Assignment 1

Maximum Marks 40
Due Date 3rd May, 2004
Assignment Weight age 2%

Solve the following Differential Equations.

Question 1
Solve
dy 2 x  5 y  3

dx 2 x  4 y  6

Solution
Let x  X  a and y  Y  b, where a and b obey the relations
2a  5b  3  0
2a  4b  6  0
which solveto give a  b  1.
Making these substitutions we find
dY 2 X  5Y

dX 2 X  4Y
whichis homogeneous ODE.

Put Y = vX
dv 2  5v
v X 
dX 2  4v
dv 2  5v
X  v
dX 2  4v
2  5v  2v  4v 2

2  4v
2  7 v  4v 2

2  4v
2  4v 1
 dv  dX
 4v  1 v  2  X
By partial Fraction on left hand side we have,
 4 2  dX
   dv  
 3  4v  1 3  v  2   X
 4 2  dX
  3  4v  1  3  v  2   dv   X
 
 1 2
ln 4v  1  ln v  2   ln Xc
3 3
 ln  4v  1 v  2   ln Xc
2 3

  4v  1 v  2 
2
 X 3C C  c 3

But Y= vX, so
2
 Y  Y 
  4  1  2   X 3C
 X  X 
C
  4Y  X Y  2 X   X 3 3
2

X
 4Y  X Y  2 X 
2
 C
But x  X  a and y  Y  b,
 X  x  a, Y  y  b. So above become
 4  x  a    y  b   y  b   2  x  a 
2
C
  4 x  y  4a  b  y  2 x  2a  b   C
2

Question 2
Solve
1
xdy  ydx  ( x 2  y 2 )dx
2
Solution
Dividing both sides by x 2
xdy  ydx 1 y2
 (1  )dx
x2 2 x2
y xdy  ydx
Put  t and  dt
x x2
1
dt  (1  t 2 )dx
2
1 y
 tan 1 t  x  c, where t  .
2 x
Question 3
Solve
dy y 2
x  y
dx x
Solution
 dy xy  y 2
We have 
dx x2

dy dv
Put y  vx, vx ,
dx dx

dv x.vx  v 2 x 2
we get v  x  2
 v  v2
dx x

dv
or x  v 2
dx

1
  ln x  ln c
v
Question 4
Solve
dy
x  y  x x2  y 2
dx
Solution
The given equationis
dy y  x x 2  y 2

dx x

dy dv
Put y  vx,  v  x , we get.
dx dx

dv vx  x x 2  v 2 x 2
vx   v  x 1  v2
dx x

dv
or  dx
1  v2

Integrating :
sinh 1 v  x  c

 y  x sinh( x  c)
 Solution Assignment 2

Maximum Marks 40
Due Date 20th May, 2004
Assignment Weight age 2%

Question 1
Find the member of the orthogonal trajectories for 3xy 2  2  3c1 x that passes through (0,10).

Here 3xy 2  2  3c1 x --------------(1)

3xy 2  2
 c1  ------------- (2)
3x
Differentiating (1) with respect to x, we get
dy
3 y 2  6 xy  3c1
dx
dy 3xy 2  2
 2   3 y 2  6 xy  3
dx 3x
dy 1
  2
dx 3x y
So the Differential Equation of Orthogonal Trajectory is given by
dy
 3x 2 y
dx
dy
  3x 2 dx
y
dy
  y   3x dx
2

 ln y  x3  C         3
Now member of this passes through (0,10) is obtained by finding corresponding value of C, so putting
(0,10) in (3) we get
ln10  0  C
 ln10  C
So the required curve is given by
y  10e x
3

Question 2
When interest is compounded continuously, the amount of money S increases at a rate proportional to
the amount present at any time: dS/dt = rS, where r is the annual rate of interest.
(a) Find the amount of money accrued at the end of 5 years when $ 5000 is deposited in a savings
3
account drawing 5 % annual interest compounded continuously.
4

(b) In how many years will the initial sum deposited be doubled?

Here we have the equation

dS
 rS
dt
Solving we get
S  Cer t --------------(1)
Since initially $ 5000 deposited, so we have S  0   5000 . Here given r the annual interest equals to
3
5 % i.e. 5.75 / 100  r  0.0575 . Moreover by first condition, C = 5000.
4
Thus (1) becomes
S  5000e 0.0575t
(a) Now after 5 years means, we have to calculate S when t = 5.
 S  5000e 0.05755  6665.45
(b) we have to calculate t when sum = 2 (initial money) = 10000
 10000  5000e 0.0575t
 2  e 0.0575t
1
 t ln 2  12.05
0.0575

So approximately after 12 years the initial sum deposited will be doubled.

Question 3
A thermometer is taken from an inside room to the outside where the air temperature is 50 F.
After 1 minute the thermometer reads 550 F, and after 5 minutes the reading is 300 F. What is the
initial temperature of the room?

By Newton’s Law of Cooling, we have

dT
 k T  T0 
dt
Where k is constant of proportionality and T0 is temperature of surroundings.
Solving this equation we get
T  Cekt  T0 .
Here, temperature of the surroundings is given by T0  5F , moreover when time is 1 then T is 55. So
T 1  55F , similarly we have other boundary condition as T  5  30F . So using these conditions,
we have
C  59.4642 and k  0.1733 .
So the solution equation is
T   59.4642 e 0.1733t  5
Now initial temperature is obtained by putting t = 0.
So we have
T  64.4642F .

Question 4
Find a second solution of the following equation.
a x 2 y  20 y  0; y1  x 4
b 1  2 x  x  y  2 1  x  y  2 y  0;
2
y1  x  1

(a)
Here x 2 y  20 y  0
20
 y  2 y  0
x
Comparing with
y  P  x  y  Q  x  y  0 ,
It gives
P  x  0
Since
e 
 P x  dx

y2  y1  dx
y12

e 
 0 dx

  x  8 dx
4

x
9
4 x x5
x 
9 9
(b)
Here  
x 2 y  20 y  0 1  2 x  x 2 y  2 1  x  y  2 y  0
2 1  x  2
y  y  y0
1  2 x  x  2
 
1  2 x  x2
Comparing with
y  P  x  y  Q  x  y  0 ,
It gives
2 1  x 
P  x 
1  2 x  x  2

Since
e 
 P  x  dx

y2  y1  dx
y12
21 x 
  1 2 x  x  dx
2

e
   x  1  dx
 x  1
2

21 x 
  1 2 x  x  dx 2

e
   x  1  dx
 x  1
2

ln x 2  2 x 1
e
   x  1  dx
 x  1
2

x2  2x  1
   x  1  dx
 x  1
2

 2 
   x  1   1   dx
  x  12 
 
 2 
   x  1  x  
  x  1 
  x  x  1  2

- Assignment 3

Maximum Marks 50
Due Date 29th June, 2004
Assignment Weight age 2%

Question 1
1
The roots of an auxiliary equation are m1   , m2  3  i, m3  3  i . What is the corresponding
2
differential equation?

Solution
Given that
 1
m1   m2  3  i m3  3  i
2
1
 m   0 (m  3)  i  0 (m  3)  i  0
2
The corresponding auxiliary equation will be,
1
( m  )( (m  3)  i )( (m  3)  i )  0
2
1
(m  )(m 2  6m  10)  0
2
2m  11m2  14m  10  0
3

Finally the corresponding differential equation will be,

 (2D3  11D2  14D  10) y  0

d3y d2y dy
 2 3
 11 2
 14  10  0
dx dx dx

Question 2
Use a trigonometric identity as an aid in finding a particular solution of the given differential equation.
(c) y  y  sin x cos 2 x
Solution

For complementary solution, consider the homogeneous part.

y' '  y  0
Auxiliary equation is
m2  1  0
 m  i
So, the complementary solution is given by
yc  C1C os x  C2 S in x

For particular solution

Here we have
g ( x)  sin x cos 2 x
Using trigonometric identities we can write.
1
g ( x)  (2 Sinx Cos 2 x)
2
1
g ( x)  [ Sin( x  2 x)  Sin( x  2 x)]
2
1
g ( x)  [ Sin(3x)  Sin( x)]
2
1
g ( x)  [ Sin3x  Sinx]
2
 1 1
g ( x) Sin3x  Sinx
2 2
Thus we can divide particular integral into two parts i.e.
y p  y p1  y p2
Let y p  ASin3x  BCos3x
1

And y p  C Sinx  DCosx

2

Clearly, assumed function y p is already in complementary solution

2

So,
y p  Cx Sinx  D xCosx
2

y p  ASin3x  BCos3x  Cx Sinx  D xCosx

After simplification and comparing the co-efficient (students are required to make complete
calculations in their assignments), we get
1 1
y p   Sin3x  xCosx
16 4
So the general solution is
1 1
y  C1C os x  C2 S in x  Sin3x  xCosx
16 4

Question 3
Solve the given differential equations subject to the indicated initial conditions.
1 y  5 y  6 y  10e2 x , y  0   1, y  0   1
 2 y  y  8cos 2 x  4sin x , y  / 2   1, y  / 2   0

Solution

(1) y   5 y   6 y  10e2 x ----------------------------(1)

For complementary solution

Consider y   5 y   6 y  0
Auxiliary equation is m2  5 m  6  0
Roots are m=1 and m=-6
So,
yc  C1e x  C2 e6 x

Now for particular solution

Suppose y p  Ae2x
Substituting in (1) and after simplification
5
We get A 
4
 5 2x
So, y p  e
4
Thus, the general solution is
5
y= C1e x  C2 e6 x + e 2 x ----------------(2)
4
and
5
y 'c  C1e x  6C2 e6 x + e 2 x ----------------(3)
2
By applying given initial condition to find out values of constants
5
1=y(0)= C1 + C2 +
4
5
1=y’(0)= C1 -6 C2 +
2
After calculations
3 5
C1 = and C2 =
7 28
Hence, the solution is

3 x 5 6 x 5 2 x
y e  e  e
7 28 4

Solution

(2) y  y  8cos 2 x  4sin x ------------------(1)

For complementary solution

Consider y   y  0
Auxiliary equation is m2  1  0
Roots are
m=i and m=-i
So,
yc  C1Cosx  C2 Sinx

For particular solution consider g(x)= 8cos 2 x  4sin x

y p  y p1  y p2
Let y p1  ASin2 x  BCos 2 x
and y p2  C Sinx  DCosx
Clearly, assumed function y p2 is already in complementary solution
So,
Let y p2  Cx Sinx  D xCosx
y p  ASin2 x  BCos 2 x  Cx Sinx  D xCosx

Putting in (1) and after simplification, we get

 3 ACos2x  3 BSin2x  2 CSinx  2 DCosx  8 Cos2x  4 Sinx

After comparing the co-efficient

We get,
8
A= , B=0, C=2, D=0
3
Thus, particular solution is
8
yp  Cos 2 x  2 xCosx
3
General solution is
8
y= C1Cosx  C2 Sinx + Cos 2 x  2 xCosx
3
Now,
16
y '  C1Sinx  C2Cosx  Sin2 x  2Cosx  2 xSinx
3

By applying given initial condition to find out values of constants

 8
1  y( )  C2 
2 3

0  y ' ( )  C1  
2
So,
11
C1   And C2 
3
Hence, the solution is
11 8
y   Cosx  Sinx  Cos 2 x  2 x Cosx
3 3

Question 4
Given that y1  x 2 and y2  x3 , form a fundamental set of solutions of x2 y  4 xy  6 y  0 on  0,   .
Find the general solution of
1
x 2 y  4 xy  6 y 
x

Solution

x2 x3
W ( x 2 , x3 ) 
2x 3x 2
W ( x 2 , x 3 )  3x 4  2 x 4  x 4  0
i.e., y1 and y2 are linearly independent on  0,   .
From the given equation
 y' y 1
y   4 6 2  3
x x x
3
0 x
W1  1 2
 1
3 x
x3

x2 0
1
W2  1 
2x x
x3

Now, we determine the derivatives of the unknown variables u1 and u 2 through the relations
W W
u1  1 , u 2  2
W W
1 1
u1'   4 and u2 '  5
x x

By integrating both sides, we get

1 1
u1  3 and u2   4
3x 4x

Thus,
1 2 1
yp 
3
x  4 x3
3x 4x
1 1
 yp  
3x 4 x
1
 yp 
12 x

Hence, the general solution is

1
y  C1 x 2  C2 x3 
12 x

Assignment 4

Maximum Marks 50
Due Date 14th July, 2004
Assignment Weight age 2%

Question 1
A 1-kg mass is attached to a spring whose constants is 16 N/m and the entire system is then submerged
in a liquid that imparts a damping force numerically equal to 10 times the instantaneous velocity.
Determine the equations of motion if
a) the weight is released from rest 1 m below the equilibrium position; and
b) the weight is released 1 m below the equilibrium position with an upward velocity of 12 m/s.
Solution:
Here
mass  m  1 Kg
Spring cons.  k  16 N / m
dx dx
damping force     10
dt dt
   10
But differential equation of Motion with damping is given by
d 2x dx
m 2  kx  
dt dt
2
d x dx
 2
 16 x  10
dt dt
2
d x dx
 2
 10  16 x  0
dt dt
If we suppose solution of the form x  emt , then the auxiliary equation is given by
m2  10m  16  0
 m2  8m  2m  16  0
  m  2  m  8  0
 m  2, 8
The general solution is this given by
x  C1e2t  C2e8t
(a) Since when time is zero, then mass is one meter below so
x  0  1
Also it starts from rest i.e. velocity is zero at time = 0, so
x  0   0 .
These two conditions give us
C1  4 / 3, C2  1/ 3
4 1
 x  e2t  C2e 8t
3 3
(b) Again here x  0   1 , and in this case it starts with an upward velocity of 12m / s so
x  0   12
These conditions give us
C1  2 / 3, C2  5 / 3
2 5
 x   e2t  C2e8t
3 3
Question 2
A mass m is attached to the end of a spring whose constant is k. After the mass reaches equilibrium, its
support begins to oscillate vertically about a horizontal line L according to a formula h(t). The value of
h represents the distance in feet measured from L. See Figure 5.26 ( page 240 Differential Equations
by Dennis G. Zill). Determine the differential equation of motion if the entire system moves through a
medium offering a damping force numerically equal to   dx / dt  .
Solution:

The forces acting on the system are:

a) Weight of the body  mg
b) The restoring force =  k s  x  h
c) The damping effect    (dx / dt )
Hence x  h denotes the distance of the mass m from the equilibrium position. Thus the total force
acting on the mass m is given by
 dx 
Force  mg  k s  x  h     
 dt 
nd
By the Newton’s 2 law of motion, we have
d 2x
Force  ma  m
dt 2
d 2x  dx 
Therefore m  mg  ks  kx  kh    
 dt 
2
dt
But mg  ks  0
d 2 x   dx  k k
So that    x h 0
dt 2
m  dt  m m
2
d x dx
or 2
 2   2 x   2h
dt dt
 k
Where, 2  and  2  .
m m

Question 3
Solve the given differential equations subject to the indicated initial conditions.
1 x2 y  xy  y  0, y 1  1, y 1  1
 2  x2 y  3xy  4 y  0, y 1  5, y 1  3
Solution:
(1) Here x2 y  xy  y  0 , to convert this equations into second order differential equation
with constant coefficients, we put
 x  et  ln x  t 

dt 1 
 
dx x 
dy dy dt 1 dy 
   
dx dt dx x dt 
    1
dy dy
 x  
dx dt 
Similarly, 

d 2
y  d 2
y dy 
x2 2   2  
dx  dt dt  
So the equation becomes
d 2 y dy dy
  y0
dt 2 dt dt
d2y
 y0
dt 2
Its solutions is given by
y  C1 cos t  C2 sin t
But by (1) t  ln x , so
y  C1 cos ln x  C2 sin ln x
Now, the initial conditions yields,
y 1  1  C1  1
y 1  1  C2  1
Thus
y  cos ln x  sin ln x
(2) Here x2 y  3xy  4 y  0 , to convert this equations into second order differential equation
with constant coefficients, we put
x  et  ln x  t 

dt 1 
 
dx x 
dy dy dt 1 dy 
   
dx dt dx x dt 
    1
dy dy
 x  
dx dt 
Similarly, 

2
2 d y  d 2 y dy 
  
dx 2  dt 2 dt  
x

So the given equation becomes

 d 2 y dy dy
2
 3  4y  0
dt dt dt
2
d y dy
2
 4  4y  0
dt dt
Its solutions is given by
y  C1e2t  C2te2t
But by (1) t  ln x , so
y  C1e2ln x  C2 ln xe2ln x
  C1 x 2  C2 x 2 ln x
Now, the initial conditions yields,
y 1  5  C1  5
y 1  3  2C1  C2  3
 C2  3  10  7
Thus
y  5e2t  7te2t

Question 4
Find two linearly independent power series solutions about the ordinary point x = 0 for the following
differential equation.
 x2 1 y  xy  y  0
Solution
Since the singular points are x  1, x  0 is the ordinary point, a power series will converge at least

for x  1 . The assumption y   c n x n leads to
n 0

  
( x2 1)  n(n 1)cn xn 2  x  ncn xn 1   cn xn
n2 n 1 n 0
   
  n(n 1)cn xn   n(n 1)cn xn2   ncn xn   cn xn
n2 n2 n 1 n 0

   
  n(n  1)cn x n  2c2 x 0  6c3 x   n(n  1)cn x n2  c1 x   ncn x n  c0 x 0  c1x   cn x n
n2 n4 n2 n2

k=n k=n-2 k=n k=n


 2c2  c0  6c3 x   [k (k 1)ck  (k  2)(k 1)ck 2  kck  ck ]xk  0
k 2
 
or 2c2  c0  6c3 x   [(k 1)(k 1)ck  (k  2)(k 1)ck 2 ]xk  0.
k 2
Thus  2c2  c0  0
c3  0
(k 1)(k 1)ck  (k  2)(k 1)ck 2  0

This implies
1
c 2   c0
2
c3  0
(k  1)
ck  2  ck , k  2,3,
(k  2)

Iteration of the last formula gives

1 1 1
c4  c2   c0   2 c0
4 24 2 2!
2
c5  c3  0
5
3 3 1 3
c6  c 4   c0   3 c0
6 246 2 3!
4
c 7  c5  0
7
5 3 5 1 3  5
c8  c6   c0   4 c0
8 2  4  6 8 2 4!
6
c9  c 7  0
9
7 35 7 1 3  5  7
c10  c8   c0   c0 and so on.
10 2  4  6  8  10 2 5 5!

Therefore

y  c0  c1x  c2 x2  c3x3  c4 x4  c5x5  c6 x6  c7 x7  c8x8 

1 1 1 3 1 3  5 1 3  5  7 10
y  c1x  c0[1  x2  2 x4  3 x6  4 x8  5 x  ]
2 2 2! 2 3! 2 4! 2 5!
The solutions are


1 3  5 (2n  3) 2n
y1( x)  c0[1   n n!
x ], x 1
n 1 2
y2 ( x)  c1x.

Assignment 5

Maximum Marks 30
Due Date 30th July, 2004
Assignment Weight age 2%

Question 1
Show that the indicial roots differ by an integer. Use the method of Frobenius to obtain two linearly
independent series solutions about the regular singular point x0  0 . Form the general solution on
 0,   .
xy  xy  y  0
solution
put


y   Cn x n  r
n 0

y '   Cn (n  r ) x n  r 1
n 0

y ''   Cn (n  r )(n  r  1) x n  r  2
n 0
then the equation becomes
  
xy   xy   y  x  Cn (n  r )(n  r  1) x nr 2 -x
n 0
 Cn (n  r ) x nr 1 +
n 0
C x
n 0
n
nr

  
 x r [  Cn (n  r )(n  r  1) x n2 -  Cn (n  r ) x n + C x n
n
]=0
n 0 n 0 n 0

 C0 r (r  1) x1  0 and

(k  r  1)(k  r  1)Ck 1 - (k  r  1)Ck =0

Ck
 Ck 1 =
(k  r  1)
 r1  0 r2  1
and
but r2  r1  1 is an integer, then there exist two linearly independent solutions of the form
  n  r1
y1   cn x , c0  0 (3a)
n 0
 n  r2
y2  Cy1( x) ln x   bn x , b0  0 (3b)
n 0
Where C is a constant that could be zero.

then

y1   cn x n , c0  0 and
n 0

y2  Cy1 ( x)ln x   bn x n1 , b0  0
n 0

when r1  0
Ck
Ck 1 =
(k  1)
for k  0,1, 2,3, 4,...

C1  C0
C1 C0
C2  
2 2
C C
C3  2  0
3 3.2
C C
C4  3  0
4 4.3.2
C C0
C5  4 
5 5.4.3.2
C C0
C6  5 
6 6.5.4.3.2
C6 C0
C7  
7 7.6.5.4.3.2
----------------------------------
----------------------------------
----------------------------------
C
Cn  0
n!

So,
 C0 n
y1   x , c0  0
n 0 n!
when r2  1 then
C
Ck 1 = k
k 1

for k  0,1, 2,3, 4,...

C0
C1 
2
C C
C2  1  0
3 3.2
C2 C
C3   0
4 4.3.2
C C0
C4  3 
5 5.4.3.2
C C0
C5  4 
6 6.5.4.3.2
C C0
C6  5  
7 7.6.5.4.3.2
------------------------------
------------------------------
------------------------------
C0
Cn 
(n  1)!
So,
 C1 n1
y2  Cy1 ( x)ln x   x , C0  0
n0 (n  1)!

Question 2
Use the change of variable y  x 1/ 2v  x  to find the general solution of the equation

.
Solution
y  x 1/ 2v  x 
1
y '   x 1/ 2 v  x   x 1/ 2 v'  x 
2
3 1
y ''  x 5 / 2 v  x   x 3 / 2 v'  x   x 2 v'' ( x)
4
by substituting values in the given differential equation, we get
3 1 1
0= x 2 [ x 5 / 2 v  x   x 3 / 2 v'  x   x 2 v'' ( x) ]+2x[  x 1/ 2 v  x   x 1/ 2 v '  x  ]+  2 x 2 [ x 1/ 2 v  x  ]
4 2
 3 12 1 3 1 3
 x v( x)  x 2 v' ( x)  x 2 v '' ( x)  x 2 v( x)   2 x 2 v( x)  0
4
1
By multiplying the above equation by x 2 , we get
x 2 v'' ( x)  xv' ( x)  ( 2 x 2  1 )v( x)  0
4
By comparing the equation with the general Bessel’s equation , which is
x2 y '' ( x)  xy ' ( x)  ( x 2 v 2 ) y( x)  0
1 1
we get  2 x2   x  
4 2

So, the solution of our equation is

v  C1 J 1 ( x)  C2 J  1 ( x)
2 2

By putting in y  x 1/ 2v  x  , we get

1 1
y  C1 x 2
J 1 ( x)  C2 x 2
J  1 ( x)
2 2

which is the required solution

Question 3
Solve the given differential equations subject to the indicated initial conditions.
d 2 x dx dy
   0        (1)
dt 2 dt dt
d 2 y dy dx
2
  4  0         2
dt dt dt
x  0   1, x   0   0,
y  0   1, y   0   5

Solution:
First we write the differential equations of the system in the differential operator form:
( D 2  D) x  Dy  0
( D 2  D) y  4 Dx  0
Then we eliminate one of the dependent variables, say x . Multiplying first equation with 4 and the
second equation with the operator D+1 and then adding, we obtain
[ D  D  1 +4D] y  0
2
or D[( D  1)2  4D]x  0

The auxiliary equation of the differential equation found in the previous step is
m[(m  1)2  4]  0
Therefore, roots of the auxiliary equation are
m1  0, m2  1  2 i, m3  1  2 i
So that the complementary function for the retained variable y is

y  c4  et (c5 cos 2t  c6 sin 2t.) ---------(3)

Next we eliminate the variable y from the given system. For this purpose we multiply second equation
with 1 while operate on the first equation with the operator D +1 and then subtracting, we obtain

D[( D  1)2  4D]x  0

So, c1  0,
y  e t ( cos 2t  2sin 2t.)
c2  1, c3  2, c4  5

since we have given only four initial conditions but there are six constants to be determined, so some
of them must multiple of others, to find out we put x and y in (1) and after simplifying, we get

Coefficients of et cos 2t are

c5  2c6  2c3  4c2  0 ---------(5)

Coefficients of et sin 2t are

c6  2c5  2c2  4c3  0 ---------(6)

multiplying (5) by 2 and then subtracting (6)

we get c6  2c2

multiplying (5) by 2 and then adding (6)

we get c5  2c3

by putting these values in (4) we get

x  c4  et (2c3 cos 2t  2c2 sin 2t.) -------(7)

after substituting the given initial conditions in (3) and (7) we get the values of constants

c1  0, c2  1, c3  2, c4  5

then solution becomes

x  5  et (4cos 2t  2sin 2t.)

y  et ( cos 2t  2sin 2t.)

Assignment 6

Maximum Marks 30
Due Date 6th August, 2004
Assignment Weight age 2%

Question 1
Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to demonstrate that the given system of equations has no solution.
x  y  z  3p 1
y  z 4p  0
x  2 y  2z  p  6
4x  7 y  7z 9

Solution

(a) The augmented matrix of the system is

1 1 1 3 1
 
0 1 1 4 0 
1 2 2 1 6 
 
4 7 7 0 9 

Multiplying first row with 1 and 4 and then adding to3rd and 4th row i.e. by R3  R1 and R4  4 R1 ,
we obtain
1 1 1 3 1
 
0 1 1 4 0 
0 1 1 4 5 
 
0 3 3 12 5 

Multiplying second row with 1 ,-1 and 4 and then adding to 1st, 3rd and 4th row i.e. by
R1  R2 , R3  R2 and R4  3R2 , we obtain
1 0 07 1
 
0 1 1 4 0 
0 0 0 0 5
 
0 0 0 0 5 

x  7p 1
y  z 4p  0
05
05

This shows it has no solution.

Question 2
Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the given matrix.
 5 1 0 
 
 0 5 9  .
 5 1 0 
 

Solution

Eigenvalues

The characteristic equation of the matrix A is

5 1 0
det  A   I   0 5   9 0
5 1 

Expanding the determinant by the cofactors of the second row, we obtain

  3  16  0

   2  16   0
Hence the eigenvalues of the matrix are
λ1  0, λ2  4, λ3  4 .

Eigenvectors

For 1  0 we have
 5 1 0 0 
 A  0 | 0    0  5 9 0 
 5 1 0 0 
 
R1
By
5

1  1 0 0
 5 
 0 5 9 0 
 
 5 1 0 0 
 
By R3  5R1
1  1 0 0
 5 
 0 5 9 0 
 
0 0 0 0
 

Thus we have the following equations in k1 , k2 and k3 . The number k3 can be chosen arbitrarily
25 , k  5k
k3  k1 2 1
9
Choosing k1  9 , we get k2  45 and k3  25 . Hence, the eigenvector corresponding 1  0 is

9
 
K1   45 
 25 
 

For 2  4 , we have
 1 1 0 0 
 A  4 I 0    0  9 9 0 
 5 1 4 0 
 
By R3  5R1
  1 1 0 0 
 
 0 9 9 0 
 0 4 4 0 
 
1
By  R2
9

 1 1 0 0
 
 0 1 1 0
 0 4 4 0 

By R3  4 R2
 1 1 0 0 
 
 0 1 1 0 
0 0 0 0
 

Hence we obtain the following two equations involving k1 , k2 and k3 .

k1  k2 , k1  k3
Choosing k1  1 , we have k2  1, k3  1. Hence we have an eigenvector corresponding to the
eigenvalue 2  4

1
 
K 2  1
1
 
Finally, for 3  4 , we have
 9 1 1 0 
 A  4 I | 0    0  1 9 0 
 5 1 4 0 
 

1
By R1
9

 1 1 0 0
 9 
 0 1 9 0 
 
 5 1 4 0 
 
By R3  5R1, ( 1) R2
  1 1 0 0
 9 
0 1 9 0 
 
 5 4 4 0
 9 
4
By R3  R2
9
 1 1 0 0
 9 
0 1 9 0 
 
0 0 0 0
 

So that we obtain the equations

k1  k3 , k2  9k1
The choice k1  1 leads to k2  9, k3  1 . Hence, we have the following eigenvector
1
 
K3   9 
1
 

Question 3
Find the general solution of the given system.
 1 4 2 
 
X    4 1 2  X
0 0 6
 
Solution
Here
  1 4 2 
 
 4 1 2 
0 0 6
 
 A  I  0
1   4 2
 4 1   2  0
0 0 6
On simplification
   6    3   5   0
  6,3, 5.
Now for   6

Thus the characteristic equation has real and distinct roots and so are the eigenvalues of the coefficient
matrix A . To find the eigenvectors corresponding to these computed eigenvalues, we need to solve the
following system of linear algebraic equations for k1, k2 and k3 when   6, 3, -5 , successively.
 1  4 2   k1   0 
    
det( A   I ) K  0   4  1    2   k2    0 
 0 6     k3   0 
 0
For solving this system we use Gauss-Jordon elimination technique, which consists of reducing the
augmented matrix to the reduced echelon form by applying the elementary row operations. The
augmented matrix of the system of linear algebraic equations is
 1  4 2 0
 
 4 1  2 0
 0 0 6 0 

For   6 , the augmented matrix becomes:
 7 4 2 0
 
 4 7 2 0
 0 0 0 0 

1
Appling the row operation R1  2 R2 , R2  4 R1, R2 , R1  10 R2 in succession reduces the
33
augmented matrix in the reduced echelon form.
 1 0 2 
 11 0 
0 1 2 0
 11 
 0 0 0 0 
 
So that we have the following equivalent system
  2
1 0  
 11  k1   0 
0 1 2  k    0 
  2  
11    
0 0 0  k 3   0 
 
 

2 2
or k1  k3 , k2   k3
11 11
Therefore, the constant k3 can be chosen arbitrarily. If we choose k3  11 , then k1  2, k2   2 , So
that the corresponding eigenvector is
 2 
 
K1    2 
 11 
 
For 2  3 , the augmented matrix becomes
 4 4 2 0 
 
(( A - 3 I ) | 0)   4  4  2 0 
 0 0 3 0 

We apply elementary row operations to transform the matrix to the following reduced echelon form:
 1 1 0 0 
 
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
 

Thus k1  k2 , k3  0
Again k2 can be chosen arbitrarily, therefore choosing k2  1 we get k1  1 Hence, the second
eigenvector is

1
 
K2   1 
0
 
Finally, when 3  5 the augmented matrix becomes

4 4 2 0
 
((A + 5 I) | 0) =  4 4  2 0 
 0 0 11 0 
 
The application of the elementary row operation transforms the augmented matrix to the reduced
echelon form
 1 1 0 0
 
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
 

Thus k1  k2 , k3  0

If we choose k2  1 , then k1   1, thus the eigenvector corresponding to 3  5 is

 1
 
K3   1 
 0 
 
Thus we obtain three linearly independent solution vectors

 2  1  1
     
X1 =   2  e6t , X 2   1  e3t , X 3   1  e 5t
 11  0  0 
     

Hence, the general solution of the given homogeneous system is

 2  1  1
     
X  c1   2  e6t  c2  1  e3t  c3  1  e 5t
 11  0  0 
     