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Catalysis Today 133135 (2008) 925930

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Effect of aluminum on the properties of lanthana-supported

nickel catalysts
S.P. de Lima a, V. Vicentini b, J.L.G. Fierro c, M.C. Rangel a,*
a
GECCAT Grupo de Estudo em Cinetica e Catalise, Instituto de Qumica, Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Campus Universitario de Ondina, Federacao 40 170-290, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
b
Oxiteno S/A Industria e Comercio, Avenida Ayrton Senna da Silva 3001, 09380-440 Maua, Sao Paulo, Brazil
c
Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoqumica, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain

Available online 21 February 2008

Abstract
The effect of aluminum addition on the properties of lanthanum oxide was investigated in order to find new supports for catalytic purposes. Pure
lanthanum oxide and aluminum-loaded lanthanum oxide were prepared by precipitation techniques and impregnation with nickel salt. The
supports and the catalysts were characterized by several techniques and the catalysts were evaluated in methane steam reforming, an important
commercial route to produce high purity hydrogen. The results showed that aluminum changed the properties of lanthana-supported nickel
catalysts improving the activity in methane steam reforming and the selectivity to hydrogen. The aluminum-free catalyst showed low activity since
the first hours of reaction. On the other hand, the aluminum-loaded catalyst showed high activity and selectivity to hydrogen, which increased even
more during reaction. This finding can be explained in terms of the production of metallic nickel, from the nickel compounds in strong interaction
with the support. Therefore, the most promising catalyst was the aluminum-loaded lanthana, which showed high activity, selectivity to hydrogen
and stability under reaction conditions.
# 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Steam methane reforming; Nickel; Lanthana; Hydrogen; Syngas

1. Introduction water gas shift reaction, shown by Eq. (2) [4].

The methane steam reforming is the main commercial CH4 H2 O @ CO 3H2 DH 298 206:0 kJ mol1 (1)
route for producing hydrogen and synthesis gas (CO + H2),
CO H2 O @ CO2 H2 DH 298 41:2 kJ mol1 (2)
important raw materials in several processes like ammonia
and methanol synthesis, as well as in various petrochemical The methane steam reforming (MSR) is highly endothermic,
processes [1]. The synthesis gas (syngas) is also widely therefore being favored by high temperature conditions. For
used in the FischerTropsch reaction that consumes about this reason, the processes are industrially performed at 800 8C,
60% of its production worldwide. On the other hand, pressure higher than 20 bar and a water-to-methane molar ratio
methane steam reforming produces 50% of the high purity in the range of 2.53.0 [2]. These severe operation conditions
hydrogen consumed all over the world, although this product lead to several problems and determine the stability of the
can be also produced from naphtha steam reforming, from catalyst, which is mainly related to coke deposition [47].
coal or from the electrolysis of the methane-based feeds Under these process conditions, coke is mainly produced by
[2,3]. reactions shown by Eqs. (4) and (7).
In the steam reforming, light hydrocarbons react with steam,
CH4 ! C H2 (4)
producing syngas (Eq. (1)), a process generally followed by
2CO ! C CO2 (5)
CO H2 ! C H2 O (6)
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mcarmov@ufba.br (M.C. Rangel). Cn H2n 2 ! nC n 1H2 (7)

0920-5861/$ see front matter # 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2007.12.065
926 S.P. de Lima et al. / Catalysis Today 133135 (2008) 925930

In order to overcome the problem of coke deposition in the 2.2. Catalyst characterization
MSR, a tremendous body of work has been carried out, since
the first commercial process operation. For many years The supports and precursors were characterized by
nickel has been recognized as the most suitable catalyst thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, Fourier trans-
for this process. Other metals such as rhodium, platinum, form infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction and
ruthenium and cobalt show high stability and selectivity specific surface area measurements. The catalysts were
towards hydrogen, especially rhodium which was also the characterized by temperature-programmed reduction, energy
most stable one [3,4]. The nickel-based catalysts usually dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared
show high activity and selectivity, but deactivate with time spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, specific surface area measure-
due to sintering and to coke deposition on the solid surface, ments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The spent
that blocks the pores, impairing the reagents access to the catalysts were characterized by specific surface area measure-
active sites [7,8]. In this case, carbon is dissolved into the ments, X-ray diffraction, XPS and carbon measurements.
metal and diffuses through the metalsupport interface, Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis
producing filaments that move the nickel particles away (DTA) were performed using a Mettler-Toledo model SDTA
from the catalysts, causing the loss of the active phase of 851 equipment. The samples (0.015 g) were heated from room
the steam reforming [9]. The noble metals are not able to temperature up to 1000 8C, at a rate of 10 8C min1, under air
dissolve carbon and then filamentous carbon is not produced flow (50 mL min1). The elemental analysis of the catalysts
[10,11]. In spite of these drawbacks, nickel is much cheaper was carried out by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy using
than noble metals and thus is the only metal considered for a Shimadzu model EDX 700HS instrument in helium atmo-
industrial applications [12]. sphere.
In industrial processes, coke deposition is controlled X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded at room tempera-
by adding an excess of steam to the reactor and using a ture in a Shimadzu model XRD 6000 equipment. The
catalytic support that can minimize carbon production. The experiments were carried out by using nickel filter and Cu
most used commercial catalyst is constituted by nickel Ka (l = 1.54051 A) radiation generated at 40 kV and 30 mA.
supported on a refractory material such as alumina (g-Al2O3) The specific surface areas (Sg) were measured in a Micro-
with promoters, usually alkaline metal for improving the meritics ASAP 2020 instrument. The catalyst (0.25 g) was
support stability and for suppressing the coke deposition activated by heating at 200 8C for 1 h, under vacuum
[4,5]. (106 mbar). Nitrogen adsorption experiments were carried
As coke burning from spent catalyst is a highly out at 77 K.
exothermic reaction, which occurs at high temperature, the In order to obtain the temperature-programmed reduction
support must show not only a high thermal stability but also profile, a Micromeritics model TPD/TPR 2900 equipment was
facilitate coke removal [1013]. Several studies had shown used. Samples (0.250.3 g) were reduced in a range from 30 to
that basic catalysts promote the reaction of carbon with 600 8C, at 10 8C min1, under a 5% H2/N2 mixture flow. The
steam, decreasing the coke deposition. Therefore, several carbon content in the spent samples was determined in a Leco
basic systems have been studied either as promoters or as model CS-200 equipment, using Lecocel and the iron chip
supports for nickel catalysts [14]. Among them, lanthana has accelerator.
been pointed out as a promising option because of its basicity Photoelectron spectra (XPS) were obtained in a VG Escalab
and its high thermal stability [15]. In this context, this work 200R spectrometer using a hemispherical electron analyser and
aims to study the effect of aluminum on the properties of Mg Ka X-ray source. The powder samples were pressed in a
lanthana with the aim of finding alternative supports to MRS copper holder, which was introduced in the pre-treatment
catalysts. chamber, where the sample was degassed to 350 8C for 1 h,
before being introduced in the analysis chamber. Peak
2. Experimental intensities were estimated by calculating the integral of each
peak after smoothing and subtraction of an S-shaped back-
2.1. Sample preparation ground and fitting the experimental peak by a least-squares
routine using Gaussian and Lorentzian lines. Atomic ratios
The samples with lanthanum-to-aluminum molar ratio of 10 were computed from the intensity ratios normalized by atomic
(LA sample) were prepared by hydrolysis of aluminum and sensitivity factors. The binding energy (BE) reference was
lanthanum nitrate, at room temperature. The sol produced was taken at the C 1s peak from carbon contamination of the
centrifuged and rinsed with water to remove the nitrate ions. samples at 284.9 eV, which gives a precision of 0.2 eV.
The sample was calcined at 600 8C, for 4 h. Aluminum oxide
(A sample) and lanthanum oxide (L sample) were also prepared 2.3. Catalytic tests
by the same procedure. The supports were impregnated with a
nickel nitrate solution at room temperature, in order to obtain a The catalysts were evaluated in a stainless steel microreactor
nickel catalyst 15% weight, and then calcined at the same using samples (0.15 g) previously reduced in situ under
conditions. The catalysts will be referred to hereafter as NA, NL hydrogen flow at 500 8C for 2 h. The reaction was carried
and NLA. out at 600 8C, 1 bar and using a steam-to-methane molar ratio
 S.P. de Lima et al. / Catalysis Today 133135 (2008) 925930 927

Fig. 1. Fourier transform infrared spectrum of calcined lanthana (L sample).

of 4. A mixture of 10% methane in nitrogen was fed to a

saturator with water, kept at 80 8C, and then fed to the reactor.
Each run took 6 h and the products were analyzed in a Thermo
Fennigan model Trace GC chromatograph equipped with
thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors.

3. Results and discussion

The FTIR spectra of the catalysts and supports showed

characteristic bands of nitrate species at 1389 cm1 [16],
indicating that the rinsing and calcination processes were not
enough for the removal of those anion salt precursors from the
solids. Fig. 1 presents the typical pattern of the spectra. Fig. 2. Thermogravimetry curves of (a) support precursors and of (b) catalyst
precursors. A, L and LA samples: alumina, lanthana and aluminum-loaded
The thermogravimetry curves of the supports are shown in lanthana. N represents nickel.
Fig. 2(a). In all cases, a weight loss was observed below 100 8C,
attributed to the loss of water and of volatiles, which were hydroxide, La(OH)2NO3 (JCPDS 26-1144). The addition of
adsorbed on solids. This event was confirmed by the differential small amounts of aluminum to lanthana avoided the production
thermal analysis curves, which presented an endothermic peak of lanthana nitrate hydroxide and then only lanthanum oxide
at this temperature range. It was noted a weight loss with a was detected. Therefore, the removal of nitrate species was
maximum at 250, 300 and 380 8C for the A, L and LA samples, easier in this solid.
respectively, assigned to the removal of residual nitrate salt X-ray diffraction patterns of the fresh catalysts are shown in
precursor species, as well as to the removal of hydroxyl groups. Fig. 3 (b). In both cases, lanthana (JCPDS 05-0602) and
A second weight loss, taking place at higher temperatures, with lanthanum nickel oxide, La2NiO4 (JCPDS 86-1668) were
a maximum at 420, 500 and 600 8C for the A, L and LA detected. In the aluminum-free sample, nickel oxide, NiO
samples, respectively, is related to metallic oxide formation (JCPDS 85-1977) was also observed. During reaction, metallic
[13]. These events were confirmed by differential thermal nickel (JCPDS 03-1051) was produced, regardless the presence
analysis, which showed three endothermic peaks in the same of aluminum, as shown in Fig. 4. It can be also noted that nickel
temperature range. interacted with lanthana during reaction produced a more
The thermogravimetric profiles of the catalysts (Fig. 2(b)), crystallized lanthanum nickel oxide as compared to fresh
showed two weight losses: the first one at 100 8C is attributed to catalyst.
the loss of volatiles and the second one, within the range of The specific surface area of lanthana decreased due to
350420 8C, is associated to decomposition of nickel nitrate aluminum as shown in Table 1, indicating that aluminum did
into the corresponding nickel oxide. not improve the textural properties of this solid. After nickel
Fig. 3 (a) presents the X-ray diffraction patterns of the impregnation, the solids showed similar specific BET areas.
supports. Pure alumina (A sample), showed only peaks of Spent catalysts showed especific surface area lower than the
alumina, g-Al2O3 (JCPDS 48-0367), while pure lanthanum- fresh catalysts (Table 2).
based sample (L) showed diffraction lines of lanthana, La2O3 The temperature-programmed reduction profiles of the
(JCPDS 05-0602) and of the orthorhombic lanthanum nitrate samples are shown in Fig. 5 (a). As was expected, A sample did
928 S.P. de Lima et al. / Catalysis Today 133135 (2008) 925930

Fig. 4. Diffractograms of the spent catalysts. NL and NLA samples: nickel

supported in lanthana and aluminum-loaded lanthana. (*) La2O3; (+) La2NiO4;
(^) Ni.

species, detected by thermal analysis and FTIR. The second

peak can be due to the reduction of nickel oxide species (NiO)
in weak interaction with the support while the third one can be
associated to the reduction of nickel species strongly
interacting with the support [13,18]. In a similar way, the
aluminum-doped lanthana (NLA sample) also showed three
reduction peaks at 280, 520 and 800 8C. As no diffraction peak
of nickel oxide was observed for this sample, it is inferred that
these three H2-consumption peaks belong to reduction of highly
Fig. 3. Diffractograms of (a) the supports and of (b) the catalysts. A, L and LA dispersed Ni2+ ions on the surface of NLA substrate. By
samples: alumina, lanthana and aluminum-loaded lanthana. N represents nickel. comparing the reduction profiles of NL and NLA samples, it
(D) La(OH)2NO3; (*) g-Al2O3; (*) La2O3; (&) NiO; (+) La2NiO4.
can be observed that the peaks were shifted to higher
temperatures due to aluminum incorporation, indicating that
not show any peak, since alumina cannot be reduced at aluminum oxide makes the reduction of Ni2+ species more
temperatures lower than 1000 8C [17]. For the other samples, difficult. The shift of the high temperature peak to 800 8C
the curves showed several reduction peaks, which can be suggests the formation of nickel aluminate (NiAl2O4) [14],
attributed to the reduction of nitrate species in different stages although it must be highly dispersed since it cannot be detected
as well as to lanthana reduction [1820]. The presence of these by X-ray diffraction. In addition, the strong overlapping of
species was detected by FTIR and X-ray diffraction. On the diffraction lines of NiLa2O4 phase and that of the Al2O3 makes
other hand, the curves of the catalysts, shown in Fig. 5 (b), difficult, if not impossible, its detection by diffraction
displayed different profiles. The aluminum-free sample showed methodology.
peaks at 230, 360 and 530 8C. The first one can be assigned to The binding energy (BE) Al 2p, C 1s, La 3d5/2, Ni 2p3/2 and
the reduction of segregated nickel oxide (NiO) and of nitrate O 1s core-levels of the samples are compiled in Table 3. For C
1s core-level peak around 289.3 eV is typical of carbonate
Table 1 species [21] while that of Al 2p comes from Al2O3 phase. This
Specific surface area (Sg) of the supports and of the fresh catalysts. L and LA
samples: lanthana and aluminum-loaded lanthana, respectively. N represents Table 2
nickel Specific surface area (Sg*) and carbon content of the spent (S) catalysts. NL and
NLA samples: nickel supported on lanthana and on aluminum-loaded lanthana,
Sample Sg (m2 g1)
respectively
L 35
Sample NL-S NLA-S
LA 22
2 1
NL 19 Sg (m g ) 11 5
NLA 18 Carbon content (%) 0.23 1.05
 S.P. de Lima et al. / Catalysis Today 133135 (2008) 925930 929

Table 3
Binding energies (eV) of core-levels of the samples before and after (S) the
methane steam reforming. NL and NLA samples: nickel supported on lanthana
and on aluminum-loaded lanthana, respectively
Sample C 1s La 3d5/2 O 1s Al 2p Ni 2p1/2
NL 289.5 834.6 531.0 872.5
NLA 289.4 835.0 531.4 74.4 873.1
NLA-S 289.6 835.0 531.6 74.5 872.9

Table 4
Atomic surface composition of fresh and spent (S) catalysts. NL and NLA
samples: nickel supported on lanthana and on aluminum-loaded lanthana,
respectively
Sample Ni/La Al/La Ni/Al Ni/(Al + La) CO32/La
NL 0.699 0.699 0.992
NLA 0.122 0.249 0.481 0.097 0.694
NLA-S 0.078 0.240 0.326 0.063 1.116

3d94f1 and 3d94f0 final states, respectively, in case of La 3d5/2

line [22]. Thus, the higher BE contribution of the La 3d3/2 peak
overlaps with the Ni 2p3/2 peak, which masks not only the
accurate measure of the BE of nickel but also its intensity. To

Fig. 5. Temperature-programmed reduction of (a) the supports and of (b) the

catalysts. A, L and LA samples: alumina, lanthana and aluminum-loaded
lanthana, respectively; N represents nickel.

because La2O3 is a basic oxide which is easily carbonated by

exposure to ambient atmosphere. The Ni 2p profile is complex
due to overlapping of Ni 2p and La 3d peaks. The most intense
Ni 2p3/2 peak, which appears at around 855.5 eV, is
characteristic of Ni2+ ions in an oxygen environment and is
accompanied by a satellite line positioned at ca. 6 eV on the
higher BE side. This satellite is fingerprint of Ni2+ ions. The Ni
2p peaks are complicated by the simultaneous presence of La
3d3/2 component ca. 4 eV lower BE. The La 3d spectra show the
doublets corresponding to spinorbit (3d5/2, 3d3/2) coupling Fig. 6. (a) Methane conversion over catalysts produced and (b) hydrogen
phenomena with peaks at 834.8 and 852.7 eV, typical of La2O3, selectivity. NL and NLA samples: nickel supported on lanthana (&) and on
as well as to the splitting due to hybridization phenomena of the aluminum-loaded lanthana (*), respectively.
930 S.P. de Lima et al. / Catalysis Today 133135 (2008) 925930

overcome this complication, the BE of the less intense Ni 2p1/2 catalyst led to high methane conversion and showed high
peak was measured. The BE values at 872.7.873.2 eV reveal the selectivity to hydrogen; both increasing during reaction. This
presence of ionic nickel species. can be assigned to reduction of the nickel phases in strong
From the intensities of Al 2p, La 3d5/2, C 1s and Ni 2p1/2 interaction with support, by the hydrogen produced in the
peaks and considering the sensitivity factors given by Wagner reaction.
et al. [23], the Ni/Al, Al/La, Ni/(Al + La) and CO32/La atomic Briefly, aluminum changes the textural and chemical
ratios were calculated. These ratios are also compiled in properties of lanthana-supported nickel improving its catalytic
Table 4. It can be noted that the surface of the aluminum-free performance, such as activity, selectivity to hydrogen and
sample is richer is nickel than the aluminum-loaded lanthanum stability.
oxide. In addition, nickel migrated from the surface during
reaction.
All catalysts were active in the MSR reaction and selective Acknowledgements
to hydrogen, as is illustrated in Fig. 6. The aluminum-free
sample led to low conversions since the beginning of reaction. SPL thanks CAPES for her graduate scholarship. The
The selectivity to hydrogen as a function of reaction time authors thank CNPq and FINEP for the financial support.
showed the same profile, reaching values close to 2% at the end
of reaction. On the other hand, the aluminum-loaded lanthana
(NLA sample) led to high conversion values (30%), at the References
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