EMT 310/4

INSTRUMENTATION

DR JOHARI ADNAN
E-mail: Johari@unimap.edu.my

PN SAFIZAN BINTI SHAARI

E-mail: safizan@unimap.edu.my
 Class (2nd year students)
• Lecture
Tuesday DKQ 2 8.00am ~10.00am
Thursday DKQ 2 11.00am~2.00pm

• Lab
Thursday MKW1 8.30pm~10.30pm
Friday MKW1 8.30pm~10.30pm
 Class (3 year students)
rd

• Lecture
Tuesday DKR 5 12.00pm~2.00pm
Wednesday DKR 5 4.00pm~6.00pm

• Lab
Thursday MKW1 8.00am~10.00am
Thursday MKW1 2.00pm~ 4.00pm
 Evaluation

• Examination 70%
Final Exam 50%
Mid Term Exam 10%
End Term Exam 10%

• Course Work 30%

Lab Report 15%
Assignment/Quiz 15%
 Lab sessions
1) Lab 1: Transducing and characterizing
sensors/transducers
2) Lab 2: Signal Conditioning techniques
3) Lab 3: Digital data acquisition
4) Lab 4:Virtual instrumentation
 Syllabus
1) Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation
2) Sensors and Transducers
3) Signal Conditioning Circuits
4) Data Acquisition and Conversion.
5) Microprocessor and Microcontroller
6) Data Acquisition Systems
7) I/O Device and Display
 Chapter 1:
Introduction to Electronic
Instrumentation

• Instrumentation; characteristics and

types of instrumentation. Standard
units, error measurements,
precision, types of error and error
limits.
 Chapter 2:
Sensors and Transducers
• Problem Statement, Objectives; Content;
Definition; Type; Electrical Transducers;
Class; Selection; Transducers:
• Displacement, Strain, Vibration,
Pressure, Flow, Temperature,
Force and Torque.
• Generating electrical signal,
i.e. voltage or current
 Chapter 3:
Signal Conditioning Circuits

• Introduction to signal conditioning,

data transmission and interface
circuits.
• Discussion on signal amplification
and amplifiers, filtering and filters.
 Chapter 4:
Data Acquisition and Conversion

• Basic concepts of data

acquisition and its important
elements.
• Data Conversion, DAC; ADC,
Multiplexers, Sample and Hold
Circuits
 Chapter 5:
Microprocessor and Microcontroller

• Problem Statement, Objective,

Content, Accessories, Internal
Structure, Application, programming,
application field.
 Chapter 6:
Data Acquisition Systems

• Problem Statement, Objective,

Content, Microprocessor-Based;
PC-Based DAQ System
 Chapter 7:
I/O Device and Display

• Problem Statement, Objective,

Content, Analog Display and
recorders, Digital I/O devices. PC
based Instrumentation system
 Course Outcomes
• Ability to evaluate the fundamental concept of
electronic instrumentation.
• Ability to compare and evaluate an instrument
comprising of sensors, data acquisition and
embedded system.
• Ability to apply and evaluate
stand-alone and computer-based
instrument.
 Text
1. Kalsi, H.S. “Electronic Instrumentation”, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., 2010

References
1. C.S. Rangan, G.R. Sarmaand V.S. Mani.
“Instrumentation Devices & Systems”, Tata
McrGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., 2004
2. A.K. Sawhneyand P. Sawhney. “A Course in Electronic
and Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation”,
Dhanpat Rai & Co. (P) Ltd., 2001
3.Curtis D.Johnson.”Process Control Instrumentation
Technology”,Pearson, 2006
 In House Rules
• Attendance ;
>90%
Letter/MC Letter

• Assignment/Lab Submission MUST be

on time.
Introduction to Electronic
Instrumentation
 Content
1. Instrument; characteristics
and types of instrumentation
1. Standard units
2. Error measurements
3. Precision
4. Types of error
5. Error Limits
 Instrumentation
Definition of Instrumentation
• Instrument is a device or mechanism used to
determine the present value of the quantity
under measurement
• Instrumentation is an application of
instrument that is used for physical quantity
measurement and control.
• Electronic Instrumentation –the use of
electronic instrument.
 Classification of Instrument
1. Indicating Instrument
• Humidity and Temperature Sensors
Plain humidity sensing only
Plain humidity and temperature
sensing only
Humidity or RH/T with LCD Display
Humidity or RH/T with LCD Display,
Temp Set Point,
RH Accuracies Available 5%, 2% RH
 Recording Instrument
2. Recording Instrument
Recording charts perform the dual function of providing a graphic display at the
point of data collection and a permanent record of these data or events for future
validation. The display and recording of data and events pertinent to tracking
operations or conditions such as process control, temperature, humidity, pressure,
voltage, current, natural gas flow, motor truck operation and many other
parameters is an important activity.
Graphic displays take several forms.
These include ink writing,heat sensitive, pressure sensitive and electrosensitive
 Integrating Instrument
3.Integrating Instrument
Hybrid systems combine test and measurement components from modular
instrumentation platforms such as PXI and VXI and stand-alone instruments that
connect externally across GPIB, USB, and Ethernet/LAN. The hybrid system diagram of
Figure 1 gives one example of a hybrid topology, but any number of combinations is
possible. In the diagram, the nerve center of the system is a PC -either a standard PC
or an embedded PXI controller. The instruments themselves include PXI and PCI plug-
in devices as well as traditional instruments connecting to the PC over GPIB, USB and
Ethernet/LAN/LXI
 Physical and signal variable

Physical Variables Signal Variables

•Temperature •Current
•Length •Force
•Pressure •Voltage
•Resistance •Light
•Velocity •Frequency
•Etc •Displacement
•Pressure
Operational Mode of Instrument

•Only one source of input required.

•Output reading is base on the deflection from
the initial condition of the instrument.
•The measured value of the quantity depends on
the calibration of the instrument.
•E.g: Pressure gauge -Value of the quantity being
measured is displayed in terms of the amount of
movement of a pointer.
 Operational Mode of Instrument

•Require two inputs; the measurand and balance input.

•Must have feedback operation (iterative balancing) that
compare the measurand with the standard value.
•More accurate and sensitive than deflection type
instrument
 NULL TYPE INSTRUMENT

Agilent 86100
AInfiniiumDC
AHigh Bandwidth Oscilloscope to measure I patent and bit error rate (BER)
 NULL TYPE INSTRUMENT

A general scheme of pH-meters using a null-recorder

method.
Analog Mode
Produce the signals that vary in continuous
way.
Infinite number of values in any given range.

Digital Mode
Produce the signals that vary in discrete
steps.
Finite different values in a given range.
 Analog Mode Digital Mode

An analog oscilloscope works by directly A digital oscilloscope samples the

applying a voltage being measured to an waveform and uses an analog-to-
electron beam moving across the digital converter (or ADC) to convert
oscilloscope screen. The voltage deflects the voltage being measured into
the beam up and down proportionally, digital information. It then uses this
tracing the waveform on the screen. digital information to reconstruct the
This gives an immediate picture of the waveform on
waveform.
INSTRUMENT MODEL
 INSTRUMENT MODEL

Important element is sensor which can convert the

physical variable into signal variable.

•Signal variable can be displayed, recorded or

integrated in the secondary instrument system.

•Signal variable may also be used as an input signal of

control system.
Elements of Electronic Instrumentation
Elements of Electronic Instrumentation
•Transducers
Device that converts a change in physical quantity into a
change of a electric signal quantity.

•Power Supply
Provide energy to drive the transducers.

•Signal Conditioning Circuits

Electronic circuits that manipulate, convert the output
from transducers into more usable electrical signal.
Eg. Filters, compensators, modulators, demodulators,
integrators and differentiators
Elements of Electronic Instrumentation
•Amplifiers
Amplify low voltage signal from transducers or signal conditioning circuit.

•Recorders
Used to display the measurement for easy reading and interpretation.
Recorders can be analog or digital. The voltage from amplifier is an analog
signal that is the input to recorder. Analog recorders, such as Oscilloscopes or
magnetic tape display or store the analog signal. Digital recorders accept an
analog input and convert this signal to a digital code that is then displayed in
a numerical array or stored on magnetic media.

•Data Processors
Can be a microprocessor or microcontroller.
Incorporate analog-to-digital converters (A/D) and provide the output signal
representing the measurement in digital code.
Elements of Electronic Instrumentation
•Process Controllers
Used to monitor and adjust any quantity at the specified level or value.
Signal from instrumentation system is compared with a command signal that
reflects the required value of the quantity in the process.
The process controller accepts both the command signal and the measured signal
and forms the difference to give an error signal. The error signal is automatically
adjust the process.

•Command Generator
Provide control voltage that represents the difference of the parameter in a given
process.
Eg. The time-temperature profile for an oven must be controlled in curing plastics.
The command generator provides a voltage signal that varies with time in exact
proportion to the time-temperature profile required of the curing oven.
 Areas of Application

•Engineering Analysis
To validate new design of structure, component or system by
theoretical and experimental approach.

•Process Control
Monitoring process –provide on-line (real-time) data that allow
operator to response and make adjustments to control the process.
Automatic process –provide on-line (real-time) operating data that
are used as feedback signal in closed-loop control systems to
continuously control the process.
Analog Oscilloscope Block Diagram
Digital Oscilloscope Block Diagram