime index test method for procedure on standardiza-
32.5.1 to 32.5.3. tion of hydrochloric acid. For further information on prepara-
32.7.2 Weigh duplicate samples to the nearest 1 mg, using tion and standardization of solutions see Practice E200.
the following guidelines: 33.4.3 Phenolphthalein Indicator Solution (1 g/100 mL)
Carbon Content, % Sample Weight, g Dissolve 1.0 g phenolphthalein in 100 mL of alcohol.
0 to 0.1 1.000
0.1 to 2 0.500 33.4.4 Sodium Hydroxide Standard Solution (0.5V AN)
2 to 5 0.250 Dissolve 20 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in 150 mL of
32.7.3 Transfer the sample to a combustion crucible, add 1.5 carbon dioxidefree water. Cool the solution to 25 C and
g of iron chip accelerator and 1 g of the tin-coated copper dilute to 1 L. Prepare free from carbonates and store in a
accelerator. Place the crucible on the furnace pedestal, raise the polyethylene bottle provided with a siphon tube and with guard
pedestal into position, and lock the system. Start the flow of tubes containing soda-lime, or other suitable device, to prevent
oxygen at 1500 mL/min, and flush the system for 30 s. absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air:
32.7.4 Start the cycle timer which energizes the furnace and 33.4.4.1 Standardize against 1.0 N hydrochloric acid with
starts the programmer, after having set it to provide a combus- three 50 mL aliquots using phenolphthalein solution as indica-
tion cycle of 1 min. Using the variable transformer, manually tor. Take the average of the three results as the normality of the
control the plate current within the range from 350 to 450 mA. Sodium Hydroxide Standard Solution.
When the cycle is complete, remove and discard the crucible.
Record the reading. V 2N 2
Normality ~ NaOH! 5 (44)
32.8 CalculationSubtract the value found for the blank in V1
32.6.2.3 from the reading found in 32.7.4 and record the net where:
reading. Calculate the percentage of carbon as follows: V1 = volume of NaOH Standard Solution,
V 2 = volume of HCl used to neutralize NaOH, and
Carbon, % 5 A/B (43) N2 = normality of HCl Standard Solution.
where: 33.5 Preparation of Sample:
A = net carbon content, %, and 33.5.1 Weigh and dry the limestone and slag samples to
B = sample mass, g. constant weight at a temperature of 110 6 5 C. Record the
as-received and dry weights in order to calculate moisture
32.9 Precision and BiasThe precision and bias of this test content. Use lime samples as received. Grind the sample to
method have not yet been determined. pass a No. 60 (250-m) sieve, mix thoroughly, and store in
airtight containers.
33. Calcium Carbonate Equivalent
33.6 Procedure:
33.1 ScopeThe calcium carbonate equivalence (CCE) test 33.6.1 Indicator Titration MethodUsing Table 9 as a
is used to determine the neutralizing capability of a calcareous guide (See Note 51), weigh the material, to the nearest 0.1 mg,
material and to report this value in terms of percent calcium and place into a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask; add 100 mL of 1.0
carbonate equivalents (% CaCO3). N HCl and boil gently for 5 min. Cool, and titrate the excess
33.2 Significance and UseCalcareous materials such as acid with 0.5 N NaOH solution using phenolphthalein as
crushed limestone, hydrated lime and pulverized slags (from indicator. Calculate CCE as described in 33.6.3.
the production of steel) have been used extensively as soil 33.6.2 Potentiometric Titration Method (applicable to agri-
modifiers or agricultural liming materials. A measure of their cultural liming materials containing large amounts of ferrous
neutralizing capability can be determined through the use of iron or coloring matter, but not to silicate materials)Proceed
27
C25 112
TABLE 9 Recommended Sample WeightA
Purity,
Sample Type Formula % Theoretical C.C.E. Sample Weight, g
Magnesium oxide MgO 97 248.33 1.9
Dolomitic lime CaO MgO 97 207.69 2.3
Calcium oxide CaO 97 178.48 2.6
Dolomitic Type N hydrate Ca(OH)2 MgO 98 175.01 2.6
Dolomitic Type S hydrate Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 98 151.21 3.0
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 98 135.11 3.4
Dolomitic limestone CaCO3 MgCO3 97 108.56 4.3
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 97 100.00 4.6
A
For those materials not listed in Table 9: To determine the amount of 1.0 N HCl required for neutralization, a preliminary titration using 2 g of sample (weighed to the
nearest 0.1 mg) should be performed to a yellow end point using mixed indicator. Using the following formula, determine the sample weight need for testing and proceed
to 33.6.1.
Wu p 100
Wr, grams s g d 5
Vu110
where:
Wr = sample weight required for testing, g,
Wu = sample weight used in preliminary titration, g, and
Vu = volume of 1.0N HCl used in preliminary titration, mL.
as in 33.6.1 through Cool. . .. Transfer to a 400-mL beaker with a pH greater than 11.5, it is critical that all samples and
and insert glass and calomel electrodes of a pH meter and a buffer solutions be at 25.0 C when measured.
mechanical stirrer. Stir at a moderate speed to avoid splash. 34.3 Special Apparatus:
Deliver from a buret the 0.5 N NaOH solution rapidly to pH 5, 34.3.1 pH MeterA commercially available pH meter ca-
then dropwise until the solution attains pH 7 and remains pable of calibration with a minimum of two different buffers
constant for 1 min while stirring. Report as CaCO3 equivalent (See Note 51).
as described in 33.6.3.
33.6.3 Calculation of Percent Calcium Carbonate Equiva- NOTE 51It is necessary that the pH meter be equipped with a
lence: combination pH electrode as well as a temperature compensation probe. It
is strongly recommended that a combination pH and temperature com-
33.6.3.1 Dry Basis: pensation probe be used.
34.3.2 Constant Temperature Water BathThe water bath
5.0045 ~ V 1 N 1 2 V 2 N 2 !
% CaCO3 ~ dry! 5 (45) should be large enough to hold all samples and buffer solutions
W necessary to perform this method.
where: 34.4 Special Solutions:
V1 = HCl solution used, mL, 34.4.1 Potassium Chloride Solution (0.2 M)Dry reagent
N1 = normality of HCl solution, grade KCl crystals at 110 C for 1 h. Dissolve 14.91 g of the
V2 = NaOH solution required for titration of excess acid, dry KCl in CO2-free deionized water and dilute to 1 L.
mL, 34.4.2 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (0.2 M)Dissolve 8.00 g
N2 = normality of NaOH solution, and of NaOH in CO2-free deionized water and dilute to 1 L.
W = sample weight, g.
Standardize this solution with potassium acid phthalate using
33.6.3.2 As-received basis (limestone only): phenolphthalein as the indicator.
34.4.3 Hydroxide-Chloride Buffer Solution (pH 13.0 at 25.0
% CaCO3 ~ as received! 5 @ 1 2 ~ A 2 B/A ! # 3 % CaCO3 ~ dry! (46) C)Dilute 25.0 mL of the KCl solution and 66.0 mL of the
NaOH solution to 100 mL with CO2-free deionized water.
where: 34.4.4 Phenolphthalein IndicatorDissolve 4 g of dry phe-
A = as received sample weight from 33.5.1, and nolphthalein in 100 mL of 95 % alcohol.
B = dry sample weight from 33.5.1. 34.4.5 Commercially available pH buffer solutions, pH 7
and pH 10.
34. pH of Alkaline Earth Solutions
34.5 Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide Solution:
34.1 ScopeThis method covers the electrometric pH 34.5.1 Initial StandardizationTransfer 50.0 mL of the
analysis of solutions made from a variety of lime, hydrate, and sodium hydroxide solution to be standardized to a well rinsed
limestone-bearing materials. 50-mL Class A buret by means of a pipette. Accurately weigh
34.2 Summary of Test MethodIn this test method a sample out 8.0 6 0.1 g of reagent grade potassium hydrogen phthalate
of material is mixed with CO2-free deionized water so that the which has been dried in an oven at 110 C for 1 h. Record the
pH of the solution is determined electrometrically. To ensure weight to the nearest 0.1 mg, then quantitatively transfer the
that an accurate measurement of pH is obtained for samples weighed material into a 400-mL beaker. Add 185 mL of
28
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CO2-free deionized water which is at a temperature of not cause errors to the extent that it does with samples with a pH in excess
26.0 6 2.0 C. Stir this mixture gently until all of the crystals of 11.5, therefore the temperature is not as critical.
dissolve. Add five drops of the phenolphthalein indicator For samples with a pH greater than 11.5, it is imperative that
solution and proceed to titrate the prepared standard with the all solutions be at 25.0 6 0.1 C while they are being mea-
sodium hydroxide solution to be standardized. Titrate to an sured. If all buffers and test solutions are not within this range,
endpoint of light pink which will persist for at least 6 s. due to the high pH being measured, large errors in the
34.5.2 Calculation of Sodium Hydroxide NormalityThe measured pH will occur. This can easily be accomplished by
normality of the sodium hydroxide solution can be calculated the use of a constant temperature water bath (See Note 54).
from the following equation:
NOTE 53In strongly alkaline solutions, especially above pH 12, the
Wt. of potassium hydrogen phthalate concentration of hydroxide ions is so high that the small amount of
Normality of NaOH 5 (47) hydrogen ions produced by the ionization of water is sufficient to change
mL of NaOH 3 factor of 0.204228
This preliminary standardization may reveal the necessity for the pH appreciably with temperature.
either dilution with CO2-free deionized water or the 0.2 mo- 34.7 ProcedureMaterials with pH Less than 11.5:
larity specified.
34.7.1 Weigh 10.0 g of the prepared sample and record the
34.5.3 Correction if Base is too weakIf the molarity weight to the nearest 0.1 mg. Quantitatively transfer the
(normality) is determined to be too weak, it can be adjusted by weighed material into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing
the addition of additional sodium hydroxide. An example of 200 mL of CO2-free deionized water. Add a magnetic stir bar,
this calculation follows. If 1.0 L of 0.1979 N solution needs to immediately stopper the flask with a rubber stopper, and stir for
be strengthened to 0.2000 N, calculate how many grams of 30 min.
sodium hydroxide need to be added as follows: 34.7.2 Let the solution stand for at least 30 min to allow the
suspended material to settle out from the suspension, as well as
1.0 L 3 0.1979 M 5 0.1979 mole (48) to allow the sample temperature to stabilize at 25.0 6 3.0 C.
A constant temperature water bath may be necessary to obtain
0.2 M 2 0.1979 M 5 0.0021 M the desired temperature range.
34.7.3 Once the temperature of the sample is stabilized at
NaOH 5 39.997 g/mole
25.0 6 3.0 C, using a 50-mL transfer pipette, transfer 50 mL
39.997 g/mole 3 0.0021 mole 5 0.0830 g needed of the settle solution to a 100-mL beaker containing a magnetic
After the addition of additional sodium hydroxide is stir bar.
completed, recheck the standardization as specified in section 34.7.4 Slowly stir the sample solution using a magnetic
34.4. stirrer. Using a previously standardized pH meter, standardized
34.5.4 Correction if Base is too strongIf the molarity in accordance with section 34.6, quickly measure the pH of the
(normality) is determined to be too strong, it can be adjusted by sample. Report the pH to four significant figures.
the addition of CO2-free deionized water. An example of this 34.8 ProcedureMaterials with pH of 11.5 and greater:
calculation follows. If 1.0 L of 0.2019 N solution needs to be 34.8.1 Weigh 10.0 g of the prepared sample and record the
weakened to 0.2000 N, calculate how many millilitres of weight to the nearest 0.1 mg. Quantitatively transfer the
CO2-free deionized water need to be added as follows: weighed material into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing
200 mL of CO2-free deionized water. Add a magnetic stir bar,
1.0 L 3 0.2019 M 5 0.2019 mole immediately stopper the flask with a rubber stopper, and stir for
0.2019 2 0.200 5 0.0019 L or 1.9 mL of CO2 2 (49) 30 min.
34.8.2 Place the sample solution into a constant temperature
free deionized water needed
After the addition of additional CO2-free deionized water is water bath set at 25.0 C. Let the solution stand for at least 30
completed, recheck the standardization as specified in section min to allow the suspended material to settle out from the
34.5. suspension as well as to allow the sample temperature to
34.6 Calibration of pH MeterDue to the wide variety of stabilize at 25.0 6 0.1 C.
commercially available pH equipment, a detailed calibration 34.8.3 Once the temperature of the sample is stabilized at
procedure cannot be incorporated into this test method. Follow 25.0 6 0.1 C, using a 50-mL transfer pipette, transfer 50 mL
the manufacturers instructions for calibration of your particu- of the settled solution to a 100-mL beaker containing a
lar equipment. magnetic stir bar.
34.6.1 Using the appropriate combination of the commer- 34.8.4 Slowly stir the sample solution using a magnetic
cially available pH 7 and pH 10.0 buffers, and the Hydroxide- stirrer. Using a previously standardized pH meter, standardized
Chloride buffer (pH 13.0), choose the pair of buffers which best in accordance with section 34.6, quickly measure the pH of the
brackets the pH of the sample being tested. Standardize your sample solution (See Note 53). It is imperative that the
pH meter in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. temperature of the test solution remain at 25.0 6 0.1 C during
For samples with pH less than 11.5, the temperature of the the pH measurement. If needed, the pH measurement should be
samples and buffers should be kept at 25.0 6 3.0 C (See Note carried out in a constant temperature water bath. Report the pH
53). to four significant figures.
NOTE 52For alkaline solutions in this pH range the temperature does 34.9 Precision and Bias:
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34.9.1 The number of laboratories, materials, and determi- concentrations. This is to compensate for characteristics of a
nations in this study does meet the minimum requirements for given apparatus, and for the blank due to accelerators and
determinating precision prescribed in Practice E691: crucibles.
Test Methods Practice E691 35.3 Apparatus:
C25 Minimum
Laboratories 7 6 35.3.1 Furnace:
Materials 12 4 35.3.1.1 InductionThe induction furnace works by sup-
Determinations: 3 2 plying power to an inductor coil, which interacts with the
34.9.2 Precision Statement for Test Method: pHPrecision, sample and accelerators in a ceramic crucible. The power can
characterized by repeatability, Sr and r, and reproducibility, SR be controlled by the voltage to the coil and the accelerators
and R, has been determined for the following materials to be: used in combusting the sample. Some instruments are supplied
Materials Average Sr SR r R with a rheostat used to control the power input to the induction
Sample A kiln dust 12.3817 0.0069 0.2791 0.0194 0.7814 coil. This is used to avoid heating some types of samples too
Sample B waste lime 12.2998 0.0297 0.4004 0.0831 1.1210
Sample C dolo 12.4073 0.0123 0.2408 0.0345 0.6741
rapidly during the early stages of combustion. Combustion
hydrate takes place in an oxygen stream, which carries the combustion
Sample D dolo lime 12.3942 0.0177 0.2785 0.0495 0.7799 products through various dust and moisture traps to a detector.
Sample E 325 stone 11.2199 0.0274 0.3355 0.0766 0.9393
Sample F cyclone dust 12.4090 0.0164 0.2336 0.0459 0.6541
35.3.1.2 ResistanceThe resistance furnace is an open-
Sample G bottom ash 12.1948 0.0120 0.4049 0.0336 1.1338 ended combustion system that provides an oxygen environ-
Sample H fly ash 9.6776 0.0557 0.3821 0.1559 1.0699 ment in two separate areas. A purge flow of oxygen around the
Sample I fly ash 11.3193 0.0143 0.2191 0.0402 0.6136
Sample J hydrate 12.4111 0.0244 0.2994 0.0684 0.8384 front of the combustion area provides an oxygen blanket to
Sample K h. hyd. lime 12.5477 0.0069 0.1875 0.0193 0.5249 keep the atmosphere out while acting as a primary source for
Sample L quicklime 12.4331 0.0260 0.1767 0.0728 0.4949 combustion. The second oxygen flow is delayed to start after
the majority of the sample has been combusted and provides a
35. Total Carbon and Sulfur by the Combustion/Infrared direct lance flow of oxygen onto the sample to combust the
Detection Method remaining sample material.
35.1 Scope: 35.3.2 DetectorThe detector shall consist of one or more
35.1.1 This test method is for the determination of carbon or infrared solid-state absorption detectors for carbon or sulfur, or
sulfur, or both, in lime and limestone. This test method has also both. The detector may be packaged with the furnace unit as
been adapted for use with kiln flue dusts. This test method long as interference does not occur during analysis.
covers the determination of carbon and sulfur in an acceptable
NOTE 54Halogens can be a source of problems. If they are, or are
concentration range from 0.01 to 13 % carbon and from 0.005 suspected to be, present, it is suggested that a halogen trap be used.
to 3 % sulfur.
35.3.3 Combustion CruciblesThe crucibles must be of
35.1.2 Hydrated lime, hydroxides, and samples with high
adequate thickness and capacity to retain the molten slag and
moisture cannot be suitably analyzed for sulfur using an
have a sulfur blank as low and consistent as possible.
induction furnace unit. Significant portions of SO2 will be
WarningThere is an explosion hazard associated with the
trapped in the dust filter which will be moist due to the water
analysis of coal and coke in an induction furnace. Flammable
released or produced from the combustion. These samples
gasses may collect in the IR cell within the closed system.
must be analyzed on a resistance-furnace-type unit. Carbon
These types of materials should be analyzed in a resistance
results will not be similarly effected. Because of the high
furnace. See the manufacturers instructions and cautions
moisture content in the post-combustion gases, moisture filters
before analyzing any samples.
must be checked often, and when needed, changed.
35.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the WarningIt is extremely dangerous to change the oscilla-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the tor tube in the induction furnace electrical cabinet. This should
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- only be done by trained personnel. Serious injury or death can
priate safety and health practices and determine the applicabil- result. See manufacturers instructions and cautions before
ity of regulatory limitations prior to use. attempting to change the oscillator tube.
35.2 Summary of Test Method: 35.4 ReagentsUse reagents recommended by the instru-
35.2.1 A sample of lime, limestone, or kiln flue dust is ment manufacturer or their equivalent.
weighed into a ceramic crucible, accelerators are added, and 35.5 Calibration:
the crucible is placed in the furnace. In a pure oxygen 35.5.1 Calibration StandardThis test method and instru-
environment at the high temperatures generated by the furnace, ment must be calibrated daily or as indicated by check
the sample is fluxed and oxidized converting carbon into standards by using a standard of known carbon and sulfur
CO/CO2 and sulfur into SO2. The combustion gases are swept content.
through a drying tube to remove the combustion moisture and 35.5.2 Check StandardThe instrument calibration must be
then swept toward the analyzer. In the analyzer, the gas stream validated on a regular basis (See 35.6.3.6) using a check
passes through the carbon and sulfur infrared detection cells standard. The check standard is used to determine the shift-to-
where measurement occurs. shift variations in the test method and to verify that the
35.2.2 Both carbon and sulfur are calibrated against a electronics are working properly. The check and calibration
reference material or standard with known carbon and sulfur standard cannot be the same standard. The standards must have
30
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a known carbon or sulfur content, or both, either as determined occurring. Be cautious about the variability of instruments and
by a reference method, such as the Total Gravimetric Sulfur materials. It is possible to have bimodal curves that indicate a
Method (See Section 24), or certified upon purchase traceable late release of sulfur. When in doubt, check the instrument with
to a nationally recognized standard. a material of known concentration.
35.6 Procedure: NOTE 56An anhydrone tube that has collected moisture or particu-
35.6.1 Instrumental SetupClean and perform routine lates may cake and cause your analysis time to increase. When operating
maintenance on furnace and detector units in accordance with the instrument, you can also expect the analysis time to increase due to
dust and moisture from combustion of the sample. The tube should be
recommended procedures in the manufacturers operating cleaned, or replaced, at regular intervals.
manual. It is recommended that a minimum of three condition-
35.6.3.4 Inspect the crucible for a proper burn. A rough,
ing samples be analyzed before instrument calibration.
bumpy surface or appearance of noncombustion indicates that
35.6.2 Calibration Procedure:
the furnace temperature was too low.
35.6.2.1 Prepare blanks, analyze, reset instrument blank
35.6.3.5 After each analysis, record results and continue. It
values, and record results. Check with previous blank values
is recommended that samples be saved until results can be
and if necessary repeat. Prepare calibration samples, analyze,
verified by a check standard.
reset instrument values, and record results.
35.6.3.6 Analyze the check standard after a minimum of
35.6.2.2 It is recommended that a check standard be pre-
every 10 samples to verify instrument performance. If the
pared and analyzed on a routine basis (See 35.6.3.6). This is to
analysis of the check standard is not within tolerance (See Note
verify that routine samples tested during a specific interval are
57), then find the cause and recalibrate.
accurate according to the last instrument calibration.
35.6.2.3 Run laboratory samples as specified in 35.6.3. NOTE 57For purposes of this procedure, tolerance can be defined as
35.6.3 Sample Procedure: results which meet the published certified value of the standard within the
published standard deviation of the standards certified value. The use of
35.6.3.1 Weigh samples to the nearest 0.1 mg in accordance NIST traceable standards or comparable is recommended.
with the manufacturers instructions for a specific instrument.
NOTE 55It has been found through round-robin studies that the method have not yet been determined.
practice of pre-igniting samples at 1000 C causes erratic recovery of
sulfur. This practice should not be used. 36. Keywords
35.6.3.2 Place the sample in the instrument and perform the 36.1 alternative method; aluminum; available lime index;
analysis. calcium; carbon; carbon dioxide; chemical analysis; free
35.6.3.3 Analysis time is generally 65 s. This can be moisture, lime; free moisture, limestone; free silica; hydrated
determined by watching the integration time of materials, and lime; instrumental analysis; iron; limestone; loss on ignition,
finding out what is a normal time for the type of sample you are (LOI); magnesium; manganese; methods, classical; methods,
running. If analysis time for sulfur exceeds the normal ex- historical; oxides; oxides, unhydrated; phosphorus; quicklime;
pected time, then changing of the Anhydrone tube is recom- reference method; silicon dioxide; Standard Reference Mate-
mended as moisture absorption/desorption of SO2 may be rial (SRM); strontium; sulfur
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
HISTORICAL ASTM METHODS
X1. TOTAL IRON BY THE POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE TITRATION METHOD
INTRODUCTION
The following test methods have been published as information only and are a collection of classical
methods that had historically been widely used by the industry. Because they are presently of limited
use, they have been deleted from the main body of reference test methods. Since some laboratories
may still wish to perform these analyses, they have been placed in these appendixes. The precision and
bias testing has not been performed for these methods. Therefore, users are advised to develop their
own laboratory precision and to check against standard reference materials. Subcommittee C07.05
encourages comments and evaluation of these methods.
X1.1 ScopeThis test method permits a more accurate X1.2 Summary of Test MethodThe sample is dissolved in
analysis of the trace amounts of iron that may be present HCl and the SiO2 is dehydrated and separated from the soluble
because a larger sample is used. salts by filtration. The small amount of iron left in the insoluble
31
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residue is dissolved with sulfuric acid after SiO2 is expelled Fe 2 O 3 equivalent of KMnO 4 = N 0.07984, where
with HF, and the recovered iron is combined with the bulk of 0.07984 = g Fe2O3 equivalent to 1 mL of 1 N KMnO4 solution.
the iron in the main filtrate. Iron is reduced with SnCl2 and
titrated with KMnO4 solution. X1.4 Procedure:
X1.4.1 Weigh 2 to 5 g (depending upon the amount of iron
X1.3 Special Solutions: present) of the properly prepared sample into a beaker and add
X1.3.1 Manganese Sulfate Solution (70 g/L)Dissolve 70 25 mL of HCl (1 + 1). After the reaction ceases, evaporate the
g of crystalline manganese sulfate (MnSO4) in 500 mL of solution to dryness. Add 50 mL of HCl (1 + 4), heat to dissolve
water. Add 140 mL H3PO4 and 130 mL H2SO4. Dilute to 1 L. the salts, filter the insoluble matter including SiO2 using a
X1.3.2 Potassium Permanganate, Standard Solution (0.05 medium-textured paper, then wash the paper and contents
N): several times with hot water. Retain the filter paper. Heat the
X1.3.2.1 Dissolve 1.60 g of potassium permanganate solution to boiling, add a few drops of methyl red indicator,
(KMnO4) in 1 L of water and boil gently in a flask for 20 to 30 and precipitate the iron by adding enough NH4OH to change
min. Cool, dilute again to 1 L, stopper, and allow to stand for the color of the indicator from red to distinct yellow. Allow the
several days in the dark. Filter through purified asbestos or a precipitate to settle slightly, filter, and wash using hot water.
wad of glass fiber and standardize against the National Institute Dissolve contents of the paper by placing paper and contents in
of Standards and Technologys standard sample 40C, sodium 50 mL of hot HCl (1 + 3). Filter into a clean beaker and wash.
oxalate (Na2C2O4), or equivalent in accordance with X1.3.2.2 Reserve filtrate.
through X1.3.2.4. X1.4.2 Place the paper containing the insoluble matter from
NOTE X1.1Alternatively, potassium dichromate may be used in place the evaporated HCl solution in a platinum crucible. Char the
of potassium permanganate as in the procedure of 13.4. paper without inflaming, at low heat, increase the heat to ash
X1.3.2.2 Transfer 0.15 g of the standard sodium oxalate, the paper, and ignite at 1000 C for 15 min. Cool, add 1 mL of
dried at 105 C, to a 400-mL beaker. Add 250 mL of diluted H2SO4 and 10 to 15 mL of HF, and evaporate to fumes of sulfur
H2SO4 (5 + 95), which has been previously boiled for 10 min trioxide. Cool, dilute the contents of the crucible with water,
and cooled to 27 6 3 C. Stir until the oxalate has dissolved. and warm to dissolve salts. Transfer the acidified solution to
Add 40 to 42 mL of the standard KMnO4 solution at the rate of the main solution containing the bulk of the iron.
25 to 30 mL/min, while stirring slowly. Let stand until the pink X1.4.3 Heat the solution to near boiling. Reduce the iron by
color disappears (about 60 s). adding SnCl2 dropwise from a pipet, while swirling the beaker
NOTE X1.2If the pink color should persist because of the addition of
constantly, until the yellow color of the ferric iron just
too much KMnO4 solution, discard and begin again, adding a few disappears (See Note 21). Add 2 or 3 drops of SnCl2 in excess,
millilitres less of the KMnO4 solution initially. but no more. Cool the beaker quickly in running water, then
X1.3.2.3 Heat the contents of the beaker to 60 C and add all at once 10 mL of HgCl2 solution. Stir and allow to stand
complete the titration at this temperature by adding KMnO4 for 3 to 5 min (See Note 22). Transfer with washing to a
solution until a slight pink color persists for 30 s. Add the last 600-mL of 1-L beaker containing 300 mL of cold water and 25
0.5 to 1 mL dropwise, allowing each drop to become decolor- mL of the MnSO4 solution. Titrate with standard 0.05 N
ized before the next one is added. KMnO4 solution, added very slowly while stirring constantly,
X1.3.2.4 One millilitre of standard KMnO4 solution will be until a permanent pink end point is obtained. A blank should
approximately equivalent to 0.004 g of ferric oxide (Fe2O3). also be determined.
Determine the exact Fe2O3 equivalent of the solution from the
X1.5 CalculationCalculate the percent iron oxide (Fe2O3)
following:
to the nearest 0.01 % as follows:
N 5 ~ W/V ! 3 14.925 (X1.1)

Fe2 O 3 , % 5 ~ A 3 B ! /C 3 100 (X1.2)
where:
where:
N = normality of KMnO4 solution,
W = sodium oxalate, g, A = 0.05 N KMnO4 solution used in titration, mL,
V = KMnO4 solution used to titrate the sodium oxalate B = Fe2O3 equivalent of KMnO4, and
solution, mL, and C = sample weighed, g.
14.925 = sodium oxalate equivalent to 1 mL of 1 N KMnO4 X1.6 Precision and BiasThe precision and bias of this test
solution, g. method have not been determined.
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X2. STRONTIUM OXIDE BY THE GRAVIMETRIC SULFATE (ETHER) METHOD
X2.1 ScopeThere may be certain applications that require therefore be deducted from the mass of the lime determined by
a separate determination of strontium content or an exact the gravimetric method (See Section 16).
determination of calcium. This test method is designed to NOTE X2.1This correction is unnecessary if it can be shown that the
determine the SrO present which will allow a correction for the impurities are derived from the glass of the small flask in which the
percent CaO as obtained in previous sections. nitrates of calcium and strontium were evaporated.
X2.3.3 To the solution of strontium nitrate, in a small beaker
X2.2 Summary of Test MethodThe alkaline earth oxides
add a few drops of H2SO4 and a quantity of alcohol equal to the
are converted to nitrates. The different solubilities of calcium
volume of the nitrate solution. The precipitate of strontium
and strontium nitrate in absolute alcohol and ether are used to
sulfate is allowed to develop and settle at room temperature for
separate the two metals from each other. After filtration, the
a period of 12 h.
strontium nitrate precipitate is dissolved with water and the
strontium precipitated with H2SO4 filtered, ignited, and X2.3.4 Filter the SrSO4 on a small filter paper, and wash
weighed as strontium sulfate (SrSO4). with 50 % alcohol. Ignite at low temperature, cool, moisten
with dilute H2SO4 (1 + 1), evaporate to dryness, again ignite,
X2.3 Procedure: and weigh as strontium sulfate (SrSO4). The sulfate may be
X2.3.1 Transfer the weighed oxides obtained in the gravi- tested spectroscopically for traces of calcium and barium if it
metric determination of calcium oxide (See Section 5.1.4) to a is considered necessary.
small flask of 20-mL capacity and dissolve in HNO3. Evapo- X2.4 Calculation:
rate to dryness and heat at 150 to 160 C. Treat the thoroughly
dried nitrates with as little (rarely over 2 mL) of a mixture of X2.4.1 Calculate the mass of strontium oxide as follows:
equal parts of absolute alcohol and ether as may be needed to
dissolve the calcium salt, hastening solution by occasional, SrO, % 5 ~ A/B ! 3 56.41 (X2.1)
gentle agitation. After standing overnight in the stoppered
where:
flask, collect the insoluble matter on the smallest possible filter
and wash with more of the above mixture of alcohol and ether. A = mass of SrSO4,
B = original mass of sample, g, and
WarningEthers tend to form peroxides by air oxidation
56.41 = molecular ratio of SrO to SrSO4 100.
on standing which are highly explosive. Peroxide containing
ethers should not be distilled unless the peroxide is first X2.4.2 Deduct the percent SrO from the percent CaO
destroyed by a suitable agent such as sodium sulfate or ferrous determined in Section 17.
sulfate and should not be allowed to stand indefinitely in the X2.5 Precision and BiasThis test method was originally
laboratory. approved for publication before the inclusion of precision and
X2.3.2 Let the filter air dry, then pass a few millilitres of hot bias statements within standards was mandated. The user is
water through the filter to dissolve the strontium nitrate. A few cautioned to verify by the use of reference materials, if
tenths of a milligram of residue may remain, consisting of available, that the precision and bias of this test method are
material other than lime or alkaline earth, whose mass should adequate for the contemplated use.
X3. PHOSPHORUS BY THE TITRIMETRIC METHOD
X3.1 ScopeThis is a titrimetric test method for determin- then back-titrated with standard acid in the presence of
ing phosphorus in samples of limestone, quicklime, or lime phenolphthalein indicator.
hydrate. A fairly large sample weight is required because this
X3.3 Special Solutions:
test method is not sensitive enough for an accurate analysis at
the low levels of phosphorus frequently encountered in lime- X3.3.1 Ammonium Molybdate Solution:
stone rock. X3.3.1.1 Solution AAdd 400 mL of nitric acid to 600 mL
of water. Mix and cool.
X3.2 Summary of Test MethodThe sample is dissolved in X3.3.1.2 Solution BDissolve 118 g of 85 % molybdic
dilute nitric acid, the solution filtered, the residue fused with a acid with 400 mL of water and add 80 mL of NH4OH. Cool.
little sodium carbonate and its nitric acid solution added to the X3.3.1.3 Add Solution B to Solution A slowly with constant
other. An HF-HNO3 treatment is included if the rock contains stirring, let solution stand for 24 h. Filter immediately before
more than 3 % SiO2. Ammonium molybdate is added to the using.
nitric acid solution to precipitate phosphorus as ammonium X3.3.2 Potassium Nitrate Solution (10 g/L)Dissolve 10 g
phosphomolybdate. The phosphomolybdate is dissolved in an of potassium nitrate (KNO3) in water freshly boiled to expel
excess of a standard solution of sodium hydroxide which is CO2 and cooled. Dilute to 1 L.
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X3.3.3 Sodium Hydroxide, Standard Solution (0.3 N) X3.4 Procedure:
Dissolve 12 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in 1 L of water that
X3.4.1 Dissolve 10 g of the prepared sample by adding 80
has been freshly boiled to expel CO2, and cooled. Add 10 mL
mL of dilute HNO3 (1 + 1) and heating on hot plate. Add 350
of a freshly filtered, saturated solution of barium hydroxide
mg of ferric nitrate salt (Fe(NO3)3 9 H2O) (See Note X3.3)
Ba(OH)2 (See Note X3.1). Shake the solution frequently for
and 15 g of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), make ammoniacal,
several hours and filter it. Store in a stoppered flask protected
then add 5 mL of NH4OH (1 + 1) in excess. Heat to boiling,
from the CO2 of the air by means of a guard tube packed with
filter on medium-textured paper and wash with diluted NH4OH
Ascarite. Standardize against standard acid phthalate such as
(5 + 95). Discard the filtrate.
NIST Standard Sample No. 84 or benzoic acid, NIST Standard
Sample No. 39 furnished by the National Institute of Standards NOTE X3.3Small amounts of phosphorus in the sample can be
and Technology4 , as follows: concentrated very easily this way. The iron combines with the phosphate
to form FePO4 that is very insoluble in NH4OH and affords the analyst the
NOTE X3.1Ba(OH)2 precipitates the carbonate as insoluble BaCO3. opportunity to separate it from major matrix elements.
X3.3.3.1 Lightly crush 5 to 6 g of standard acid potassium X3.4.2 Place the precipitating beaker under the funnel and
phthalate to a fineness of approximately 10 mesh and dry for 2 punch a small hole in the tip of the filter cone by pushing a
h at 100 C. Place in a small glass-stoppered container and cool platinum wire through it. Pour 25 mL of hot HNO3 (1 + 4)
in a desiccator. through the paper and wash free of iron with hot 5 % HNO3.
X3.3.3.2 Accurately weigh about 1 g of the dried standard Discard the paper.
and transfer it to a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask. X3.4.3 Evaporate the nitric acid of solution to dryness and
X3.3.3.3 Add 50 mL of CO2-free distilled water and swirl to the dry salts add 30 mL of aqua regia mix (160 mL of
gently to dissolve. Add 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator HNO3 + 40 mL HCl (1 + 1). Boil on hot plate until reddish-
and titrate with the sodium hydroxide to the first pink color. brown fumes cease to come off and for several minutes
X3.3.3.4 Calculate the normality of NaOH as follows: thereafter. Add 100 mL of water and boil.
N 5 W/V 3 204.228 (X3.1) X3.4.4 Filter into a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask and wash with
hot water. Ignite the residue, cool, add 1 mL of HNO3 and 10
where:
mL of HF and evaporate to dryness (See Note X3.4). Evaporate
N = normality of NaOH solution, twice with nitric acid to expel all the HF. Fuse residue with a
W = grams of potassium acid phthalate, pinch of Na2CO3 (0.5 g), dissolve in dilute nitric acid, and add
V = millilitres of NaOH used, and to the filtrate in the Erlenmeyer flask.
204.228 = gram equivalent weight of potassium acid
phthalate. NOTE X3.4The treatment of the residue with HF and HNO3 may be
omitted if the SiO2 in the sample is low, <3 %.
X3.3.3.5 Calculate the phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)
equivalent (See Note X3.2) of the NaOH solution in grams per X3.4.5 Neutralize the nitric acid solution with NH4OH until
millilitre as follows: iron hydroxide just begins to form. Reacidify with nitric acid
slowly until precipitate just dissolves, then add 1 mL of HNO3
E 5 N 3 0.003086 (X3.2)
for every 100 mL of solution. Heat the solution to 40 C and
where: add 40 mL of ammonium molybdate ((NH4)2MoO4) (filtered).
E = P2O5 equivalent of the NaOH solution, g/mL, Stopper the flask, shake for several minutes, and allow to settle
N = normality of the NaOH solution, and overnight (12 h).
0.003086 = P2O5 equivalent of 1 N NaOH solution, g/mL. X3.4.6 Filter through a retentive paper. Wash the flask and
NOTE X3.2Phosphorus reacts to form ammonium phosphomolybdate precipitate five times with 15-mL portions of a 1 % solution of
2(NH4)3PO4 12MoO3. The precipitate reacts with the NaOH solution
thus:
KNO3 and then wash the paper ten times with 10-mL portions
2(NH4)3PO4 12MoO3 + 46NaOH = 2(NH4)2HPO4 of the same solution. The paper should be carefully washed
+ (NH4)2MoO4 + 23Na2MoO4 + 22H2O each time from the rim downward and then allowed to drain
The equivalent weight of P2O5 (0.003086) is obtained by completely before washing with the next portion of wash
dividing the molecular weight of P2O5 (141.96) by 46 (for 46 solution. (The wash solution must be free of CO2.)
moles of NaOH in the equation) and by 1000 (number of X3.4.7 Return the paper and precipitate to the flask, add
millilitres in 1 L). As the actual composition of the precipitate about 75 mL of CO2-free water, and add enough standard
is influenced by the conditions under which the precipitation is sodium hydroxide solution to decompose the precipitate and
made, it is essential that all the details of the procedure be leave approximately 2 mL in excess. Record the millilitres of
followed closely as prescribed. NaOH solution added.
X3.3.4 Sulfuric Acid, Standard (0.15 N)Dilute 4.0 mL of X3.4.8 Stopper the flask and shake to disintegrate the paper.
H2SO4 to 1 L with water that has been freshly boiled and Wash the stopper and sides of the flask with CO2-free water,
cooled. Standardize against the standard NaOH solution. De- add 6 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution, and titrate
termine the ratio in strength of the standard H2SO4 solution to the excess sodium hydroxide with standard H2SO4 until the
the standard NaOH solution by dividing the volume of NaOH pink color of indicator just disappears. Record the millilitres of
solution by the volume of H2SO4 solution used in titration. standard acid.
34
C25 112
X3.5 Calculation: V1 = NaOH solution used, mL,
NOTE X3.5Titanium and vanadium interfere in this determination but V2 = H2SO4 solution used, mL,
should not be encountered in significant amounts in this class of material. R = ratio in strength of the NaOH solution to the H2SO4
X3.5.1 Calculate the percent P2O5 as follows: solution, and
W = mass of sample, g.
P 2 O 5 , % 5 $ E ~ V 1 2 V 2 R ! % /W 3 100 (X3.3)
X3.6 Precision and BiasThe precision and bias of this
where: method have not been determined.
E = P2O5 equivalent of the NaOH solution, g/mL,
X4. MANGANESE BY THE BISMUTHATE METHOD
X4.1 ScopeThis is the standard titrimetric method that X4.5 Procedure:

may be used to determine manganese in lime and limestone X4.5.1 Dissolve 10 g of the sample in 100 mL of diluted
samples when the concentration of manganese is at least HNO3 (1 + 1), filter, and wash the residue with hot water.
0.05 %. Ignite the residue in platinum, fuse with a little Na2CO3, and
X4.2 Summary of Test MethodAfter dissolution of the add the nitric acid solution of the melt to the main filtrate.
sample, bivalent manganese is oxidized to permanganic acid X4.5.2 Dilute the solution to 150 mL and add 0.5 g of
by the use of sodium bismuthate (NaBiO3) in nitric acid sodium bismuthate. Heat for a few minutes or until the pink
solution, filtering, washing with nitric acid, adding a measured color has disappeared and MnO2 has precipitated. If MnO2
excess of ferrous sulfate and then determining this excess by does not precipitate, add more bismuthate.
titration with a standard solution of permanganate. X4.5.3 Clear the solution by slowly adding ferrous ammo-
nium sulfate solution (12 g/L) until the MnO2 dissolves. Boil to
X4.3 Apparatus:
expel brown fumes, cool to 10 to 15 C, add 0.5 to 1.5 g of
X4.3.1 Filtering CrucibleAn asbestos Gooch crucible or NaBiO3 (or an amount equal to at least 26 times the weight of
a fritted glass crucible of fine porosity. manganese present), and agitate vigorously for 1 min. Add 50
mL of cold HNO3 (3 + 97) and filter through a Gooch crucible
X4.4 Reagents:
or fritted glass crucible of fine porosity. Wash with 50 mL of
X4.4.1 Sodium BismuthateThe sodium bismuthate shall cold HNO3 (3 + 97) or until the washings run colorless.
contain enough active oxygen to correspond to at least 75 % X4.5.4 Add enough ferrous ammonium sulfate solution (12
NaBiO3. g/L) from a buret to discharge completely the permanganate
X4.4.2 Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate Solution (12 g/L) color and then add 1.0 to 2.0 mL in excess. Record the buret
Dissolve 12 g of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 6H2O in 1 L of cool H2SO4 reading. Titrate the excess ferrous with 0.05 N KMnO4 solution
(5 + 95). to a faint pink end point.
X4.4.3 Standardization of Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate X4.6 CalculationCalculate the percentage of manganese
SolutionMeasure into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask, 50 mL of as follows:
cold nitric acid (3 + 97). Add about 0.5 g of sodium bismuthate
(NaBiO3), agitate, dilute with 50 mL of HNO3 (3 + 97) and
filter through asbestos or a fritted glass crucible. To the filtrate Mn, % 5 ~ V 1 R 2 V 2 ! N/W 3 1.0988 (X4.1)
add 50 mL of the ferrous ammonium sulfate solution and titrate where:
with standard KMnO4 solution to pink color. Determine the V1 = Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 solution used, mL,
ratio (R) of the standard KMnO4 solution to the standard R = ratio in strength of KMnO4 solution to the
ferrous ammonium sulfate solution by dividing the volume of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 solution,
KMnO4 solution by the volume of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 solution V2 = KMnO4 solution used, mL,
used in the titration. N = normality of KMnO4 solution,
X4.4.4 Nitric Acid (3 + 97). W = mass of sample, g, and
1.0988 = manganese equivalent of KMnO4 100.
X4.4.5 Potassium Permanganate Standard Solution (0.05
N)The same solution as prepared in the Total Iron, Standard X4.7 Precision and BiasThe precision and bias of this test
Method, Section 13. method have not been determined.
35
C25 112
X5. FERROUS IRON BY TITRATION WITH POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
X5.1 ScopeThe determination of ferrous iron in carbonate iron is exceedingly slow. It is ordinarily quite sufficient to equalize the
rocks is difficult if not impossible in the presence of carbona- internal and external pressures by opening the cock, removing the stopper,
and pouring in cold water.
ceous matter. Nevertheless, acceptable results are sometimes
NOTE X5.3If MnO2 is absent, the potassium dichromate method of
obtainable if there is not much of such matter, and if it does not titration may be substituted and HCl used instead of H2SO4. In this case,
give a colored solution with acid. But even then, it is only the there is no separation of an insoluble calcium salt which renders easier the
soluble iron, existing chiefly if not wholly as carbonate, that is subsequent determination of iron in the insoluble residue.
determinable. X5.4.2 Ferrous Iron in the Insoluble Residue in Absence of
Carbonaceous Matter:
X5.2 Summary of Test MethodThe limestone sample is
decomposed with dilute sulfuric acid in a steam or CO2 X5.4.2.1 Filter the titrated solution (See X5.4.1.1) through a
atmosphere and the soluble ferrous iron is titrated with medium-sized, hardened filter. Transfer the residue completely
KMnO4. In the absence of carbonaceous matter, it is possible to the paper and wash with hot water. Rinse the contents of the
to determine ferrous iron in the insoluble residue. Metallic iron, paper into a large platinum crucible (80 to 100-mL capacity)
if introduced by grinding media, will also be determined as with a snugly fitting cover of transparent polypropylene and
ferrous iron, and precautions should be taken to avoid this having a plastic tube for the introduction of CO2 and a small
contaminate. plastic funnel for the addition of acid and the escape of vapors
and steam.
X5.3 Special Solutions: X5.4.2.2 Add 18 mL of H2SO4 (1 + 1) and air-free water
until the crucible is at least half full. Drop in a small coil of
X5.3.1 Potassium Permanganate, Standard Solution (0.05
platinum wire to prevent bumping, fit the cover tightly, and
N)Prepare as in Total Iron, Standard Method (See Section
pass CO2 through for at least 10 min as the mixture is gradually
13).
brought to boiling. Stop the stream of gas as soon as steam
X5.3.2 Diphenylamine Sulfonate Indicator Solution escapes, immediately add 7 mL of HF through the funnel, and
Dissolve 0.2 g of sodium diphenylamine sulfonate in 100 mL boil gently for 10 to 15 min, or until decomposition is
of water. complete.
X5.3.3 Potassium Dichromate, Standard Solution (0.028 X5.4.2.3 Prepare an 800-mL beaker containing 500 mL of
N)Weigh 2.728 g of dry National Institute of Standards and air-free water, 12 g of boric acid, and 20 mL of H2SO4 (1 + 3).
Technology potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) or other pure, Quickly transfer the crucible cover and contents to the 800-mL
dry K2Cr2O7 and dilute to 2 L in a volumetric flask. The beaker. With the aid of a stirring rod, remove the crucible and
solution contains the equivalent of 0.002 g FeO/mL. cover from the beaker and rinse it off with water. Add 3 to 5
drops of sodium diphenylamine sulfonate indicator and titrate
X5.4 Procedure: with the K2Cr2O7 standard solution to a purple color that
X5.4.1 In Absence of Carbonaceous Matter: persists for 20 to 30 s.
X5.4.1.1 Weigh several grams of prepared sample into a NOTE X5.4Potassium dichromate is preferred because it reacts much
flask of about 250-mL capacity, add 25 mL of water, and boil less rapidly on organic matter than permanganate.
water until air is expelled. While still boiling, add diluted X5.4.3 Ferrous Iron in Presence of Insoluble Carbonaceous
H2SO4 (1 + 1) a little at a time until effervescence ceases, then Matter:
add a few millilitres in excess (See Note X5.1). Calcium sulfate X5.4.3.1 Weigh 2 to 5 g of prepared sample into a flask of
precipitates, but the iron will remain in solution. Remove the about 250-mL capacity, pass in a stream of CO2 through a
flame and tightly insert a stopper through which passes a small delivery tube and introduce dilute H2SO4 (1 + 1) till efferves-
stopcock funnel. When the flask is cool, or nearly so, pour cold cence ceases, then add a few more millilitres in excess. Heat if
water into the funnel and cautiously open the cock so the water necessary to decompose the limestone (See Note X5.5) and
may be drawn into the flask. Keep filling the funnel as fast as filter quickly (See Note X5.6) through asbestos or sintered
it empties until the solution in the flask amounts to 100 to 150 glass fiber (in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide if much iron is
mL (See Note X5.2). Immediately titrate the iron solution in present). Wash the filter and the residue a few times with water
the flask with 0.05 N KMnO4 solution (See Note X5.3). The and titrate the filtrate at once with 0.05 N KMnO4 solutions.
ferrous iron thus found is mostly, if not altogether, that existing Discard the residue (See Note X5.7).
as carbonate.
WarningThe contents of the flask may erupt violently NOTE X5.5Heat is not needed with limestone if active agitation is
used; but with dolomites, heat is necessary.
unless this addition is made with care.
NOTE X5.6It is important to allow the acid to act no longer than is
NOTE X5.1With a carbonate that is wholly decomposable without the necessary and to filter quickly.
aid of heat, solution may be accomplished in a flask filled with CO2, using NOTE X5.7A determination of the ferrous iron in the insoluble matter
cold acid. This mode of acid decomposition lessens the danger of is usually not worth attempting because of the admixed organic matter.
attacking silicates if these are present.
NOTE X5.2Such precaution to exclude air is hardly necessary, in most X5.5 CalculationCalculate the percent FeO as follows:
cases; however, since in the presence of H2SO4 the oxidation of ferrous
36
C25 112
FeO, % 5 V 3 N 3 7.184/W (X5.1) W = weight of sample, g, and
where: 7.184 = equivalent weight of FeO 100.
V = titrant (KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7), mL, X5.6 Precision and BiasThe precision and bias of this test
N = normality of KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7 solution, method have not been determined.
X6. TEST METHOD FOR FREE CALCIUM OXIDE IN HIGH-CALCIUM HYDRATED LIME9
X6.1 Scope X6.4 Procedure

X6.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the X6.4.1 Weigh a clean, dry, 10-mL Erlenmeyer flask on an
amount of free calcium oxide (CaO) in high-calcium hydrated analytical balance.
lime capable of being hydrated by steam at atmospheric NOTE X6.1Once started, complete the test without interruption.
pressure.
X6.4.2 Add to the flask, by means of a widestem funnel, 3
X6.2 Summary of Test Method to 5 g of the lime to be tested. Reweigh to get the exact sample
weight.
X6.2.1 This test method is based on the principle of gain in
weight of CaO when it is hydrated to form calcium hydroxide NOTE X6.2The flask should be kept stoppered at all times, except
(Ca(OH)2). when weighing, drying, or steaming.
X6.2.2 The sample is dried, subjected to steam at atmo- X6.4.3 Place the flask in the drying oven that has been
spheric pressure, again dried, and the gain in weight calculated previously heated to 120 C, and maintain at this temperature
to CaO. for 30 min. Remove, stopper, cool in a desiccator, and weigh.
NOTE X6.3Oven atmosphere can be kept CO2 free by placing therein
X6.3 Apparatus a container of soda lime, quicklime, or other suitable CO2-absorbing
X6.3.1 Drying Oven, thermostatically controlled, CO2-free medium.
atmosphere. X6.4.4 Place the flask and the sample in a vigorously
boiling steam bath and steam for 30 min. Protect the flask in
X6.3.2 Analytical Balance.
the steam bath by a drip shield during the steaming period.
X6.3.3 Steam Bath, as shown in Fig. X6.1. Remove the flask to the oven, dry for 30 min at 120 C,
stopper, cool in a desiccator, and weigh.
9
This test method was taken from the Appendix of Specification C911. X6.4.5 Record all weighings to the fourth decimal place.
FIG. X6.1 Steam Chamber
37
C25 112
X6.5 Calculation where:
X6.5.1 Calculate the percentage of water and CaO as W1 = weight of sample and flask before drying,
follows: W2 = weight of sample and flask after drying,
W3 = weight of sample and flask after steaming and drying,
Free water, % 5 @ ~ W 1 2 W 2 ! /S # 3 100 (X6.1)
and
~ W 3 2 W 2 ! 3 3.114 S = weight of sample.
Free CaO, % 5 3 100
S
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What are standard and alternative test methods?

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What chemical constituents does the standard cover methods for?

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Designation: C25 112

Standard Test Methods for

1 NOTERevised 28.3.5 editorially for clarity in May 2016.

1. Scope Carbon Dioxide by Standard 22

TABLE 3 Precision Summary of Classical Test Methods

A Soda-Lime Tower at inlet to remove CO2.

A Purifying jar, Fleming, containing concentrated H2SO4.

a covering of glass wool. CO2 , % 5 ~ A 2 B ! /C 3 100 (17)

30.3.3 Calculate the percent unhydrated oxides on the

HISTORICAL ASTM METHODS

X1. TOTAL IRON BY THE POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE TITRATION METHOD

N 5 ~ W/V ! 3 14.925 (X1.1)

X2. STRONTIUM OXIDE BY THE GRAVIMETRIC SULFATE (ETHER) METHOD

X3. PHOSPHORUS BY THE TITRIMETRIC METHOD

X4. MANGANESE BY THE BISMUTHATE METHOD

X4.1 ScopeThis is the standard titrimetric method that X4.5 Procedure:

X5. FERROUS IRON BY TITRATION WITH POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE

X6.1 Scope X6.4 Procedure

FIG. X6.1 Steam Chamber

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