BIOCHEMISTRY: concentration of solute.

When water diffuses

into the cell it will swell. Sometimes the cell
=study of life in the molecular level may lyse or burst due to the excess water
=biological molecules of living organisms uptake.

=interrelation of biomolecules to support -hypertonic solution - Hypertonic solutions will

different processes in life have a higher concentration of solute (glucose,
salt, etc) than the cell. Mainly water will move
=how the biomolecules are affected by external across the cell membrane in order to even out
factors the concentration of solutes in both the cell and
CROSS SECTION OF AN ANIMAL CELL the environment around the cell. The cell
will shrink as water leaves the cell to decrease
= highly organized complex system of the higher concentration of solute in the
biomolecules environment.
= site of conversion from food to energy and 3. Dialysis - simple molecules separate from
by-products complex ones: only the simple molecules
diffuse through semipermeable membrane.
= have all the properties as that of a living
organism: grow, reproduce, respond, motility 4. Freezing Point Depression - depends on the
and metabolize amount of dissolved substance in water.
= combination of solution and colloid e.g. the freezing point of a solution is reduced
as compared to the freezing point of pure
= 70 90% water
water.
= 10 25% organic matter
5. Surface Tension - property of liquid surface
= 1% inorganic ions: wherein there is a membrane that covers the
liquid.
Potassium, sodium, magnesium, trace metals
calcium COLLOIDS:

Properties of Solution: - A colloid is intermediate between a solution

and a suspension
1. Diffusion - molecules in solution distribute
themselves uniformly throughout a solution. - Substance dispersed in a dispersing medium.

= influenced by temperature and particle size - Particles range between ions in solution and
precipitate
2. Osmosis - passage of water molecules
through a semi-permeable membrane
A cell in an:
-isotonic solution - have the same
concentration of solutes as the cell. Water
will diffuse both in and out of the cell, but no
net effect will be seen.
-hypotonic solution - Hypotonic environments
will have a lower concentration of solute than
the cell. Water will move from the environment
into the cell in order to balance the
 energy, namely ATP. Oxidation involves the loss
of electrons and reduction involves the gain of
electrons
=e.g. Dehydrogenation Hydrogenation
Processes
Hydrogenation (reduction) and
dehydrogenation (oxidation) of organic
molecules. We will concentrate first on
hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions
COLLOIDS: Properties involving aldehydes, ketones, imines (Schiff
1. Size 1-100nm bases), and carboxylic acid derivatives.
Hydrogenation (reduction) of an aldehyde,
2. Diffusibility selective passage ketone, or imine results in a primary alcohol,
3. Visibility ultramicroscopic secondary alcohol, and amine, respectively

4. Motion Brownian Movement - 2. Hydrolysis-Condensation

Brownian motion or pedesis is the random Condensation is a chemical process by which 2
motion of particles suspended in a fluid (a liquid molecules are joined together to make a larger,
or a gas) resulting from their collision with the more complex, molecule, with the loss of
fast-moving atoms or molecules in the gas or water.
liquid. It is the basis for the synthesis of all the
5. Light reflection effect important biological macromolecules
(carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)
6. Charge of Particles Complete charges from their simpler sub-units.
Due to the dissociation of the surface in all cases of condensation, molecules with
molecules : Some colloidal particles develop projecting -H atoms are linked to other
electrical charge due to the dissociation / molecules with projecting -OH groups,
ionisation of the surface molecules. The charge producing H2O, ( H.OH ) also known as water,
on the colloidal particles is balanced by the which then moves away from the original
oppositely charged ions in the sol. For example, molecules.
an aqueous solution of soap (sodium palmitate)
which dissociates into ions as, A-H + B-OH --> A-B + H2O

Hydrolysis is the opposite to condensation. A

large molecule is split into smaller sections by
The cations (Na+) pass into the solution while breaking a bond, adding -H to one section and -
the anions have a tendency to OH to the other.
form aggregates due to weak attractive forces The products are simpler substances. Since it
present in the hydrocarbon chains. involves the addition of water, this explains
why it is called hydrolysis, meaning splitting by
METABOLIC Reactions in Living Organisms water.
1. Oxidation-Reduction (REDOX)
A-B + H2O --> A-H + B-OH
Oxidation and reduction reactions, collectively
known as redox reactions, take place in body Carboxylic esters hydrolyze to the parent
cells and are important for the production of carboxylic acid and an alcohol
= e.g. Cleavage of ester, glycoside or acid amide - Colloidal particles pass through filter paper but
bonds not through parchment paper.
= e.g. Formation of large, complex molecules - Colloidal particles are not seen to naked eye
but can be studied through ultra-microscope.
3. Decarboxylation removal of CO2 gas
- Colloids shows Tyndall effect. (Some colloids
Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that are translucent because of the Tyndall effect,
removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon
which is the scattering of light by particles in
dioxide (CO2). Usually, decarboxylation refers the colloid.)
to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a
carbon atom from a carbon chain. - Translucent
4. Transfer Reactions: Functional Groups: Importance
> Transphosphorylation metabolism of 1. RCOOH (CA) weakly acidic, proton donor,
Glucose occurs in fats and amino acids
- Organic phosphate group is transferred from 2. ROH (alcohol) polar, water-soluble, forms
one molecule to another. H-bonds, slightly acidic, occurs in sugars
> Transamination synthesis of amino acids 3. RCOH/RCOR (aldehyde) polar, occurs in
some sugars
- Transamination, a chemical reaction that
transfers an amino group to a ketoacid to form 4. RNH2 (amine) weakly basic, accepts proton
new amino acids. Transamination in to form ionized salt, occurs in amino acids
biochemistry is accomplished by enzymes called
transaminases or aminotransferases. 5. RC=CH2 (alkene) reactive, occurs in most
biomolecules
> Transacetylation breakdown of CHO and FA
in the activation of acetate 6. RCOOR (ester) generally neutral, occurs in
lipids
- Transfer of an acetyl group (CH3CO-), from one
compound to another; such reactions, usually 7. ArOH (phenol) weakly acidic, occurs in
involving formation of acetyl-CoA, occur notably specific amino acids
in the initiation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by 8. RPO3 (phosphate) energy carriers, occurs
the transfer of an acetyl group to oxaloacetate in sugars
to form citrate.
METHABOLIC PATHWAY:
> Transmethylation
A metabolic pathway is a series of chemical
- Transmethylation is a biologically important reactions in a cell that build and breakdown
organic chemical reaction in which a methyl molecules for cellular processes.
group is transferred from one compound to
Anabolic pathways synthesize molecules and
another. An example of transmethylation is the
require energy.
recovery of methionine from homocysteine.
Catabolic pathways break down molecules and
produce energy.
COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS: Because almost all metabolic reactions take
-1-1000 nm place non-spontaneously, proteins called
enzymes help facilitate those chemical
- Heterogeneous reactions.