Organic Chemistry I

Lab report III

By: Omar Samir

117781

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment is to demonstrate the difference between four acids, in
order to reach the aim of the experiment, there are couples of tests should be
performed like Fenton's, deniges, FeCl3 and fluorescence tests.

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Table of contents

2 ................... ................................ ................................ ................................ Abstract

3 ............. ................................ ................................ ................................ Introduction
7 ................................. ................................ ................................ Experimental results:
12 ............. ................................ ................................ ................................ Bibliography

Introduction

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carboxylic acid, any of a class of natural complexes in which a carbon (C) atom is
banded to an oxygen (O) atom by a double band and to a hydroxyl group (−OH) by
one band. A fourth band attaches the carbon atom to a hydrogen(H) atom or to some
other univalent combining group. The carboxyl (COOH) group is so-named because
of the carbonyl group (C=O) and hydroxyl group. The head chemical property of the
carboxylic acids is their tartness. They are more acidic than other organic groups
including hydroxyl compounds but are weaker than the known mineral acids (e.g.,
hydrochloric acid, HCl, sulfuric acid, H2SO4, etc.). (Reusch, 2013)Carboxylic acids
occur widely in nature. The fatty acids are components of glycerides, which in turn
are components of fat. Hydroxyl acids, such as lactic acid (found in sour-milk
products) andcitric acid (found in citrus fruits), and many keto acids are important
metabolic products that exist in most living cells. Proteins are made up of amino
acids, which also include carboxyl groups. Complexes in which the −OH of the
carboxyl group is replaced by current other groups are known with carboxylic acid
derivatives, the most important of which are acylhalides, acid anhydrides,esters, and
amides. Carboxylic acid derivatives have different enforcements. For instance, in
addition to its use as a cleaner, formic acid, the simplest carboxylic acid, is used in
textile use and as an acid reducing factor. Acetic acid is used in the production of
plastics and esters. Aspirin, the ester of salicylic acid, is made from acetic acid.
Palmitic acid and stearic acid are important in the manufacture of soaps, cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals, candles, and preventive coatings. Stearic acid also is useful in rubber
industry. (Clark, 2004)Acrylic acid is worked as an ester in the production of
polymers (longchain, molecules) familiar as acrylates. Methacrylic acid helps as an
ester and is polymerized to form Lucite. Oleic acid is used in the industry of soaps
and cleaners and.of.textiles

Carboxylic acid reactions:

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 1- General reactions

 They are dissolvable in sodium carbonate solution, Acids interact with Na2CO3 or
NaHCO3 with ebullition because of evaluation of CO2 on cold.

 Process:
If the acid is dissolvable in water, we take its solution and we annex solid
Na2CO3 or NaHCO3; but if the acid is unsolvable in cold water, we annex the
firm to a solution from Na2CO3 or NaHCO3.
 If ebullition occurs this indicate the + ve tartness.

 Heating with soda lime CaO / NaOH:

The acid or its salt can abstract CO2 when it heated with soda lime.

 Benzoic acid gives benzene which has special scent.

 Salicylic acid gives phenol ( phenol scent ).

 Esterification:

Acids shape esters when they are treated with alcohol in presence of drying factors
such as conc.H2SO4.

 process:
In curt test tube take 1 ml (or 1g) from an acid and annex 1 ml of alcohol with
annexing 2-3 drops of conc. H2SO4 carefully. Heat on a water-bath for almost 5
to 10 minutes, cool, pour into NaHCO3 solution and smile the ester’s scent.
indifferent sol of carboxylic acids are gave special positive results with FeCl3 or
CaCl2.

 To make neuter solution (N.S.):

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 put 1 gm of the carboxylic acid in a cup, annex 20 mL of H2O. annex
ammonium hydroxide sol drop till alkalinity. seethe the solution to get rid of
surplus ammonia.

 CaCl2 Test (aliphatic-: oxalic, tartaric, citric and suuccinic)

 process:
get a tube and put 1 ml of the neuter salt of an acid and annex to it almost 1 ml
of FeCl3 / and or CaCl2 and reveal the reckless in the condition of CaCl2 ; if
no ppt. is formed on cold make abrasioning and if negative boil.

 FeCl3 Test (aromatic and suuccinic acids)

 In a test tube put 1 ml of nature salt of an acid and annex to it almost 1 ml of

FeCl3. The color shaped may be buff or violet color.

2- Special reactions .

 Resorcinol test  Tartaric acid:

 Get 0.5g resorcinol with 1 ml tartaric , then annex 3 or 4 drops of conc.

H2SO4 closely on tube, toast softly a violet red ring will be shaped at the
interface of the two stratums.

 Phthaliene test : phthalic acid plus salicylic acid in addition to drop of conc.
H2SO4

 Phthaleine test  Salicylic acid

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  In a curt tube get 1g salicylic acid and 1g phthalic anhydride with 2-3 drops of
conc. H2SO4 and merge closely, cool & pour into surplus NaOH solution, a
bright red color appears

 Azo-dye formation

 while cooling pour tube 2 to tube 1 and finally annex tube 1 to tube 3, after
that you can get a red azo-dye .

 Phthaleine test Phthalic acid

 Prepare the phthalin test with phthalic acid, then you can notice that a red
color will be appeared.

 Pka = 14 – 16
Metal + alcohol  H2 + alkoxide
2Na + 2C2H5OH  2C2H5ONa + H2

 Pka = 3 – 6
Na2CO3 + HX  NaX + CO2 + H2O

Function group test of carboxylic acid is acidity test

 Na2CO3 + strong acid  salt + CO2 +H2O

 Effervesense with evaluation of colorless gas that turns lime water milky

Experimental results:

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Unknown 1
Physical Characteristics:

Color: colorless liquid

Solubility in water: soluble in water

Chemical reactions:

Test Observation Result

Acidity test Effervescence and a color gas The existence of

evolves carboxylic group

FeCl3 Test Appearance of red color The unknown is acetic

acid

KMnO4 Test No reaction

Ester formation It reacts with ethanol to give The unknown is acetic

ethyl acetate acid

Unkown is acetic acid write the structure

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 Unknown 2
Physical Characteristics:

Appearance:

Color :

Chemical reactions:

Test Observation Result

Acidity test Effervescence and a color gas The existence of

evolves carboxylic group

FeCl3 Test No reaction The unknown is not

acetic acid

KMnO4 Test The reaction happened The unknown is oxalic

slowly and a red color acid
appeared

Ester formation No reaction

CaCl2 test Formation of white ppt. The unknown is a

carboxylic acid

Unkownis oxalic acid write the structure

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 Unknown 3
Physical Characteristics:

Appearance: crystalline form

Color: white

Odor: odorless

Chemical reactions:

Test Observation Result

Acidity test Effervescence and a color gas The existence of

evolves carboxylic group

CaCl2 Test Formation of white ppt. after The unknown is a

scratching carboxylic acid

KMnO4 Test Heat is resulted The unknown is

tartaric acid

Ester formation No reaction

Unkownis tartaric acid write the structure

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 Unknown 4
Physical Characteristics:

Appearance: solid

Color: white

Odor: odorless

Chemical reactions

Test Observation Result

Acidity test Effervescence and a color gas The existence of

evolves carboxylic group

CaCl2 Test White ppt. formed The unknown is a

carboxylic acid

KMnO4 Test No reaction The unknown is

succinic acid

Fluorescien test No reaction

Unkown is Succinic acid write the structure

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Bibliography

Detection of functional group. (2015). Retrieved from http://vlab.amrita.edu:

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=2&brch=191&sim=345&cnt=1

Clark, J. (2004). carboxylic acids as acids. Retrieved from www.chemguide.co.uk:

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/acids/acidity.html

Reusch, W. (2013). Carboxylic Acids. Retrieved from www2.chemistry.msu.edu:

http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/crbacid1.htm

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