Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
26 views

Tutorial 2

This document contains a tutorial on digital communication concepts including: 1. Representing a bandpass signal in the frequency domain and determining its baseband equivalent. 2. Calculating the correlation coefficient and distance between points in an N-dimensional hypercube. 3. Determining the autocorrelation and power spectral density of a PAM signal. 4. Representing signals using orthonormal basis functions and transforming to a rotated basis. 5. Choosing basis functions to represent a signal constellation and determining error probability. 6. Sketching signals in a 3D signal space and calculating their energy. 7. Applying the Gram-Schmidt procedure to obtain basis functions

Uploaded by

farhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views

Tutorial 2

This document contains a tutorial on digital communication concepts including: 1. Representing a bandpass signal in the frequency domain and determining its baseband equivalent. 2. Calculating the correlation coefficient and distance between points in an N-dimensional hypercube. 3. Determining the autocorrelation and power spectral density of a PAM signal. 4. Representing signals using orthonormal basis functions and transforming to a rotated basis. 5. Choosing basis functions to represent a signal constellation and determining error probability. 6. Sketching signals in a 3D signal space and calculating their energy. 7. Applying the Gram-Schmidt procedure to obtain basis functions

Uploaded by

farhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

II Tutorial Sheet 2017 - 18

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION (EL-342)


1. Let vp(t) denote a real bandpass signal, with Fourier transform Vp(f) specified as follows for negative
f 101 101 f 99
frequencies V p ( f )
0 f 101 or 99 f 0
a. Sketch Vp(f) for both positive and negative frequencies.
b. Without exactly taking inverse Fourier transform, can you say whether vp(t)=vp(-t) or not?
c. Choosing fc=100, find real baseband waveforms vI(t) and vQ(t) such that
v p (t ) 2[vI (t ) cos 2f ct vQ (t ) sin 2f ct ].
d. Repeat part c for fc=101.
2. Show that the correlation coefficient of two adjacent signal points corresponding to the vertices of N-
dimensional hypercube with its center at the origin is given by (N-2)/N and their Euclidean distance is
2(E/N)1/2.
3. The low-pass equivalent representation of a PAM signal is v(t ) an g (t nT ) . Suppose g(t) is a
n

rectangular pulse and a n bn bn2 , where {bn} is a sequence of uncorrelated binary valued (1, -1)
random variables that occur with equal probability.
(1) Determine the autocorrelation function of the sequence {an}.
(2) Determine the power spectral density of v(t). Repeat if the possible values of bn are (0, 1).
4. Consider two signals:
2 0 t 0 .5 2 0 .5 t 1
s1 (t ) , s 2 (t ) .
0 elsewhere 0 elsewhere
The two orthonormal basis functions, defined as
1 0 t 0.5
1 0 t 1
1 (t ) , 2 (t ) 1 0.5 t 1 , are chosen to represent two signals.
0 elsewhere 0 elsewhere

(i) Determine the coefficients sij, i, j{1, 2}.
(ii) Consider a new set of orthonormal functions 1R (t ), 2R (t ) which are obtained by rotating
1 (t ), 2 (t ) axes by degrees, i.e.,
R (t ) cos sin 1 (t )
1R
cos 2 (t )
. Determine and draw the time waveforms of the new
2 (t ) sin
orthonormal functions for =600.
(iii) Determine the new set of coefficients sijR.
(iv) Provide the geometrical representation of the signal set using both basis sets on the same figure.
(v) Determine the distance between the two signals (I) algebraically (II) geometrically.
5. A five signal constellation in a 2-dimensional space is shown in Fig 1.
a. Choose appropriate 1(t) and 2(t) and sketch the waveforms of the signals.
b. In signal space, sketch optimum decision regions, assuming AWGN channel.
c. Determine the error probability Pe as a function of average signal energy E of the
optimum receiver.
Fig 1
6. The basis functions of a three-dimensional signal space are given by
1(t ) p(t ),2 (t ) p(t T ) and 3 (t ) p(t 2T ), where p(t ) 2
T
sin Tt [u(t ) u(t T )]
a. Sketch the waveforms of the signals represented by (1, 1, 1), (-2, 0, 1) and (-0.5, -1, 2) in
this space.
b. Find the energy of each signal in part a.
7. Consider the signal set consisting of M=4 signals shown in Fig 2. Apply the Gram-Schmidt procedure to
obtain the set of basis functions that span the set of signals and plot the signal constellation diagram.

Fig 2

8. In the demodulation of a binary PSK signal received in white Gaussian noise, a PLL is used to estimate the
carrier phase .
a. Determine the effect of a phase error on the probability of error.
b. What is the loss in SNR if the phase error 450.
9. A binary communication system transmits signal si(t), i=1, 2. The receiver test statistics z(T)=ai+n, where
the signal component ai is either +1 or -1 (if i=1 and2 respectively) and noise component n is uniform,
yielding the conditional pdf given by
0.5 for - .2 z 1.8 0.5 for - 1.8 z 0.2
p ( z | s1 ) and p ( z | s2 ) .
0 otherwise 0 otherwise
Find the probability of bit error, Pb, for the case of equally likely signaling and the use of optimum decision
threshold.
10. The discrete sequence rk E ck nk , k 1,2,, n represents the output sequence from a demodulator,
where ck=1 are elements of one of two possible codewords, c1=[1 1 . 1] and c2=[1 1 . 1 -1 -1 .. -1].
The codeword c2 has w elements which are +1 and n-w elements which are -1, where w is some positive
integer. The noise sequence {nk} is white Gaussian with variance 2.
a. What is the optimum ML detector for the two possible transmitted signals?
b. Determine the probability of error as a function of the parameters (2, Eb, w), where Eb denotes the
bit energy.
c. What is the value of w that minimizes the error probability?
11. Consider the 4-ary signaling set shown in Fig-3, to be used over an AWGN channel. Find a union bound as
a function of Eb/N0 on the conditional probability of error given that c(t) is sent.
Fig 3

You might also like