Assignment 1(Spring 2006)

(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 05/05/2006

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Q.1.
For the circuit shown in the figure below, all the resistors are given in Ohms;
Find the total resistance RT in the following circuits. Draw the circuit diagram of each step
otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the calculation to get maximum marks
and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Q.2.
You are given the circuit Use Current Division Rule directly to find I30.
Sol.
From Current division rule we have
I30 = (10 x 20) / (20 + 30) = 200/50 V
I30= 4A

Q.3.
In the network given below find the voltage VX .

Sol.

By Ohm’s Law
I1 = 30/15 = 2A
Vab = 2x 25 = 50V
I2 = 50 / 50 = 1A
From KVL (entering current equal to leaving current )
I3 = I1 + I2 = 3A

VX = 15I3 + Vab
= 45 + 50
VX = 95 V

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 2(Spring 2006)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 50
Due Date: 16/05/2006

Q.1.
Many years ago a string of Christmas tree lights was manufactured in the form shown in Fig.
A. Today the lights are manufactured as shown in Fig. B. Is there a good reason for this
change?

Circuit diagram:

Figure A

Figure B

Sol.
In figure (A) if any of the light is not working, the other lights will not lighten up on turning the switch on.
While in figure (B) every light is directly connected to the source of current. So, if any of the light is not
working it will have no effect on the other lights.

Q.2.
Find Ix, Iy, and Iz in the network given below.
Sol.
Fist of all we will label the diagram,

For node 1:
According to KCL:
Iz + 4 mA = 2 mA

Iz = -2 mA

For node 2:
According to KCL:
Iz + 12 mA + Iy = 0
Substituting the value of Iz
-2 mA + 12 mA + Iy = 0

Iy = - 10 mA

For node 3:
According to KCL:
12 mA = 3 mA + Ix

Ix = 9 mA

Q.3.
Use nodal analysis to find both VO and V1 in the network given below. Identify and label each node
otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram. Write each step of the
calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Fist of all we will label the diagram,
KCL equation at Node’V1’ will be,
Sum of all the currents leaving the junction = sum of all the currents entering the junction

V1 V1 – V 2
+ - 2 mA + 4 mA =0
3k 6k

V1 V1 – V2
+ = -4 mA + 2 mA
3k 6k

V1 V1 – V2
+ = -2 mA
3k 6k
2V1 + V1 – V2
= -2 mA
6k
2V1 + V1 – V2 = (6 k)(2 mA)
3V1 – V2 = (6 × 10+3)(2 × 10-3)
3V1 – V2 = 12 × 10+3-3
3V1 – V2 = 12 × 100
3V1 – V2 = 12 × 1

3V1 – V2 = -12 …………..… (A)

KCL equation at Node’V2’ will be,

V2 V2 V2 – V1
+ + + 2 mA =0
12 k 4k 6k

V2 V2 V2 – V1
+ + = -2 mA
12 k 4k 6k

V2 + 3V2 + 2[V2 – V1]

= -2 mA
12 k
V2 + 3V2 + 2[V2 – V1] = (12 k)(-2 mA)
V2 + 3V2 + 2V2 - 2V1 = (12 × 10+3)(-2 × 10-3)
6V2 - 2V1 = -24 × 10+3-3
V1 - 3V2 = 12 × 100
V1 - 3V2 = 12 × 1

-V1 + 3V2 = -12 ………………..… (B)

-V1 = -12 - 3V2

Substituting the value of V1 in (A)
3[-(-12 - 3V2)] – V2 = -12
36 + 9V2 – V2 = -12
8V2 = -12 – 36
8V2 = -48

V2 = -6 Volts

Substituting the value of V2 in (B)

V1 -3(-6) = 12
V1 = 12 – 18

V1 =-6 Volts

According to Voltage Division Rule:

 2k
V0 = × V2
2k+2k

2k
V0 = × -6 V
4k

V0 = -3 Volts

Q.4.
Use nodal analysis to find both VO in the network given below. Identify and label each node otherwise you
will lose your marks. Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram. Write each step of the calculation to get
maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Fist of all we will label the diagram,
Applying KCL at Super node

V1 V1 – V3 V2
+ + - 2 mA = 0
4k 2k 2k

V1 V1 – V3 V2
+ + = 2mA
4k 2k 2k

V1 + 2[V1 – V3] + 2V2

= 2mA
4k

V1 + 2[V1 – V3] + 2V2 = (4 k)(2 mA)

V1 + 2V1 – 2V3 + 2V2 = (4 × 10+3)(2 × 10-3)
3V1 - 2V3 + 2V2 = 8 × 10+3-3
3V1 – 2V3 + 2V2 = 8 × 100
3V1 – 2V3 + 2V2 = 8 × 1

3V1 + 2V2 – 2V3 = 8 ………………… (A)

Constraint equation

V2 – V1 = 12 …………………(B)

V2 = 12 + V1
Substituting the value of V2 in eq. (A)
3V1 + 2[12 + V1] – 2V3 = 8
3V1 + 24 + 2V1 – 2V3 = 8
5V1 – 2V3 = 8 - 24

5V1 – 2V3 = -16 ………………………..(C)

Applying KCL at node ‘V3’

V3 – V1 V3
+ 2 mA + =0
2k 2k

V3 – V1 V3
+ = -2 mA
2k 2k

V3 – V1 + V3
= -2 mA
2k

2V3 – V1 = (2 k)(-2 mA)

2V3–V1 = (2 × 10+3)(-2 × 10-3)
2V3–V1 = -4 × 10+3-3
2V3–V1 = -4 × 100
2V3–V1 = -4 × 1

2V3 - V1 = -4 Volts ……………. (D)

Solving (C) and (D) simultaneously we have
V1 = -5V
Substituting the value of V1 in eq. (B)
V2 + 5 = 12

V2 = 7 Volts

V0 = V2 = 7 Volts

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 3(Spring 2006)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 50
Due Date: 25/05/2006

Q.1.
Find VO in the network given below. Write each step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also
mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
According to Voltage Division Rule

4k
V0 = × 12 V
4k+8k

4k
V0 = × 12 V
12 k

V0 = 4 Volts

Q.2.
Use Mesh analysis to find Voltage VO in the given network. Identify and label each mesh otherwise you
will lose your marks. Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram. Write each step of the calculation to get
maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Here

I1 = 2 mA …………….… (A)

Loop I2:
According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
1000[I2 – I1] + 2000[I2 – I3] + 1000I2 = 12
1000I2 – 1000I1 + 2000I2 – 2000I3 + 1000I2 = 12
-1000I1 + 4000I2 – 2000I3 = 12
-[1000I1 - 4000I2 + 2000I3] = 12
1000I1 - 4000I2 + 2000I3 = -12
Substituting the value of I1 from equation (A)

1000[2 mA] - 4000I2 + 2000I3 = -12

2 - 4000I2 + 2000I3 = -12
- 4000I2 + 2000I3 = -14
-[4000I2 - 2000I3] = -14

4000I2 - 2000I3 = 14 ……….… (B)

Loop I3:
According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
2000[I3 – I2] + 1000[I3 – I1] + 1000I3 = 6
2000I3 – 2000I2 + 1000I3 – 1000I1 + 1000I3 = 6
-1000I1 – 2000I2 + 4000I3 = 6
Substituting the value of I1 from equation (A)
-1000[2 mA] – 2000I2 + 4000I3 = 6
-2 – 2000I2 + 4000I3 = 6
–2000I2 + 4000I3 = 8
-[2000I2 - 4000I3] = 8

2000I2 - 4000I3 = -8 ……………..(C)

Multiplying both sides of Equation (C) by 2

4000I2 - 8000I3 = -16 …………….… (D)

Subtracting equation (D) from (B)

4000I2 - 2000I3 = 14
4000I2 - 8000I3 = -16
- + +

6000I3 = 30

I3 = 5 mA

Substituting the value of I3 in equation (B)

4000I2 – 2000[5 mA] = 14
4000I2 – 10 = 14
4000I2 = 24

I2 = 6 mA

According to ohm’s Law

V0 = (I2)(1 k)
V0 = (6 mA)(1 k)
V0 = (6 × 10-3)(1 × 10+3)
V0 = 6 × 10-3+3
V0 = 6 × 100
V0 = 6×1

V0 = 6 V

Q.3.
Use Mesh analysis to find Voltage VO in the given network. Identify and label each mesh otherwise you
will lose your marks. Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram. Write each step of the calculation to get
maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Technique # 1

From fig. (A)

Constraint Equation
I2 – I3 = 12 mA ……….… (I)

Loop I1:
According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
12000I1 + 6000[I1 – I3] + 4000[I1 – I2] = 0
12000I1 + 6000I1 – 6000I3 + 4000I1 – 4000I2 = 0
22000I1 – 4000I2 – 6000I3 = 0

From equation (I)

I3 = I2 – 12 mA

22000I1 – 4000I2 – 6000[I2 – 12 mA] = 0

22000I1 – 4000I2 – 6000I2 + 72 = 0

22000I1 – 10000I2 = -72 …………….… (II)

Writing equation for Super Mesh

According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
6000[I3 – I1] + 4000[I2 – I1] + 8000I2 = 10Vx
6000I3 – 6000I1 + 4000I2 – 4000I1 + 8000I2 = 10Vx
-10000I1 + 12000I2 + 6000I3 = 10Vx

From equation (I)

I3 = I2 – 12 mA
-10000I1 + 12000I2 + 6000[I2 – 12 mA] = 10Vx
-10000I1 + 12000I2 + 6000I2 – 72 = 10Vx
-10000I1 + 18000I2 – 72 = 10Vx

We know from the above circuit diagram

Vx = 4000[I1 – I2]

-10000I1 + 18000I2 – 72 = 10[4000(I1 – I2)]

-10000I1 + 18000I2 – 72 = 40000(I1 – I2)
-10000I1 + 18000I2 – 72 = 40000I1 – 40000I2
-10000I1 + 18000I2 – 72 - 40000I1 + 40000I2 = 0
-50000I1 + 58000I2 = 72
-[50000I1 - 58000I2] = 72

50000I1 - 58000I2 = -72 ………………… (III)

Multiplying both the sides of equation (II) by –50

-1100000I1 + 500000I2 = 3600 ………………… (IV)

Multiplying both the sides of equation (iii) by 22

1100000I1 - 1276000I2 = -1584 ………………… (V)

Adding (IV) & (V)

- 1100000I1 + 500000I2 = 3600
+1100000I1 - 1276000I2 = -1584

-776000I2 = 2016

I2 = -2.60 mA

According to ohm’s Law

V0 = (I2)(8 k)
V0 = (-2.60 mA)(8 k)
V0 = (-2.60 × 10-3)(8 × 10+3)
V0 = -20.8 × 10-3+3
V0 = -20.8 × 100
V0 = -20.8 × 1

V0 = -20.8 V

Technique # 2
 I1

I2 I3

From the diagramwe have

Vx = (I3 + I1 − I2 )4k
Vx = 4kI3 + 4kI1 − 4kI2
I3 = 12mA
For Mesh 1
10Vx + 8k(I1 + I3 ) + 4k(I3 + I1 − I2 ) + 6k(I1 − I2 ) = 0
Put I3 = 12mA in ( A) we have
10(4kI3 + 4kI1 − 4kI2 ) + 8k(I1 + I3 ) + 4k(I3 + I1 − I ) + 6k(I1 − I2 ) = 0
52I3 + 58I1 − 50I2 = 0 − − − − − ( A)
Put I3 = 12mA in ( A) we have
52(12) + 58I1 − 50I2 = 0
29I1 − 25I2 = −312 − − − − − − − − − − − (1)
For Mesh 2
6k(I2 − I1 ) + 4k(I2 − I1 − I3 ) + 12kI2 = 0 − − − − − (B)
Put I3 = 12mA in (B) we have
6k(I2 − I1 ) + 4k(I2 − I1 − 12mA) + 12kI2 = 0
6kI2 − 6kI1 + 4kI2 − 4kI1 − 48 + 12kI2 = 0
10kI1 − 22kI2 = −48 − − − − − − − (2)

Solving (1) and (2 ) simultenously we have

I1 = − 14.599mA and I2 = −4.454mA
To find out the voltage across 8K Ω reis tan ce
Vo = (I3 + I1 )8k Ω
Vo = (12 − 14.599)8
Vo = −20.88 volts
------ Good Luck -----
Assignment 4(Spring 2006)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 30/06/2006

Q.1.
Use Mesh analysis to find Current through each mesh in the given network also find out Voltage Vo.
Identify and label each mesh and also show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks.
Draw the complete circuit diagram and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.

We can see from the figure that

V0 = 2k(I1 + I2 ) -----------(A)
From Mesh 1:
2V0
I1 =
1000
2V0
I1 =
1k
From (A) we have
2 [2k(I1 + I2 )]
I1 =
1k
2 [2kI1 + 2kI2 ]
I1 =
1k
4kI1 + 4kI2
I =
Loop Equation for Current 1I2 : 1k
4kI2 + 4k(II1 + I 4k(I
) + + I12 )+ I2 ) = 6
2k(I
1 =
2 1

4kI2 + 4kI1 + 4kI2 +1k 2kI1 + 2kI2 = 6

I1 = 4(I16kI + I2+) 10kI = 6
1 2
I1 =
4I21 (3kI
+ 4I2 + 5kI ) = 6
1 2
I3kI
1 - 4I1 = 4I2
1 + 5kI2 = 3

4 -3I1 = 4I2
Put I1 = - I2 in the above Eq. we have
3 4
I1= I2 --------(1)
⎛ 4 ⎞ 3
3k ⎜ - I2 ⎟ + 5kI2 = 3
⎝ 3 ⎠
-4kI2 + 5kI2 = 3
1kI2 = 3
I2 = 3mA --------(B)
By putting the value of I2 in eq. (1) we have
Q.2.
Apply Superposition to the network given below to find out VO.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Only voltage Source is acting
First we will replace current source by an open circuit, so we will have the circuit as shown below

From the above figure 6kΩ is in parallel with 6kΩ, so

6kΩ || 6kΩ = 3kΩ
Thus the circuit will become as
Now from the circuit we see that 6kΩ is in series 3kΩ, so
6k+3k = 9 kΩ

The circuit will be as,

In the above diagram 6kΩ is in parallel with 9kΩ, so

6kΩ || 9kΩ = 3.6kΩ

According to KVL
Sum of voltage drop = sum of voltage rise
6000I + 3600I = 12
9600I = 12

I = 1.25 mA

According to ohm’s Law

V0′ = (I)(6 k)
V0′ = (1.25 mA)(6 k)

V0′ = 7.5 V

Only Current source is acting

Now we will replace voltage source by short circuit, so our circuit will be as
Re-arranging the above diagram as

According to current divider rule

6k
I = × 2 mA
6k+6k

I = 1 mA

According to ohm’s Law

V3k = (I)(3 k)
V3k = (1 mA)(3 k)
V3k = 3 V
V3k = VAB
V3k = V0″
V0 = V0′ + V0″
V0 = 7.5 V + 3 V

V0 = 10.5 V

Q.3.
Find IO in the network given below by using Source Transformation .
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
For Mesh I:
According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
4I1 + 12[I1 – I2] + 12 = 0
4I1 + 12I1 – 12I2 = -12

16I1 – 12I2 = -12 … (A)

For Mesh II:

According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
3I2 + 12[I2 – I1]+3I2 = 6
6I2 + 12I2 – 12I1 = 6

–12I1 + 18I2 = 6 … (B)

Multiplying both sides of equation (A) by 3

48I1 – 36I2 = -36 … (I)
Multiplying both sides of equation (B) by 2
–24I1 + 36I2 = 12 … (II)
Adding equations (I) & (II)
24I1 = -24

I1 = -1 mA

According to ohm’s Law

V4k = (I1)(4 k)
V4k = (-1 mA)(4 k)
V4k = (-1 × 10-3)(4 × 10+3)
V4k = -4 V

V4k = VAB
I0 =VAB/6K
= -4V/6K

I0 = -0.667 mA

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 5(Spring 2006)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 50
Due Date: 12/07/2006

Q.1.
Use Source Transformation to find IO in the network given below.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.

Technique I
Technique II

Parallel combination

12 kΩ × 6 kΩ
=
12 kΩ + 6 kΩ

72 k × k
= = 4 kΩ
18 k

Source transformation:

V = (2 mA)(3 k)

V=6V
Using mesh analysis:

For Mesh I:
According to KVL
6I1 + 4[I1 – I2] + 12 = 0
6I1 + 4I1 – 4I2 + 12 = 0
10I1 – 4I2 = -12 ----------(A)

For Mesh II:

According to KVL
12I2 + 4[I2 – I1] + 6 = 0
16I2 – 4I1 = -6
Rearranging

-4I1 + 16I2 = -6 ------------(B))

Multiplying both sides of equation (A) by (4)

40I1 – 16I2 = -48 ----------(C)
Adding equations (B) & (C)
36I1 = -54

I1 = -1.5 mA

Substituting the value of I1 in equation (A)

10[-1.5] – 4I2 = -12
-15 – 4I2 = -12
-4I2 = 3

I2 = -0.75 mA

I4k = I1 – I2
I4k = -1.5 mA – (-0.75 mA)
I4k = -1.5 mA + 0.75 mA

I4k = -0.75 mA

According to ohm’s Law

V4k = (I4k)(4 k)
V4k = (-0.75 mA)(4 k)

V4k = -3 V

V4k = VAB
VAB
I0 =
6k
-3 V
I0 =
6k
I0 = -0.5 mA

Q.2.
Use a combination of Thevenin’s theorem and Superposition to find VO in the network given below.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.
(Note: You must solve this problem only using the techniques mentioned in the problem’s
statement.)

Sol.
VTH =?

Consider 12 V source:
Series combination:
= 2 kΩ + 8 kΩ + 4 kΩ
= 14 kΩ

Parallel combination:

6 kΩ × 14 kΩ
=
6 kΩ + 14 kΩ

84 k × k
=
20 k

= 4.2 kΩ

According to Voltage divider rule:

4.2 k
V4.2k = × 12 V
4.2 k + 3 k

V4.2k = 7 V

V4.2k = VAB
From fig. (c)
According to Voltage divider rule:

10 k
V10k = × VAB
10 k + 4 k

10 k
V10k = ×7V
14 k

V10k = 5 V

V10k = VTH’
Now consider 4 mA source:

Parallel combination:
3 kΩ × 6 kΩ
=
3 kΩ + 6 kΩ

18 k × k
=
9k

= 2 kΩ
Loop I2:
According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
12000[I1 + I2] + 4000I2 = 0
12000I1 + 12000I2 + 4000I2 = 0
12000I1 + 16000I2 = 0
Here
I1 = -4 mA
12000[-4 mA] + 16000I2 = 0
-48 + 16000I2 = 0
16000I2 = 48

I2 = 3 mA

According to ohm’s Law

V8k = (I1 + I2)(8 k)
V8k = (-1 mA)(8 k)
V8k = -8 × 1

V8k = -8 V

According to ohm’s Law

V2k = I2(2 k)
V2k = (3 mA)(2 k)

V2k = 6 V

From fig. (g)

VTH” = V8k + V2k
VTH” = -8 V + 6 V

VTH” = -2 V

VTH = VTH' + VTH"

VTH = 5 V + (-2 V)

VTH = 3 V

RTH =?

Parallel combination:
3 kΩ × 6 kΩ
=
 3 kΩ + 6 kΩ

18 k × k
=
9k

= 2 kΩ

Series combinations:
= 2 kΩ + 4 kΩ
= 6 kΩ

= 2 kΩ + 8 kΩ
= 10 kΩ

Parallel combination:
10 kΩ × 6 kΩ
=
10 kΩ + 6 kΩ

60 k × k
=
16 k

= 3.75 kΩ

THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT:
According to Voltage divider rule:

4k
V0 = ×3V
3.75 k + 4 k

V0 = 1.548 V

Q.3.
Find VO in the network given below using Thevenin’s theorem.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.

VTH =?

Using Mesh method:

Mesh I1:
According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
6000I1 + 2000[I1 – I2] + 3 = 0
Here
I2 = -1 mA
6000I1 + 2000[I1 – (-1 mA)] + 3 = 0
6000I1 + 2000I1 + 2 + 3 = 0
8000I1 + 5 = 0
 I1 = -0.625 mA

Ix = I1 – I2
Ix = -0.625 mA – [-1 mA]

Ix = 0.375 mA

According to ohm’s Law:

V2k = Ix(2 k)
V2k = (0.375 mA)(2 k)
V2k = 0.75 V

VTH = V2k + 1000Ix

Here
Ix = 0.375 mA
VTH = 0.75 V + 1000[0.375 mA]
VTH = 0.75 V + 0.375 V

VTH = 1.125 V
ISC =?

Equation for supernode:

V1 + 3 V1 V2
+ + = 1 mA
6k 2k 1k

V1 + 3 + 3V1 + 6V2
= 1 mA
6k

V1 + 3 + 3V1 + 6V2 = (1 mA)(6 k)

4V1 + 3 + 6V2 = 6 × 1
4V1 + 6V2 = 3

2V1 + 3V2 = 1.5 … (A)

Constraint Equation:
V2 – V1 = 1000Ix
V1
Ix =
2k
V1
V2 – V1 = 1000
2k

V2 – V1 = 0.5V1
V2 – V1 - 0.5V1 = 0
V2 – 1.5V1 = 0
V2 = 1.5V1

V1 = 0.667V2
Substituting the value of V1 in equation (A)
2[0.667V2] + 3V2 = 1.5
1.334V2 + 3V2 = 1.5
4.334V2 = 1.5

V2 = 0.346 V

V2
ISC =
 2k

0.346 V
ISC =
1k

ISC = 0.346 mA

VTH
RTH =
ISC

1.125 V
RTH =
0.346 mA

RTH = 3.251 kΩ

THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT:

According to Voltage divider rule:

2k
V0 = × 1.125 V
2 k + 3.251 k

V0 = 0.428 V

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 6(Spring 2006)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 50
Due Date: 24/07/2006

Q.1.
Find VO in the network given below using Norton’s theorem.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
VTH =?
2000Ix

- +
+
6 kΩ 4 kΩ

- 2 kΩ 3 mA VTH
+ 6V

Ix
-

2000Ix

- +
+
 6 kΩ

- 2 kΩ 3 mA VTH
+ 6V
I1 I2
Ix
-

Using Mesh method:

Loop I1:
According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
6000I1 + 2000[I1 – I2] + 6 = 0
Here
I2 = -3 mA
6000I1 + 2000[I1 – (-3 mA)] + 6 = 0
6000I1 + 2000I1 + 6 + 6 = 0
8000I1 + 12 = 0

I1 = -1.5 mA

Ix = I1 – I2
Ix = -1.5 mA – [-3 mA]
Ix = 1.5 mA

According to ohm’s Law:

V2k = Ix(2 k)
V2k = (1.5 mA)(2 k)
V2k = 3 V

VTH = V2k + 2000Ix

Here
Ix = 1.5 mA
VTH = 3 V + 2000[1.5 mA]
VTH = 3 V + 3 V
VTH = 6 V
ISC =? 2000Ix
V1 V2
- +

6 kΩ 4 kΩ

- 2 kΩ 3 mA ISC
+ 6V

Ix

Equation for supernode:

V1 + 6 V1 V2
+ + = 3 mA
6k 2k 4k

2V1 + 12 + 6V1 + 3V2

= 3 mA
12 k

2V1 + 12 + 6V1 + 3V2 = (3 mA)(12 k)

8V1 + 12 + 3V2 = (3 × 10-3)(12 × 10+3)
 8V1 + 3V2 = 24 ………… (A)
Constraint Equation:
V2 – V1 = 2000Ix
V1
Ix =
2k
V1
V2 – V1 = 2000
2k

V2 – V1 = V1
V2 – V1 - V1 = 0
V2 – 2V1 = 0
V2 = 2V1
V1 = 0.5V2
Substituting the value of V1 in equation (A)
8[0.5V2] + 3V2 = 24
4V2 + 3V2 = 24
7V2 = 24
V2 = 3.428 V
V2
ISC =
4k

3.428 V
ISC =
4k

ISC = 0.857 mA
VTH
RTH =
ISC
6V
RTH =
0.857 mA
RTH = 7 kΩ

NORTON’S EQUIVALENT:

ISC = 0.857 mA 7 kΩ 4 kΩ

According to current divider rule:

7k
I4k = × 0.857 mA
4k+7k

I4k = 0.545 mA

According to ohm’s Law:

V4k = I4k(4 k)
V4k = (0.545 mA)(4 k)
V4k = (0.545 × 10-3)(4 × 10+3)

V4k = 2.18 V = V0
Q.2.
Use Norton’s theorem to find VO in the network given below.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.

4 kΩ

+
3 kΩ 4 mA 8 kΩ

+
- 12 V 6 kΩ 2 kΩ 4 kΩ V0

ISC =?

4 kΩ I4

3 kΩ 4 mA 8 kΩ

+ I3
- 12 V 6 kΩ I2 2 kΩ
I1
ISC
Using Loop analysis:
Loop I1:
According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
3000I1 + 6000[I1 – I2 – I4] = 12
3000I1 + 6000I1 – 6000I2 – 6000I4 = 12
9000I1 – 6000I2 – 6000I4 = 12
Here
I2 = 4 mA
9000I1 – 6000[4 mA] – 6000I4 = 12
9000I1 – 24 – 6000I4 = 12

9000I1 – 6000I4 = 36 …………… (A)

Loop I4:
According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
4000I4 + 6000[I4 + I2 – I1] = 0
4000I4 + 6000I4 + 6000I2 – 6000I1 = 0
10000I4 + 6000I2 – 6000I1 = 0
Here
I2 = 4 mA
10000I4 + 6000[4 mA] – 6000I1 = 0
10000I4 + 24 – 6000I1 = 0

-6000I1 + 10000I4 = -24 ……………… (B)

Multiplying both the sides of eq. (A) by 2

18000I1 – 12000I4 = 72 ………………… (C)
Multiplying both the sides of eq. (B) by 3
-18000I1 + 30000I4 = -72 ……………………..… (D)
Adding equations (C) & (D)
18000I4 = -12

I4 = 0

Loop I3:
According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
8000I3 + 2000[I3 – I2] = 0
8000I3 + 2000I3 – 2000I2 = 0
10000I3 – 2000I2 = 0
Here
I2 = 4 mA
10000I3 – 2000[4 mA] = 0
10000I3 – 8 = 0
10000I3 = 8

I3 = 0.8 mA

ISC = I4 + I3
ISC = 0 mA + 0.8 mA
ISC = 0.8 mA

RTH =?

4 kΩ

o.c
3 kΩ 8 kΩ
 s.c 6 kΩ 2 kΩ RTH

Parallel combination:
3 kΩ × 6 kΩ
=
3 kΩ + 6 kΩ

18 k × k
=
9k

= 2 kΩ

4 kΩ

8 kΩ

2 kΩ 2 kΩ RTH

Fig. (I)
Series combinations:
= 2 kΩ + 4 kΩ
= 6 kΩ

= 2 kΩ + 8 kΩ
= 10 kΩ
 6 kΩ 10 kΩ RTH

Fig. (II)
Parallel combination:
10 kΩ × 6 kΩ
=
10 kΩ + 6 kΩ

60 k × k
=
16 k

RTH = 3.75 kΩ

3.75 kΩ RTH

NORTON’S EQUIVALENT:

ISC = 0.8 mA 3.75 kΩ 4 kΩ

 According to current divider rule:

3.75 k
I4k = × 0.8 mA
3.75 k + 4 k

I4k = 0.38 mA = I0

According to ohm’s Law:

V0 = I0(4 k)
V0 = (0.38 mA)(4 k)

V0 = 1.54 V

Q.3.
Find IO in the network given below. Using Linearity and the assumption that IO=1mA
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Using Linearity

Parallel combination
6 kΩ × 2 kΩ
=
6 kΩ + 2 kΩ

12 k × k
=
8k

= 1.5 kΩ

2 kΩ 3 kΩ

+
-
 64 V 6 kΩ 1.5 kΩ

B Fig (A)

Series combination
= 1.5 kΩ + 3 kΩ
= 4.5 kΩ

2 kΩ

+
- 64 V 6 kΩ 4.5 kΩ

Parallel combination
6 kΩ × 4.5 kΩ
=
6 kΩ + 4.5 kΩ

27 k × k
=
10.5 k

= 2.571 kΩ

2 kΩ

+
- 64 V 2.571 kΩ
 According to voltage divider rule

2.571 k
V2.571k = × 64 V
2.571 k + 2 k

V2.571k = 35.997 V

V2.571k = VAB

From fig. (A)

According to voltage divider rule

1.5 k
V1.5k = × VAB
1.5 k + 3 k
Here
VAB = 35.997 V

1.5 k
V1.5k = × 35.997 V
1.5 k + 3 k

V1.5k = 11.999 V

V1.5k = V6k = V2k

V6k
I0 =
6k

11.999 V
I0 =
6k

I0 = 2 mA

Using assumption

I4 I2
2 kΩ I3 3 kΩ

+
- 64 V 6 kΩ 2 kΩ

6 kΩ

I0 I1

V6k = (I0)(6k)
V6k = (1 mA)(6k)

V6k = 6 V

From fig. (a)

V6k = (I0)(6k)
V6k = (2 mA)(6k)

V6k = 12 V
Hence
 I0 = 2 mA

Q.4.
Determine the currents I1, I2, and ID2 for the network given below. Show each step of calculation
otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of each step and also mention the
units of each derived value.

Sol.

The applied voltage is such as to run both diodes on, as noted by the resulting current direction in the
network given below. Note the use of the abbreviated notation for “on” diodes and that the solution is
obtained through an application of technique applied to dc series-parallel networks.

I1=VT/R1 = 0.7V/3.3k
=0.212mA
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the indicated loop in the clock wise direction yields,
-V2+E-VT1-VT2=0
V2 = E-VT1 -VT2
= 20V-0.7V-0.7V= 18.6V
I2 = V2/ R2
= 18.6V/5.6k
= 3.32mA
At the bottom node A
ID2= I2-I1=3.32ma-0.212mA=3.108mA I

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 7(Spring 2006)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 02/08/2006

Q.1.
A “1-mA diode” (i.e. one that has VD =0.7V at iD = 1mA) is connected in series with a 200-Ω resistor to
a 1.0-V supply.
(a) Provide a rough estimate of the diode current you would expect.
(b) If the diode is characterized by n=2, estimate the diode current more closely using
iterative analysis.
Sol.

(a) iD= (1-0.7)/0.2 = 1.5mA

(b) Iterative analysis gives vD=0.7V
At iD=1mA
#1 v=0.7V iD= (1-0.7)/0.2 = 1.5mA

#2 ∴ i= Is eV/n VT n=2 and VT = 0.025

i2 /i1 = e (v2-V1)/0.05
thus v2= v1+0.05 ln i2/i1
∴ for i=1.5mA
V=0.7 + 0.05 ln (1.5/1)
= 0.720 V
& iD= (1-0.720)/0.2 = 1.4mA

#3
V=0.720+ 0.05 ln (1.4/1.5)
= 0.716 V
& iD= (1-0.716)/0.2 = 1.42 mA

#4
V=0.716+ 0.05 ln (1.42/1.4)
= 0.716 V
& iD= (1-0.716)/0.2 = 1.42 mA

Q.2.
A bridge rectifier is fed by an 18Vac transformer. Determine the dc load voltage and current for the
circuit when it has a 1.2kΩ load.
Sol.
 With the 18V rated transformer, the peak secondary voltage is found as
ac
V = 18/0.707
2(pk)
=25.46V
pk

The peak load voltage is now found as

V = V – 1.4
L(pk) 2
V =24.06V
L(pk) pk
The dc load voltage is found as
V = 2V /Π
ave L(pk)
=48.12/Π
V =15.32 V
ave dc
Finally the dc load current is found as
I =V /R
ave ave L
= 15.32/1.2k
I = 12.76 µA
ave

Q.3.
For each of the circuits shown in the figure below, find the emitter, base, and collector voltages and
currents. Use β = 30, but assume |VBE| = 0.7V independent of current level.

Sol.
From fig (A) we have
VB = 0V
VE = VB+0.7 =0.7V
IE= (3-VE) / 1 = (3-0.7)/1 = 2.3mA
IC = α IE = 30/31 x 2.3mA = 2.23mA
VC = -3 + 1xIC = -3 + 2.23 = -0.77V
IB = IC/ β = 2.23 / 30 = 0.0743mA
From fig (B) we have
VB = 3V
VE = VB+0.7 =3.7V
IE= (9-VE) / 1.1 = (9-3.7)/1.1 = 4.82mA
IC = α IE = 30/31 x 4.82mA = 4.66mA
VC = IC x 0.56 = 2.62V
IB = IC/ β = 4.66/ 30 = 0.155mA

------ Good Luck -----