Anti-Zionism

This article is about opposition to and criticism of as a tactic to silence criticism of Israeli policies. Others,
Zionism. For criticism of Israeli policy, see Criticism of such as Steven M. Cohen and Todd Gitlin, see no corre-
the Israeli government. lation between the two.[1]

1 History
Main article: Timeline of anti-Zionism
See also: History of Zionism and History of antisemitism

2 Jewish Anti-Zionism
Main article: Jewish Anti-Zionism

Protest against the Gaza War in Melbourne, 2009 Opposition to a Jewish state has changed over time and
has taken on a diverse spectrum of religious, ethical and
political positions.
There is a long tradition of Jewish anti-Zionism that
has opposed the Zionist project from its origins. The
Bundists, the Autonomists, Reform Judaism and the
Agude regarded both the rationale and territorial ambi-
tions of Zionism as awed. Orthodox Judaism, which
grounds civic responsibilities and patriotic feelings in re-
ligion, was strongly opposed to Zionism because, though
the two shared the same values, Zionism espoused nation-
alism in secular fashion, and used Zion, Jerusalem,
Land of Israel, redemption and ingathering of ex-
iles as literal rather than sacred terms, endeavouring to
Protest against the Gaza War in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2009 achieve them in this world.[2] Orthodox Jews also op-
posed the creation of a Jewish state prior to the appear-
Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism. The term is ance of the messiah, as contradicting divine will.[3] By
broadly dened in the modern era as the opposition to contrast, reform Jews rejected Judaism as a national or
the ethnonationalist and political movement of Jews and ethnic identity, and renounced any messianic expecta-
Jewish culture that supports the establishment of a Jewish tions of the advent of a Jewish state.[4]
state as a Jewish homeland in the territory dened as Other objections relate to the maintenance of a Jewish
the historic Land of Israel (also referred to as Palestine, majority within the present state of Israel.
Canaan, or the Holy Land). Anti-Zionism is also dened
as opposition to the modern State of Israel as dened as Post-Zionism a related term has been criticized as being
a Jewish and democratic state. equivalent to anti-Zionism.[5]

The term is used to describe various religious, moral The legitimacy of anti-Zionist views has been disputed to
and political points of view, but their diversity of mo- the present day, including the more recent and disputed
tivation and expression is suciently dierent that anti- relationship between anti-Zionism and antisemitism.[6]
Zionism cannot be seen as having a single ideology or Other views regarding the various forms of anti-Zionism
source. Many notable Jewish and non-Jewish sources have also been discussed and debated.[7][8][9]
view that anti-Zionism has become a cover for modern- After some technical clarications the Gemara presents
day antisemitism, a position that critics have challenged collections of sayings illustrating attitudes to the Land

1
2 2 JEWISH ANTI-ZIONISM

of Israel. The rst is dramatized as a conversation be- at the time of the Jews exile from ancient Israel, forbid-
tween Rav Yehuda bar Ezekiel and Rabbi Zeira, when ding the Jewish people from massively immigrating to the
the latter decided to emigrate from Babylonia to Israel; Land of Israel, and from rebelling against the nations of
in its present literary form it expresses ongoing rivalries the world.
between two centres of Jewish life. Yos bar anina's
'three oaths, including 'that they shall not go up in mil-
itary formation', have frequently been cited by religious 2.2 Jewish Orthodox religious groups
opponents to political Zionism; Zionists have been hap-
pier with the views of Rabbi Eleazar, a devoted advocate
of the Land.
The Talmud: A Selection[10]

2.1 Interpretations of Aliyah

Hope for return to the land of Israel is embodied in

the content of the Jewish religion (see Kibbutz Galuyot).
Aliyah, the Hebrew word meaning ascending or going
up, is the word used to describe religious Jewish return
to Israel, and has been used since ancient times. From
the Middle Ages and onwards, many famous rabbis and
often their followers returned to the land of Israel. These Neturei Karta call for dismantling of the state of Israel at AIPAC
have included Nahmanides, Yechiel of Paris, Isaac Luria, conference in Washington, DC, May 2005
Yosef Karo, Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk among oth-
ers. For Jews in the Diaspora Eretz Israel was revered in Main article: Haredim and Zionism
a religious sense. They prayed, and thought of the return,
as being fullled in a messianic age.[11] Return remained aIn the early history of Zionism many traditional religious
recurring theme for generations, particularly in Passover Jews opposed ideas of nationalism (Jewish or otherwise)
and Yom Kippur prayers which traditionally concluded which they regarded as a secular ideology, which some
with, "Next year in Jerusalem", as well as the thrice-dailyviewed as a violation of the Three Oaths. Key tradi-
Amidah (Standing prayer). tionalist opponents of Zionism included Isaac Breuer,
Following Jewish Enlightenment however, Reform Ju- Hillel Zeitlin, Aaron Shmuel Tamares, Elazar Shapiro
daism dropped many traditional beliefs, including aliyah, (Muncatz), and Joel Teitelbaum, all waged ideological re-
as incompatible with modern life within the Diaspora. ligious, as well as political, battles with Zionism each in
[15]
Later, Zionism re-kindled the concept of aliyah in an their own way.
ideological and political sense, parallel with traditional Most Orthodox religious groups have accepted and ac-
religious belief; it was used to increase Jewish popula- tively support the State of Israel, even if they have not
tion in the Holy Land by immigration and it remains a adopted Zionist ideology. The World Agudath Israel
basic tenet of Zionist ideology. Support for aliyah does party (founded in Poland) has at times participated in
not always equal immigration however, as a majority of Israeli government coalitions. Most religious Zionists
the world Jewish population remains within the Dias- hold pro-Israel views from a right-wing viewpoint. The
pora. Support for the modern Zionist movement is not main exceptions are Hasidic groups such as Satmar Ha-
universal and, as a result, some religious Jews as well as sidim, which have about 100,000 adherents worldwide, as
some secular Jews do not support Zionism. Non-Zionist well as numerous dierent, smaller Hasidic groups, uni-
Jews are not necessarily anti-Zionists, although some are. ed in America in the Central Rabbinical Congress of
Generally however, Zionism does have the support of the United States and Canada and in Israel in the Edah
the majority of the Jewish religious organizations, with HaChareidis.[16][17]
support from segments of the Orthodox movement, and
most of the Conservative, and more recently, the Reform
movement.[12][13][14] 2.3 Secular
Many Hasidic rabbis oppose the creation of a Jewish
state. The leader of the Satmar Hasidic group, Rabbi Joel The Jewish community is not a single united group and
Teitelbaum's book, VaYoel Moshe, published in 1958, ex- responses vary both between and within Jewish groups.
pounds one Orthodox position on Zionism, based on a lit- One of the principal divisions is that between secular Jews
eral form of midrash (biblical interpretation). Citing to and religious Jews. The reasons for secular opposition
Tractate Kesubos 111a of the Talmud Teitelbaum states to the Zionist movement are very dierent from those of
that God and the Jewish people exchanged three oaths religious Jews.
2.4 World War II and the creation of Israel 3

Prior to the Second World War many Jews regarded Zion- anti-war, and anti-imperialist organization which calls for
ism as a fanciful and unrealistic movement.[18] Many lib- the dismantling of Israeli apartheid, the return of Pales-
erals during the European Enlightenment had argued that tinian refugees, and the ending of the Israeli colonization
Jews should enjoy full equality only on the condition that of historic Palestine.[29]
they pledge their singular loyalty to their nation-state and
entirely assimilate to the local national culture; they called
for the regeneration of the Jewish people in exchange 2.4 World War II and the creation of Israel
for rights. Those liberal Jews who accepted integration
and/or assimilation principles saw Zionism as a threat to Attitudes changed during and following the war. In May,
eorts to facilitate Jewish citizenship and equality within 1942, before the full revelation of the Holocaust, the
the European nation-state context.[19] Biltmore Program proclaimed a fundamental departure
from traditional Zionist policy of a homeland[30] with
The Jewish Anti-Zionist League, in Egypt, was a
its demand that Palestine be established as a Jewish Com-
Communist-inuenced anti-Zionist league in the years
monwealth. Opposition to ocial Zionisms rm, un-
19461947. In Israel, there are several Jewish anti-
equivocal stand caused some prominent Zionists to estab-
Zionist organisations and politicians, many of these are
lish their own party, Ichud (Unication), which advocated
related to Matzpen.
an Arab Jewish Federation in Palestine. Opposition to
Noam Chomsky has reported a change in the boundaries the Biltmore Program also led to the founding of the anti-
of what are considered Zionist and anti-Zionist views.[20] Zionist American Council for Judaism.[31]
In 1947, in his youth, Chomskys support for a socialist
The full knowledge of the Holocaust altered the views of
binational state, in conjunction with his opposition to any
many who critiqued Zionism before 1948, including the
semblance of a theocratic system of governance in Israel,
British journalist Isaac Deutscher, a socialist and lifelong
was at the time considered well within the mainstream of
atheist who nevertheless emphasised the importance of
secular Zionism; today, it lands him solidly in the anti-
his Jewish heritage. Before World War II, Deutscher op-
Zionist camp.[21] Ruth Wisse wrote of liberal American
posed Zionism as economically retrograde and harmful to
group J Street as evidence of an anomalous pattern of
the cause of international socialism, but in the aftermath
internal defection created as a result of anti-Zionism.[22]
of the Holocaust he regretted his pre-war views, argu-
Alvin H. Rosenfeld in his much discussed essay, ing for Israels establishment as a historic necessity to
Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti- provide a refuge for the surviving Jews of Europe. In the
Semitism,[23] claims that a number of Jews, through 1960s, Deutscher renewed his criticism of Zionism, scru-
their speaking and writing, are feeding a rise in virulent tinizing Israel for its failure to recognise the dispossession
antisemitism by questioning whether Israel should even of the Palestinians.
exist.[24] Rosenfelds general claims are:

1. At a time when the de-legitimization and, ulti- 2.5 Commentators

mately, the eradication of Israel is a goal being
voiced with mounting fervor by the enemies of the David Novak writes that many Jewish anti-Zionists resent
Jewish state, it is more than disheartening to see the way Zionism 'mak(es) Jewishly unwarranted claims
Jews themselves adding to the vilication. That on them and other Jews.[32] According to Jonathan Ju-
some do so in the name of Judaism itself makes the daken, 'numerous Jewish traditions have insisted that
nature of their assault all the more grotesque. preservation of what is most precious about Judaism and
Jewishness demands a principled anti-Zionism or post-
2. Their contributions to whats becoming normative Zionism.' This tradition dwindled in the aftermath of
discourse are toxic. Theyre helping to make [anti- the Holocaust, and the establishment of Israel but is still
Semitic] views about the Jewish state respectable alive in religious groups such as Neturei Karta and among
for example, that its a Nazi-like state, comparable many intellectuals of Jewish background in both Israel
to South African apartheid; that it engages in ethnic and the diaspora, such as George Steiner, Tony Judt and
cleansing and genocide. These charges are not true Baruch Kimmerling .[33]
and can have the eect of delegitimizing Israel. A combination of revisionist history and group mental-
ity maintains a signicant Zionist consensus among Di-
Some Jewish organizations oppose Zionism as an integral aspora Jews we see Palestinians living in poverty, their
part of their anti-imperialism.[25][26][27][28] Some secular families killed and their homes destroyed, and are told
Jews today, particularly socialists and Marxists, continue that this is because Hamas does not care for its own peo-
to oppose the State of Israel on anti-imperialist and hu- ple, unlike Israel. [...] While today a majority of observ-
man rights grounds. Many oppose it as a form of na- ing Jews identify with the state of Israel, there is both
tionalism, which they argue to be a product of capital- a growing and visible minority of anti- and non-Zionist
ist societies. One secular anti-Zionist group today is the Jews, and a rich history of anti-Zionism within Judaism.
International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, a socialist, Political movements like The Jewish Labour Bund and
4 3 OUTSIDE THE JEWISH COMMUNITY

thinkers such as Abraham Serfaty, Emma Goldman and

Leon Trotsky are often ignored or dismissed as self-
hating traitors. In the UK today groups like Jews for
Justice for Palestinians, Jewdas, Young Jewish Left and
the International Jewish Anti-Zionist network are active
voices against the occupation.
Ray Filar, Why I am an anti-Zionist Jew,
openDemocracy (13 October 2014)[34]
"Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-
Semitism, an essay published by the American Jewish
Committee, concludes that, with the maturing of Israel
since its founding in 1948, the term anti-Zionism in
scholarly work is often used to mean advocating the
elimination of the State of Israel.[35] Brian Klug of The A mural in Iran showing the yellow Hezbollah ag, portraits of
Guardian has argued that anti-Zionism can represent fair two suicide bombers and Iranian leader Ali Khamenei, and a
opposition to the current political order in Israel.[36] statement Imam Khomeini: Israel must be destroyed.

3.2 Muslim
Anti-Zionist Muslims consider the State of Israel as an
3 Outside the Jewish community intrusion into what many Muslims consider to be Dar al-
Islam, a domain they believe to be rightfully, and perma-
nently, ruled only by Muslims due the fact it was histori-
3.1 Secular Arab cally conquered in the name of Islam.[41][42][43]
Palestinian and other Muslim groups, as well as the
Anti-Zionism in the Arab world emerged at the end of the government of Iran (since the 1979 Islamic Revolution),
19th century, very soon after the First Zionist Congress insist that the State of Israel is illegitimate and refuse
was held in Basel in 1897.[37] However, only after the to refer to it as Israel, instead using the locution the
Young Turk revolution in 1908 opposition to Zionism in Zionist entity" (see IranIsrael relations). Islamic maps
Palestine and Greater Syria became widespread.[38] of the Middle East frequently do not show the State of
Israel. In an interview with Time Magazine in Decem-
According to philosopher Michael Neumann, Zionism ber 2006, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said Everyone knows
as an expansionist threat has caused Arab hostility to- that the Zionist regime is a tool in the hands of the United
ward Israel and even antisemitism.[39] Anti-Zionist senti- States and British governments.[44]
ment has increased with ongoing Arab Israeli conicts:
after the June 1967 Six-Day War where Israel gained The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Mohammed Amin al Hus-
control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West seini opposed the Jewish immigration to Palestine before
Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights; during the the creation of the State of Israel, and in several docu-
1982 Lebanon War where Israel Defense Forces invaded mented cases expressed his hostility toward Jews in gen-
southern Lebanon, attacking the PLO, as well as Syria, eral and Zionists in particular.[45]
leftist and Muslim Lebanese forces, leading to Israeli oc- Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, whom the Anti-
cupation of southern Lebanon; the 2002 Operation De- Defamation League named the leading anti-Semite in
fensive Shield in the West Bank, including the attack on America,[46] has a long track record of hostility towards
the Jenin refugee camp; the 2006 Lebanon War; and the Jews in general and Zionists in particular.[47]
20082009 IsraelGaza conict.
Pan-Arabist narratives in the 1960s Nasser era empha-
3.3 Christian
sized the idea of Palestine as a part of the Arab world
taken by others. In this narrative, the natural means of
3.3.1 Palestinian Christians
combating Zionism is Arab nations uniting and attacking
Israel militarily. Palestinian Christian owned Falastin was founded in 1911
In contrast, a poll of 507 Arab-Israelis conducted by the in the then Arab-majority city of Jaa. The newspaper is
Israeli Democracy Institute in 2007 found that 75 percent often described as one of the most inuential newspapers
profess support for Israels status as a Jewish and demo- in historic Palestine, and probably the nations ercest
cratic state which guarantees equal rights for minorities. and most consistent critic of the Zionist movement. It
Israeli Arab support for a constitution in general was 88 helped shape Palestinian identity and nationalism and was
percent.[40] shut down several times by the Ottoman and British au-
3.4 Third Position, Fascist, and Right-Wing 5

thorities, most of the time due to complaints made by report further denied the belief among some Jewish peo-
Zionists.[48] ple that they have a right to the land of Israel as a com-
pensation for the suering of the Holocaust and argued
that it is a misuse of the Bible to use it as a topographic
3.3.2 Positions of the World Council of Churches guide to settle contemporary conicts over land. The
report was criticised by Jewish leaders in Scotland as
The World Council of Churches (WCC) has been de- biased, weak on sources, and contradictory. The pic-
scribed as taking anti-Zionist positions in connection ture it paints of both Judaism and Israel is barely even
with its criticisms of Israeli policy.[49] It is claimed a caricature.[65][66] Subsequently, the Church issued a
the council has focused disproportionately on activities statement saying that the Church had not changed its
and publications criticizing Israel in comparison with long held position of the rights of Israel to exist.[67] It
other human rights issues.[50][51] The council members also revised the report.[68]
have been characterized by Israels former Justice minis-
ter Amnon Rubinstein as anti-Zionist, saying they just
hate Israel.[52] The WCC has been charged with pri- 3.3.6 Methodist Church of Great Britain
oritising Anti-Zionism to the extent it has neglected ap-
peals from Egyptian Copts to raise their plight under Charles and John Wesley, founders of the Methodist
Sadat and Mubarak in order to avoid distracting world Church, held Restorationist views.[69] Following the sub-
attention.[49][53] mission of a report entitled 'Justice for Palestine and Is-
rael' in July 2010, the UK Methodist Conference ques-
3.3.3 Presbyterian Church of USA tioned whether 'Zionism was compatible with Methodist
beliefs.[70][71] Christian Zionism was characterised as be-
After publishing Zionism unsettled, which it initially lieving that Israel must be held above criticism what-
commended as a valuable opportunity to explore the po- ever policy is enacted, and conference called for a boy-
litical ideology of Zionism,[54] the Presbyterian Church cott of selected [72]
Israeli goods emanating from illegal
(U.S.A.) promptly withdrew the publication from sale on settlements. The UKs Chief Rabbi described the re-
its website[55] following criticism that it was Anti-Zionist, port as unbalanced, factually and historically awed,
one critic claimed it posits that the Israeli-Palestinian con- and said that it oered no genuine understanding of one
ict is fueled by a 'pathology inherent in Zionism.'[56] In of the most complex conicts in the world today. Many
February 2016, the General Assembly was lobbied by its in both communities will be deeply disturbed.[70][71]
Advisory Committee on Social Witness Policy (ACSWP)
to lay aside a two state solution and support the Boycott,
Divestment and Sanctions movement.[57][58] Presbyteri- 3.4 Third Position, Fascist, and Right-
ans for Middle East Peace described this proposal as a Wing
one-sided, zero-sum solution.[59]
See also: Nation of Islam and antisemitism and Zionist
Occupation Government
3.3.4 Lausanne Committee for World Evangeliza-
tion
Anti-Zionism has a long history of being supported by
In January 2015, the Lausanne movement, published various individuals and groups associated with Third Po-
an article in its ocial journal made comparisons be- sition, Right-wing and Fascist (or Neo-Fascist) politi-
[73][74][75][76]
tween Christian Zionism, the crusades and the Span- cal views. Whether its David Duke and the
[77]
ish Inquisition and described Zionism as apartheid on Ku Klux Klan, or lesser-known organizations like the
steroids.[61][62][63]
The Simon Wiesenthal Center de- Anti-Zionist League and various other Aryan / White-
[78][79]
scribed this last claim as the big lie, and rebutted the supremacist groups, Anti-Zionism (usually along
dismissal of the validity of Israels right to exist as the with adamant Anti-Semitism) has been entrenched in
Jewish State. [64] a signicant portion of those communities for years.
Many of these groups Anti-Zionist views often revolve
around the conspiracy theories discussed below (See:
3.3.5 Church of Scotland Anti-Zionist Conspiracy Theories).

Despite its strong historic support for Restorationism,

famously by Robert Murray M'Chyene and by both 3.5 Soviet Union
Horatius and Andrew Bonar, in April 2013 the Church
of Scotland published The Inheritance of Abraham: A Main articles: Soviet anti-Zionism, Soviet Union and the
Report on the Promised Land, which rejected the idea of Arab-Israeli conict, and History of the Jews in Russia
a special right of Jewish people to the Holy Land through and the Soviet Union
analysis of scripture and Jewish theological claims. The
6 4 ANTI-ZIONISM AND ANTISEMITISM

During the last years of Stalins rule, ocial support for philosopher Cornel West wrote: Jews will not compre-
the creation of Israel in 1948 was replaced by strong anti- hend what the symbolic predicament and literal plight of
zionism. The level of confrontation with those deemed Palestinians in Israel means to blacks.... Blacks often per-
as anti-Soviet Jewish nationalists was toned down after ceive the Jewish defense of the state of Israel as a sec-
Stalins death in 1953, but the ocial position of opposi- ond instance of naked group interest, and, again, an aban-
tion to Zionism remained in force: the Anti-Zionist Com- donment of substantive moral deliberation.[85] African-
mittee of the Soviet Public, as well as numerous other American support of Palestinians is frequently due to the
initiatives, were state-sponsored. consideration of Palestinians as people of color political
scientist Andrew Hacker writes: The presence of Israel
As outlined in the third edition of the Great Soviet Ency-
clopedia (19691978), the Communist Party of the So- in the Middle East is perceived as thwarting the rightful
status of people of color. Some blacks view Israel as es-
viet Union's position during the Cold War became: the
main posits of modern Zionism are militant chauvinism, sentially a white and European power, supported from the
outside, and occupying space that rightfully belongs to the
racism, anti-Communism and anti-Sovietism, [...] overt
and covert ght against freedom movements and the original inhabitants of Palestine.[86]
USSR.[80]

4 Anti-Zionism and antisemitism

3.6 International
A number of sources, such as French Prime Min-
Anti-Zionist sentiments were also manifested in organ-
ister Manuel Valls,[87] link anti-Zionism with
isations such as the Organization for African Unity and
antisemitism.[88][89][90][91][92] Professor Kenneth L.
the Non-Aligned Movement, which passed resolutions
Marcus, former sta director at the U.S. Commission
condemning Zionism and equating it with racism and
on Civil Rights, identies four main views on the rela-
apartheid during the early 1970s. This culminated in
tionship between anti-Zionism and antisemitism, at least
the passing by the United Nations General Assembly of
in North America:[93](p. 845846) Marcus also states:[94]
Resolution 3379 in November 1975, which declared that
Unsurprisingly, recent research has shown a close
Zionism is a form of racism.[81]
correlation between anti-Israeli views and anti-Semitic
The decision was revoked on 16 December 1991, when views based on a survey of citizens in ten European
the General Assembly passed Resolution 4686, repeal- countries.[95] Campus research in 2016 in the US has
ing resolution 3379, by a vote of 111 to 25, with 13 also reported close geographical correlation between
abstentions and 17 delegations absent. Thirteen out of the two phenomena, accompanying a recent upsurge in
the 19 Arab countries, including those engaged in ne- anti-Semitism.[96] On the appointment of Stephen K.
gotiations with Israel, voted against the repeal, another Bannon, who is reputed to be anti-semitic, as Donald
six were absent. No Arab country voted for repeal. Trump 's White House Chief Strategist and Senior
The Palestine Liberation Organisation denounced the Counselor in 2016, several commentators said Bannons
vote. All of the ex-communist countries and most of personal attitudes would not necessarily translate into
the African countries who had supported Resolution 3379 opposition to Israel. The sociologist Steven M. Cohen
voted to repeal it. Only four non-Muslim countries voted nds little correlation between anti-Semitism and anti-
against the resolution: Cuba, Sri Lanka, North Korea and Zionism, while Todd Gitlin stated that anti-Semitism and
Vietnam. Likewise, only four Muslim countries voted right-Wing Zionism can co-exist without diculty.[1]
for the resolution: Cote d'Ivoire, Albania, the Gambia
and Nigeria. The rest abstained (including Turkey) or ab-
sented themselves.[82] 4.1 Opposing views

Critics such as Michael Neumann, Judith Butler and

3.7 African-American Steven Salaita challenge the equation of anti-Zionism and
antisemitism as a tactic to silence criticism of Israeli
After Israel occupied Palestinian territory following the policies.[97]
1967 Six-Day War, some African-Americans supported
the Palestinians and criticized Israels actions, for exam- Noam Chomsky
ple by publicly supporting Palestinian leader Yassir Arafat Noam Chomsky argues that the premise of the claim as-
and calling for the destruction of the Jewish state.[83] Im- sumes that Israels interests are Jewish interests, and thus
mediately after the war, the black power organization any defender of Palestinian rights against a rejectionist
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee published Greater Israel is made out to be objectively antisemitic.
a newsletter criticizing Israel, and asserting that the war This construal of anti-Zionism as antisemitic, he argues,
was an eort to regain Palestinian land and that during is an old tactic, going back to Ben-Gurions remark in
the 1948 war, "Zionists conquered the Arab homes and 1943, and evidenced after 1967 in a remark by Abba
land through terror, force, and massacres.[84] In 1993, Eban in 1973, who stated: one of the chief tasks of any
4.2 Alternate theories 7

dialogue with the Gentile world is to prove that the dis- serves the function of discrediting the people leveling the
tinction between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism is not a charge. Its no longer Israel that needs to leave the Oc-
distinction at all..[98] cupied Territories; its the Arabs who need to free them-
[104][105]
In response to a working draft Statement of Princi- selves of the anti-Semitism.
ples Against Intolerance at UCLA which contained the Brian Klug
claim that 'historic manifestations of antiSemitism have Brian Klug argues that equating anti-Zionism to anti-
changed and that expressions of antiSemitism are more
semitism poisoned the debate regarding Israel and their
coded and dicult to identify', that opposition to Zion- policies, stating,
ism often asserts prejudice and intolerance towards Jews,
and that 'antiSemitism, antiZionism and other forms of
We should unite in rejecting racism in all
discrimination have no place at the University of Califor-
its forms: the Islamophobia that demonises
nia,' Rabbi Brant Rosen, an alumnus of UCLA replied
Muslims, as well as the anti-semitic discourse
that while some anti-Semites lurk behind the label of anti-
that can infect anti-Zionism and poison the
Zionism, 'it is incorrect and even disingenuous of the re-
political debate. However, people of good-
port to make the unsupported claim that anti-Zionism is
will can disagree politically - even to the ex-
often expressed (as) assertions of prejudice and intol-
tent of arguing over Israels future as a Jew-
erance toward Jewish people and culture, and blithely
ish state. Equating anti-Zionism with anti-
conate anti-Semitism with anti-Zionism as a form of
semitism can also, in its own way, poison the
discrimination. .'[99]
political debate.[106]
Tariq Ali, British-Pakistani historian
Tariq Ali, a British-Pakistani historian and political On January 15, 2004, Klug wrote:
activist, argues that the concept of new antisemitism
amounts to an attempt to subvert the language in the in- Nonetheless, the inference is invalid. To
terests of the State of Israel. He writes that the campaign argue that hostility to Israel and hostility to
against the supposed new 'anti-semitism'" in modern Eu- Jews are one and the same thing is to conate
rope is a cynical ploy on the part of the Israeli Govern- the Jewish state with the Jewish people. In fact,
ment to seal o the Zionist state from any criticism of its Israel is one thing, Jewry another. Accord-
regular and consistent brutality against the Palestinians ... ingly, anti-Zionism is one thing, anti-Semitism
Criticism of Israel can not and should not be equated with another. They are separate. To say they are
anti-semitism. He argues that most pro-Palestinian, anti- separate is not to say that they are never con-
Zionist groups that emerged after the Six-Day War were nected. But they are independent variables that
careful to observe the distinction between anti-Zionism can be connected in dierent ways.[101]
and antisemitism.[100][101] Others go the other way and
claim anti-Zionism has become a requisite proof of Further discussion
progressive conviction today, and is similar to Jews con- In the early 21st century, it was also claimed that a "new
verting to Christianity a century ago.[102] antisemitism" had emerged which was rooted in anti-
Norman Finkelstein Zionism.[6][7][8][9][91][107][108] Advocates of this concept
argue that much of what purports to be criticism of Israel
According to Norman Finkelstein: Every time Israel and Zionism is demonization, and has led to an interna-
comes under international pressure, as it did recently be- tional resurgence of attacks on Jews and Jewish symbols
cause of the war crimes committed in Lebanon, it steps and an increased acceptance of antisemitic beliefs in pub-
up the claim of anti-Semitism, and all of Israels critics lic discourse.[109] Critics of the concept as Noam Chom-
are anti-Semitic.[103] sky, Norman Finkelstein, Michael Marder, and Tariq Ali
Finkelstein argues that anti-Zionism and often just crit- have suggested that the characterization of anti-Zionism
icism of Israeli policies have been conated with anti- as antisemitic is inaccurate, sometimes obscures legiti-
semitism, sometimes called new antisemitism for politi- mate criticism of Israel's policies and actions and trivial-
cal gain: Whenever Israel faces a public relations db- izes antisemitism.
cle such as the Intifada or international pressure to re-
solve the Israel-Palestine conict, American Jewish or-
ganizations orchestrate this extravaganza called the 'new 4.2 Alternate theories
anti-Semitism.' The purpose is several-fold. First, it is to
discredit any charges by claiming the person is an anti- David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United King-
Semite. Its to turn Jews into the victims, so that the vic- dom
tims are not the Palestinians any longer. As people like According to David Cameron, the Prime Minister of the
Abraham Foxman of the ADL put it, the Jews are be- United Kingdom, there has been an insidious, creeping
ing threatened by a new holocaust. Its a role reversal attempt to delegitimize the state of Israel, which spills
the Jews are now the victims, not the Palestinians. So it over often into anti-Semitism.[110]
8 4 ANTI-ZIONISM AND ANTISEMITISM

Joschka Fischer, German Foreign Minister and the mosques; between an increasingly anti-
In July 2001, the Simon Wiesenthal Center reported that American Europe and an endemically anti-
during a visit there, German Foreign Minister Joschka Western Arab-Muslim Middle East; a point of
Fischer stated that anti-Zionism inevitably leads to convergence between conservatives and radi-
antisemitism.[111] In 2015, the Center observed in a cals and a connecting link between fathers and
newsletter introducing its report on North American cam- sons.
pus life, that 'virulent anti-Zionism is often a thinly-veiled
disguise for virulent anti-Semitism'.[112] Ben-Dror Yemini, Israeli journalist
Israeli journalist Ben-Dror Yemini maintains that anti-
4.3 Interlinked Zionism is "politically correct antisemitism" and argues
that the same way Jews were demonized, Israel is demo-
Robert S. Wistrich, Israeli professor nized, the same way the right of Jews to exist was denied,
the right for Self-determination is denied from Israel, the
Professor Robert S. Wistrich, head of the Vidal Sassoon same way Jews were presented as a menace to the world,
International Center for the Study of Antisemitism at the Israel is presented as a menace to the world.[114]
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, is the originator of Mar-
cuss second view of anti-Zionism (that anti-Zionism and Germany
antisemitism merged post-1948) argues that much con- In the 2015, a German court in Essen ruled that anti-
temporary anti-Zionism, particularly forms that compare Zionism and antisemitism were equivalent. "'Zionist in
Zionism and Jews with Hitler and the Third Reich, has the language of anti-Semites is a code for Jew, Judge
become a form of antisemitism: Gauri Sastry said in a groundbreaking legal decision.
Taylan Can, a German citizen of Turkish origin, yelled
Anti-Zionism has become the most danger- death and hate to Zionists at an anti-Israel rally in Es-
ous and eective form of anti-Semitism in our sen in July 2014, and was convicted for hate crime.[115]
time, through its systematic delegitimization, In contrast, in February 2015, a court in Wuppertal con-
defamation, and demonization of Israel. Al- victed two German Palestinians of an arson attack on a
though not a priori anti-Semitic, the calls synagogue, but denied that the crime was motivated by
to dismantle the Jewish state, whether they antisemitism.[116]
come from Muslims, the Left, or the rad-
Dina Porat, head of ISAR
ical Right, increasingly rely on an anti-
Semitic stereotypization of classic themes, Dina Porat (head of the Institute for Study of Anti-
such as the manipulative Jewish lobby, the semitism and Racism at Tel-Aviv University) contends
Jewish/Zionist world conspiracy, and Jew- that anti-Zionism is antisemitic because it is discrimina-
ish/Israeli warmongers.[113] Nevertheless, I tory:
believe that the more radical forms of anti-
Zionism that have emerged with renewed force ...antisemitism is involved when the be-
in recent years do display unmistakable analo- lief is articulated that of all the peoples on
gies to European anti-Semitism immediately the globe (including the Palestinians), only
preceding the Holocaust....For example, anti- the Jews should not have the right to self-
Zionists who insist on comparing Zionism and determination in a land of their own. Or, to
the Jews with Hitler and the Third Reich ap- quote noted human rights lawyer David Matas:
pear unmistakably to be de facto anti-Semites, One form of antisemitism denies access of
even if they vehemently deny the fact! This is Jews to goods and services because they are
largely because they knowingly exploit the re- Jewish. Another form of antisemitism denies
ality that Nazism in the postwar world has be- the right of the Jewish people to exist as a peo-
come the dening metaphor of absolute evil. ple because they are Jewish. Antizionists dis-
For if Zionists are Nazis and if Sharon re- tinguish between the two, claiming the rst is
ally is Hitler, then it becomes a moral obliga- antisemitism, but the second is not. To the an-
tion to wage war against Israel. That is the bot- tizionist, the Jew can exist as an individual as
tom line of much contemporary anti-Zionism. long as Jews do not exist as a people.[117]
In practice, this has become the most potent
form of contemporary anti-Semitism....Anti-
Zionism is not only the historic heir of earlier Liel Leibovitz, Israeli American journalist
forms of anti-Semitism. Today, it is also the Israeli American journalist Liel Leibovitz says that 21st
lowest common denominator and the bridge century anti-Zionists do not like Jews whether they live
between the Left, the Right, and the militant in Israel or anywhere else in the world. He cites the exam-
Muslims; between the elites (including the me- ple of the anti-Zionist professor at Oberlin who posted
dia) and the masses; between the churches antisemitic conspiracy theories on her website and the
 9

anti-Zionist Stanford University student who claimed Semitism may have been less than Korey suggests.[132]
that many of the classical antisemitic conspiracy theories Accusations have been made regarding Zionism and the
are not antisemitic.[118] 2003 invasion of Iraq, claiming that prominent Zionists
were forcing Western governments into war in the Middle
East for Israels interests.[133][134][135]
5 Conspiracy theories The Sudanese government has alleged that the Darfur up-
rising (in which some 500,000 have been killed) is part of
a wider Zionist conspiracy.[136] Egyptian media have al-
See also: Antisemitic conspiracy theories, Zionist
leged that the Zionist movement deliberately spreads HIV
Occupation Government, The Protocols of the Elders of
in Egypt.[137]
Zion, Andinia Plan, and Conspiracy theories in the Arab
world Zionist conspiracies According to the Anti-Defamation League, Neo-Nazi
and radical Muslim groups allege the US government is
controlled by Jews, describing it as the "Zionist Occupa-
The antisemitic hoax The Protocols of the Elders of
tion Government".[138]
Zion came to be used among Arab anti-Zionists, al-
though some Arab anti-Zionists have tried to discour- Article 22 of the 1988 Hamas charter claims that the
age its usage.[119]: 186[120]: 357 Antisemitic sources have French Revolution, the Russian Revolution, colonialism
claimed that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion were and both world wars were created by the Zionists or forces
read at the First Zionist Congress. Neil J. Kressel as- supportive of Zionism. Article 32 alleges that the Zionist
serts that for many years the line between antisemitism movement seeks to create an Empire stretching from the
and anti-Zionism has been blurry.[121]: 102 Nile in Egypt to the Euphrates river in Iraq.[139]
A number of conspiracies involving the Holocaust have In April 2010, Abd Al-Azim Al-Maghrabi, the Deputy
been advanced. One advanced by the Soviets in the 1950s Head of Egyptian Arab Lawyers Union, stated in an inter-
claims that Nazis and Zionists had a shared interest or view with Al-Manar TV (as translated by MEMRI) that
even cooperated in the extermination of Europes Jewry, the Hepatitis C virus was produced by the Zionists and
as persecution would force them to ee to Palestine, then that this virus is now spreading in Egypt like wildre.
under British administration.[122]: 237 Claims also have He also called for it to be classied as one of the war
been made that the Zionist movement inated or faked crimes perpetrated by the Zionist enemy.[140]
the impact of the Holocaust.[123]: 2122 The President of In June 2010, Egyptian cleric Musid Anwar gave a
the State of Palestine Mahmoud Abbas wrote in his 1983 speech which aired on Al-Rahma TV (as translated by
book, "The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between MEMRI) in which he alleged that the game of soccer (as
Nazism and Zionism" based on his CandSc thesis com- well as swimming, bullghting and tennis) was in fact a
pleted in 1982 at the Moscow Institute of Oriental Stud- Zionist conspiracy, stating that:
ies, with Yevgeny Primakov as thesis advisor.[124][125]
In 1968, the East German communist paper Neues As you know, the Jews, or the Zionists,
Deutschland justied the Warsaw Pact invasion of have The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
Czechoslovakia with the headline In Prague Zionism Over 100 years ago, they formulated a plan
is in power.[129] In 1995, William Korey released a to rule the world, and they are implementing
work entitled Russian antisemitism, Pamyat, and the de- this plan. One of the protocols says: Keep
monology of Zionism. Koreys central argument is that the [non-Jews] preoccupied with songs, soccer,
the Soviet Union promoted an ocial Judeophobic and movies. Is it or isn't it happening? It is
propaganda campaign under the guise of anti-Zionism [...] the Zionists manage to generate animos-
from 1967 to 1986; after this program was shut down ity among Muslims, and even between Muslim
by Mikhail Gorbachev, a populist and chauvinist group countries, by means of soccer.[141]
called Pamyat emerged in the more open climate of
Glasnost to promote an openly anti-Semitic message.[130]
Korey also argues that much ocial late-period Soviet
anti-Semitism may be traced back to the inuence of Pro- 6 See also
tocols of the Elders of Zion. He notes, for instance, that a
1977 Soviet work entitled International Zionism: History Anti-globalization and antisemitism
and Politics contains the allegation that most major Wall
Street nancial institutions are large nancial-industrial Israel and the apartheid analogy
Jewish monopolies exercising control over many coun-
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel
tries in the world.[131] Russian antisemitism was reviewed
by Robert O. Freedman in the Slavic Review; while he Jewish assimilation
concurs with the books central thesis, Freedman nev-
ertheless writes that the actual extent of Soviet anti- Jews Against Zionism (book)
10 7 REFERENCES

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[106] Klug, Brian (2 December 2003). No, anti-Zionism is not Routledge. ISBN 9781317983484.
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ception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred to- [124] Was Abu Mazen a Holocaust Denier? By Brynn Malone
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 14 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

[131] William Korey, Russian antisemitism, Pamyat, and the de-

monology of Zionism, Routledge, 1995, pp. 5657.

[132] Robert O. Freedman, review of William Korey, Russian

antisemitism, Pamyat, and the demonology of Zionism,
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[133] The Jews started the War Again (this time its the Iraq
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[135] The Website of Political Research Associates. Public-

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[136] Iran Supports Khartoum policies in Darfur Sudan Tri-

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[137] Anti-Semitism in the Egyptian Media Conspiracy The-

ories. Adl.org. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

[138] The Nation of Islam in 1996. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org.

16 June 1996. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

[139] Hamas Covenant 1988. Yale.edu. Retrieved 18 May

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[140] Deputy Head of Egyptian Arab Lawyers Union Abd Al-

Azim Al-Maghrabi: The Zionists Produced the Hepatitis
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[141] Against the Backdrop of Soccer World Cup in South

Africa, Egyptian Cleric Musid Anwar Blasts Soccer,
Other Harmful Sports, as a Means Prescribed by the
Protocols of the Elders of Zion in Order to Rule the
World, MEMRITV, Clip No. 2503, 6 June 2010.

8 External links
Why I Am a Zionist feature article by Tom Doran,
an ex-anti-Zionist

The Other Israel: The Radical Case Against Zionism

essays by members of Matzpen

Stanley Aronowitz, "Setting the Record Straight:

Zionism from the Standpoint of its Jewish Critics,
Logos, Issue 3.3 (summer 2004)
Lawrence Davidson , The Present State of Anti-
Semitism, Logos, Issue 9.1, (Winter 2010)
Torah Jews Against Zionism

Jews Confront Zionism by Daniel Lange/Levitsky,

Monthly Review, June 2009

Works related to Zionism at Wikisource

 15

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text
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