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    Chordata 2: Vertebrates (Fishes) Vertebrate Radiation: 5% of Animals Are Vertebrates

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    Pat Peralta Daiz
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    Chordata 2: Vertebrates (Fishes) Vertebrate Radiation: 5% of Animals Are Vertebrates

    Uploaded by

    Pat Peralta Daiz
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    cdc

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    Z3-Chordata2

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    cdc

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    38 views10 pages

    Chordata 2: Vertebrates (Fishes) Vertebrate Radiation: 5% of Animals Are Vertebrates

    Uploaded by

    Pat Peralta Daiz
    cdc

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    5/3/2017

    Vertebrate Radiation

    Chordata 2: Vertebrates < 5% of animals are vertebrates


    Fishes
    (Fishes) Amphibians
    Reptiles
    Birds
    Mammals
    ZOO 3
    Dr. Eleanor Aurellado

    Vertebrae Tripartite brain


    Series of bones that make up the spine Highly differentiated and more advanced
    sensory organs such as eyes
    BF1
    Otx Hox3

    Nerve cord of lancelet embryo

    BF1
    Otx Hox3

    Brain of vertebrate embryo


    (shown straightened)

    Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

    1
    5/3/2017

    Vertebrates = Craniates Bone


    Well-developed brain enclosed in a cranium Collagenous fibers
    New feeding method: active predation impregnated with
    hydroxyapatite
    crystals (calcium
    phosphate and
    hydroxyl ions)
    Structurally stronger
    than cartilage
    Storage of calcium
    and phosphate ions

    Neural Crest Cells Efficient respiration


    Collection of cells near dorsal margins of Pharyngeal slits became gill slits in aquatic
    the closing neural tube in an embryo vertebrates
    Give rise to a variety of structures, e.g., some
    of the bones and cartilage of the skull
    Dorsal edges Neural Neural
    of neural plate crest tube

    Migrating neural
    Notochord crest cells

    2
    5/3/2017

    Integumentary system Early Vertebrates: Fishes


    Epidermis
    Dermis

    What is a fish? Dermal scales


    Aquatic vertebrate with gills, fins, dermal
    scales, and lateral line system
    Dorsal fin Adipose fin
    (characteristic Caudal
    of trout) fin

    Cut edge
    of operculum Anal fin
    Lateral
    Gills line

    Pelvic
    fin

    3
    5/3/2017

    Locomotion in water Jawless Fishes: Agnatha


    Fishes use trunk and tail musculature to 2 extant classes:
    propel them through the water. Myxini (hagfishes)

    Musculature is composed of zigzag bands Cephalaspidomorphi

    called myomeres (lampreys)


    No paired fins
    Notochord
    persistent
    Cartilaginous
    endoskeleton

    Myxini (hagfishes) Feeding in hagfishes


    Marine agnathans with no vertebrae Scavengers or predators
    Naked skin with slime glands
    Slime glands

    4
    5/3/2017

    Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)
    Marine or freshwater Many are parasitic as adults
    Have cartilaginous vertebrae, no scales Some do not feed at all

    Ammocoetes (lamprey larva) Origins of bone and teeth


    Biopix
    Resembles amphioxus Mineralization appears to have originated
    Suspension feeders (endostyle) with vertebrate mouthparts
    Pharynx pumps water Some fishes developed bony armor
    The vertebrate endoskeleton became fully
    mineralized much later

    5
    5/3/2017

    Conodonts Ostracoderms
    First vertebrates to have mineralized teeth Extinct agnathans which had an armor of
    bony plates
    Muscular pharynx to suction prey from ocean
    floor

    Dorsal view
    of head

    Dental
    elements

    Gnathostomes: vertebrates with Paired fins (pectoral and


    jaws pelvic fins)
    Jaws evolved from gill arches that support Improved stability of fishes while swimming
    the gill slits
    Increased the ability to restrain struggling
    prey

    Pectoral fins Pelvic fins

    Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus).

    6
    5/3/2017

    Fossil gnathostomes Fossil gnathostomes


    Placoderms Acanthodians spiny sharks
    Earliest gnathostomes in fossil record Share affinities with osteichthyans and
    Have bony armor chondrichthyans

    Coccosteus, a placoderm
    Climatius, an acanthodian

    Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii


    (cartilaginous fishes) (sharks and rays)
    Cartilaginous endoskeleton Sharks (streamlined forms)
    Placoid scales
    Also called dermal denticles
    Reduce drag

    Carcharodon carcharias (great white shark)

    7
    5/3/2017

    Elasmobranchs
    Rays (depressiform bodies) Carnivorous (some planktivorous)

    (b) Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana)

    Sensory systems of Subclass Holocephali


    elasmobranchs (chimaeras or ratfishes)
    Keen sense of smell Have fleshy operculum
    Mechanorecptors in lateral
    line system sense low-
    frequency vibrations from far
    away.
    Vision important at close
    range.
    Bioelectric fields surrounding
    prey can be detected using
    electroreceptors in the
    ampullae of Lorenzini

    (c) Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei)

    8
    5/3/2017

    Osteichthyes (bony fishes)


    Bone replaces cartilage during development Bony operculum that
    protects the gills

    Dermal scales Pneumatic sacs


    Primitive bony fishes - ganoid scales Ancient bony fishes had lungs
    (rhomboidal) Became the swimbladder in most fishes
    Modern bony fishes - cycloid or ctenoid
    scales

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    5/3/2017

    Diversity of bony fishes Actinopterygii


    Most diverse group of fishes Ray-finned fishes (a) Tuna

    Two Subclasses: Fins supported


    Actinopterygii mainly by long,
    Sarcopterygii flexible rays and
    spines (b) Clownfish

    About 23,600
    species
    Order Perciformes
    (40% of bony fishes)

    (c) Seahorse (d) Moray eel

    Sarcopterygii
    Lungfishes
    (lobe-finned fishes)
    Have muscular pectoral and pelvic fins Can live out of the
    Includes coelacanths, lungfishes and tetrapod water for long periods
    ancestors of time
    Closest living
    relatives of tetrapods

    Take ZOO 180 (Ichthyology)!


    Latimeria menadoensis (coelacanth; from Indonesia)

    10

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