3rd Assignment of RM

Name : - NIKUNJKUMAR BHADANI

PNR no. :-17020470014

Program: - PGDPM

College: - SIMS

Assignment :- Make a questionnaire on any topic - 20

questions and Write a note on Hypothesis

Date :- 10/10/2017
 Make a questionnaire on any topic - 20
questions and Write a note on Hypothesis

Questionnaire on hypothesis :-

1. What is meaning of hypothesis in research ?.

2. Explain objective of hypothesis according to research .
3. What is the relationship between test performance and arousal according to
hypothesis ?
4. Describe the purpose of each and understand the importance of a well-developed
question or hypothesis.
5. Provide examples of research questions and research hypotheses.
6. Explain the difference between a research question and a research hypothesis
and describe the appropriate use of each .
7. What is null hypothesis ? give example .
8. How do u formulate a hypothesis ?
9. Describe types of hypothesis .
10. State the hypotheses of interest in research methodology.
11. How to Determine the decision rule for rejecting or not rejecting the null
hypothesis ?
12. Explain briefly STATING THE HYPOTHESES.
13. Explain HYPOTHESIS TESTING PROCESS.
14. What Is a Scientific Hypothesis? | Definition of Hypothesis ?
15. Explain hypothetical-deductive model.
16. What is absenteeism in hypothesis ?
17. Explain one tailed an two tailed hypothesis .
18. What is an example of testable hypothesis ?
19. What is differences between simple and complex hypothesis ?
20. Describe Parameters of a Good Hypothesis .
 Write a note on Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction. It describes in concrete terms what you expect
will happen in a certain circumstance. Your hypothesis may have been, 'If not studying
lowers test performance and I do not study, then I will get a low grade on the test.'
In common usage in the 21st century, a hypothesis refers to a provisional idea whose merit
requires evaluation. For proper evaluation, the framer of a hypothesis needs to define
specifics in operational terms. A hypothesis requires more work by the researcher in order to
either confirm or disprove it. In due course, a confirmed hypothesis may become part of a
theory or occasionally may grow to become a theory itself.
Normally, scientific hypotheses have the form of a mathematical model.[7] Sometimes, but
not always, one can also formulate them as existential statements, stating that some particular
instance of the phenomenon under examination has some characteristic and causal
explanations, which have the general form of universal statements, stating that every instance
of the phenomenon has a particular characteristic.
An hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete (rather than
theoretical) terms what you expect will happen in your study. Not all studies have
hypotheses. Sometimes a study is designed to be exploratory (see inductive research). There
is no formal hypothesis, and perhaps the purpose of the study is to explore some area more
thoroughly in order to develop some specific hypothesis or prediction that can be tested in
future research. A single study may have one or many hypotheses.

The Purpose of a Hypothesis

A hypothesis is used in an experiment to define the relationship between two variables. The
purpose of a hypothesis is to find the answer to a question. A formalized hypothesis will
force us to think about what results we should look for in an experiment.
The first variable is called the independent variable. This is the part of the experiment that
can be changed and tested. The independent variable happens first and can be considered the
cause of any changes in the outcome.
The outcome is called the dependent variable. The independent variable in our previous
example is not studying for a test. The dependent variable that you are using to measure
outcome is your test score.
Let's use the previous example again to illustrate these ideas. The hypothesis is testable
because you will receive a score on your test performance. It is measurable because you can
compare test scores received from when you did study and test scores received from when
you did not study.

A hypothesis should always:

Explain what you expect to happen

Be clear and understandable
Be testable
Be measurable
And contain an independent and dependent variable

How to Develop a Hypothesis

Another important aspect of a hypothesis is that it should be based on research. Remember

that the purpose of a hypothesis is to find the answer to a question. The first thing you should
do if you want to answer a question is to find as much information on the topic as you can.
Before you come up with a specific hypothesis, spend some time doing research. Then, start
thinking of questions you still have.
After thoroughly researching your question, you should have an educated guess about how
things work. This guess about the answer to your question is where your hypothesis comes
from.
Let's imagine that you want to know why the leaves on the tree in your front yard change
color in the fall. First, you would research this phenomenon. You observe what you see
happen and read about the subject.
You discover that the color change happens when the temperature cools. What question does
this information make you ask?
You come up with the following question: 'Does temperature cause the leaves to change color
on the tree in my front yard?' Next, you ask yourself if this can be tested. If it can be tested,
you'll write a hypothesis that states what you expect to find.
Your hypothesis could be 'If lower temperatures cause leaves to change color and the
temperature surrounding a tree is decreased, then the leaves will change color.'
 Hypothesis Testing

When you conduct a piece of quantitative research, you are inevitably attempting to answer a
research question or hypothesis that you have set. One method of evaluating this research
question is via a process called hypothesis testing, which is sometimes also referred to as
significance testing. Since there are many facets to hypothesis testing, we start with the
example we refer to throughout this guide.
- An example of a lecturer's dilemma
Two statistics lecturers, Sarah and Mike, think that they use the best method to teach their
students. Each lecturer has 50 statistics students who are studying a graduate degree in
management. In Sarah's class, students have to attend one lecture and one seminar class every
week, whilst in Mike's class students only have to attend one lecture. Sarah thinks that
seminars, in addition to lectures, are an important teaching method in statistics, whilst Mike
believes that lectures are sufficient by themselves and thinks that students are better off
solving problems by themselves in their own time. This is the first year that Sarah has given
seminars, but since they take up a lot of her time, she wants to make sure that she is not
wasting her time and that seminars improve her students' performance.
- The research hypothesis
The first step in hypothesis testing is to set a research hypothesis. In Sarah and Mike's study,
the aim is to examine the effect that two different teaching methods providing both lectures
and seminar classes (Sarah), and providing lectures by themselves (Mike) had on the
performance of Sarah's 50 students and Mike's 50 students. More specifically, they want to
determine whether performance is different between the two different teaching methods.
Whilst Mike is skeptical about the effectiveness of seminars, Sarah clearly believes that
giving seminars in addition to lectures helps her students do better than those in Mike's class.
This leads to the following research hypothesis:
Before moving onto the second step of the hypothesis testing process, we need to take you on
a brief detour to explain why you need to run hypothesis testing at all. This is explained next.

Types of Hypothesis, Null, Empirical, Complex & Logical Hypothesis

Below are some of the important types of hypothesis

1. Simple Hypothesis
2. Complex Hypothesis
3. Empirical Hypothesis
4. Null Hypothesis
5. Alternative Hypothesis
6. Logical Hypothesis
7. Statistical Hypothesis
 Now we explain all types in shortly

1. Simple Hypothesis
Simple hypothesis is that one in which there exists relationship between two variables one is
called independent variable or cause and other is dependent variable or effect. For example

Smoking leads to Cancer

The higher ratio of unemployment leads to crimes.
2. Complex Hypothesis
Complex hypothesis is that one in which as relationship among variables exists. I recommend
you should read characteristics of a good research hypothesis. In this type dependent as well
as independent variables are more than two. For example
Smoking and other drugs leads to cancer, tension chest infections etc.
The higher ration of unemployment poverty, illiteracy leads to crimes like dacoit, Robbery,
Rape, prostitution & killing etc.

3. Empirical Hypothesis
Working hypothesis is that one which is applied to a field. During the formulation it is an
assumption only but when it is pat to a test become an empirical or working hypothesis.

4. Null Hypothesis
Null hypothesis is contrary to the positive statement of a working hypothesis. According to
null hypothesis there is no relationship between dependent and independent variable. It is
denoted by HO.

5. Alternative Hypothesis
Firstly many hypotheses are selected then among them select one which is more workable
and most efficient. That hypothesis is introduced latter on due to changes in the old
formulated hypothesis. It is denote by HI.
 6. Logical Hypothesis
It is that type in which hypothesis is verified logically. J.S. Mill has given four cannons of
these hypothesis e.g. agreement, disagreement, difference and residue.

7. Statistical Hypothesis
A hypothesis which can be verified statistically called statistical hypothesis. The statement
would be logical or illogical but if statistic verifies it, it will be statistical hypothesis.