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Module 2 in PSC 10

1. The document discusses the steps in hypothesis testing which include: stating the research hypothesis as a null (Ho) and alternate (Ha) hypothesis, collecting data designed to test the hypothesis, performing an appropriate statistical test, deciding whether the null hypothesis is supported or refuted, and presenting the findings. 2. There are 5 main steps in hypothesis testing: stating the hypotheses, collecting data, performing a statistical test, deciding if the null hypothesis is supported or refuted, and presenting the findings. 3. Understanding hypothesis and hypothesis testing is important for students as it focuses research, places clear goals, links facts together, and prevents blind searches, guiding the research process.

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Bea Patricia Cutor
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166 views

Module 2 in PSC 10

1. The document discusses the steps in hypothesis testing which include: stating the research hypothesis as a null (Ho) and alternate (Ha) hypothesis, collecting data designed to test the hypothesis, performing an appropriate statistical test, deciding whether the null hypothesis is supported or refuted, and presenting the findings. 2. There are 5 main steps in hypothesis testing: stating the hypotheses, collecting data, performing a statistical test, deciding if the null hypothesis is supported or refuted, and presenting the findings. 3. Understanding hypothesis and hypothesis testing is important for students as it focuses research, places clear goals, links facts together, and prevents blind searches, guiding the research process.

Uploaded by

Bea Patricia Cutor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 2

(Weeks 1 )
Week 1- STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

A. Introduction

We cannot take a single step forward in any inquiry unless we begin with a suggested
explanation or solution of the difficulty which originated it. Such tentative explanations are
suggested to us by something in the subject-matter and by our previous knowledge. When they
are formulated as propositions, they are called hypotheses.
This module will help students understand the nature, importance and steps in hypotheses
testing.

B. Learning Objectives

At the end of this module, you are expected to do the following at least 75 percent precision:
1. Define hypotheses testing;
2. Understand and identify the steps in hypotheses testing.

C. Learning Activities

Learning Activity 1: Steps in Hypotheses Testing

The hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a tentative solution of a problem. The research


activities are planned to verify the hypothesis and not to find out the solution of the problem or to
seek an answer of a question. It is very essential to a research worker to understand the meaning
and nature of hypothesis. The researcher always plan or formulate a hypothesis in the beginning
of the problem. The word hypothesis consists of two words: Hypo + thesis = Hypothesis. ‘Hypo’
means tentative or subject to the verification and ‘Thesis’ means statement about solution of a
problem. The word meaning of the term hypothesis is a tentative statement about the solution of
the problem. Hypothesis offers a solution of the problem that is to be verified empirically and
based on some rationale. Another meaning of the word hypothesis which is composed of two
words – ‘Hypo’ means composition of two or more variables which is to be verified. ‘Thesis’
means position of these variables in the specific frame of reference. This is the operational
meaning of the term hypothesis. Hypothesis is the composition of some variables which have
some specific position or role of the variables i.e. to be verified empirically. It is a proposition
about the factual and conceptual elements. Hypothesis is called a leap into the dark. It is a
brilliant guess about the solution of a problem. A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the
relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about
what you expect to happen in your study. Remember, a hypothesis does not have to be correct.
While the hypothesis predicts what the researchers expect to see, the goal of research is to
determine whether this guess is right or wrong. When conducting an experiment, researchers
might explore a number of different factors to determine which ones might contribute to the
ultimate outcome. In many cases, researchers may find that the results of an experiment do not
support the original hypothesis. When writing up these results, the researchers might suggest
other options that should be explored in future studies
Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world
using statistics. It is most often used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses,
that arise from theories.

There are 5 main steps in hypothesis testing:


1. State your research hypothesis as a null (Ho) and alternate (Ha) hypothesis.
2. Collect data in a way designed to test the hypothesis.
3. Perform an appropriate statistical test.
4. Decide whether the null hypothesis is supported or refuted.
5. Present the findings in your results and discussions section.

1. State your research hypothesis as a null (Ho) and Alternate (Ha) hypothesis
After developing your initial research hypothesis (the prediction that you want to
investigate), it is important to restate it as a null (H o) and alternate (Ha) hypothesis so that you
can test it mathematically.
The alternate hypothesis is usually your initial hypothesis that predicts a relationship
between variables. The null hypothesis is a prediction of no relationship between the variables
you are interested in.
For instance, if you want to test whether there is a relationship between gender and height. Based
on your knowledge of human physiology, you formulate a hypothesis that men are, on average,
taller than women. To test this hypothesis, you restate it as:
Ho:Men are, on average, not taller than women.
Ha: Men are, on average, taller than women.

2. Collect Data
For a statistical test to be valid, it is important to perform sampling and collect data in a
way that is designed to test your hypothesis. If your data are not representative, then you cannot
make statistical inferences about the population you are interested in.
To test differences in average height between men and women, your sample should have
an equal proportion of men and women, and cover a variety of socio-economic classes and any
other variables that might influence average height.
You should also consider your scope (Worldwide? For one country?) A potential data
source in this case might be census data, since it includes data from a variety of regions and
social classes and is available for many countries around the world.

3. Perform a statistical test


There are a variety of statistical tests available, but they are all based on the comparison
of within-group variance (how spread out the data is within a category) versus between-group
variance (how different the categories are from one another).
If the between-group variance is large enough that there is little or no overlap between
groups, then your statistical test will reflect that by showing a low p-value. This means it is
unlikely that the differences between these groups came about by chance.
Alternatively, if there is high within-group variance and low between-group variance,
then your statistical test will reflect that with a high p-value. This means it is likely that any
difference you measure between groups is due to chance.
Your choice of statistical test will be based on the type of data you collected.

4. Decide whether the null hypothesis is supported or refuted

Based on the outcome of your statistical test, you will have to decide whether your null
hypothesis is supported or refuted.
In most cases you will use the p-value generated by your statistical test to guide your decision.
And in most cases, your cutoff for refuting the null hypothesis will be 0.05 – that is, when there
is a less than 5% chance that you would see these results if the null hypothesis were true.

5. Present your findings

The results of hypothesis testing will be presented in the results and discussion sections of your
research paper.
In the results section you should give a brief summary of the data and a summary of the results
of your statistical test (for example, the estimated difference between group means and
associated p-value). In the discussion, you can discuss whether your initial hypothesis was
supported or refuted.

Importance of Hypothesis

Hypothesis as the Investigator’s ‘Eyes’: By guiding the investigator in further investigation it


serves
as the investigator’s ‘Eyes’ in seeking answers to tentatively adopted generalization.
It Focuses Research: Without it, research is unfocussed research and remains like a random
empirical wandering. It serves as necessary link between theory and the investigation.
It Places Clear and Specific Goals: A well thought out set of hypothesis is that they place clear
and
specific goals before the research worker and provide researcher with a basis for selecting
sample
and research procedure to meet these goals.
It Links Together: It serves the important function of linking together related facts and
information and organizing them into wholes.
It Prevents Blind Research: The use of hypothesis prevents a blind search and indiscriminate
gathering of masses of data which may later prove irrelevant to the problem under study.
As a Sort of Guiding Light: A hypothesis serves as a powerful beacon that lights the way for the
research work.

D. Assessment

A. Instructions: Identify whether the statement is true or false. Write T if it is true and F if
false.
1. The use of hypothesis testing allows a blind search and indiscriminate gathering of
masses of data which may later prove irrelevant to the problem under study.
2. One of the steps in hypotheses testing is to state your research hypothesis as a null (Ho)
and alternate (Ha) hypothesis.
3. The null hypothesis is usually your initial hypothesis that predicts a relationship between
variables.
4. Hypothesis is very essential to a research worker to understand the meaning and nature of
hypothesis.
5. Hypothesis offers dissolution of the problem that is to be verified empirically and based
on some rationale.
B. Definition. Define the concepts below.
1. Hypotheses testing
2. Null hypothesis
3. Alternative Hypothesis

E. Reflection

Instructions: Reflect on the importance of understanding and knowing hypothesis and


hypotheses testing. What benefit (s) does it give you as a student of political science? Your
answer should not be less than one (1) paragraph.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

References:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hypothesistesting.asp
file:///C:/Users/jovit/Downloads/FormulatingandTestingHypothesis.pdf
https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/hypothesis-testing/

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